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  • Springer  (380,452)
  • 2000-2004  (173,866)
  • 1965-1969  (146,830)
  • 1935-1939  (29,241)
  • 1930-1934
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  • 1
    Keywords: communication ; design ; dynamics ; environment ; network ; physics ; power transmission ; radio ; satellite ; simulation ; technology ; transmission
    Description / Table of Contents: The 17 chapters of this book grew out of the tutorial lectures given by leading world-class experts at the NATO Advanced Research Workshop “Effects of Space Weather on Technology Infrastructure” - ESPRIT, which was held in Rhodes on March 25-29, 2004. All manuscripts were refereed and subsequently meticulously edited by the editor to ensure the highest quality for this monograph. I owe particular thanks to the lecturers of the ESPRIT Advanced Research Workshop for producing these excellent tutorial reviews, which convey the essential knowledge and the latest advances in our field. Due to the breadth, extensive literature citations and quality of the reviews we expect this publication to serve extremely well as a reference book. Multimedia material referring to individual chapters of the book is accessible on the accompanying CD. The aim of ESPRIT was to assess existing knowledge and identify future actions regarding monitoring, forecasting and mitigation of space weather induced malfunction and damage of vital technological systems operating in space and on the ground.
    ISBN: 9781402027543
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Description / Table of Contents: Prof. Dr. -Ing. Wolfgang Spyra Brandenburg University of Technology in Cottbus, Germany The demilitarization and conversion of military properties wor- wide has been a topic of growing importance since the end of the Cold War. The slowing of the arms race brought on by weapons treaties and relaxed tensions between NATO and Warsaw Pact nations caused sto- piles of conventional weapons to become superfluous. The need to process and dispose of such weapons began more quickly in NATO countries. This demilitarization process began shortly after the reunification of Germany and was largely completed by the mid to late 1990’s. The remaining process, no small task in itself, of converting lands formerly used by the military into safe and environmentally acceptable landscapes may continue for decades to come. Due to a lack of resources and technology, the process of demilitarization in the former Warsaw Pact countries has launched more slowly. In 2002 both Georgia and Moldova finished projects which destroyed their stocks of liquid ballistic missile components. Both these projects were carried out through the cooperative support of trans-national organizations, private contractors, and research institutions. The Republic of Azerbaijan now finds itself at the beginning of its demilitarization process. Stored at the country’s military depots are over 2000 tons of missile fuels, oxidizer, and chemical additives. This hazardous waste is kept in tanks intended only for temporary transport and storage.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 148 pages)
    ISBN: 9781402023811
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Unknown
    London ; New York : Springer
    Decision engineering  
    Keywords: Decision making, Mathematical models. ; Decision making, Methodology.
    Pages: ix, 172 p.
    ISBN: 1-85233-864-4
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  • 4
    Keywords: Semantic Web, Congresses.
    Pages: x, 145 p.
    ISBN: 3-540-25982-1
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  • 5
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    In:  EPIC3Springer, Berlinpp. (Lecture Notes in Mathematics ; 1725) Remark (September 2002): The original edition is now out of print. A slightly revised version (compare `Errata' and `Additions' under: {http://www.awi-bremerhaven.de/Modelling/LGCA+LBM/} is availab, Berlin, Springer, 308, 308 p., ISBN: 3-540-66973-6
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Lattice-gas cellular automata (LGCA) and lattice Boltzmann models (LBM) are relatively new andpromising methods for the numerical solution of nonlinear partial differential equations. The bookprovides an introduction for graduate students and researchers. Working knowledge of calculus isrequired and experience in PDEs and fluid dynamics is recommended. Some peculiarities of cellularautomata are outlined in Chapter 2. The properties of various LGCA and special coding techniquesare discussed in Chapter 3. Concepts from statistical mechanics (Chapter 4) provide the necessarytheoretical background for LGCA and LBM. The properties of lattice Boltzmann models and amethod for their construction are presented in Chapter 5.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Book , peerRev
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  • 6
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/book
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  • 7
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 8
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    The visual computer 16 (2000), S. 47-61 
    ISSN: 1432-2315
    Keywords: Key words: Shape similarity –: Deformation –: Scene comparison
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: nk +n log n) time, where n is the number of vertices in the polygonal shapes and k is an index to indicate how the target shape is convoluted. Experimental results show the feasibility of our approach. Extending the method for comparison of scenes with mutiple objects is also discussed.
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  • 9
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    The visual computer 16 (2000), S. 177-186 
    ISSN: 1432-2315
    Keywords: Key words: B-splines – Matrix representations – Toeplitz matrix
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
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  • 10
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    The visual computer 16 (2000), S. 142-158 
    ISSN: 1432-2315
    Keywords: Key words: Free-form surface design – Fairing – Variational subdivisions – Geometric modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-2315
    Keywords: Key words: Clustering – Hierarchical radiosity – Progressive refinement – Experimental validation – Global illumination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: In this paper, we present an efficient global illumination technique, and then we discuss the results of its extensive experimental validation. The technique is a hybrid of cluster-based hierarchical and progressive radiosity techniques, which does not require storing links between interacting surfaces and clusters. We tested our technique by applying a multistage validation procedure, which we designed specifically for global illumination solutions. First, we experimentally validate the algorithm against analytically derived and measured real-world data to check how calculation speed is traded for lighting simulation accuracy for various clustering and meshing scenarios. Then we test the algorithm performance and rendering quality by directly comparing the virtual and real-world images of a complex environment.
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  • 12
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    The visual computer 16 (2000), S. 339-356 
    ISSN: 1432-2315
    Keywords: Key words: Triangular B-spline wavelets – Box splines – Multiresolution editing – Hierarchical surface representation – Surface compression – Decomposition – Reconstruction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 13
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    The visual computer 16 (2000), S. 357-369 
    ISSN: 1432-2315
    Keywords: Key words: Volume visualization – 3D Mesh – Regular and irregular refinement
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    Topics: Computer Science
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-2315
    Keywords: Key words: Calibration – Reconstruction – Rendering – Texture extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: In this paper, we show how to calibrate a camera and to recover the geometry and the photometry (textures) of objects from a single image. The aim of this work is to make it possible walkthrough and augment reality in a 3D model reconstructed from a single image. The calibration step does not need any calibration target and makes only four assumptions: (1) the single image contains at least two vanishing points, (2) the length (in 3D space) of one line segment (for determining the translation vector) in the image is known, (3) the principle point is the center of the image, and (4) the aspect ratio is fixed by the user. Each vanishing point is determined from a set of parallel lines. These vanishing points help determine a 3D world coordinate system R o. After having computed the focal length, the rotation matrix and the translation vector are evaluated in turn for describing the rigid motion between R o and the camera coordinate system R c. Next, the reconstruction step consists in placing, rotating, scaling, and translating a rectangular 3D box that must fit at best with the potential objects within the scene as seen through the single image. With each face of a rectangular box, a texture that may contain holes due to invisible parts of certain objects is assigned. We show how the textures are extracted and how these holes are located and filled. Our method has been applied to various real images (pictures scanned from books, photographs) and synthetic images.
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  • 15
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    The visual computer 16 (2000), S. 469-480 
    ISSN: 1432-2315
    Keywords: Key words: Sculpture metaphor – Discrete implicit surfaces – Local deformations – Balanced binary trees – Hash tables
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: sculpture metaphor for rapid shape prototyping. The sculpted shape is the isosurface of a scalar field spatially sampled. The user can deposit material wherever he desires in space and then iteratively refine it, using a tool to add, remove, paint, or smooth some material. We allow the use of free-form tools that can be designed inside the application. We also propose a technique to mimic local deformations so that we can use the tool as a stamp to make imprints on an existing shape. We focus on the rendering quality too, exploiting lighting variations and environment textures that simulate good-quality highlights on the surface. Both greatly enhance the shape estimation, which is a crucial step in this iterative design process, in our opinion. The use of stereo also greatly eases the understanding of spatial relationships. Our current implementation is based on GLUT and can run the application both on Unix-based systems, such as Irix and Linux, and on Windows systems. We obtain interactive response times, strongly related to the size of the tool. The performance issues and limitations are discussed.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Lakunen sind im jungen Puppenflügel röhrenförmige, Hämolymphe, Tracheen und Nerven enthaltende Spalträume in der Mittelmembran, welche die Zellkörper der Flügelepithelien nicht berühren. Mit Ausnahme der Lakunen, die später reduziert werden, erweitern sich alle Lakunen vom Zeitpunkt der Verpuppung ab. Die Mittelmembran. soweit sie die Lakunenwand bildet, nähert sich zuerst dem Lakunenbodenepithel (bei etwa 30 Stunden Puppenalter), später (bei 150 Stunden) auch dem Dachepithel. Das Lakunendachepithel gleicht auf allen Stadien dem übrigen Oberseitenepithel; es enthält Schuppenbildungszellen. Das Bodenepithel, an dem sich alle weiteren Differenzierungen der Aderbildung abspielen, ist von 30 Stunden an ein. Plattenepithel. Bei etwa 60 Stunden beginnt das Bodenepithel höher zu werden. Schuppenbildungszellen treten nicht darin auf. Die Zellgrenzen sind, wie in den anderen Flügelepithelien, von etwa 150 Stunden ab im Bodenepithel nicht mehr festzustellen. Vor der Chitinbildung wird das Plasma des Lakunenbodensyncytiums stark vakuolig; die Kerne nähern sich der Oberfläche. Dickes Aderchitin wird nur auf der Flügelunterseite abgeschieden, gleichzeitig mit der Chitinisierung des übrigen Epithels. In den Lakunenwandzellen treten bei 400 Stunden Puppenalter, wie in den übrigen Hypodermiszellen, Spannungsfibrillen (Tonofibrillen) auf. Diese verlaufen in der Aderhypodermis von der einen zur anderen Aderseite, nicht wie in den anderen Hypodermiszellen vom Chitin der Flügeloberseite zur Flügelunterseite. Im Lakunensystem treten während der Puppenruhe folgende Änderungen auf: m, im Vorderflügel auch an werden reduziert; entsprechend der späteren Discoidalquerader verbinden sich r 4 mit m 1 und cu 1 mit m 3. Zwischen dem primären Tracheensystem der Vorpuppe und dem sekundären der Imago bestehen folgende Unterschiede: 1. In beiden Flügeln fehlt die Mediatrachee, im Vorderflügel außerdem die Analistrachee. Die erhaltenen Lakunen m 1 und m 3 führen Tracheen, die von den Nachbartracheen [r] und [cu] ausgehen. 2. Alle Flügeltracheen der Imago sind verzweigt, die der Vorpuppe nicht. 3. An den Basalstücken der Imaginaltracheen sitzen Tracheenblasen. Bei der Metamorphose des primären Traeheensystems entspringen aus Knospungszonen der Tracheenmatrix an der Basis bestimmter primärer Tracheen neue Tracheen und Blasen; die alten Tracheen werden zurückgebildet. Aus der Knospungszone einer Trachee entsteht ein Tracheensproß, der in der Richtung der Lakune vorwächst und schon sehr bald einer Kanal aufweist. Vom Hauptstamm einer sekundären Trachee wachsen seitlich Nebenäste aus, die sich in ähnlicher Weise differenzieren wie der Hauptsproß und aus der Lakune zwischen die beiden Flügelepithelien vordringen. An der Spitze der Nebenäste lösen sich Tracheolenbildungszellen aus dem Verband und wandern fort, dabei eine schon vorher in ihnen aufgerollt gebildete Tracheole hinter sich abrollend. Das primäre Tracheensystem des Vorderflügels besteht aus einer Costo-Radial-Gruppe und einer Medio-Cubito-Anal-Gruppe, das sekundäre aus einer Costo-Cubital-Gruppe und einer Axillar-Gruppe. Das primäre Tracheensystem funktioniert bis zum Schlüpfen der Imago, das sekundäre füllt sich erst in diesem Zeitpunkt mit Luft.
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  • 17
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    Zoomorphology 30 (1936), S. 774-785 
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 18
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    Zoomorphology 31 (1936), S. 1-26 
    ISSN: 1432-234X
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Microstomum spiculifer possesses a pair of intracerebral photoreceptors each consisting of a single rhabdomeric sensory cell and two cup or mantle cells. The mantle cells are devoid of pigment. In addition, four so-called ciliary aggregations, presumed to have a light-sensing function, are present. Each ciliary aggregation represents a specialized cell with an internal cavity filled with axonemes of modified cilia. Rhabdomeric photoreceptors consisting of one to three sensory cells and a single pigmented or unpigmented mantle cell are widespread within taxa of the Plathelminthes Rhabditophora. On the contrary, the existence of two mantle cells forming the eye cup is only known for M. spiculifer and a few other species of the Macrostomida. Therefore, at least two hypotheses are possible: (1) two cup cells are a basic characteristic of the Rhabditophora and a reduction from two to one cup cell has occurred secondarily or (2) the stem species of the Rhabditophora possessed rhabdomeric eyes with one cup cell, and two mantle cells have evolved within the Macrostomorpha. The existence of ciliary aggregates has been documented for several taxa of the Plathelminthes Rhabditophora. From their distribution it can not be concluded whether these differentiations are either a basic feature of the Rhabditophora or have evolved several times convergently.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-234X
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Spermatogenesis ultrastructure was studied in a simultaneous hermaphrodite population of the solitary coral Balanophyllia europaea. In this species, spermatogenesis takes place in spermatocysts located within gametogenetic mesenteries surrounded by a bilayered boundary. Spermatogonia and spermatocytes are large flagellate cells, densely packed at the outermost edges of the spermatocyst. Spermatids and sperm are loosely distributed near the centre of the spermatocyst. The cytoplasm of spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes often contains short lengths of free axonemes, probably derived from the reabsorption of a primitive flagellum. Maturing spermatids either contain long intracytoplasmic axonemes, that may be stages of the tail synthesis, or have a flagellum. The morphological features of the sperm of this hermaphroditic scleractinian, very similar to those observed in the sperm of gonochoric taxa, support the hypothesis that the hermaphroditism of this population is an adaptive condition.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-234X
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The skeleto-musculature of the metathorax and first abdominal segment was studied in representatives from all ’symphytan’ families. Forty-three informative characters were coded and scored. The distribution of character states are discussed with reference to recent cladistic treatments of the Hymenoptera. Previously unreported autapomorphies for the Hymenoptera are the separation of the metathoracic trochantins from the metepisterna and metacoxae, the position of the metafurca anteriorly on the discrimenal lamella of the metathorax and the presence of second abdominal sternum (S2)-metacoxal muscles. The absence of metapleuro-S2 muscles is an autapomorphy for the non-xyelid Hymenoptera. Putative autapomorphies of the Tenthredinoidea are: (1) the presence of transverse metanotal muscles, (2) the subdivision of the second phragmo-third phragmal muscles, part of which arises from the metalaterophragmal lobes, (3) the posterior thoracic spiracle occlusor muscles arising from the mesepisterna, (4) the absence of trochantins and metanoto-trochantinal muscles and (5) the presence of elongate lateral metafurcal arms. Having the paracoxal sulci extending along the anterior margins of the metepisterna and the anterior metafurcal arms reduced are synapomorphies for all tenthredinoid families excluding Blasticotomidae. The presence of transversely extended cenchri with hooks on their entire surface is a putative synapomorphy for Diprionidae + Cimbicidae + Argidae + Pergidae. The clade Cimbicidae + Argidae + Pergidae is supported by the absence of metanoto- metabasalar muscles, the fusion of the first abdominal tergite (T1) with the metepimera and the absence of posterior metapleuro-metafurcal muscles. Autapomorphies of the Cimbicidae are the absence of the metalaterophragmal lobes and the metalaterophragmal-metafurcal muscles. Having the mesoscutello-metanotal muscle inserting on a projection from the anterior margin of the metanotum, surrounding the tendon with sclerotised cuticle, is a synapomorphy for the Argidae and Pergidae. Autapomorphies of the Cephoidea are the absence of cenchri, the presence of distinct articulations between T1 and the metepimera, and having the paracoxal sulci extending subparallel with the metafurcal discrimen. The monophyly of the Siricidae is supported by the absence of the anapleural clefts and the presence of an elongate mesospina projecting posteriorly between the anterior metafurcal arms. The presence of a membranous pouch ventrally of T1 and of large T1-metafurcal muscles is unique to Xiphydria camelus among the taxa examined. The absence of hind wing tegulae, posterior metapleuro-metafurcal, metanoto-trochantinal and anterior metanoto-metacoxal muscles, and the presence of elongate lateral metafurcal arms are synapomorphies for Xiphydriidae + Orussidae + Apocrita. The Orussidae greatly resembles the Apocrita in the region studied, a synapomorphy for the two taxa being the presence of metepisternal depressions. An autapomorphy for the Apocrita is the fusion of T1 with the metapleural arms; these structures closely abut in Orussidae. The fusion of T1 with the metepimera was preceded by the reduction of the posterior parts of the metepimera, as observed in Anaxyelidae, Xiphydriidae, and Orussidae. This makes the lines of fusion between T1 and the metepimera confluent with the metapleural sulci in the Apocrita. There is no compelling evidence for considering the configuration of T1 and the metepimera in Cephoidea to be incipient in the formation of the propodeum in Apocrita. The close association between the meso- and metathorax and the integration of T1 in the metathorax evolved gradually twice within the basal hymenopteran lineages, culminating in the Apocrita and the Cimbicidae + Argidae + Pergidae clade.
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  • 22
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    Zoomorphology 17 (1930), S. 68-123 
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  • 23
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    Zoomorphology 17 (1930), S. 145-153 
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  • 24
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    Zoomorphology 17 (1930), S. 262-274 
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  • 25
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    Zoomorphology 17 (1930), S. 339-416 
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  • 26
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    Zoomorphology 17 (1930), S. 464-470 
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  • 27
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    Zoomorphology 17 (1930), S. 625-648 
    ISSN: 1432-234X
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Verlauf der regelmäßigen Brutröhen von “polygamen” Borkekäfern wird, wie bei den “monogamen” Arten, einerseits durch (negative) Geotaxis und eine bestimmte bevorsugte Einstellung zur Fasserichtung des befallenen Bruthbaumteiles, andererseits durch Umweltbedingungen (Fraßgangnachbarschaft, Feuchtigkeitsverhältnisse u. a.) bedingt. Bei den ausgesprochen längs orientierten Brutbildern mancher, stehende Stämme bewohnender Arten läßt sich daher die Wipfelrichtung meist ohne weiteres erkennen; der entgegengesetzt gerichtete Verlauf solcher Brutbilder und die Entstehung zu ihrem Querdurchmesser mehr oder weniger symmetrischer Brutbilder weisen dann darauf hin, daß der Befall erst am liegenden Baume erfolgt ist.
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  • 29
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    Zoomorphology 120 (2000), S. 15-28 
    ISSN: 1432-234X
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The origin of the mesoderm and the subsequent formation of the coelom in the larvae of the brachiopod species Notosaria nigricans and Calloria inconspicua is documented in detail at the ultrastructural level. During gastrulation, the blastocoel is completely displaced by the invaginating archenteron. Initial mesoderm formation was observed in late wedge-shaped to early three-lobed stages in both species. Proliferation of mesodermal cells from the archenteral epithelium mainly occurs in the dorsolateral (C. inconspicua) and caudolateral (N. nigricans) parts of the archenteral wall. Thus, a compact mesodermal cell mass pushes its way towards the subepidermal basal lamina. During further development of the larva, the mesoderm is separated from the archenteral epithelium by an extracellular matrix secreted frontad from behind. As a result, a single coelomic anlage is formed. The initial mesoderm in both species is of archenteral/endodermal origin. Considering endodermal origin as the crucial character for enterocoely, coelom formation through proliferation of a compact, endodermally derived mesodermal cell mass in Brachiopoda is clearly identified as enterocoely. Endodermal origin of mesoderm and, therefore, of the coelomic epithelium is hypothesised as a synapomorphy of Brachiopoda and Deuterostomia. As a consequence: (1) Brachiopoda and Deuterostomia are considered sister groups, (2) Brachiopoda group within Radialia and (3) lophophorates (”Tentaculata”) remain as a paraphyletic grouping.
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    Zoomorphology 120 (2000), S. 47-64 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The ’egg-larval’ development of two species of Nebalia has been examined with SEM. Various details concerning limb ontogeny and trunk segmentation are described. The most important of these are the following. The tripartite state of the peduncle of antenna 2 in the adult of Nebalia species is derived from the fusion of the third and fourth podomeres, present in late larvae. The proximal portion of the mandible in the adult of Nebalia brucei, carrying the ’coxal process’, is, based on the ontogenetic evidence, interpreted as the combined basis and coxa, and the bipartite palp is interpreted as the endopod. The early development of the thoracopods and the three anteriormost pleopods is identical. They all start as laterally directed, biramous limb buds. This suggests that tagmatisation of the trunk of the Leptostraca (and other Malacostraca) has been developed from an ancestor with an undivided trunk region with serially similar limbs. Certain early stages reveal an extra, ’eighth’, limbless pleon segment, as compared with the normal number of seven pleomeres of adult Leptostraca. The presence of a row of ventral, sternitic, triangular processes between the bases of the thoracopods, as they are found in certain stages of a species of Nebalia, is suggested as a possible ground pattern for the Malacostraca.
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    Notes: Abstract  Onuxodon fowleri and Encheliophis dubius are two Carapidae species that live in bivalve hosts and their diet is made of the same type of prey. The aim of this study is to compare their cephalic morphology to see whether: (1) the head anatomy of both species is related to the constraints of their way of life and (2) there are differences between these species and commensal carapids that shelter in other invertebrates. The components of their skeletons and muscles are similar, but differ in size and are arranged differently. In O. fowleri, the buccal cavity is smaller than in E. dubius, the jaws (bearing very large anterior teeth) are larger, the quadrato- mandibular joint lies further to the rear and the fibres of muscle bundles A3α, A2α and A2β are more vertical and insert higher on the neurocranium. The buccal system of O. fowleri appears better suited for ingesting food by biting and grasping. That of E. dubius seems better adapted to a feeding mechanism where sucking would have a more important role. The E. dubius head morphology is more similar to the cephalic anatomy of non-bivalve commensal species than to O. fowleri features. Diet constraints may have greater influence than the different host constraints on the head construction. A simulated backwards rotation of the posterior part of the E. dubius suspensorium around the posterior joint between the hyomandibular and the neurocranium brings the jaws and the cheeks to coincide with those of O. fowleri. This model could be indicative of how structure modifications and their influences on annex pieces could in part have a role in the biodiversity.
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    Zoomorphology 120 (2000), S. 39-46 
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    Notes: Abstract  The composition and arrangement of cells in the preseptal region of metanephridia have been examined by ultrastructural methods in two naidid species, Nais variabilis and Dero digitata. Within this region special attention has been paid to the portion around the orifice and the region where the metanephridium penetrates the septum. In N. variabilis, the preseptal region is composed of four cells and, in D. digitata, three cells are present. In both species three cells correspond in position and ultrastructural details and, hence, are interpreted as homologous. These are the mantle cell, the flame cell, and the canal cell. The mantle cell covers the preseptal region and surrounds the opening. The margin around the orifice is endowed with cilia, which extend into the coelomic space and beat irregularly. They do not enter the orifice and, thus, are not part of the internal ciliary flame. Posteriorly, in D. digitata, the mantle cell originates from the septal wall, i.e., its extensions spread in the plane of the frontal coelothelium of the septum. In N. variabilis, the mantle cell is continued by a further cell, enwrapping the posterior region of the preseptal part. This cell, called the septal cell, is anchored in the septal wall like the mantle cell in D. digitata. Both cells are interpreted as mesodermal components of the metanephridium. The flame cell lies beneath the mantle cell. In front, on its dorsal wall, many cilia are inserted which extend posteriorly into the nephridial canal forming a flame. In D. digitata, the caudal extension of this cell was examined in more detail; it originates from an intraseptal position. The canal cell lines the anterior lumen of the nephridial duct. While the mantle cell and flame cell enclose the organ from a dorsal position, the canal cell lies opposite embracing the lumen from a ventromedial position. Behind, it extends into the postseptal region for a certain distance. It is concluded that metanephridia in the Clitellata have a coelothelial component and, probably, are not just descendants of a single cell, the nephridioblast. The results further indicate that a flame cell and a mantle cell or some corresponding coelothelial cells may be constitutive elements of the ground plan of the clitellate metanephridium. Phylogenetic consequences for non-clitellate Annelida are discussed.
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    Notes: Abstract  Based on serial semithin sections and SEM photographs of representatives of European Bombyliinae and Anthracinae, the mouthparts of Bombyliidae are studied and compared with the relevant data from literature on other families of Diptera Brachycera. The three moving units of the proboscis (clypeo-cibarial region, haustellum-maxillary base region, and labella) and their structures and muscles are described. Functions and possible movements are inferred from the structures observed. Articulations both between the parts of the organ and to the head capsule enable the fly to retract its proboscis into a resting position. Proboscis movement from a resting to a feeding position encompasses the following submovements: rotating of the basal clypeo-cibarial region (= fulcrum) against the head capsule, folding of the haustellum-maxillary base region against the fulcrum, evagination and invagination of the labial base, and the labella movements. This is a novelty as compared to the rigid proboscis of Tabanidae and agrees largely with the conditions in the Cyclorrhapha. The evolution of these novelties and their functional significance are discussed. The fulcrum, as well as the haustellum-maxillary base, as the new moving units are deduced from the plesiomorphic state as present in Tabanidae by fusions of sclerites, shifts of musculature and formation of new articulations.
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  • 35
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    Notes: Abstract  The Aeolosomatidae are very small limnetic or terrestrial annelids of apparently simple organisation and uncertain phylogenetic position. They have been placed either at the base of the Clitellata, as a highly derived taxon within the Clitellata closely related to the Naididae, or as their sister group within the „Polychaeta”. A combined immunohistochemical (cLSM) and ultrastructural investigation of the central nervous system and the sense organs in Aeolosoma hemprichi was undertaken to look for characters which might support one of these theories. The position of the brain within the prostomium and the organisation of the ventral nerve cord, with its intraepithelial paired longitudinal nerves lying far apart from each other and the presence of a median longitudinal nerve, are atypical for the Clitellata and clearly differ from the situation found in Naididae. Moreover, the circumoesophageal connectives are bifurcated and enter the brain as dorsal and ventral roots; this arrangement is unknown in Clitellata, in which these connectives are unbranched. An ultrastructural analysis of the ciliated pits located laterally in the furrow between prostomium and peristomium in A. hemprichi and other Aeolosomatidae show that they are in fact nuchal organs. Such presumed chemosensory organs are typical of „Polychaeta” and absent in all Clitellata. Two pairs of ciliary sense organs are present in the prostomium in front of the brain of A. hemprichi. Although similarly organised sensory structures occur in many species of the Clitellata, they differ in position and certain ultrastructural features and are known from other Annelida as well. These results clearly support the exclusion of the Aeolosomatidae from the Clitellata and do not provide any evidence for a sister-group relationship between these two taxa.
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    Notes: Abstract  Non-uniformity of fascicle parameters (fascicle lengths and orientation) within one skeletal muscle is well known. These parameters have an effect on the physiological cross-sectional area and lengthening rate of the skeletal muscle. Using a binocular microscope with a table driver (q- and p-axes) and vertical drive (v-axis) as a tool for reconstruction of the spatial orientation of single muscle fascicles, we developed an approach for three-dimensional analysis of the arrangement and length distribution in the skeletal muscle of small mammals. Two subunits of the triceps brachii muscle of the Galea musteloides forelimb, triceps longum and triceps laterale, were quantified and compared. Our data show that in the triceps laterale the fascicles are significantly longer (10.23 mm, SD=1.19, n=41) than those in the triceps longum (6.58 mm, SD=2.88, n=39). In the triceps laterale, the fascicle orientation is more or less uniform, whereas, in the triceps longum, there are two areas with different orientation of fascicles: anterior and posterior ones. Different inner architecture of the subunits can be interpreted as an adaptation to the main locomotory function of the triceps muscle, namely production of propulsive force during limb transfer phase and keeping dynamic stability during stance phase. Comparison of our data on the fascicle length and geometry with our previous histochemical results on G. musteloides, shows that the anterior region of the triceps longum, which differs in the fascicle orientation, also contains a significantly larger percent of slow muscle fibres. It is hypothesised here that this small region is involved in keeping posture.
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    Notes: Abstract  Malpighian tubules proper are connected to the gut by ducts called trunks, the organization of which is described at ultrastructural level in the nymphs of various mayfly species, namely Ecdyonurus venosus (Heptageniidae), Ephemerella ignita (Ephemerellidae), Choroterpes picteti (Leptophlebiidae), and Caenis luctuosa (Caenidae). Trunks are luminal tubes varying in arrangement, number, shape, and length. The main cell type of the trunk wall is represented by cells that are bordered by a thin cuticle along their luminal side (type-A cells). Whereas these cells are exclusive in the long trunks (such as those of C. picteti and C. luctuosa), in the shorter ones (such as those of E. venosus and Ephemerella ignita) cells with a microvillous luminal border (type-B cells) are also encountered. These cells are located close to the entrance of the collecting duct of the Malpighian tubules proper, and their long microvilli form a dense filamentous mesh filling up the lumen. Both cell types exhibit fine structural features that are characteristics of ion-transporting epithelia. Ultrastructural investigations show that trunks are not a simple conducting system but are involved in the regulation of the ionic composition of the primary urine for producing a fluid hypo-osmotic with respect to the hemolymph.
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  • 38
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    Notes: Abstract  The phylogenetic position of the Xenoturbellida is highly disputed. Are they primitive flatworms? Are they related to Deuterostomia? Do they form a sister taxon to other Bilateria? Are they bivalve molluscs? In order to provide more data for this discussion, a study of the nervous system of Xenoturbella westbladi and its relation to the musculature was performed, using 5-HT and FMRFamide immunocytochemistry, TRITC-conjugated phalloidin fluorescence for staining of F-actin filaments, confocal scanning laser microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The nervous system comprises solely an intraepidermal net of nerve cells and processes. No ganglia or any other internal nervous structures could be detected. No evidence of 5-HT- or FMRFamide-immunoreactive innervation below the subepidermal membrane complex was obtained. The 5-HT and FMRFamide immunoreactivity occurs in separate sets of neurones. On the ultrastructural level, three types of neurones were observed: (1) the predominating ”light” neurones, (2) the smaller ”dark” neurones and (3) the bipolar sensory neurones bearing a single cilium with a long bipartite rootlet. Non-synaptic, paracrine, release sites are common and synapses are inconspicuous. In the layer of epidermal cells, close to the lateral furrow, F-actin filaments were observed. They reach from the basal membrane to the surface. The organisation of the nervous system appears very simple. Our results are compatible with the hypothesis of Xenoturbellida forming a sister taxon to Bilateria. No evidence was obtained for inclusion of X. westbladi in either the Mollusca or Plathelminthes.
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  • 39
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    Notes: Abstract  The exterior coelomic septum (ECS) is a mesentery-like structure that encloses the lantern of regular sea-urchins and connects it to the inner surface of the test. This paper describes the ultrastructure and microarchitecture of the ECS in Stylocidaris affinis (Cidaridae, Echinoida) and provides information on its contractile and passive mechanical properties. The ECS forms five interambulacral pouches each of which has adthecal (test-facing) and adambulacral (ambulacrum-facing) walls. The ECS wall comprises two coelothelia separated by a layer of connective tissue. The outer coelothelium is a single layer of monociliated cuboidal peritoneocytes and basally located axon-like processes. The inner coelothelium is a single layer of squamous peritoneocytes overlying axon-like processes and, in the adthecal regions only, parallel arrays of elongated myocytes orientated obliquely or horizontally. The intraseptal connective tissue consists mainly of collagen fibrils with sparsely distributed spherule cells and cells containing heterogeneous vesicles. In the adambulacral regions of the ECS hollow beaded microfibrils 20–23 nm in diameter form fibre-like aggregations. This layer also contains calcite spicules of variable size, shape, abundance and orientation. Isolated preparations of the ECS show concentration-dependent contractile responses to K+ ions and acetylcholine. The magnitude of the contractile force varies with the vertical position of the lantern (which determines the starting length of the ECS) in an unusual pattern. Cyclical loading-unloading tests indicate that, as the lantern is raised, the ECS shows low stiffness until the lantern reaches its normal resting position. It is concluded that the adthecal regions of the ECS help to set a limit to lantern retraction and that their contractility assists the protractor muscles in exerting a downward pull on the lantern.
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    Zoomorphology 16 (1930), S. 499-540 
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    Zoomorphology 16 (1930), S. 541-558 
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    Zoomorphology 16 (1930), S. 648-747 
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    Zoomorphology 18 (1930), S. 1-73 
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    Zoomorphology 18 (1930), S. 289-321 
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    Zoomorphology 18 (1930), S. 347-383 
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    Zoomorphology 18 (1930), S. 474-535 
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    Zoomorphology 18 (1930), S. 786-798 
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    Zoomorphology 19 (1930), S. 59-115 
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    Zoomorphology 19 (1930), S. 397-426 
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    Zoomorphology 19 (1930), S. 534-590 
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    Zoomorphology 19 (1930), S. 591-608 
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    Zoomorphology 19 (1930), S. 609-677 
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    Zoomorphology 19 (1930), S. 686-731 
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    Zoomorphology 20 (1930), S. 136-171 
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    Zoomorphology 20 (1931), S. 233-367 
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    Zoomorphology 20 (1931), S. 443-532 
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    Zoomorphology 20 (1931), S. 613-678 
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    Zoomorphology 20 (1931), S. 707-718 
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    Zoomorphology 21 (1931), S. 1-172 
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    Zoomorphology 20 (1931), S. 755-812 
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    Zoomorphology 21 (1931), S. 608-616 
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    Zoomorphology 21 (1931), S. 691-701 
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    Zoomorphology 21 (1931), S. 702-739 
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    Zoomorphology 21 (1931), S. 740-764 
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    Zoomorphology 22 (1931), S. 1-52 
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    Zoomorphology 22 (1931), S. 53-109 
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    Zoomorphology 23 (1931), S. 575-753 
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    Zoomorphology 24 (1931), S. 1-77 
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    Zoomorphology 24 (1931), S. 148-237 
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    Zoomorphology 24 (1931), S. 238-258 
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    Zoomorphology 24 (1932), S. 288-318 
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    Zoomorphology 25 (1932), S. 534-548 
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    Zoomorphology 27 (1933), S. 684-691 
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    Zoomorphology 27 (1933), S. 732-748 
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    Zoomorphology 28 (1933), S. 64-106 
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    Zoomorphology 28 (1934), S. 155-169 
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    Zoomorphology 28 (1934), S. 229-258 
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    Zoomorphology 28 (1934), S. 318-318 
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    Zoomorphology 29 (1935), S. 511-526 
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    Zoomorphology 30 (1936), S. 97-98 
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    Zoomorphology 30 (1935), S. 177-205 
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    Zoomorphology 30 (1935), S. 333-354 
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    Zoomorphology 30 (1935), S. 432-437 
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    Zoomorphology 30 (1935), S. 479-495 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zusammenfassend läßt sich also sagen, daß bei Corixa zwei verschiedene Zirpvarianten vorkommen, die von einem und demselben Stridulations-organ — das ist Kopfkante und Femurplectrum — durch verschiedene Bewegung der Beine hervorgebracht werden. Eine Beteiligung der Chitin-zäpfchen der Pala an der Stridulation kommt nicht in Frage. Bei Micronecta ist mit Sicherheit die Striegel als ein Teil des Stridulationsorganes anzusehen.
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    Zoomorphology 30 (1935), S. 597-628 
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  • 89
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Während eines 12tägigen Aufenthaltes im September 1962 warden die Orthopteren-Fauna und Pflanzengesellschaften der Kahlschläge im Arbergebiet des Bayerischen Waldes in soziologischer Hinsicht bearbeitet. Zur Charakterisierung des Gebietes werden Klimadaten und die Vegetationsgliederung herangezogen. Die einzelnen Kahlschläge sind in ihrem Mikroklima nicht einheitlich, was anhand der Vegetation und Orthopteren-Verteilung gezeigt werden konnte. Die Orthopteren lassen sick auch in diesen Gebieten als Indikatoren des Mikroklimas verweaden. Es warden 13 Orthopteren-Arten erbeutet, die im Hinblick auf ihre ökologische Verbreitung charakterisiert werden. Am häufigsten ist auf allen Arber-Kahlschlägen die mesophile Art Omocestus viridulus vertreten, gefolgt von Roeseliana roeselii und Glyptobothrus biguttulus, wodurch die untersuchten Flächen mikroklimatisch als mäßig trocken bis mäßig feucht gekenuzeichnet werden. Eine direkte Parallelität zwischen Pflanzensoziation und Orthopteren-Population besteht nicht. Die vor allem auf die Bodenbeschaffenheit ansprechenden Pflanzen zeigen etwas trockenere Verhältnisse auf den Arberwiesen an als die Orthopteren. Ein Vergleich mit anderen Gebieten zeigt, daß O. viridulus mit zunehmender Höhe eine stärkere Assoziation mit xerophilen Arten eingeht. Auf engem Raum wurden von drei verschiedenen Arten holoptere Formen gefangen. Die Entstehung von makropteren Individuen wird als klimatisch bedingt hingestellt. Es wird diskutiert, ob bei verschiedenen Orthopteren-Unterordnungen die Flügelreduktion bzw. -verlänge-rung von gleichen Mechanismen gesteuert wird.
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  • 90
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  • 91
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    Zoomorphology 32 (1937), S. 463-491 
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  • 92
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the Leithagebirge, in the east of Austria, an intersex of Aedes (Ochlerotatus) communis was found, the abdominal segments of which contain thousands of sporangia of a fungus of the order Blastocladiales. It can be assumed with certainty that the intersex was caused by the parasite. Morphological details of the intersex as well as of the sporangia of the fungus are described and pictured. The mode of action induced by the parasite and pertinent literature are discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Leithagebirge, im Osten Österreichs, wurde ein Intersex von Aedes (Ochlerotatus) communis gefunden, dessen Abdominalsegmente Tausende von Sporangien eines Pilzes der Ordnung Blastocladiales enthalten. Es ist mit Sicherheit anzunehmen, daß die Ausbildung der Intersexualitdt eine Folge der Mykose darstellt. Die morphologischen Charakteristika des Intersexes und die Sporangien des Parasiten werden beschrieben und abgebildet. Die Art des durch den Parasiten ausgelösten Wirkungsmechanismus wird diskutiert, wobei die Literatur über Intersexualität bei Culiciden und anderen Insektengruppen besprochen wird.
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    Zoomorphology 57 (1966), S. 244-248 
    ISSN: 1432-234X
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Larven von Lasioderma serricorne F. sind in der Lage, bei Unterdosierung des Caseins in synthetischen Diäten Guanin, Xanthin, Harnsäure und Allantoin als zusätzliche N- Quellen zu verwerten. Die Bedeutung für den Proteinhaushalt der Larven Bowie die Beteiligung der Symbionten werden diskutiert.
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    Zoomorphology 57 (1966), S. 274-294 
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A subdivision of the oogenesis in Kalotermes flavicollis Fabr. (Isoptera) is described according to the form of the oocytes (Fig. 2). Each ovariole (panoistic type) contains a linear array of oocytes in varying stages of development. Both ovaries together consist of 14 ovarioles (Fig. 1). This number is found in larvae, nymphs; soldiers; in young reproductives and in reproductives aged some years. The number of oocytes varies in the ovarioles of a female. Mature eggs occurs at the same time only in few of ovarioles (Fig. 6, 7). Young reproductives lay only few eggs. The production of eggs increases with increasing number of individuals of the colony. A marked increase of egg production is observed in old reproductives of big colonies. This increase of egg production results from growth in length of the ovarioles and from an increase of the number of oocytes in the vitellarium (Fig. 5a, b, c and 8a, b, c). The length of the ovarioles is correlated with the number of eggs laid within a certain period. The lengthening of the ovarioles is caused by influences from the individuals of the colony. No lengthening of ovarioles took place in females kept singly for more than two years after swarming. The lengthening of the overioles seems to depend on the quantity and the quality of food and/or vitamins. The deposition of yolk takes place only after moulting into a reproductive (imago or neoteinic = replacement reproductive). The start of yolk deposition occurs simultaneously with the start of pigmentation. The number of yolk depositing oocytes increases with the increase of the length of the ovariole. Up to seven yolk depositing oocytes were observed in each single ovariole (Fig. 8a, b, c).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Oogenese der Termite Kalotermes flavicollis Fabr. wurde nach der Form der Oocyten in Phasen gegliedert (Abb. 2). Die panoistisehen Ovariolen enthalten in linearer Anordnung Oocyten der verschiedensten Entwicklungsstadien. Beide Ovarien haben insgesamt 14 Ovariolen (Abb. 1). Diese Zahl findet sich in Larven, Nymphen, Soldaten und in Geschlechtstieren unterschiedlichen Alters. Die einzelnen Ovariolen eines Weibchens enthalten unterschiedliche Anzahlen von Oocyten. Es reifen immer nur einige Oocyten gleichzeitig (Abb. 6, 7). Junge Geschlechtstiere legen anfangs nur wenige Eier. Die Eiproduktion erhöht sich später mit dem Ansteigen der Zahl der Individuen in der Kolonie. Eine erhebliche Erhöhung der Eiproduktion ist bei alten Geschlechtstieren aus großen Völkern festzustellen. Diese Erhöhung der Eiproduktion kommt dadurch zustande, daß die Ovariolen in die Länge wachsen und sich die Zahl der Oocyten im Vitellarium erhöht (Abb. 5a, b, c und 8a, b, c). Es besteht nämlich eine Korrelation zwischen der Ovariolenlänge und der Zahl der abgelegten Eier pro Zeiteinheit. Die Verlängerung der Ovariolen kommt unter dem Einfluß des Volkes zustande. Es kommt zu keiner Verlängerung der Ovariolen bei Weibchen, die länger als zwei Jahre nach dem Schwärmen isoliert gehalten werden. Die Verlängerung der Ovariolen könnte durch die Menge und Art der Nahrung oder ouch durch Wirkstoffe zustande kommen. Der Dottereinbau setzt erst ein nach der Geschlechtstierhäutung, die zu einem imaginalen oder neotenischen Geschlechtstier (Ersatzgeschlechtstier) führen kann. Der Zeitpunkt des Einsetzens des Dottereinbaus fällt bei der Imago zusammen mit dem Einsetzen der Pigmentierung. Es besteht eine Korrelation zwischen Zahl der dottereinbauenden Oocyten pro Ovariole und der zunehmenden Verlängerung der Ovariolen. Es wurden his zu sieben dottereinbauende Oocyten in einer Ovariole festgestellt (Abb. 8a, b, c).
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    Zoomorphology 58 (1966), S. 1-37 
    ISSN: 1432-234X
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Während eines fünfmonatigen Aufenthaltes in Südspanien wurden mit Hilfe einer optomotorischen Trommel Untersuchungen zum Sehvermögen von sechs verschiedenen Dekapoden-Arten im Mündungsgebiet des Guadalquivirs (Andalusien) durchgeführt. Durch entsprechende Kombination von Trommeldurchmesser und Streifenbreite konnte die Sehscharfe zwischen den Sehwinkeln von 1,9′ bis 17,1° bestimmt werden. Das geschah an Palaemon serratus (Penn.), Carcinus maenas (Rath.), Pachygrapsus marmoratus (Fabr.), Eriphia spinifrons (HERBST), Xantho hydrophilus (Herbst) und vor allem an Uca tangeri Eydoux. 2. Erwachsene Uca-tangeri-Individuen reagieren bei optimaler Beleuchtung (mindestens 90 Lux) noch auf Sehdinge, die unter dem Sehwinkel von 5,8′ geboten werden. 3. Im Verlauf der Ontogenese von Uca tangeri tritt vom ersten Krabbenstadium bis zu einer Carapaxbreite von 30 mm eine Verbesserung der Sehscharfe von 16,8′ bis 5,8′ auf. 4. Durch Darbietung von Sehproben bestimmter Dimensionen an verschiedenen Stellen des Gesichtsfeldes ergab sich, daß zur Auslösung von optomotorischen Reaktionen bei Uca tangeri hauptsächlich die lateralen Ommatidien, deren Achsen mit der Horizontalen einen Winkel von 0 bis 19° bilden, verantwortlich sind. 5. Mit der optomotorischen Methode wurde als durchschnittliche Helladaptationszeit für Uca tangeri der Wert von 13,6 sec ermittelt. Bei Aufenthalt in Wasser vermindert sich die optomotorische Sehscharfe von Uca tangeri. 6. In Freilandversuchen mit weißen Sehproben verschiedener Größe und verschiedener Entfernung ergaben sich für Uca tangeri kleinste Sehwinkel von 1°35′ und 1°11′. 7. Im optomotorischen Versuch zeigte Uca tangeri Farbtüchtigkeit für die Farben Rot 7 : 5 : 2, Blau 18: 5 : 3 und Grün 23: 6 : 3 gegenüber Graupapieren gleicher Helligkeitswerte. Graupapiere werden vonein ander unterschieden, wenn sic mindestens eine halbe Graustufe von-einander differieren. 8. Bei überkreuzten Augen bewirkten optomotorische Reize kein zur Drehrichtung gegenläufiges Mitdrehen der Tiere. 9. Die entsprechend ermittelten Sehschärfenwerte betragen für Palaemon serratus 36,4′, für Pachygrapus marmoratus 16,8′, für Carcinus maenas 16,8′, für Eriphia spinifrons 16,8′ und für Xantho hydrophilus 16,8′. 10. Palaemon serratus nimmt nur Sehdinge wahr, die sich in einem vertikalen Sehbereich von höchstens 45° über der Horizontalen durch die Achsen der lateralen Ommatidien befinden. 11. Bei sehr schwachen Beleuchtungsstärken ist die optomotorische Sehscharfe von Palaemon serratus der von Uca tangeri überlegen. Dieser Unterschied ist aus der verschiedenen Lebensweise der Tiere verständlich. 12. Bei Palaemon serratus, Pachygrapsus marmoratus, Carcinus maenas, Xantho hydrophilus und Eriphia spinifrons ergab die optomotorische Untersuchung eine Farbwahrnehmung Mr Rot, Blau und Grün der oben genannten Daten.
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    Zoomorphology 58 (1966), S. 109-143 
    ISSN: 1432-234X
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Fourteen different biotopes in the surroundings of Erlangen (Franconia, Germany) were checked during two years for their dorylaims (Nematoda, Dorylaimida). Based on the dorylaims of these biotopes, it was possible to comprise them to the following units: moss-soil, softwood forest-soil, hardwood forest-soil, “wiesenboden” and arable land. Significant differences were found regarding the population of the dorylaims. The highest numbers were found in “wiesenboden” followed by hardwood forest-soil, softwood forest-soil and arable land. It was shown that it is impossible to characterize a soil type by means of certain characteristic and leading species of dorylaims, because the ubiquitous species are too numerous. If there are some species found which seem to be characteristic for this biotope, they had been often described in completely different biotopes. However, there is a certain possibility of describing a biotope in the checked area, e.g. moss-soil or softwood forest-soil, by help of the typical species combination resulting from the zoocoenological characteristica of the species of this biotope. Altogether 50 species of the Dorylaimida and 7 of the Enoplida were found. Besides the species being less abundant in the checked area the following normally less common species were found: Tripyla affinis, Dorylaimus tenuicaudatus, Eudorylaimus rhopalocercus and Nygolaimus hartingii. Species new for Germany are: Eudorylaimus brevis, Eudorylaimus modestus, Eudorylaimus rugosus and Alaimus parvus.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Zeitraum von knapp 2 Jahren wurden 14 verschiedene Biotope der Umgebung Erlangens auf ihre Dorylaimidenfauna hin untersucht. Die 14 Einzelbiotope konnten auf Grund ihres Dorylaimidenbestandes zu den Überbegriffen Moosboden, Nadelwaldboden, Laubwaldboden, Kulturboden und Wiesenboden zusammengefaßt werden. Es ergaben sick signifikante Unterschiede ihrer Dorylaimidenbesiedlung. Die größte Besiedlungsdichte wiesen die Wiesenböden auf, es folgen die Laubwaldböden, die Nadelwaldboden und die Kulturböden. Es zeigte rich, daß mit Hilfe von Charakterarten und Leitformen unter den Dorylaimiden keine Beschreibung eines Biotops möglich ist, da die ubiquitären Vertreter zu zahlreich Bind und für die in einem oder in wenigen Biotopen vorkommenden Arten in der Literatur die verschiedensten Böden als Lebensstätte beschrieben werden. Eine gewisse Möglichkeit der Charakterisierung eines Biotops ergibt sich durch die Erfassung der für einen bestimmten Biotop, z. B. Moosboden oder Nadelwaldboden, wichtigen Artenkombination, die auf Grund zoocönologischer Charakteristika der vorkommenden Arten erfaßt wurde und die für ein beschränktes Untersuchungsgebiet Geltung besitzt. Insgesamt wurden 50 Dorylaimiden- und 7 Enoplidenarten im Untersuchungsgebiet nachgewiesen. Neben den im Untersuchungsgebiet weniger häufig vorkommenden Arten wurden folgende, allgemein seltenere Arten aufgefunden: Tripyla affinis, Dorylaimus tenuicaudatus, Eudorylaimus rhopalocercus und Nygolaimus hartingii. Neu für Deutschland waxen: Eudorylaimus brevis, Eudorylaimus modestus, Eudorylaimus rugosus und Alaimus parvus.
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  • 97
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Zahlreiche phänologische Kurven aus den Jahren 1964 und 1965 (Abb. 1–3 u. 7–10) zeigen das Auftreten der einzelnen Entwicklungsstadien von R und C. Im Frühjahr verlassen die Jungspinnen den Kokon und häuten sich 4ma1, bis sie in beiden Geschlechtern, überraschenderweise die ♀♀ vor don ♂♂, im Herbst des gleichen Jahres die Reife erlangen. Sie überwintern adult und kopulieren bevorzugt im Februar (C-Spinnen, Aktivitätsmaximum der C-♂♂ bzw. im März (R-Spinnen, Aktivitätsmaximum der R-♂♂. Zahlreiche R- und C-♀♀, die ich von Oktober 1964 bis einschließlich Januar 1965 fing, waren unbegattet, die nach der Schneeschmelze (ab 18. 3. 65) gefangenen ♀♀ dagegen alle begattet. Meines Erachtens kopuliert Macrargus unter dem Schnee (S. 337). 2. Die Kältestarretemperatur von Macrargus (R und C) lag bei −4,6° C. Die Vorzugstemperaturzone der adulten R- und C-Tiere erstreckte sick von −1° C bis +3,5° C mit einem deutlichen Gipfel bei +0,8° C. Die Hitzestarre trat bei R (Mittelwert: 39,35° C) um durchschnittlich 2,9° C eher ein als bei C (1VEttelwert: 42,25° C). Damit stellte sich, im Gegensatz zur Kältestarretemperatur und Vorzugstemperaturzone, ein klarer Unterschied im Verhalten der R- und C-Tiere heraus (S. 349). Schon geringe Kältegrade und wenige Stunden Kälteeinwirkung töteten im Kühlschrank die winterreifen Arten Macrargus (R und C) und Centromerus silvaticus (Tabelle 2). Wie bereits die Versuche zur Kälteresistenz von R und C zeigten, wäre es verkehrt, these winterreifen Spinuen des Centromerus silvaticus-Typs durch besondere Kalteresistenz zu charakterisieren (S. 357). 3. Die Temperatur ist im Macrargus-Biochorion im Winter unter der Schneedecke sehr ausgeglichen (Tabelle 3). Die mittlere Temperatur lag während der 14tägigen Beobachtungszeit bei 0° C (S. 358). 4. Die von mir und von v. BROEN (briefl.) bei Centromerus silvaticus festgestellte Populationsdezimierung versuche ich mit der Wirkung sehr kalter und schneeloser Tage bzw. Nachte zu erklären (Tabelle 5). Meiner Meinung nach wirkten die kurzzeitigen Kälteperioden der Winter 1955/56, 1958/59 und 1963/64 außergewohnlich stark dezimierend auf die Centromerus silvaticus-Population (S. 362). 5. Im Labor legten die R- und C-Spinnen Deckennetze an, wie she für die Linyphiiden charakteristisch sind; die Stolperfaden über und die Spannseile unter der Decke waren jedoch in geringerer Zahl vorhanden. Die Jungspinnen vergöroßerten mit zunehmendem Alter die gleichzeitig waagrechter werdende Netzdecke und fertigten in der Regel nach der 2. Htg. das für erwachsene Macrargun typische Netz (Abb. 17). Im Freiland legten R und C ihre Netze in einer Höhe der Moos-Streu-Schicht an, die ca. 2 cm unter dem. Niveau der Moospflanzchenspitzen begann und sich verschieden welt bodenwarts erstreckte (Abb. 18) (S. 364). 6. Macrargus zeigte ein sehr plastisches Beutefangverhalten, wie es vielleicht für alle Bodenspinnen bezeichnend ist. Er nahm alle Beutearten an, die an Größe, Gewicht und vor allem Durchdringbarkeit der Epidermis in sein verglichen mit höher organisierten Linyphiiden weites Beuteschema paßten. Gegenüber allen Nahrungsobiekten zeigte Macrargus grundsätzlich dasselbe Fangverhalten. Meines Erachtens stellen die Collembolen innerhalb aller Bodenarthropoden die wichtigsten Beutetiere für Macrargus tar (S. 369). 7. Mit zwei Paarungsberichten über Macrargus liegen die ersten sexualbiologischen Untersuchungen der Centromereae, der nach Wiehle (1956) zweiten Familiengruppe der Linyphiiden, vor. Das Paarungsverhalten der R- und C- Tiere war weitestgehend gleich and entspricht grundsätzlich dem. der bisher beobachteten Linyphiiden (Tabelle 7). Bei Macrargus ist hervorzuheben, daß die ♂♂ 3mal Sperma abgaben, und zwar - wie Ostearius melanopygius und Drapetisca socialis - ohne einen Ortswechsel vorzunehmen. Die Paarung zwischen einem C-♂ und einem R-♀ beweist, daß die festgestellten Größenunterschiede der R-und C-Emboli (Tabelle 6) nicht ausreichten, um diese Paarung zu unterbinden. Die dabei unbefruchtet gebliebenen Eier legen jedoch die Vermutung nahe, daß in der Sexualbiologie zwischen R und C doch bereits ein wirksamer Isolationsmechanismus ausgebildet ist (S. 378). 8. Den Entwicklungsverlauf von R babe ich in Zimmertemperatur an 112 Jungspinnen ab Verlassen des Kokons verfolgt. Ihre Entwicklung verlief auffallend gleichmdßig und übersichtlich (Tabelle 8 und 9). ♂♂ und ♀♀ machten bis zum Erreichen der Geschlechtsreife im September/Oktober 4 Häutungen außerhalb des Kokons durch. Die mittlere Gesamtentwicklung vom Ei bis zum adulten Stadium betrug bei insgesamt 17 R-Tieren 147,9 Tage, also ca. 5 Monate. Abb. 22 zeigt die Häutungsabstände und die jeweilige Größenzunahme während der Gesamtentwicklung von R und unter beibehaltenen Häutungsabständen für C. Das Wachstum verlief bei R und C sehr ähnlich. Bei im Freiland gefangenen 2. Htg.-Tieren lagen zwischen letzter und vorletzter Htg. weniger Tage als bei den vom Ei ab aufgezogenen Spinnen (Tabelle 11). Daraus schließe ich, daß dieser Häutungsabstand im Freiland ebenfalls kürzer ist. Die Entwicklungsgeschwindigkeit der R-Jungtiere nahm mit Erhöhung der Umgebungstemperatur zu. Bei 4° C entwickelten sich die Spinnen nicht weiter, bei 8° C stagnierte die Entwicklung sehr bald, und bei 15° C dauerte sie immer noch sehr viel länger als in Zimmertemperatur (Tabelle 12) (S. 395). 9. Die Häutungsintervalle im Labor unterschieden sich bei C nur unwesentlich von denen von R. In beiden Beobachtungsjahren erlangte C im Freiland 1–2 Wochen später als R die Reife. Subadult gefangene C-Tiere wurden ebenfalls später reif als die subadulten R-Tiere (Tabelle 16). Einen Teil der im Herbst und Winter 1964/65 gefangenen C-Jungtiere hielt ich bei Zimmertemperatur bzw. niedrigeren Temperaturen (Tabelle 17–19). Von 71 im Zimmer gehaltenen 2. Htg.-Tieren machten bis einschließlich April 1965 (Ende der Kopulationszeit) 23 C-♀♀ aber kein C-♂ die Reifehäutung durch. Mehrere 2. Htg.- sowie subadulte C-Tiere, die ich vom 23. 10. 64 bis 20. 3. 65 bei 4° C gehalten hatte, entwickelten sich erst nach Erhöhung der Umgebungstemperatur auf 15° C weiter (Tabelle 19). Von den nach der Schneeschmelze 1965 gefangenen und im Zimmer gehaltenen Individuen verschiedener R-und vor allem C-Entwicklungsstadien erreichte ein Teil im September/Oktober (phänologisches Maximum) die Reife (Tabelle 20 und 21). Verglichen mit dem Vorjahr traten im Herbst und Winter 1965/66 sehr wenige C-Jungtiere auf (S. 405). 10. Zwischen R und C traten bezüglich der Lebensdauer keine nennenswerten Unterschiede auf (Abb. 25–29). Überraschenderweise zeigte sich, daß die R- und C-♂♂ in Zimmertemperatur und besonders bei 4° C (wo sie sogar die ♂♂ überlebten) relativ lange lebten. Hierin liegt vielleicht ein Merkmal vieler Linyphiiden und Micryphantiden. Bei Macrargus unterschied sich die Nahrungsaufnahme der ♂♂, und vor und nach der Reifehäutung nicht, was wahrscheinlich daraus zu erklären ist, daß Reifehäutungs- und Kopulationszeit 5–6 Monate auseinander liegen (S.411). 11. Die begatteten ♂♂ bauen nach der Schneeschmelze ihre Kokons. Abb. 30 zeigt die Beziehung zwischen Jahreszeit und Zahl der monatlich gefertigten Kokons für 24 R-♀♀ bzw. 22 C-♀♀ R und C bauten im Mai die meisten Kokons. Vom 21. 11. 64 bin 27. 1. 65 gefangene R- und C-gingen unbegattet in Zimmertemperatur ranch zum Kokonbau über (Tabelle 25 und 26). In Tabelle 27 habe ich die mittleren Kokonbauabstände der im Zimmer gehaltenen begatteten und unbegatteten R-und C-♀♀ gegenübergestellt. Unbegattete R-♀♀ bauten in der Regel erst nach Erhöhung der Umgebungstemperatur von 4° C bzw. 8° C auf 15° C Kokons (Tabelle 28 und 29). Bei 15° C gehaltene R- und C-♀♀ bauten ihre Kokons in großeren Abständen als die in Zimmertemperatur beobachteten. In Tabelle 30 habe ich die Kokonbaudaten der beiden R-♀♀ deren Kopulation ich beobachtete, zusammengestellt (S. 415).
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    Zoomorphology 58 (1966), S. 162-172 
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Quantitatively comparable ecological observations were carried out near Ny Ålesund, Kingsbay, West- Spitsbergen. They reveal a very sharp gap between the terrestrial fauna of the supralittoral fringe and the animals of the tundra above the highest sea-level. This gap is marked by cf. Molgus littoralis, which is completely absent in the typical tundra, but lives in great numbers in the supralittoral zone. A comparison with corresponding data from Europe and South America shows, that the number of specimens caught per day and trap is not less than in warmer regions, but the average size of the animals is much smaller and the number of systematic groups is considerably reduced (86% of the individuals caught are diptera, only one beetle and no butterfly was found). —Herbivorous animals are very rare, saprophagous and carnivorous animals make up more than 95% of the specimens caught. It is suggested that such community, characterized through a heterogenous distribution of organisms in the circle of production and reduction must be highly instable.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe von Formalinfallen wurden in Westspitzbergen quantitative Fänge über die bodenbewohnenden Insekten und Spinnen durchgeführt. Die Dipteren machen mit 65% der gefundenen Arten und 86% der Individuen den größten Teil der pterygoten Insekten aus. Phytophage Arten fehlen weitgehend. Die Individuendichte in der Tundra ist kaum niedriger als in wärmeren Lebensräumen, jedoch ist die Größe der Tiere im Durchschnitt geringer. Die Grenze zwischen Supralitoral und dem nie vom Meer beeinflußten Land ist sehr scharf.
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  • 99
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    Springer
    Zoomorphology 58 (1967), S. 263-272 
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Two cases of “extrusions” in hen egg shells are described. An extrusion is a group of calcite testispherites projected outwards in early developmental stades. If this disturbance only concerns a little number of spherites, so the arching will be equalized gradually in the farther thickening of shell, so that the extrusion produces not at all or only a weak elevation at the shell surface. But if a greater number of testispherites in such manner will be protruded, on the outside of the egg shell an hollow cupola arises, set off from the neighbourhood by a ring cleft. The cleft is caused by the divergence of the calcospherite axes —on the one hand of the cupola, on the other hand of the adjacing normal shell: the calcitic elements meet together in the cleft forming an angle and here they confine oppositely their growth. The hollow of the cupola below confined by the shell membrane, can be filled up by a single globular calcite “ovoid” (“subter-ovoid”). But also the extrusion filling can consist of petty optical negative calcite spherites. In little extrusions the hollow sometimes remains empty. Extrusions arise where the testispherites are still not fastened on the shell membrane. Therefore under the extrusion the shell membrane runs off undisturbed or only a little curved inwards. Also in the wall of the cupola the shell elements preserve spheritical character; enlarging outwards cone like, they satisfy the surface increase which is caused by the cupola formation. However in the reach of the cupola under the described circumstances eisospherites cannot are builded.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wind über 2 Fälle von Extrusionen bei Hühner-Eischalen berichtet. Unter Extrusion versteht man eine Gruppe von Schalenbausteinen (Calcit-Testisphäriten), die sich nach außen bin vorgewölbt hat. Betrifft diese Störung nur eine kleine Zahl von Sphäriten, so gleicht sich die Wölbung im weiteren Dickenwachstum der Schale allmählich aus, so daß die Extrusion äußerlich gar nicht oder nur als schwache Erhebung hervortritt. Wenn aber eine größere Anzahl von Schalenbausteinen in solcher Art verlagert wird, entsteht eine auf der Außenfläche der Schale vorragende Hohlkuppel, die sich von der Umgebung durch einen Ringspalt absetzt. Der Spalt kommt durch die Divergenz der Achsen der Calcitsphäriten — einerseits der Kuppel, andererseits der anstoßenden normalen Schale — zustande : Sie treffen im Spalt unter Bildung eines Winkels zusammen und beschränken sich hier gegenseitig im Wachstum. Die Höhle der Kuppel, die unten von der Schalenmembran abgeschlossen wird, kann von einem einzigen kugeligen Kalkgebilde ausgefüllt werden, das in seinem Aufbau an Ovoide erinnert (Subter-Ovoid). Es kann aber auch die Füllung der Extrusion aus verbackenen winzigen Calcitsph→iten von negativem optischen Vorzeichen bestehen. Bei kleinen Extrusionen bleibt die Höhle manchmal leer. Extrusionen bilden sich auf einem frühen Stadium der Schalenentwicklung, zu einer Zeit, da die Testisphäriten sich auf der Membran noch nicht durch Auswachsen derEisosphäriten verankert haben. Daher verläuft die Schalenmembran unter einer Extrusion ungestört oder nur geringfügig nach innen ausgebuchtet. Auch in der Kuppelwand bewahren die Schalenelemente ihren sphäritischen Charakter; indem she sick nach außen hin kegelartig erweitern, werden sie dem Flächenzuwachs gerecht, den die Vorwölbung nach sich zieht. Jedoch kommt es im Bereich der Kuppel naturgemäß nicht zur Ausbildung von Eisosphäriten.
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  • 100
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    Springer
    Zoomorphology 59 (1967), S. 54-73 
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Sideridis pallens, now common in the agrarian landscape, originated from habitats of the “Litoraea formations”. Under field conditions in NW Germany it has 2 generations per year. It belongs to the type with facultative larval diapause which is induced by short day and low temperature. According to the terminology ofH. J. Müller (1966) it could be best designated as diapauselike Oligopause. The summer generation develops in 6–8 weeks from the egg to the imago. The winter generation, from eggs laid in September, overwinters as larva 4 mainly in the stalks of plants and needs still 6–8 further weeks to continue the development to the adult during the spring. Young larvae differ from older ones in their behaviour, in their way of feeding and in the time of day activity. The developmental optimum lies at 28° C. At partly suboptimal conditions (short day and 20°, 15° and long day) the development is not completely arrested but retarded to 5–6 months. Even at optimal conditions a part of the population can undergo a spontaneous diapause with retarded development, this concerns likewise individuals hatched from the same egg cluster. The genetical variability of the diapause behaviour is regarded as an important ecological factor of adaptation to the environment. The offspring from individuals with delayed development showed the same retarded growth even when optimal conditions were given throughout their life. It is supposed therefore, that the stimuli releasing diapause already must have effected the parental generation. At normal development 6 larval stages occured, while at retarded deve- *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** AX104104 00003
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Sideridis pallens, ursprünglich in der Litoraea-Landschaft heimisch, hat sich von dort her auch in der Agrarlandschaft eingebürgert. Obwohl sie sich an Getreide entwickeln könnte, paßt ihre Generationenfolge schlecht in den Rhythmus der Bewirtschaftung der Kulturfelder, so daß sie nicht zu einem landwirtschaftlichen Schädling wurde. Im Jahreslauf kommen in Norddeutschland gewöhnlich 2 Generationen vor. Die Herbstgeneration überwintert als Larve 4 mit Vorliebe in Stoppeln und anderen hohlen Pflanzenstengeln. Zur Weiterentwicklung nach dem Winter benötigt sie noch 6-8 Wochen bis zum Schlüpfen der Falter. Die Sommergeneration durchläuft dagegen in 6-8 Wochen ihre gesamte Entwicklung vom Ei bis zur Imago. Junglarven reagieren positiv phototaktisch, spinnen Haltefäden, sind tagaktiv und zeigen Schabefraß. Bereits bei Larve 2 verliert sich die Phototaxis, es beginnt Übergang zum Lochfraß; Larve 3 bildet keine Haltefäden mehr. Von Larve 4 an sind die Raupen vorwiegend nachtaktiv. Die schnellste Entwicklung findet bei etwa 28° C statt; 30° liegt bereits im Pejus. Bei teilweise suboptimalen Verhältnissen ist eine lang same Entwicklung noch möglich: Larval- und Puppenentwicklung dauerten bei Kurztag und 20° fast 6 Monate, bei Langtag und 15° fast 5 Monate; bei Kurztag und 15° gingen mit Ausnahme eines Individuums, das 5 Monate benötigte, alle zugrunde. Sogar bei Langtag und 20° kann ein kleiner Teil Entwicklungsver zögerung haben, die über 6 Monate dauert. Selbst aus dem gleichen Ge lege können einige Individuen trotz optimaler Bedingungen spontan dia-pausieren, während sich die Mehrzahl ohne Diapause normal schnell weiter entwickelt. Dadurch kann für einen Teil der Population die Sommergeneration ausfallen. Diese genetische Variabilität wird als wichtige ökologische Anpassung an die Umwelt gedeutet. Die Nachkommen von Tieren, die mit Entwicklungsverzögerung auf gewachsen waren, zeigten alle die gleiche Entwicklungshemmung, obwohl sie zeitlebens bei Langtag und 20° C gehalten wurden. Die Sensibilisierung für Diapause muß daher schon das Muttertier betroffen haben. Normalerweise werden 6 Larvenstadien durchlaufen, die durch 5 Häutungen getrennt sind. Jedoch führen die Entwicklungsverzögerungen zu einigen zusätzlichen Häutungen im Verlauf des 4. und 5. Stadiums. Das Wachstum der Larven geht nicht gleichmäßig geometrisch nach der Dyarschen Regel vor sich, vielmehr ändert sich der Wachstumsfaktor im 4. Stadium. Sideridis pallens, hat eine fakultative Larvaldiapause, die nach der Terminologie vonH. J. Müller (1966) am besten als „diapausäre Oligopause” bezeichnet werden könnte.
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