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  • Articles  (20)
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  • Springer  (20)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Geophysical Union
  • De Gruyter
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Three-Dimensional Model Study of the Impact of AVOC and BVOC Emissions on Ozone in an Urban Area of the Eastern Spain (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 65 (2000), S. 41-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: Three-dimensional model ; anthropogenic emissions ; BVOC ; photochemistry ; ozone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This study concentrated on the effects of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOC) emissions on ozone (O3) in an area of the Eastern Spain on June 12, 1997, a day characterised by sea breeze. Simulation of meteorology was performed with the three-dimensional model ADREA-I. Comparisons of the model results with observations have revealed overall a good agreement in temperature and wind velocity. Two runs were performed with UAM-IV for the photochemical calculations. The first simulated the effects of the anthropogenic emissions only (run A) and the second the combined effects of anthropogenic and biogenic emissions, (run B). Comparisons of the model O3 concentrations with measurements showed a general agreement with the experimental data. Discrepancies between the calculated results and the observations during the early morning hours could be attributed to inaccuracies in nitrogen oxides (NOx) from the anthropogenic emissions inventory. Comparisons between runs A and B yielded differences up to 30% in the morning, over inland areas. It was deduced that the inclusion of BVOC in total emissions could result in an increase or decrease of tropospheric O3, depending on the available amounts of anthropogenic emissions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006466900711
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A New All Season Passive Sampling System for Monitoring Ozone in Air (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 65 (2000), S. 129-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: ozone ; passive sampler ; air pollutant ; atmosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A new all season passive sampling system for monitoring O3 in the atmosphere has been developed in the laboratory and validated in the field. The unique features for this system include a newly designed passive sampler and a rain shelter, which allow the passive sampler to be installed in the field facing downwards. An equation associated with meteorological parameters is used to calculate the passive sampling rates. This system has been extensively tested in the lab (temperature from –18 to 20°C, relative humidity from 13 to 81%, and wind speed from 0.5 to 150 cm/s) and validated in the field in climates of all seasons. The accuracy of the ozone concentrations in the atmosphere obtained with the use of the new passive sampling system was higher than 85% compared to those obtained with continuous ozone analyzers. The new ozone passive sampling system can be used to measure ambient O3 concentrations ranging from 3 ppb to 1000 ppb based on one-day exposure and 0.1 ppb to 140 ppb for a monthly exposure period. It is also reasonable to conclude that the new passive sampling system can be used for eight-hour exposure study because of the low field blanks and high sampling rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006497117066
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Signal-transfer modeling for regional assessment of forest responses to environmental changes in the southeastern United States (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental modeling and assessment 5 (2000), S. 125-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2967
    Keywords: cluster analysis ; eastern deciduous forest ; geographic information system ; global change ; Monte Carlo simulation ; nitrogen deposition ; ozone ; scaling up ; site index ; southern pine forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Stochastic transfer of information in a hierarchy of simulators is offered as a conceptual approach for assessing forest responses to changing climate and air quality across 13 southeastern states of the USA. This assessment approach combines geographic information system and Monte Carlo capabilities with several scales of computer modeling for southern pine species and eastern deciduous forests. Outputs, such as forest production, evapotranspiration and carbon pools, may be compared statistically for alternative equilibrium or transient scenarios providing a statistical basis for decision making in regional assessments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019005510316
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultraviolet radiation in urban ecosystems with consideration of effects on human health (2000)
    Springer
    Urban ecosystems 4 (2000), S. 193-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1642
    Keywords: ozone ; radiation measurements ; skin cancer ; urban environments ; urban trees
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Excess exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UV) from the sun, particularly the ultraviolet B (UVB), is cited as a cause or contributing factor for deleterious effects on human health, including skin cancers and cataracts. Rates of skin cancer have increased greatly in recent years, and increased UVB caused by reductions in stratospheric ozone may be responsible for some of the increase in rates, though quantified estimates of the effect of the UVB changes on health have low certainty. UVB exposure also affects the function of the immune system, and the potential resulting effects on infectious diseases and immunizations are a concern. Epidemiological considerations suggest that peoples' routine exposure to UV in urban areas can be significant in adverse health effects, particularly for young children. Projected trends of ozone indicate that agreements to limit ozone-depleting substances are slowing the UVB increase, but high levels will continue and apparently impact health to the middle of the current century. Urban trees greatly reduce ultraviolet irradiance in their shade when they obscure both the sun and sky. Where trees or other structures obscure only the sun, leaving much of the sky in view, UVB irradiance will be greater than suggested by the visible shade. Since air pollutants influence the UVB above the canopy, and the overlying atmosphere is usually more polluted in urban than rural areas, additional above-canopy monitoring of UV in urban areas is needed for comparison to existing rural monitoring sites. Such monitoring would facilitate the development of computer models of urban effects on UV, which are needed for epidemiological investigations, public education, and urban planning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012210710900
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NOx or VOC Limitation in East German Ozone Plumes? (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 35 (2000), S. 1-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: ozone ; nitrogen oxides ; VOC ; ozone formation ; air pollution ; urban emissions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The ozone forming potential of VOCs and NOx for plumes observed from several cities and a power plant in eastern Germany was investigated. A closed box model with a gas phase photochemical reaction mechanism was employed to simulate several scenarios based upon aircraft observations. In several of the scenarios, the initial concentrations of NOx, VOCs, and SO2, were reduced to study the factors limiting the O3 production. Ozone production was limited by the initial VOC concentrations for all of the simulated plumes. Higher O3 concentrations were produced with reduced initial NOx. In one sample with high SO2 mixing ratios (〉100 ppb), SO2 was also identified as a significant contributor to the production of O3.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006237921920
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Boundary Layer Ozone in the Tropical America Northern Hemisphere Region (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 35 (2000), S. 249-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: ozone ; tropical atmosphere ; boundary layer ozone ; biomass burning ; Venezuelan savannah
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In recent field campaigns, boundary layer ozone concentrations were measuredat different sites in the Orinoco river basin (mainly savannahs) and nearbylocations (cloud forest and coastal sites), during dry and wet seasons. Theresults provide a comprehensive description of boundary layer ozone in atropical region north of the equator where scarce information is available.Ozone measurements were made using photometric ozone analyzers. In thesavannah region, ozone profiles (up to 1000 m) were also obtained usingelectrochemical concentration cell sondes, launched in a tethered balloon.The results, in comparison with other parts of the world, confirm the lowvalues for the concentration of ozone in the boundary layer of the studyregion. Throughout the entire region (marine, coastal, and continental areas),higher concentrations were produced during the dry season (20–30 ppbv)than during the wet season (13–17 ppbv), likely due to the photochemicalproduction of ozone from biomass burning emissions. This seasonal variationobserved in the boundary layer contrasts with satellite data, that show highertotal tropospheric ozone columns during the wet season in the 0–15°Nregion; this means that the ozone annual cycles in the boundary layer and freetroposphere are out of phase.At the most pristine continental sites in the southern part of Venezuela,quite a `peculiar' diurnal variation was observed, with maximum concentrationsin the morning and a steady decrease of ∼0.6 ppbv hr-1 duringthe hours of high solar irradiation. Although dynamic aspects cannot be ruledout, the daytime ozone decrease, which cannot be explained by thewell-established `classical' continental O3 sinks, suggests thatin this region part of the ozone consumption is caused byHO x cycles at low NO x levels. Futurestudies to elucidate the causes of the daytime ozone decrease at thesecontinental sites should be undertaken.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006270911796
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is the Arctic Surface Layer a Source and Sink of NOx in Winter/Spring? (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 36 (2000), S. 1-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: active nitrogen ; ozone ; radicals ; snow chemistry ; Arctic ; surface layer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of NOx (NO +NO2) and the sum of reactive nitrogenconstituents, NOy, were made near the surface atAlert (82.5°N), Canada during March and April1998. In early March when solar insolation was absentor very low, NOx mixing ratios were frequentlynear zero. After polar sunrise when the sun was abovethe horizon for much or all of the day a diurnalvariation in NOx and NOy was observed withamplitudes as large as 30–40 pptv. The source ofactive nitrogen is attributed to release from the snowsurface by a process that is apparently sensitized bysunlight. If the source from the snowpack is a largescale feature of the Arctic then the diurnal trendsalso require a competing process for removal to thesurface. From the diurnal change in the NO/NO2ratio, mid-April mixing ratios for the sum of peroxyand halogen oxide radicals of ≤10 pptv werederived for periods when ozone mixing ratios were inthe normal range of 30–50 ppbv. Mid-day ozoneproduction and loss rates with the active nitrogensource were estimated to be ∼1–2 ppbv/day and in nearbalance. NOy mixing ratios which averaged only295±66 pptv do not support a large accumulation inthe high Arctic surface layer in the winter and springof 1998. The small abundance of NOy relative tothe elevated mixing ratios of other long-livedanthropogenic constituents requires that reactivenitrogen be removed to the surface during transport toor during residence within the high Arctic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006301029874
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impact of Non-Methane Hydrocarbons on Tropospheric Chemistry and the Oxidizing Power of the Global Troposphere: 3-Dimensional Modelling Results (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 36 (2000), S. 157-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: non-methane hydrocarbons ; ozone ; HO x ; CO ; NO x ; tropospheric chemistry ; global ; 3-d modeling ; upper troposphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The impact of natural and anthropogenicnon-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) on troposphericchemistry is investigated with the global,three-dimensional chemistry-transport model MOGUNTIA.This meteorologically simplified model allows theinclusion of a rather detailed scheme to describeNMHC oxidation chemistry. Comparing model resultscalculated with and without NMHC oxidation chemistryindicates that NMHC oxidation adds 40–60% to surfacecarbon monoxide (CO) levels over the continents andslightly less over the oceans. Free tropospheric COlevels increase by 30–60%. The overall yield of COfrom the NMHC mixture considered is calculated to beabout 0.4 CO per C atom. Organic nitrate formationduring NMHC oxidation, and their transport anddecomposition affect the global distribution of NO x and thereby O3 production. The impact of theshort-lived NMHC extends over the entire tropospheredue to the formation of longer-lived intermediateslike CO, and various carbonyl and carboxyl compounds.NMHC oxidation almost doubles the net photochemicalproduction of O3 in the troposphere and leads to20–80% higher O3 concentration inNO x -rich boundarylayers, with highest increases over and downwind ofthe industrial and biomass burning regions. Anincrease by 20–30% is calculated for the remotemarine atmosphere. At higher altitudes, smaller, butstill significant increases, in O3 concentrationsbetween 10 and 60% are calculated, maximizing in thetropics. NO from lightning also enhances the netchemical production of O3 by about 30%, leading to asimilar increase in the global mean OH radicalconcentration. NMHC oxidation decreases the OH radicalconcentrations in the continental boundary layer withlarge NMHC emissions by up to 20–60%. In the marineboundary layer (MBL) OH levels can increase in someregions by 10–20% depending on season and NO x levels.However, in most of the MBL OH will decrease by10–20% due to the increase in CO levels by NMHCoxidation chemistry. The large decreases especiallyover the continents strongly reduce the markedcontrasts in OHconcentrations between land and oceanwhich are calculated when only the backgroundchemistry is considered. In the middle troposphere, OHconcentrations are reduced by about 15%, although dueto the growth in CO. The overall effect of thesechanges on the tropospheric lifetime of CH4 is a 15%increase from 6.5 to 7.4 years. Biogenic hydrocarbonsdominate the impact of NMHC on global troposphericchemistry. Convection of hydrocarbon oxidationproducts: hydrogen peroxides and carbonyl compounds,especially acetone, is the main source of HO x in theupper troposphere. Convective transport and additionof NO from lightning are important for the O3 budgetin the free troposphere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006300616544
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetic Studies of OH and O3 Reactions with Allyl and Isopropenyl Acetate (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 37 (2000), S. 161-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Keywords: OH radicals ; ozone ; rate coefficients ; allyl acetate ; isopropenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Rate coefficients have been measured for the gas phasereactions of hydroxyl (OH) radicals and ozone with twounsaturated esters, allyl acetate(CH3C(O)OCH2CH=CH2) and isopropenylacetate (CH3C(O)OC(CH3)=CH2). The OHexperiments were carried out using the pulsed laserphotolysis – laser induced fluorescence technique overthe temperature range 243–372 K and the kinetic dataused to derive the following Arrhenius expressions (inunits of cm3 molecule-1 s-1): allylacetate, k 1 = (2.33 ± 0.27) ×10-12 exp[(732 ± 34)/T]; and isopropenyl acetate,k 2 = (4.52 ± 0.62) × 10-12exp[(809 ± 39)/T]. At 298 K, the rate coefficients obtained (inunits of 10-12 cm3 molecule-1 s-1)are: k 1 = (27.1 ± 3.0) and k 2= (69.6± 9.4). The relative rate technique has been usedto determine rate coefficients for the reaction ofozone with the acetates. Using methyl vinyl ketone asthe reference compound and a value of4.8 × 10-18 cm3 molecule-1s-1 asthe rate coefficient for its reaction with O3,the following rate coefficients were derived at 298 ± 4 K (in units of10-18 cm3molecule-1 s-1): allyl acetate, (2.4 ± 0.7) andisopropenyl acetate (0.7 ± 0.2). Theresults are discussed in terms of structure-activityrelationships and used to derive atmospheric lifetimesfor the acetates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006499008759
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of an Ozone Forecasting Model for Non-Attainment Areas in the State of Ohio (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 62 (2000), S. 91-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: forecasting ; non-attainment ares ; ozone ; time series model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Ground level ozone is responsible for the formation ofsmog, and for a variety of adverse effects on bothhuman and plant life. High concentrations of groundlevel ozone occur during the summer months. This paperdescribes the development of a model to forecast themaximum daily concentration of ozone as a function ofthe maximum surface temperature, for ozonenon-attainment regions in Ohio. The model wasdeveloped by statistical analysis of existing data.Site-specific models were developed initially. Theverification and evaluation of the performancecriteria of the model at each site were explored bycomparing the model with an independent datasetcollected from that site. A generalized statewidemodel was developed from the site-specific models. Theperformance criteria of this model were verified andevaluated by employing the same independent datasetsemployed for the site-specific models. An exceedencemodel to predict the occurrence of ozone exceedencesover 100 ppb has also been presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006206024052
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