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  • Articles  (11)
  • corporate social responsibility  (7)
  • relativism  (4)
  • Springer  (11)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • Springer Nature
  • Springer Science + Business Media
  • 2000-2004  (11)
  • 1960-1964
  • Philosophy  (9)
  • Natural Sciences in General  (2)
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  • Articles  (11)
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  • Springer  (11)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • Springer Nature
  • Springer Science + Business Media
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Year
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Covariance/Invariance: A Cognitive Heuristic in Einstein's Relativity Theory Formation (2000)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 5 (2000), S. 209-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: conceptual revolution ; culture in science ; heuristic reasoning ; relativity theory ; relativism ; scientific discovery ; scientific method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract Relativity Theory by Albert Einstein has been so far littleconsidered by cognitive scientists, notwithstanding its undisputedscientific and philosophical moment. Unfortunately, we don't have adiary or notebook as cognitively useful as Faraday's. But physicshistorians and philosophers have done a great job that is relevant bothfor the study of the scientist's reasoning and the philosophy ofscience. I will try here to highlight the fertility of a `triangulation'using cognitive psychology, history of science and philosophy of sciencein starting answering a clearly very complex question:why did Einstein discover Relativity Theory? Here we arenot much concerned with the unending question of precisely whatEinstein discovered, that still remains unanswered, for we have noconsensus over the exact nature of the theory's foundations(Norton 1993). We are mainly interested in starting to answer the`how question', and especially the following sub-question: what(presumably) were his goals and strategies in hissearch? I will base my argument on fundamental publications ofEinstein, aiming at pointing out a theory-specific heuristic, settingboth a goal and a strategy: covariance/invariance.The result has significance in theory formation in science, especiallyin concept and model building. It also raises other questions that gobeyond the aim of this paper: why was he so confident in suchheuristic? Why didn't many other scientists use it? Where did he keep ? such a heuristic? Do we have any other examples ofsimilar heuristic search in other scientific problemsolving?
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011304431615
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is Design Relative or Real? Dennett on Intentional Relativism and Physical Realism (2000)
    Springer
    Minds and machines 10 (2000), S. 267-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8641
    Keywords: intentional systems ; attributions of design ; relativism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Dennett's intended rapprochement between physical realism and intentional relativism fails because it is premised upon conflicting arguments governing the status of design. Indeed, Dennett's remarks on design serve to highlight tensions buried deep within his theory. For inasmuch as Dennett succeeds in objectifying attributions of design, attributions of intentionality readily follow suit, leading to a form of intentional realism. But inasmuch as Dennett is successful in relativizing attributions of design, scientific realism at large is subject to renewed anti-realistic criticism. Dennettian-inspired considerations of adaptationism substantiate the former move towards intentional realism, while considerations of the relativity of artifactual design encourage the latter move towards physical relativism. The ambivalence intrinsic to Dennett's ``mild realism'' can be viewed as a function of these two conflicting positions on design, for Dennett can no more avoid objectifying intentionality when he is realistic about design than he can avoid relativizing physical causality when relativistic about design.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008356914711
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Turning Vygotsky on His Head: Vygotsky' `Scientifically Based Method' and the Socioculturalist's `Social Other' (2000)
    Springer
    Science & education 9 (2000), S. 537-575 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1901
    Keywords: constructivism ; epistemology ; objectivism ; pedagogy ; psychology ; relativism ; science ; socioculturism ; theory and practice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract Vygotsky has become an authority, but the authority has more to do with justifying a sociocultural relativism than it has with his Marxist objectivist approach to psychology and pedagogy. This paper is an attempt to understand Vygotsky's perspective in relation to Marxist epistemology, and will critically examine the sociocultural interpretation of Vygotsky but within the light of his own perspective. It will be shown that the relativism of the sociocultural school not only takes Vygotsky's zone of proximal development out of its social and historical context, but as a consequence downplays the zone of proximal development as a dynamic research methodology. As an extension of the discussion of the zone of proximal development, this paper will also examine the sociocultural interpretation of Vygotsky's relation between scientific and everyday concepts, and the pedagogical consequences of such an interpretation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008748901374
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Empirical Test of a Cross-national Model of Corporate Social Responsibility (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 25 (2000), S. 33-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: business ethics ; business and society ; consumerism ; corporate environmentalism ; corporate social accounting ; corporate social responsibility ; stakeholder model ; societal marketing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Most models of corporate social responsibility revolve around the controversy as to whether business is a single dimensional entity of profit maximization or a multi-dimensional entity serving greater societal interests. Furthermore, the models are mostly descriptive in nature and are based on the experiences of western countries. There has been little attempt to develop a model that accounts for corporate social responsibility in diverse environments with differing socio-cultural and market settings. In this paper an attempt has been made to fill this gap by developing a two-dimensional model of corporate social responsibility and empirically testing its validity in the context of two dissimilar cultures – Australia and Bangladesh. The two dimensions are the span of corporate responsibility (narrow to wider perspective) and the range of outcomes of social commitments of businesses (cost to benefit driven perspective). The test results confirm the validity of the two-dimensional model in the two environments. The Factor analysis revealed two leading dimensions. Cluster analysis pointed to two distinctive clusters of managers in both Australia and Bangladesh, one consisting of managers with a broad contemporary concept of social responsibility, and the other with a limited narrow view. The paper concludes that corporate social responsibility is two-dimensional and universal in nature and that differing cultural and market settings in which managers operate may have little impact on the ethical perceptions of corporate managers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006305111122
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Human Rights and Business Ethics: Fashioning a New Social Contract (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 27 (2000), S. 205-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: corporate social responsibility ; ethics ; globalization ; government ; human rights ; social contract ; U.N. Declaraton of Human Rights
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper argues that widely accepted understanding of the respective responsibilities of business and government in the post war industrialized world can be traced back to a tacit “social contract” that emerged following the second world war. The effect of this contract was to assign responsibility for generating wealth to business and responsibility for ensuring the equitable sharing of wealth to governments. Without question, this arrangement has resulted in substantial improvements in the quality of life in the industrialized world in the intervening period. I argue that with advance of economic globalization and the growing power and influence of multi national corporations, this division of responsibilities is not longer viable or defensible. What is needed, fifty years after the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, is a new social contract that shares responsibilities for human rights and related ethical responsibilities in a manner more in keeping with the vision captured by the post war Declaration. I conclude by suggesting some reasons for thinking that a new social contract may be emerging.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006488202305
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Business Ethics Auditing – More Than a Stakeholder's Toy (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 27 (2000), S. 9-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: business ethics ; business risk ; conduct risk management ; corporate social responsibility ; ethics ; ethics auditing ; licences to operate ; risk management ; social accountability ; social audits ; social reporting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The explosion of interest in responsible corporate citizenship since 1995 has reminded many of the earlier rapid development of interest in environmental management issues. Active stakeholders and lobby groups have successfully exerted pressures on management for improved corporate behaviour. The paper looks at some recent initiatives and draws conclusions about the imprecise terminologies in use. It moves on to consider tools to better manage business risk exposures within the corporation. The example of the “Business Ethics Strategic Survey” is described, together with the attendant benefits it can deliver to company chairmen, Audit Committees and investment fund managers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006414502730
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Corporate Social Responsibility Orientation: Hong Kong vs. United States Students (2000)
    Springer
    Teaching business ethics 4 (2000), S. 151-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Keywords: corporate social responsibility ; cross-cultural ; Hong Kong ; students
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This study examined the orientation toward corporate social responsibility (CSR) of 165 U.S. and 157 HongKong business students. Although respondents from both countries viewed CSR as a construct in much the same way, many differences were found in the types of responsibilities considered most important. Specifically, Hong Kong students gave economic responsibilities more weight and non economic responsibilities less weight than did U.S. students.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009862130160
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measuring Corporate Citizenship in Two Countries: The Case of the United States and France (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 23 (2000), S. 283-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: corporate citizenship ; corporate social performance ; corporate social responsibility ; cross-cultural research ; measurement equivalence ; scale development ; stakeholder management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Based on an extensive review of the literature and field surveys, the paper proposes a conceptualization and operationalization of corporate citizenship meaningful in two countries: the United States and France. A survey of 210 American and 120 French managers provides support for the proposed definition of corporate citizenship as a construct including the four correlated factors of economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary citizenship. The managerial implications of the research and directions for future research are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006262325211
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Corporate Social Performance and Attractiveness as an Employer to Different Job Seeking Populations (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 28 (2000), S. 243-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: corporate social performance ; corporate social responsibility ; employee recruitment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This study investigates the hypothesis that the advantage corporate social performance (CSP) yields in attracting human resources depends on the degree of job choice possessed by the job seeking population. Results indicate that organizational CSP is positively related to employer attractiveness for job seekers with high levels of job choice but not related for populations with low levels suggesting advantages to firms with high levels of CSP in the ability to attract the most qualified employees.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006289817941
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Integrative Social Contracts Theory: Hype over Hypernorms (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 26 (2000), S. 101-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: Donaldson and Dunfee ; hypernorms ; "Integrative Social Contracts Theory" ; priority rules ; relativism ; Taylor ; Walzer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Applying social contract theory to business ethics is a relatively new idea, and perhaps nobody has pursued this direction better than Thomas Donaldson and Thomas W. Dunfee. Their "Integrative Social Contracts Theory" manages to combine culturally sensitive decision making capacities with trans-cultural norms by setting up a layered system of social contracts. Lurking behind their work is a concern with the problems of relativism. They hope to alleviate these problems by introducing three concepts important to the ISCT: "authentic norms," which clarify culturally specific norms, "priority rules," which determine the rules of engagement when authentic norms clash, and "hypernorms," which measure the value of authentic norms against a thin set of universally upheld values. This paper traces the genealogy of these hypernorms and challenges their value for the ISCT. It argues that well-conceived priority rules can do everything hypernorms can, and can do so more simply.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006154819742
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