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  • Articles  (30)
  • viscosity
  • Springer  (30)
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  • American Geophysical Union
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  • Articles  (30)
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  • Springer  (30)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Geophysical Union
  • EDP Sciences
  • Emerald
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rheology of Lyocell Solutions from Different Cellulose Sources (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 8 (2000), S. 151-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Lyocell ; cellulose ; rheology ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Rheological measurements were used to characterize the behavior of lyocell solutions, i.e., cellulose dissolved in N-methymorpholine-N-oxide. Cellulose sources included dissolving pulp, kraft pulp, sugar cane fibers, and kenaf fibers. The dominance of viscous behavior, G′ values, over elastic behavior, G″ values, is affected by cellulose concentration and molecular weight. At lower concentrations and degrees of polymerization (DP), dissolving pulp solutions show viscous, inelastic behavior at low frequencies. At higher concentration and DP, dissolving pulp solutions are more elastic at higher frequencies. Solutions prepared with kenaf and sugar cane fibers show similar properties to those using pure dissolving pulp, and comparisons suggest the molecular weight and/or the presence of other substances such as lignin in the cellulose from these alternative sources affect the rheology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1014881901010
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Starch Granule Size on Viscosity of Starch-Filled Poly(hydroxy ester ether) Composites (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 8 (2000), S. 145-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Starch ; particle size ; composite ; viscosity ; polyester
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of starch granule size on the viscosity of starch-filled poly(hydroxy ester ether) (PHEE) composites was characterized using size-fractionated potato starch, as well as unfractionated starches (rice, corn, wheat, and potato). Potato starch was separated using an air classifier into four particle size fractions: 〈18 μm, 18-24 μm, 24-30 μm, and 〉30 μm. The starch was dried to a moisture content of 0.5% to minimize moisture effects on composite rheology. PHEE and potato starch were extruded with starch volume fractions of 0.46 and 0.66. Stress relaxation, frequency and strain sweep, and temperature-dependence measurements were carried out. Although small variations in viscosity were seen with the different potato starch fractions, differences were not significant at a volume fraction of 0.46. Viscosity differences between the different particle size fractions were more pronounced at a volume fraction of 0.66. The temperature dependence could be described by an Arrhenius relation, with an apparent activation energy of 84 kJ/mole. At a volume fraction of 0.46, the starch/PHEE viscosities increased in the order potato starch 〈 wheat starch ≃ corn starch 〈 rice starch.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1014829916940
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermodynamic properties and viscosities of aqueous 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-dipyridinium dichloride solutions at 25°C (1972)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 1 (1972), S. 537-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Heat of dilution ; heat capacity ; density ; apparent molal volume ; viscosity ; 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-dipyridinium dichloride ; Paraquat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The densities, heat capacities, heats of dilution, and viscosities of aqueous 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-dipyridinium dichloride were measured below 1 m at 25°C. From the standard partial molal volumes and heat capacities and the Bη viscosity coefficients, this salt is shown to be a strong structure breaker. The excess enthalpies, entropies, volumes, and heat capacities all show negative deviations from the limiting Debye-Hückel law for 2:1 electrolytes. These excess functions cannot be explained through association or structural interactions and suggest that, at higher concentrations, this rigid bolaform electrolyte may behave more like a 1:1 electrolyte than a 2:1 electrolyte.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00651730
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water—Trifluoroethanol Mixtures: Some Physicochemical Properties (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 29 (2000), S. 1159-1172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: fluoro-alcohol ; mixtures ; density ; viscosity ; relative permittivity ; surface tension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The-physicochemical properties of water—2,2,2 trifluoroethanol mixtures havebeen investigated, at 25°C, by density, viscosity, surface tension, and relativepermittivity. An analysis based on the Kirkwood theory for the dielectric polarizationof mixtures has been performed and the gκ correlation factor has been relatedto the occurrence of hydrogen bonding networks. Data on the above systemhave been analyzed and compared to data on water—ethanol mixtures, to obtaininformation on the role that partial fluorination plays in the interactions of alcoholswith water molecules. As inferred from excess properties, nonideality contributionsare smaller than in the corresponding water—ethanol solutions. Accordingly,the extension of hydrogen bond networks and/or van der Waals contributions tothe overall system stability are less significant than in simple alcohols.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005147318013
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glass-transition temperature, electrical conductance, viscosity, molar volume, refractive index, and proton magnetic resonance study of chlorozinc complexation in the system ZnCl2+LiCl+H2O (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 3 (1974), S. 807-821 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Concentrated aqueous solutions ; complex ions ; glass transition temperature ; conductivity ; proton chemical shift ; refractive index ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Several physicochemical techniques have been utilized to study mixed aqueous solutions of ZnCl2 and LiCl along selected pseudobinary composition lines in the concentration range from 2.8 to 22.2m. Measurements of glasstransition temperature, electrical conductance, viscosity, molar volume, refractive index, and proton chemical shift indicate with varying sensitivity that the behavior of these electrolytes is dominated by chlorozinc complexation. The effects of complexation are most sensitively shown by the PMR spectra. In solutions containing more than 6 moles of water per mole of salt, it is probable that several complexation equilibria occur. When the water content is reduced to less than 6 moles per mole of salt, formation of tetrachlorozincate anions appears almost exclusively to be responsible for the composition variation of the physical properties of the solutions. ZnCl 4 = appears to be an even weaker base than ClO 4 − .
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00645686
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viscosity and apparent molal volumes of aqueous triethylenediamine (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 3 (1974), S. 103-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Triethylenediamine ; viscosity ; density ; molal volumes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The relative viscositiesn r and apparent molal volumes Φv of aqueous triethylenediamine (or 1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2] octane) solution have been measured as a function of concentration at 15 and 25°C and at pH 5.8 and 12.1. The solute is in the hydrochloride form at pH 5.8 and in the free base form at pH 12.1. The viscosity data were treated to yield values ofB andD coefficients in the extended Jones-Dole equation,n r = 1 + Ac1/2 + Bc + Dc2. Based on the obtained sign and magnitude of (B · 0.00025V 2 ° ) anddB/dT, where V 2 ° is the partial molal volume of the solute at infinite dilution andT the temperature, the hydrochloride is found to be a weak water-structure breaker, while the free base interacts with water and enhances the structure markedly. The effect of protonation on the triethylenediamine is to cause a large decrease in the partial molal volume (by about 11.8 ml-mole−1) and a considerable disruption of water structure surrounding the organic molecule [indicated by the decrease in the value of (Bi · 0.00025V 2i ° ) by 0.138 at 25°C and by 0.179 at 15°C]. Our results are in agreement with the water-proton chemical shift measurements and the dielectric relaxation studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00646880
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of substituted ligands on the mobility of complexed anions (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 3 (1974), S. 515-522 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Acetonitrile ; conductivity ; ligands ; molar volume of ions ; nitrobenzene ; solvation ; Stokes' law ; viscosity ; Walden's rule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract From conductance and viscosities measurements on Pr4NCl, Et4NBr, and AgNO3 in acetonitrile and Et3NBr in nitrobenzene, the Walden products of the anion at infinite dilution were determined in presence of various concentrations of substituted benzoic acids. From these data it was possible to compute the values of the Walden products of the once complexed anions and to estimate the order of magnitude of the Walden products of twice complexed anions. Stokes' law is not obeyed, and the Walden products are not proportional to the third root of the molar volume of the complexed ions, as a consequence of their lack of sphericity. The assumption that the drag force which acts on the ions is proportional to the volume of the substituents results in a linear expression between the reciprocals of the Walden products and the molar volume of the ligands. The experimental results fit this expression within the limits of the experimental errors, and the slopes of the lines are nearly the same for all the anions and for the two solvents studied here, namely, 2.5×10−4 ohm-cm−5 mole-cP−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00648136
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phenomenological equations for multicomponent fluids (1972)
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 5 (1972), S. 113-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Nonequilibrium thermodynamics ; electrolyte solution ; high-temperature plasma ; state variable ; forces and fluxes ; nonlocal linear relation ; Onsager reciprocity ; hydrodynamic equation of motion for component ; Navier-Stokes equation ; diffusion ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Ahydrodynamic equation of motion for each component of a multicomponent fluid is derived on the basis of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. Special care has been directed to the choice of state variables. In some limiting cases, this equation leads to customary phenomenological equations, such as the equation for diffusion and the Navier-Stokes equation. The viscosity is a consequence of nonlocal coupling of forces and fluxes. The reciprocity between the linear coefficients is examined closely.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01008374
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transport Coefficients of Hydrogen and Argon–Hydrogen Plasmas (2000)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 20 (2000), S. 279-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Transport coefficients ; transport properties ; viscosity ; thermal conductivity ; electrical conductivity ; diffusion coefficient ; Chapman–Enskog method ; hydrogen ; argon ; plasma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Calculated values of the viscosity, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity of hydrogen and mixtures of argon and hydrogen at high temperatures are presented. Combined ordinary, pressure, temperature, and electric field diffusion coefficients are also given for the mixtures. The calculations, which assume local thermodynamic equilibrium, are performed for atmospheric pressure plasmas in the temperature range from 300 to 30,000 K. The results are compared with those of previously published studies. Generally, the agreement is reasonable; those discrepancies that exist are attributed to the improved values of some of the collision integrals used here in calculating the transport coefficients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007099926249
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation of Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramic Fibers by Sol-Gel Method (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of sol gel science and technology 18 (2000), S. 235-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4846
    Keywords: lead zirconate titanate ; ceramic fibers ; two-stage heat treatment ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract PZT fibers with the nominal composition of Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O x have been successfully drawn by the sol-gel techniques. Ti(O·i–C3H7)4, Zr(O·n–C4H9)4, and Pb(O2C8H15)2 were used as the starting materials. The rheological conditions for continuous gel fiber drawing were determined. Thermal and microstructural evolutions of gel fibers were investigated by X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Perovskite crystalline fibers without breakage were obtained by a two-stage heat treatment on the gel fibers up to 600°C in air. Bending strength of the fibers decreases with the increase of the fiber diameter and is ranged from 10 to 30 MPa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008748023345
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