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  • Articles  (51)
  • Collagen  (30)
  • sedimentology  (21)
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  • Articles  (51)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 142-151 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Collagen ; Collagenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé De la collagénase osseuse de souris, une collagénase tissulaire spécifique, est isolée du milieu de culture tissulaire d'un tibia de souris de 5 jours. En combinant une précipitation de (NH4)2SO4, une filtration moléculaire sur tamis et la chromatographie par échangeurs d'ions, on obtient une fraction d'un rendement d'environ 11%, qui possède une activité enzymatique spécifique 120 fois plus élevée que l'extrait original total. Le poids moléculaire de la fraction, contenant l'activité enzymatique, est d'environ 41000, en se basant sur des études de filtration par tamis moléculaire calibré. Il existe au moins deux fractions principales distinctes et une fraction plus faible, ayant des activités en collagénase et des points isoélectriques distincts. Il n'est pas démontré que ces fractions constituent des isoenzymes de l'os ou de l'os et du cartilage, ou sont dérivés d'une seule enzyme, peu dégradée par l'extraction et la purification. L'activité de la collagénase est inhibée par l'EDTA, la cystéine, le sérum de cheval; mais elle résiste au fluorure de phénylméthyle-sulfonyle, à l'acide epsilon aminocaproique et à l'inhibiteur de trypsine de graine de soja.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Mäuseknochen-Kollagenase, eine spezifische Gewebe-Kollagenase, wurde aus Gewebekulturmedien von 5 Tage alten Mäusetibiae isoliert. Durch eine Kombination von (NH4)2SO4-Ausfällung, Gelfiltration und Ionenaustausch-Chromatographie wurde mit ungefähr 11% Ausbeute eine Fraktion erhalten, die eine spezifische Enzymaktivität besaß, welche 120mal größer war als diejenige des ursprünglichen unbehandelten Extraktes. Das Molekulargewicht der die Enzymaktivität enthaltenden Fraktion war ungefähr 41000, was durch kalibrierte Gelfiltrations-Untersuchungen bestimmt wurde. Mindestens zwei verschiedene Hauptfraktionen und eine kleinere Fraktion mit Kollagenaseaktivität wurden erhalten, welche verschiedene isoelektrische Punkte hatten. Es ist unklar, ob diese Fraktionen Isoenzyme aus Knochen oder aus Knochen und Knorpel darstellen, oder ob sie von einem einzelnen Enzym stammen, welches durch die verwendeten Extraktions- und Reinigungstechniken minimal degradiert wurde. Die Kollagenaseaktivität wurde durch EDTA, Cystein und Pferdeserum gehemmt, nicht aber durch Phenylmethylsulfonylfluorid, Epsilon-amino-capronsäure oder Soyabohnen-Trypsin-Hemmer.
    Notes: Abstract Mouse bone collagenase, a specific tissue collagenase, was isolated from the tissue culture media of 5 day old mouse tibiae. By a combination of (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, molecular sieve filtration and ion exchange chromatography a fraction was obtained with a yield of approximately 11% which had a specific enzyme activity 120-fold greater than the original crude extract. The molecular weight of the fraction containing the enzyme activity was approximately 41000 as determined by calibrated molecular sieve filtration studies. There were at least two distinct major fractions and one minor fraction possessing collagenase activity which had distinct isoelectric points. It is not clear whether these fractions represent isoenzymes from bone or from bone and cartilage, or are derived from a single enzyme which has been minimally degraded by the extraction and purification techniques used. Collagenase activity was inhibited by EDTA, cysteine and horse serum, but not by phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride, epsilon amino caproic acid or soybean trypsin inhibitor.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 14 (1974), S. 327-331 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Piezoelectricity ; Collagen ; Aging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The piezoelectric constant of mature and immature bone (defined herein) has been measured in an effort to determine whether it varies with age. It was found that the average value of the piezoelectric constantd 14 of femur from three week old calves was 58% of the value of femur from three year old bulls. The results were interpreted to indicate qualitative differences in the corresponding collagen matrices. Mature human tibia from males ranging in age from 21 to 53 years of age showed a small but significant increase ind 14 with age. Some data concerning diseased human bone, and well-preserved human bone excavated in Peru are also presented.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 91-100 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Collagen ; Osteogenesis imperfecta ; Dentinogenesis imperfecta ; Amino acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le collagène d'une calotte cranienne d'un enfant de 2 semaines, atteint d'ostéogenèse imparfaite et le collagène dentinaire d'une première molaire permanente d'un enfant de 11 ans, atteint de dentinogenèse imparfaite, sont analysés par des méthodes utilisées habituellement pour le collagène des tissus calcifiés. Les analyses d'acides aminés d'hydrolysats de ces préparations montrent une composition identique que celle du collagène normal. Il n'existe pas de grande différence dans les acides aminés et les différences de composition des collagènes pathologiques sont faibles. Le collagène de l'ostéogenèse imparfaite présente 7 à 9% des principaux acides aminés en moins et une augmentation de ceux possédant des chaines latérales, à affinités lipidiques, suggérant la présence d'environ 10% d'un matériel protéique différent dans l'ostéogenèse imparfaite. Au cours de la dentinogenèse imparfaite, on note une diminution similaire, mais plus réduite, de l'hydroxyproline et de l'alanine, mais on note aussi une augmentation de la glycine et de la proline. Un excès d'hydroxyle-lysine est noté dans les deux maladies par rapport à du collagène normal de même origine. Une diminution de 12% en poids par rapport à l'azote pourrait s'expliquer par la présence d'hydrates de carbone, responsables de l'argyrophilie.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Kollagen aus dem Calvarium eines 2 Wochen alten Kindes mit Osteogenesis imperfecta und Dentinkollagen aus einem ersten Molaren der zweiten Dentition eines 11jährigen Knaben mit Dentinogenesis imperfecta wurden mit Methoden präpariert, welche früher für Kollagen aus normalen Hartgeweben verwendet worden waren. Die Aminosäurenanalyse, welche aus Hydrolysaten dieser Präparate gemacht wurde, ergab dieselben Aminosäuren, die in normalem Kollagen gefunden werden. Es wurde kein bedeutender Mangel an irgendeiner bestimmten Aminosäure festgestellt, und die Unterschiede in der Zusammensetzung, welche mit den pathologischen Bedingungen einhergingen, schienen klein zu sein. Das Kollagen von Osteogenesis imperfecta wies, im Vergleich mit Kollagen aus normalem Knochen, einen 7–9% igen Mangel an den vorherrschenden Aminosäuren und einen Überschuß an Aminosäuren mit lipophilen Seitenketten auf. Dies führt zur Annahme, daß bei der Osteogenesis imperfecta bis etwa 10% anderes Proteinmaterial vorhanden sein könnte. Bei der Dentinogenesis imperfecta trat eine ähnliche, jedoch geringere Abnahme im Hydroxyprolin- und Alaningehalt auf, jedoch erfolgte eine Zunahme im Glycin- und Prolingehalt. Ein Überschuß an Hydroxylysin wurde bei beiden Krankheiten im Vergleich mit den entsprechenden normalen Kollagenen aus Hartgeweben gefunden. Verglichen mit der Stickstoff-Ausbeute ist der 12%ige Verlust in der Gewichtsausbeute durch das Auftreten von Kohlehydraten erklärbar, die zu Argyrophilie führen.
    Notes: Abstract Collagen from the calvarium of a 2-week-old infant with osteogenesis imperfecta and dentine collagen from a first permanent molar of an 11-year-old boy with dentinogenesis imperfecta were prepared by methods which had previously been used for collagens from normal hard tissues. Amino-acid analysis, carried out on hydrolysates of these preparations, showed the same amino-acids as are found in normal collagens. There was no gross deficiency in any particular amino acid and the compositional differences accompanying the pathological conditions appeared to be small. The collagen from osteogenesis imperfecta had a 7–9% deficiency in the abundant amino acids and an excess of amino acids with lipophilic side chains, compared with collagen from normal bone, which suggested that up to 10% of other protein material could be present in osteogenesis imperfecta. In dentinogenesis imperfecta there was a similar but smaller decrease in the amounts of hydroxyproline and alanine but there was an increase in the amounts of glycine and proline present. An excess of hydroxylysine was found in both diseased states compared with the corresponding normal hard tissue collagens. A 12% deficiency in weight recovery compared with nitrogen recovery may be explained by carbohydrate material responsible for argyrophilia.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 303-312 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Resorption ; Collagen ; Degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé De la poudre osseuse est décalcifiée et extraite à l'aide de l'E.D.T.A.0.5 M, puis d'un tampon de McIlvaine à pH 7.4. Trois fractions contenant de l'hydroxyproline ont été obtenues à partir de l'extrait de l'E.D.T.A., purifié par filtration sur gel. Ces 3 fractions sont considérées comme des produits de dégradation du collagène, étant donné leur analogie en composition en acides aminés. Le tampon de McIlvaine est fractionné par le sulfate d'ammonium. A partir de la fraction de saturation 0.3 M, après reconstitution avec l'ATP, un fragment de 700 Å de long est observé au microscope électronique. Une comparaison avec du collagène à segment espacé long semble indiquer que ce fragment est un produit de dégradation partielle de collagène et comprend environ un quart de la molécule collagénique de l'extrémité aminée terminale.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Knochenpulver wurde mit 0.5 M EDTA entkalkt und anschließen mit McIlvaine-Puffer bei pH 7,4 extrahiert. Aus dem durch Gel-Filtrations-Chromatographie gereinigten EDTA-Extrakt konnten 3 Hydroxyprolin enthaltende Fraktionen gewonnen werden. Diese wurden wegen ihrer kollagenähnlichen Aminosäurenstruktur für Abbauprodukte des Kollagens gehalten. Der McIlvaine-Puffer-Extrakt wurde mittels Ammoniumsulfat fraktioniert. Nach Rekonstitution mit ATP wurde aus der zu 0.3 gesättigten Fraktion ein Fragment in der Länge von 700 Å entnommen und unter dem Elektronenmikroskop geprüft. Vergleiche mit „segment-longspacing collagen” ließen vermuten, daß es sich bei diesem Fragment um teilweise abgebautes Kollagen handelte, das aus ungefähr einem Viertel des Kollagenmoleküls mit der endständigen Aminogruppe besteht.
    Notes: Abstract Bone powder was decalcified and extracted with 0.5 M EDTA and then with McIlvaine buffer at pH 7.4. From the EDTA extract, purified by gel filtration chromatography, three hydroxyproline-containing fractions were obtained which were considered to be degradation products of collagen because of their collagen-like amino-acid composition. The McIlvaine buffer extract was fractionated by ammonium sulfate. From the 0.3 saturation fraction, after reconstitution with ATP, a fragment 700 Å in length was observed with the electron microscope. Comparison with segment-long-spacing collagen suggested that this fragment was a partially-degraded product of collagen and consisted of approximately one quarter of the collagen molecule from the terminal-amino end.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 325-328 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Cementum ; Collagen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A method for the isolation of dental cementum is described. Amino acid analysis of the insoluble matrix of cementum, and chromatography of the CNBr peptides derived therefrom, strongly suggest that this material is mainly collagen with the chain composition α1[(I)]2α2.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 109-127 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Dentinogenesis ; Diphosphonates ; Calcification ; Collagen ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effects of high doses of ethylene-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) were investigated at the light microscopic and subcellular level. The administration of EHDP at a concentration of 7.5–10 mg P/kg body weight/day over a short period of time resulted in complete inhibition of crystal formation in predentin and pre-enamel. An increased predentin width was observed and within newly-formed predentin areas the formation ofcollagen fibrils was grossly disturbed. In addition, fine precipitates appeared in the ground substance. The presence of unusual thread-like elements within specific bodies in the cytoplasm of the odontoblastic processes may be indicative of an interference by EHDP in e.g. the synthesis of precollagen. The possibility of an inhibition by EHDP of the extracellular aggregation of collagen molecules is also discussed. EHDP further inhibited crystal formation within dentinal globules. Functioning ameloblasts were grossly affected in EHDP-treated rats, and it is suggested that this is related to an inhibition of crystal formation in pre-enamel.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 153-155 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Galactose ; Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ; Collagen ; Galactose-1-phosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The bone tissue levels of galactose-1-P have been found to be a function of the concentration of galactose in blood.In vitro, the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (bone isoenzyme) was competitively inhibited by galactose-1-P. Galactose or galactitol were found ineffective. Therefore, the previously reported depressed activity of bone glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in galactose-fed rats should be interpreted as mediated by galactose-1-P. When compared with their controls, galactose-fed rats showed a significantly lower growth rate which was reflected in a lower bone collagen content and in a lower percentage of salt soluble collagen.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 209-217 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Mucopolysaccharides ; Collagen ; Calvarium ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Mucopolysaccharides (MPS) and collagen have been analyzed in different types of cartilage and some other tissues at various stages of prenatal and postnatal human development. The concentration of the chondroitin sulfate-type MPS increased from the 38th embryonal day, the 6-sulfate exceeding in amount the 4-sulfate. The increase in collagen concentration was accompanied by a decrease in the proportion of neutral salt-soluble collagen. There was no accumulation of chondroitin sulfates in the calvaria. A maximal concentration of MPS of a low molecular weight occurred in the skin and in the ear pinna after the 10th prenatal week. Postnatally, the MPS-concentration in the iliac crest and in the tibial articular cartilages decreased gradually, the highest values being reached in the newborn; the collagen-concentration showed an approximately reciprocal course.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 46-57 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Tetracycline ; Osteogenesis ; Mineralization ; Collagen ; Cycloheximide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le mécanisme d'inhibition de l'ostéogenèse, provoquée par la tétracycline, est étudiéin vitro sur des cultures d'os d'embryons de souris. La minéralisation est étudiée en mesurant l'incorporation du45Ca et la synthèse du collagène est déterminé par l'incorporation de la14C-proline et la formation de14C-hydroxyleproline. Confirmant des résultats antérieurs, cette étude montre que la minéralisation est inhibée par de faibles concentrations de tétracycline. En inhibant la biosynthèse du collagène, de façon continue, à l'aide de cycloheximide, l'incorporation de calcium est inchangée ou légèrement augmentée. Cette observation suggère, que la minéralisation de l'os embryonnaire n'est pas liée à la synthèse protéique, dans les conditions expérimentales utilisées. L'utilisation simultanée de tétracycline et de cycloheximide provoque l'inhibition de la minéralisation et de la synthèse du collagène, mais il n'existe pas de synergie. Après traitement d'un jour, l'effet d'inhibition de la minéralisation de la tétracycline est totalement réversible, alors que le ralentissement de la synthèse collagénique par la cycloheximide ne peut être que partiellement supprimé. II semble que l'effet d'inhibition de la minéralisation, provoquée par la tétracycline n'agit pas sur la synthèse protéique, mais intervient directement sur la formation du minéral osseux.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Mechanismus des Hemmeffektes von Tetracyclin auf die Osteogenese wurde an Knochen von Mäuseembryonen, welchein vitro kultiviert wurden, untersucht. Die Mineralisation wurde durch Messung der45Ca-Aufnahme und die Kollagenbiosynthese durch Bestimmung des14C-Prolin-Einbaus und der Bildung von14C-Hydroxyprolin verfolgt. Die Resultate bestätigen frühere Beobachtungen, wonach niedrigie Konzentrationen von Tetracyclin die Mineralisation hemmen. Wurde die Kollagenbiosynthese dauernd durch Cycloheximid unterdrückt, so war die Aufnahme von radioaktivem Calcium unverändert oder leicht erhöht. Diese Beobachtungen lassen vermuten, daß unter den verwendeten experimentellen Bedingungen die Mineralisation des embryonalen Knochens nicht von der Proteinsynthese abhängig ist. Gleichzeitige Anwendung von Tetracyclin und Cycloheximid ergaben die erwartete, aber nicht synergetische Hemmung von Mineralisation und Kollagenbiosynthese. Nach einer eintägigen Behandlung war der Hemmeffekt von Tetracyclin auf die Mineralisation gänzlich reversibel, während die Unterdrückung der Kollagenbiosynthese durch Cyclohe ximid nur teilweise abgeschwächt werden konnte. Diese Resultate lassen vermuten, daß Tetracyclin, wenn es die Knochenmineralisation hemmt, nicht über die Proteinsynthese, sondern direkt auf die Bildung von Knochenmineral wirkt.
    Notes: Abstract The mechanism of the inhibitory effect of tetracycline on osteogenesis was studied in embryonic mouse bones culturedin vitro. Mineralization was followed by measuring the uptake of45Ca and collagen biosynthesis by determining the incorporation of14C-proline and the formation of14C-hydroxyproline. The results confirm earlier observations that mineralization is inhibited by low concentrations of tetracycline. When collagen biosynthesis was continuously prevented by cycloheximide, the uptake of radiocalcium was unaltered or slightly increased. This observation suggests that, in the experimental conditions used, the mineralization of embryonic bone is not dependent on protein synthesis. Simultaneous application of tetracycline and cycloheximide resulted in the expected inhibition of both mineralization and collagen biosynthesis, but there was no synergy. After treatment of one day, the inhibitory effect of tetracycline on mineralization was completely reversible, whereas the depression of collagen biosynthesis by cycloheximide could only be partially relieved. The results suggest that tetracycline, when inhibiting the mineralization of bone, does not act via protein synthesis, but directly on the formation of bone mineral.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: saline lakes ; stable isotope ; sedimentology ; mineralogy ; paleohydrology ; Altiplano ; Holocene ; Little Ice Age
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The paleohydrological evolution of several high altitude, saline lakes located in the southernmost Altiplano (El Peinado and San Francisco basins, Catamarca province, NW Argentina) was reconstructed applying sedimentological, geochemical and isotopic techniques. Several playa lakes from the San Francisco basin (26° 56′ S; 68° 08′ W, 3800-3900 m a.s.l.) show evidence of a recent raise in the watertable that led to modern deposition of carbonate and diatomaceous muds. A 2 m - long core from El Peinado Lake (26° 29′ 59′′ S, 68°05′ 32′′ W, 3820 m a.s.l.) consists of calcitic crusts (unit 3), overlaid by an alternation of macrophyte-rich and travertine clast- rich, laminated muds (unit 2), and topped by travertine facies (unit 1). This sedimentary sequence illustrates a paleohydrological evolution from a subaerial exposure (unit 3) to a high lake stand (unit 2), and a subsequent smaller decrease in lake level (unit 1). The δ13Corganic matterrecord also reflects the lake transgression between units 3 and 2. Although there is a general positive correlation between δ 18Ocarbonate and salinity proxies (Na, Li and B content), the large data dispersion indicates that other factors besides evaporation effects control chemical and isotopic composition of lakewater. Consequently, the oxygen isotopic composition cannot be interpreted exclusively as an indicator of salinity or evaporation ratio. The degassing of CO2 during groundwater discharge can explain the enriched δ13C values for primary carbonates precipitated. The carbon budget in these high altitude, saline lakes seems to be controlled by physical rather than biological processes.The Altiplano saline lakes contain records of environmental and climatic change, although accurate 14C dating of these lacustrine sediments is hindered by the scarcity of terrestrial organic material, and the large reservoir effects. Sedimentologic evidence, a 210Pb-based chronology, and a preliminary U/Th chronology indicate a very large reservoir effect in El Peinado, likely as a result of old groundwaters and large contributions of volcanic and geothermal 14C-free CO2 to the lake system. Alternative chronologies are needed to place these paleorecords in a reliable chronological framework. A period of increased water balance in the San Francisco basin ended at about 1660 ± 82 yr B.P. (calendar yr U/Th age), and would correlates with the humid phase between 3000 and 1800 yr B.P detected in other sites of the southern Altiplano. Both, 210Pb and preliminary U/Th dating favor a younger age for the paleohydrological changes in El Peinado. The arid period reflected by subaerial exposure and low lake levels in unit 3 would have ended with a large increase in effective moisture during the late 17th century. The increased lake level during deposition of unit 2 would represent the period between AD1650 - 1900, synchronous to the Little Ice Age. This chronological framework is coherent with other regional records that show an abrupt transition from more arid to more humid conditions in the early 17th century, and a change to modern conditions in the late 19th century. Although there are local differences, the Little Ice Age stands as a significant climatic event in the Andean Altiplano.
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