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  • Articles  (12)
  • corporate social responsibility  (7)
  • epistemology  (5)
  • Springer  (12)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • Springer Nature
  • Springer Science + Business Media
  • 2000-2004  (12)
  • 1960-1964
  • Philosophy  (9)
  • Natural Sciences in General  (3)
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  • Articles  (12)
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  • Springer  (12)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • Springer Nature
  • Springer Science + Business Media
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Year
Topic
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution of Cognition: Towards the Theory of Origin of Human Logic (2000)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 5 (2000), S. 323-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: epistemology ; evolution of animal cognition abilities ; problem of human logic origin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract The main problem discussed in this paper is: “Why and how did animal cognition abilities arise?” It is argued that investigations of the evolution of animal cognition abilities are very important from an epistemological point of view. A new direction for interdisciplinary researches – the creation and development of the theory of human logic origin – is proposed. The approaches to the origination of such a theory (mathematical models of ``intelligent invention'' of biological evolution, the cybernetic schemes of evolutionary progress and purposeful adaptive behavior) as well as potential interdisciplinary links of the theory are described and analyzed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011327204647
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deleting the Subject: A Feminist Reading of Epistemology in Artificial Intelligence (2000)
    Springer
    Minds and machines 10 (2000), S. 231-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8641
    Keywords: epistemology ; feminist epistemology ; symbolic AI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract This paper argues that AI follows classical versions of epistemology in assuming that the identity of the knowing subject is not important. In other words this serves to `delete the subject'. This disguises an implicit hierarchy of knowers involved in the representation of knowledge in AI which privileges the perspective of those who design and build the systems over alternative perspectives. The privileged position reflects Western, professional masculinity. Alternative perspectives, denied a voice, belong to less powerful groups including women. Feminist epistemology can be used to approach this from new directions, in particular, to show how women's knowledge may be left out of consideration by AI's focus on masculine subjects. The paper uncovers the tacitly assumed Western professional male subjects in two flagship AI systems, Cyc and Soar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306015799
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epistemology Culturalized (2000)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 31 (2000), S. 75-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: agency ; culturalism ; epistemology ; mind-body problem ; naturalism ; normativity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The anti-metaphysical intentions of naturalism can be respected without abandoning the project of a normative epistemology. The central assumptions of naturalism imply that (1.) the distinction between action and behaviour is spurious, and (2.) epistemology cannot continue to be a normative project. Difficulties with the second implication have been adressed by Normative Naturalism, but without violating the naturalistic consensus, it can only appreciate means-end-rationality. However, this does not suffice to justify its own implicit normative pretensions. According to our diagnosis, naturalism succumbs to the lure of an absolute observer's stance and thereby neglects the need for participation in communal practice. By contrast, methodical culturalism ties down the concepts of epistemology to the success of such practice. Only from this perspective, the normative force of epistemology can be appreciated. Also, the mind-body problem loosens its hold and the distinction between action and behaviour is reestablished. In the last section, the mutual relation between philosophy andscience is reconsidered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008361223224
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Teaching the Nature of Inquiry: Further Developments in a High School Genetics Curriculum (2000)
    Springer
    Science & education 9 (2000), S. 247-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1901
    Keywords: biology ; epistemology ; inquiry ; genetics ; inquiry ; models ; problem solving ; secondary curriculum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract In order for students to truly understand science, we feel that they must be familiar with select subject matter and also understand how that subject matter knowledge was generated and justified through the process of inquiry. Here we describe a high school biology curriculum designed to give students opportunities to learn about genetic inquiry in part by providing them with authentic experiences doing inquiry in the discipline. Since a primary goal of practicing scientists is to construct explanatory models to account for natural phenomena, involving students in the construction of their own explanatory models provides a major emphasis in the classroom. The students work in groups structured like scientific communities to build, revise, and defend explanatory models for inheritance phenomena. The overall instructional goals include helping students understand the iterative nature of scientific inquiry, the tentativeness of specific knowledge claims (and why they should be considered tentative), and the degree to which scientists rely on empirical data as well as broader conceptual and metaphysical commitments to assess models and to direct future inquiries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008779126718
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Turning Vygotsky on His Head: Vygotsky' `Scientifically Based Method' and the Socioculturalist's `Social Other' (2000)
    Springer
    Science & education 9 (2000), S. 537-575 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1901
    Keywords: constructivism ; epistemology ; objectivism ; pedagogy ; psychology ; relativism ; science ; socioculturism ; theory and practice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract Vygotsky has become an authority, but the authority has more to do with justifying a sociocultural relativism than it has with his Marxist objectivist approach to psychology and pedagogy. This paper is an attempt to understand Vygotsky's perspective in relation to Marxist epistemology, and will critically examine the sociocultural interpretation of Vygotsky but within the light of his own perspective. It will be shown that the relativism of the sociocultural school not only takes Vygotsky's zone of proximal development out of its social and historical context, but as a consequence downplays the zone of proximal development as a dynamic research methodology. As an extension of the discussion of the zone of proximal development, this paper will also examine the sociocultural interpretation of Vygotsky's relation between scientific and everyday concepts, and the pedagogical consequences of such an interpretation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008748901374
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Empirical Test of a Cross-national Model of Corporate Social Responsibility (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 25 (2000), S. 33-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: business ethics ; business and society ; consumerism ; corporate environmentalism ; corporate social accounting ; corporate social responsibility ; stakeholder model ; societal marketing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Most models of corporate social responsibility revolve around the controversy as to whether business is a single dimensional entity of profit maximization or a multi-dimensional entity serving greater societal interests. Furthermore, the models are mostly descriptive in nature and are based on the experiences of western countries. There has been little attempt to develop a model that accounts for corporate social responsibility in diverse environments with differing socio-cultural and market settings. In this paper an attempt has been made to fill this gap by developing a two-dimensional model of corporate social responsibility and empirically testing its validity in the context of two dissimilar cultures – Australia and Bangladesh. The two dimensions are the span of corporate responsibility (narrow to wider perspective) and the range of outcomes of social commitments of businesses (cost to benefit driven perspective). The test results confirm the validity of the two-dimensional model in the two environments. The Factor analysis revealed two leading dimensions. Cluster analysis pointed to two distinctive clusters of managers in both Australia and Bangladesh, one consisting of managers with a broad contemporary concept of social responsibility, and the other with a limited narrow view. The paper concludes that corporate social responsibility is two-dimensional and universal in nature and that differing cultural and market settings in which managers operate may have little impact on the ethical perceptions of corporate managers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006305111122
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Human Rights and Business Ethics: Fashioning a New Social Contract (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 27 (2000), S. 205-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: corporate social responsibility ; ethics ; globalization ; government ; human rights ; social contract ; U.N. Declaraton of Human Rights
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper argues that widely accepted understanding of the respective responsibilities of business and government in the post war industrialized world can be traced back to a tacit “social contract” that emerged following the second world war. The effect of this contract was to assign responsibility for generating wealth to business and responsibility for ensuring the equitable sharing of wealth to governments. Without question, this arrangement has resulted in substantial improvements in the quality of life in the industrialized world in the intervening period. I argue that with advance of economic globalization and the growing power and influence of multi national corporations, this division of responsibilities is not longer viable or defensible. What is needed, fifty years after the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, is a new social contract that shares responsibilities for human rights and related ethical responsibilities in a manner more in keeping with the vision captured by the post war Declaration. I conclude by suggesting some reasons for thinking that a new social contract may be emerging.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006488202305
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Business Ethics Auditing – More Than a Stakeholder's Toy (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 27 (2000), S. 9-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: business ethics ; business risk ; conduct risk management ; corporate social responsibility ; ethics ; ethics auditing ; licences to operate ; risk management ; social accountability ; social audits ; social reporting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The explosion of interest in responsible corporate citizenship since 1995 has reminded many of the earlier rapid development of interest in environmental management issues. Active stakeholders and lobby groups have successfully exerted pressures on management for improved corporate behaviour. The paper looks at some recent initiatives and draws conclusions about the imprecise terminologies in use. It moves on to consider tools to better manage business risk exposures within the corporation. The example of the “Business Ethics Strategic Survey” is described, together with the attendant benefits it can deliver to company chairmen, Audit Committees and investment fund managers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006414502730
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Corporate Social Responsibility Orientation: Hong Kong vs. United States Students (2000)
    Springer
    Teaching business ethics 4 (2000), S. 151-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1944
    Keywords: corporate social responsibility ; cross-cultural ; Hong Kong ; students
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This study examined the orientation toward corporate social responsibility (CSR) of 165 U.S. and 157 HongKong business students. Although respondents from both countries viewed CSR as a construct in much the same way, many differences were found in the types of responsibilities considered most important. Specifically, Hong Kong students gave economic responsibilities more weight and non economic responsibilities less weight than did U.S. students.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009862130160
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measuring Corporate Citizenship in Two Countries: The Case of the United States and France (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of business ethics 23 (2000), S. 283-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0697
    Keywords: corporate citizenship ; corporate social performance ; corporate social responsibility ; cross-cultural research ; measurement equivalence ; scale development ; stakeholder management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Based on an extensive review of the literature and field surveys, the paper proposes a conceptualization and operationalization of corporate citizenship meaningful in two countries: the United States and France. A survey of 210 American and 120 French managers provides support for the proposed definition of corporate citizenship as a construct including the four correlated factors of economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary citizenship. The managerial implications of the research and directions for future research are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006262325211
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