ALBERT

Notes: Interest in paid work performed in the home increasingly focuses on the concept of telework but debate over definitions continues. This paper discusses aspects of this debate and argues that project-specific definitions are useful and inevitable. The assertion that a single definition should be used by all research in this area is challenged.

Notes: Although Finland is one of the most advanced and competitive economies in the world, with a sophisticated technological infrastructure, only four per cent of Finnish wage earners regard themselves as doing telework, and a further four per cent had tried telework. Empirical evidence of telework is presented in this paper.

Notes: This article revisits the issue of control and autonomy in telework using interviews with professional, managerial and sales teleworkers in a large Canadian telecommunications company. It finds that the changes in control and autonomy are limited to restructuring of the work schedules and the differences across teleworkers are reproduced.

Notes: The paper examines the psychological impact of teleworking compared to office-based work. Results suggest a negative emotional impact of teleworking, particularly in terms of such emotions as loneliness, irritability, worry and guilt, and that teleworkers experience significantly more mental health symptoms of stress than office-workers and slightly more physical health symptoms.

Notes: The temporal pattern of work has changed in its daily, weekly and monthly rhythms, but so has the ‘spatiality’ of work: for some paid work is undertaken at home, or in cyberspace. Telecommuting can be used to ‘improve’ the lifestyles of long distance weekly commuters and their families.

Notes: This article draws upon the narratives of self-employed parents, their partners and children in order to examine the ‘family friendliness’ of making the home a site of paid work. While not fitting narrow definitions of ‘teleworker’ the subjects daily confronted the use of space in their homes, and access to technologies there.

Notes: Current transformations in technologies and industrial structure of UK telecommunications have important implications for skills and work organisation. This is examined in different divisions of a large UK telecommunications firm: call centres, customer service centres, engineering sectors and the R&D department. The effect of these transformations on the development of firm competences is discussed.

Notes: This article explores the implementation of BPR in the Social Service Administration in a Danish municipality. The technical rationality inherited in BPR marginalises broader conceptions of work–rationality represented by the social workers. This results in a ‘clash’ between rationalities in the Family Group, causing increased strain and lower job satisfaction.

Notes: Recent theories of capitalism concentrate upon the defects of markets. The theories of Karl Polanyi and Bruno Seidel are examined in this article. In a broad survey of economic history since the middle ages, Polanyi concludes that the whole economic market system destroys the substance of society and creates disadvantages for all groups. Yet disintegration was halted through the principle of social protection which comprises all forms of collective economic actions, whether by groups or states. Yet, the author has failed to give a specific market analysis which would indicate how specific disadvantages arise in the process of pricing. The all comprehensive “social protection” contains so many diverse elements that one cannot infer from the principle how interventions have reformed the market system of capitalism.In his analysis of industrialism and capitalism, Seidel sees a conflict between the industrial and capitalist elements of our economy. Capitalist elements have been “tamed”, while we have been unable to control the industrial elements. Modern technology has become independent of capitalist property and markets. Industrialism has been economically beneficial and socially disintegrating. Deconcentration of large concerns and decentralization of large cities are proposed as necessary reforms. Interventions in markets spring from cartels of producers, organizations of farmers, unions of laborers, and the interference of states. The multitude of interventions is developing into a planned capitalism. The result of these interventions has been a greater degree of equality in the economic and social relationships among men. Control of capitalism was achieved through introducing social-ethical principles into the economy.The newer version of the defect theory limits control of the market system to the most recent period, and states some of the reasons why organized groups control their markets. The theory of social protection is limited in its scope; its economic, political and social impact upon capitalism is traced in detail. Yet missing is still a theory of deficient markets as well as of controlled markets. The future task of economic research is to provide an analysis of the different market sectors controlled by groups, of the monopoly of concentrated property, of the specific nature of social protection, and the economic role of big government in controlled capitalism.

Notes: Jean-Pierre DE Bodt. La formation des prix.Derek Curtis Bok.The First Three Years of the Schuman PlanP. J. Bouman. Einführung in die Soziologie.Fritz Croner. Die Angestellten in der modernen Gesellschaft.Werner Hofmann.Wohin steuert die Sowjetwirtschaft?W. A. JÖhrand H. W. Singer. The Role of the Economist as Official Adviser.Kenneth K. Kurihara(ed.). Post-Keynesian Economics.Ben Lehbert. Entwicklungstendenzen in der westeuropäischen EnergiewirtschqftW. Arthur Lewis.The Theory of ‘Economic Growth.Edward Nevin. The Mechanism of Cheap Money.Jan A. Richmond. Roman Britain.Giorgio Roletto. La costruzione economica sovietica: formazione, struttura, tenderize.Clarence Seniorand Douglas Manley.A Report on Jamaican Migration to Great Britain.Walter A. Weisskopf. The Psychology of Economics.Charles Wolf, Jr., and SidneyC. Sufrin. Capital Formation and Foreign Investment in Underdeveloped Areas.

Notes: New Aspects of Price and Production Theory. Despite recent progress, price and production theory is still inadequate, because it is not applicable to the management of business enterprises and it cannot be used in macro-economic models. What is needed is not the refinement of a few special points in the theory, which suffers from the defect of narrowness, but rather an effort to extend its scope, particularly in the following respects:(a) Investigation of such relations as may exist between markets or between industries;(b) Specification of the production functions;(c) The working-out of a theory of organisations, which would make it possible to grasp and express, in simple terms, the differences that are to be expected in the behaviour of a co-operative society and a share company, a trust and a cartel a free and a dependent enterprise, etc.;(d) Investigation of cases falling somewhere between a duopoly and a polypoly— the only forms which really exist—detailed treatment being given to the possible reactions of enterprisers (price changes, advertisements, participations etc.), and the result being systematised on the basis of a new logical principle, which, to all appearance, can only be the one underlying the theory of games.It looks as if we are now upon the brink of such an extension of the theory. This would constitute the second “revolution” of the price and production theory. The book Business Concentration and Price Policy reviews the stage now reached by research with regard to a large number of important points, such as:- the concept of industry,- investigation of yields,- the extent of concentration and degree of integration of business firms,- the incidence of taxes,- the tactics of imperfect competition,- the relations between markets.Although it suffers from want of systematic arrangement, the book nevertheless supplies a great many data necessary for the elaboration of a general theory.

Notes: Fictitious Centralism in large enterprises. In order that each of the threads of an increasingly complicated business enterprise may be kept in hand, they are all actually made to converge at the highest level. But this centralisation is fictitious; for, in reality, it leads to an overburdening of the man at the top, who is thus rendered incapable of performing his proper function—namely, to take decisions. Instead, he becomes the weakest link in the routine.Imperfect delegation, i. e., the delegation of matters for treatment without simultaneous surrender of competence, condemns those in the middle grade to subaltern standing, in which they too are unable to take any decision or assume the responsibility that goes with the taking of decisions. The typical result is that nobody decides, that—to exaggerate slightly—the life of an industrial concern is controlled not by definite volition but by the law of cause and effect.Imperfect delegation is one of the causes of the hypertrophy and sluggishness of the internal bureaucracy of business concerns. The fact of clinging to theoretical powers which in reality are not exercised has, for instance, the result that the modern forms of accounting practice not only fail to give the internal life of a big enterprise the elasticity and commerciality which they quite well could have given it, but, instead, lead to a multiplication of bureaucratic processes.The negative effects of the fictitious centralism which distinguishes the industrial system from the great organisations of the past (e. g. the ancient polis and the feudal state, both of which tended to delegate too many rather than too few functions) are certainly well known, yet it seems impossible to overcome it. This fact is only to be explained in the light of the history of ideas (“Geistesgeschichte”). From his predecessor, the capitalistic entrepreneur, the present-day manager has taken over the automatic equation of what he does with work, and the consequent justification of his social position in his own eyes and those of society. This attitude, which was alien to most of the leading groups in history, prevents him from extricating himself from the vicious circle which he has got into as the result of fictitious centralism.

Notes: Hans Albert. Ökonomische Ideologic und politische Theorie.Maurice Allais. Traité d'économic pure.Egon Ernest Bergel. Urban Sociology.Adolf A. Berle, Jr. The Twentieth-Century Capitalist Revolution.RenÉ D. Bollier. Die These einer chronischen Dollarknappheit.FranÇois Boudot. La coopération en FranceArnold Gehlen. Urmensch und Spätkultur.H. D. Henderson.The Inter-War Years and Other Papers.Jean Marchal. Cours d'économie politique.Jacques Milleron. Étude sur l'économie espagnole.Eugene Rotwein(Ed.): David Hume — Writings on Economics.Peter Scherrer. Die Terms of Trade und die Beschäftigung.Hans JÜrgen Seraphim. Theorie der allgemeinen Volkswirtschaftspolitik.Hans Thorelli. The Federal Antitrust Policy: Origination of an American Tradition.W. S. Woytinsky and E. S. Woytinsky. World Commerce and Governments - Trends and Outlook.

Notes: AllanM. Cartter. The Redistribution of Income in Postwar BritainKarlW. Deutsch. Nationalism and Social Communication: An Inquiry into the Foundations of NationalityPierre Samuel Du Pont DE NemoursOn Economic CurvesThe Economic Development of MalayaJ. Goudriaan. Economie in 16 bladzijdenDouglas C. Hague and Alfred W. Stonier. The Essentials of EconomicsBert G. Hickman. The Korean War and United States Economic Activity, 1950–1952C. Hildreth and F. G. Jarrett. A Statistical Study of Livestock Production and MarketingDon D. Humphrey. American ImportsEmile James. Histoire sommaire de la pensée économiqueEmile James. Histoire de la pensée économique au XXe StècleNicholas Kaldor. An Expenditure TaxPaul Keller. Dogmengeschichte des wohlstandspolitischen InterventionismusHarvey Leibenstein. A Theory of Economic-Demographic DevelopmentFriedrich A. Lutz. Das Problem der WirtschafsprognosenWilliam Petersen. Planned Migration—The Social Determinants of the Dutch-Canadian MovementVilles et campagnes—Civilisation urbaine et civilisation rurale en FranceWilliam L. Westermann. The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity

Notes: The fact has been widely recognized that the present stagnation of social sciences is fraught with dangers for the physical existence of humanity. This premise being accepted, the article sets out to discover the factors hampering the development of social sciences. These, it is here suggested, have three sources: (1) the nature of the subject of enquiry; (2) the nature of the empiric method and (3) the limited applicability of the present-day social sciences to the life of the private individual.The difficulties attributable to the first source are two: the high degree of differentiation in human psychology and the inventive capacity of the human mind. Both of them have the effect of creating a pattern of behaviour distinguished by great variety and rapidity of change. Ensuing, to some extent, from the other two is the third characteristic, namely the fact that some of our lines of behaviour are incapable of being measured quantitatively. Under such conditions, the task of scientific analysis is obviously extremely difficult, and this accounts for the strong “post-ante” bias inherent in most of our present-day social sciences.The empirical method of analysis, so much in vogue at present, has contributed two additional difficulties of its own. These are: taxonomic approach and anti-normative inclination. The former is another way of saying that, unlike their predecessors in the 18th and 19th centuries, which operated on the implied assumption of the perennial uniformity of human behaviour, the present-day social sciences have adopted the method of dealing with each situation as a unique case. Consequently, the “social laws” derived from this procedure have only a limited validity.It was the very simplicity of the social sciences of the preceding two centuries that made them popular and gave them an influence over the actual shaping of public life, and, incidentally, it is the lack of such simplicity that so effectually prevents the social sciences of today from winning popularity. For it is manifest that, in the present state of social knowledge, an extremely important aim of social science—probably the most important of all its aims—namely, to help the individual to form a comprehensive and consistent outlook on life, is a dream of the very distant future.But, however formidable the difficulties in this field may be, the need for the social sciences of our day to produce a coherent synthesis is most pressing. This is so because of (1) the decline in the influence of religion, (2) the increasing capacity of man for self-destruction and (3) the existence of sharp political conflict between the communist and non-communist worlds. This necessity being admitted, a further problem arises. It is a question of popularizing the social sciences. For, assuming that our social sciences are, or will shortly be, capable of serving as a guide to the understanding of social life, it is obvious that unless such knowledge is widely spread it will remain useless. Here the main stumbling-block is the low earning power of social sciences. Thus it would appear that the prospects of solving the problems connected with the relative underdevelopment of our social knowledge are by no means hopeful.

Notes: Measurement of the supply and demand relationship, as a technique for studying the prime causes of business cycles. The student of economic instability encounters a double problem: How to enable the businessman to maximize his profit? And, how to insure that profit maximization tends to synchronize supply and demand? This second phase of the problem has scarcely been studied, and could not be resolved with presently available means of observation. Hence, the need for a method to measure the supply and demand relationship.A distinction should be established between two kinds of supply and demand equality: apparent equality, produced by price movements—and real, underlying equality, presumed to result from price movements but much more difficult to verify. This discussion is confined to the real relationship.No one has yet established for certain whether the concept of real equality has any meaning whatever. It needs to be defined. This is the proposed definition: The supply really equals the demand only when the price at which goods sell equals their economic value. That definition is predicated upon the existence of a standard of the economic value of goods. But even economic value has not yet been endowed with a usable definition. It must be defined in terms of production costs uninfluenced by competition on the various markets. This necessitates the assumption of a hypothetical economy. The definition reads: The standard of the economic value of goods is the price at which these goods would tend to sell if they, as well as all other goods, were produced and marketed exclusively to order. By introducing the standard of economic value into the earlier definition of supply and demand equality, one arrives at the formula: The supply really equals the demand only when goods sell at the price at which they would tend to sell if they, as well as all other goods, were produced and marketed exclusively to order.The hypothetical nature of the yardstick proposed here forbids direct measurement of the real supply and demand relationship. Some indirect measurements are not, however, beyond our reach. But, more important than the concrete measurement of any particular real relationship is the abstract measurement whereby the new concept of real equality can be defined in mathematical terms. That definition is both necessary and sufficient to establish the link between prime factors causing business cycles.

Notes: In this paper it has been argued that a comparison between Schumpeter's entrepreneur type and a charismatic leader developed by Max Weber discloses certain factors that can be utilized to make the Schumpeterian construct a more useful conceptual tool.Both Schumpeter and Weber were faced with very similar analytical problems, In each case it was necessary to explain how the dynamics of change could be encompassed within a functional system. In each case a disturbing force was introduced. Schumpeter called his the entrepreneur—Weber's designation was the charismatic leader. Schumpeter attempted to make the entrepreneur endogenous to the system he was attempting to explain. Weber's type was frankly exogenous to any system. The strength of Schumpeter's position was that he could explain in some measure how the entrepreneur could be nurtured. The weaknesss was that the type never remained completely endogenous to the capitalism to which Schumpeter related it.If the entrepreneur-type is viewed as a sub-type of the Weberian charismatic leader certain analytical advantages can be realized. The Weberian type is a generalized one that may take a number of forms. The Schumpeterian type is specific and is dependent upon certain objective conditions for it to emerge. In this paper it has been argued that the minimum essentials for the emergence of the entrepreneur-type from the more generalized type are the following: (1) accessible resources, (2) large markets, (3) an independent banking system, (4) consumer choice, and (5) calcuable law. There is no plea made for the values that may underlie the attainment of these objective conditions but that merely if charisma is to be channeled into entrepreneurship, rather than any of the other numerous paths it may take, then these conditions as they have been explained must be present.A better understanding of the significance and the usefulness of Weber's type can be gained to the extent that a large variety of other sub-types are constructed and the objective conditions for their operation explored. In this way, it is argued, the significance not only of Weber's type can be better understood but the value of Schumpeter's entrepreneur may be realized both as it stands by itself and as it is supported by a variety of other types. The policy implications of this kind of analysis seem particularly important in a world characterized not only by great change but by a wide variety of conditions that may channel charisma into as wide a variety of directions.

Notes: The vigorous movement towards raising the levels of economic performance and consumption in the underdeveloped areas has become one of the central economic issues of our time. But so far no satisfactory theory has been constructed to explain this movement, its implications and effects.The starting-point for any attempt to construct a theory of development in underdeveloped countries must be an analysis of the major factors and conditions responsible for economic growth in Western countries. These are: (1) capital formation of an impressive magnitude, as a continuous process increasing in breadth and intensity and including the formation of intellectual capital. The introduction of mechanical means of production was of paramount importance in this process, because it radically changed the rate of progress; (2) operation of effective incentives either in the form of material rewards (profits) or spiritual inducements or both; (3) availability of an expanding market to absorb the rising flow of goods; (4) tendency for a balanced ratio to be maintained between population growth and economic growth; (5) a succession of scientific discoveries and a readiness on the part of entrepreneurs and technicians to utilise them for the continual improvement of techniques of production; (6) apolitical regime and a social order conducive to economic development. Since several of these factors either do not obtain at all in underdeveloped countries, or obtain only partially, a theory of economic development built on the cornerstones of economic growth in the West would not fit conditions in underdeveloped countries.The gradual change to an independent existence with higher standards of living and higher levels of economic performance is being brought about by a transfer of means and techniques of economic development from outside through a process of implantation. In place of the incentives which served in the Western world and which are not reproduced to the extent required to stimulate a comprehensive process of development in the immediate future, substitutes are in operation. Modern nationalism is one of the motive forces of economic development in underdeveloped countries. On the same plane is the acceptance of entrepreneurial functions by governmental agencies.The progress in transferability of modern techniques of production has immensely facilitated the promotion of up-to-date processes of production and distribution in underdeveloped countries also. Finally, a difference is to be noted in the economic mechanism by which the various elements of the socio-economic process are geared together and kept in motion.

Notes: The historian assumes the obligation to make a synthesis of all of man's activities and has therefore a larger responsability than the social scientists in their various fields of knowledge. It is difficult to identify a social science approach to history or a distinctive social science method or procedure. At least the report of the Committee on Historiography which contains a lengthy discussion of the proper method in the social sciences does not successfully differentiate it from the method of the so-called exact sciences. One of the serious problems confronting the historian is how to acquire the best current knowledge available in the social sciences. Indeed to do so necessitates learning the technical languages which have been developed in these complex and rapidly expanding fields of knowledge, especially since one of the languages now regularly employed is mathematics on a higher level than is normally reached by historians. There also remains the more fundamental problem of whether or not the findings and procedures in one highly developed branch of knowledge can be fruitfully or justifiably applied in another field. Disastrous examples to the contrary are easy to locate.Two types of historical problem on which the historian needs and would welcome assistance from the social scientist are (I) what has been the effect in history of the change in psychological experience that occurred when so large a proportion of the population grew up in a one or two child family instead of a five or six child family? (2) What are the changes in political and social history resulting from the fact that so large a proportion of the population are now employees instead of being independent economic units? The danger of social science history is that if abused or distorted it may dehumanize history. There is poetry in life. And the history, or science, that omits the poetry from life is both untrue and dangerous.

Notes: Glerhard Albrecht. Sozialpolitik.Pierre Dieterlen. Quelques enseignements de l'évolution monétaire française de 1948 à 1952. Wirtschaft und Kultursystem.Leonhard Gleske. Die Liquidität in der Kreditwirtschaft.Eduard Heimann. Vernunftglaube und Religion in der modernen Gesellschaft; Liberalismus, Marxismus und Demokratie. The Economic Development of Nigeria.Hans Neisser and Franco Modigliani. National Incomes and International Trade.Hans Peter. Gutachten zu Grundfragen eines Gesetzes gegen Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen.B. Schrieke. Indonesian Sociological Studies.Salahaddin Sözeri. Der Wirtschaftsaufbau der Türkei nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg.H.M.H.A. Van Der Valk. The Economic Future of Canada.Walter G. Waffenschmidt. Technik und Wirtschaft der Gegenwart.John P. Windmuller. American Labor and the International Labor Movement, 1940 to 1953.Edward Nevin. The Problem of the National Debt.

Notes: Das eigentliche Geschäft des Okonomen ist nicht, die miserable Wirklichkeit zu erklären, sondern sie zu verbessern. Die Frage nach dem besten Standort ist ungleich würdiger als die Feststellung des tatsächlichen.Die räumliche Ordnung der Wirtschaft.

Notes: Black Stanley W.: Floating Exchange Rates and National Economic Policy.Willett Thomas D.: Floating Exchange Rates and International Monetay Reform.Bork Robert H.: The Antitrust Paradox: A Poliy at War with Itself.Cass David and Shell Karl (Eds.): The Hamiltonian Approach to Dynamic Economics.Cornwall John: Modern Capitalism. Its Growth and Transformation.Dauphin Roma: The Impact of Free Trade in Canada.Elton Edwin J. and Gruber Martin J. (Eds.): International Capital Markets.Garms Walter I., Guthrie James w., and Pierce Larence C.: School Finance: The Economics and Politics of Public Education. Englewood Cliffs, N. J., Prentice-Hall Inc., 1978. 466 pages. £14.95Grubel Herbert G. and Scott Anthony: The Brain Drain. DeterminantsInternational Labour Office: Meeting Basic Needs.Intriligator Michael D. (Ed.): Frontiers of Quantitative Economics, Vol. III A.Issing O.: Einfühmng in die Geldtheorie.Kühne Karl: Geschichtskonzept und Profitrate im Marxismus.Lewis Arthur W.: The Evolution of the International Economic Order.Milward Alan S. and Saul S.B.: The Development ofthe Economies of Continental Europe 1850–1914.Morishima Michio: Walras' Economics.Opp Karl-Dieter und Schmidt Peter: Einführung in die Mehruariablenanalyse.Phillips D. C.: Holistic Thought in Social Science.Pincus Jonathan J.: Pressure Groups and Politics in Antebellum Taraffs.Posner Michael (Ed.): Public Expenditure.Salvatore Dominick and Dowling Edward T.: Development Economics.Sauvant Karl P. and Lavipour Farid G. (Eds.): Controlling Multinutional Enterprises.Schwödiauer Gerhard (Ed.): Equilibrium and Disequilibrium in Economic Theory.Steedman Ian: Marx after Srafa.Steinberg Eleanor and Yager Joseph A. with Brannon Gerard: New Means of Financing International Needs.Stern Fritz: Gold and Iron.Voigt Fritz und Budischin Jörg: Grenzen der stuatlichen Wirtschufts-politik im gesellschajllichen und sozialen Wandel.Westaway A. J, and Weyman-Jones T. G.: Macroeconomics, Theory, Evidence and Policy.Woll Artur, Faulwasser Bernd und Ramb Bernd-Thomas: Beschäiftigung, Geld und Preisniveaustabilität.

Notes: Alchian Armen: Economic Forces at Work.Allais Maurice: L'impǒt sur le capital et la réforme monétaire.Anderson Lee G.: The Economics of Fisheries Management.Benson Charles S.: The Economics of Public Education.Dinkel Reiner: Der Zusammenhang zwischen der ökonomischen und politischen Entwicklung in einer Demokratie.Drulović Milojko: Arbeiterselbstverwaltung auf dem Prüfstand.Frey Bruno S.: Moderne Politische Ökonomie.Furniss Norman and Tilton Timothy: The Case for the Welfare State.Jungnickel Rolf, Krägenau Henry, Lefeldt Mattftias und Holthus Manfred: Einfluss multinationaler Unternehmen auf Aussenwirtschaft und Branchenstruktur der Bundesrepublik Deutschland.Kantowsky Detlef (Hrsg.): Evaluierungsforschung and -Praxis in der Entwicklungshilfe.Klaus Joachim: Stadtentwicklungspolitik.Barnbrock Jörn (Hrsg.): Materialien zur Ökonomie der Stadtplanung.Fürst Dietrich (Hrsg.): Stadtökonomie.Krause Lawrence B. and Salant Walter S. (Eds.): Worldwide Inflation.Lowe Adolph: The Path of Economic Growth.Marglin Stephen A.: Value and Price in the Labour-Surplus Economy.Michaely Michael: Theory of Commercial Policy.Mitra Ashok: Terms of Trade and Class Relations.Moore Mark Harrison: Buy and Bust.Nove Alec: The Soviet Economic System.O'Driscoll Gerald P., Jr.: Economics as a Coordination Problem: The Contributions of Friedrich A. Hayek.Ott Claus: Recht and Realität der Unternehmenskorporation.Pasinetti L.L.: Lectures on the Theory of Production.Persell, Caroline H.: Education and Inequality New York.Richardson H.W.: The New Urban Economics: and Alternatives.Sauvant Karl P. and Hasenpflug Hajo (Eds.): The New International Economic Order.Stolz Peter: Basler Wirtschaft in vor- and frühindustrieller Zeit.Vajna Thomas: Prognosen für die Politik.Zeller Willy: Die unuollendete Union, Qualitätsmängel der Europäischen Gemeinschaft.Zeppernick Ralf: Staat and Einkommensverteilung.

Notes: In der Literatur zur Umweltökonomie werden zahlreiche Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Instrumenten Standards and Steuern behauptet; so etwa bezüglich der statischen and dynamischen Eflizienz, der Überwachungskosten, der Sicherheit der Reaktion auf ein eingesetztes umweltpolitisches Instrument usw. Einigedieser Unterschiede werden hier kritisch analysiert. Das Ergebnis ist, dass häufig (ausser im Fall der bekannten statischen allokativen Ineffizienz von Standards) unzulässige Vergleiche angestellt werden and die Unterschiede bei korrekter Analyse verschwinden. Aberes wird auch eine Situation beschrieben, in der sich Standards and Steuern tatsächlich voneinander unterscheiden and in der die Wahl des richtigen Instruments wichtig ist.

Notes: In trade negotiations under fixed exchange rates governments insist on reciprocity mainly to ensure that the adverse impact of import barrier reductions on the balance-of-payments and on employment is offset through concurrent trade liberalization abroad. In negotiations under floating currencies reciprocity is not necessary for these purposes because governments can then liberalize unilaterally and let the resulting depreciation equilibrate payments and stimulate a reallocation of resources. In such negotiations reciprocity serves to reduce the political costs of trade liberalization. Applying Downss' economic theory of democracy, the paper shows that governments can win majority support for freer trade only if they subsidize the acquisition or use of information enabling producers and consumers benefitting from the reduction of import barriers to decide to favour the measures. Governments prefer to liberalize trade on a reciprocal basis because this creates easily demonstrable benefits for narrow interest groups and therefore reduces the need for such subsidization.

Notes: Babatunde Thomas D.: Importing Technology into Africa.Becker Selwyn W. and Neuhauser Duncan: The Efficient Organization.Biermann Herbert: Ansatzpunkte einer allgemeinen Strukturpolitik.Blümle E. -B. und Wittmann W. (Eds.): Verbände.Bornstein Morris (Ed.): Economic Planning, East and West.Branson William H. and Litvack James M.: Macroeconomics.Cline William R.: International Monetary Reform and the Developing Countries.Decker Franz: Einführung in die Dienstleistungsökonomie.Delapierre Michel et Michalet Ch. -A.: Les Implantations étrangères en France: Stratégies et structures.Denison Edward F. and Chung William K.: How Japan's Economy Grew so Fast.Duwendag Dieter (Hrsg.): Der Staatssektor in der sozialen Marktwirtschaft.Flemming John: InflationHenderson W. O.: The Rise of German Industrial Power 1834–1914.Jacquemin A. P. and DE Jong H. W. (Eds.): Markets, Corporate Be-haviour and the State.Jones Richard: Supply in a Market Economy.Kleinewefers Henner: Inflation und Inflationsbekampfung in der SchweizKoghanek Stanley A.: Business and Politics in India.Latsis Spiro (Ed.): Method and Appraisal in Economics.Miller Merton H. and Upton Charles W.: Macroeconomics.Münch Klaus N.: Kollektive Güter und Gebühren.Panik Michael J.: Classical Optimization: Foundations and Extensions.Pfaff Martin, Gehrmann Friedhelm (Hrsg.): Informations- und Steuerungsinstrumente zur Schaffung einer höheren Lebensqualität in Städten.Recktenwald H. C.: Wörterbuch der Wirtschaft.Rosenberg Nathan: Perspectives on Technology.Sohmen Egon: Allokationstheorie und Wirtschaftspolitik.Stecher Bernd: Erfolgsbedingungen der Importsubstitution und der Exportdiversifizierung im Industrialisierungsprozess.Tancer Shoshana B.: Economic Nationalism in Latin America.Warren Samuels J. (Ed.): The Chicago School of Political Economy.Williamson Oliver E.: Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications.Yeager Leland B. and Tuerck David G.: Foreign Trade and U. S. Policy.

Notes: Bernholz Peter: Grundlagen der politischen Ökonomie.Bertin Gilles: L'industrie française face aux multinationales.—Prospectives des investissements étrangers en France—L'annuaire des participations étrangères en France (APEF)Biehl Dieter, Hussmann Eibe, Rautenberg Kord, Schnyder Sebastian und Südmeyer Volker: Bestimmungsgründe des regionalen Entwicklungspotentials.Bühlman H., Loeffel H. und Nievergelt E.: Entscheidungs- und Spieltheorie.Dewees D. N., Everson C. K., Sims W. A.: Economic Analysis of Environmental Policies.Esenwein-Rothe Ingeborg: Die Methoden der Wirtschaftsstatistik.Gray H. Peter: A Generalized Theory of International Trade.Hayward Jack and Watson Michael (Eds.): Planning, Politics and Public Policy.Helmstädter Ernst: Wirtschaftstheorie.Hildenbrand W. and Kirman A. P.: Introduction to Equilibrium Analysis.Kennedy Gavin: The Economics of Defence.Kock Heinz: Stabilitätspolitik im föderalistischen System der Bundesrepublik Deutschland.Mason Sandra: The Flow of Funds in Britain.McKenzie George W.: The Economics of the Euro-Currency System.Milbradt Georg H.: Ziele und Strategien des debt management.Molitor Bruno: Sozialpolitik auf dem Prüfstand.Molitor Bruno: Verteilungspolitik in Perspektive.Müller-Armack Alfred: Genealogie der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft.Napoleoni Claudio: Smith, Ricardo, Marx.Neldner Manfred: Die Bestimmungsgründe des volkswirtschaftlichen Geldangebots.Pearge David W.: Environmental Economics.Pitchford J. D.: The Economics of PopulationSalvatore Dominick: International Economics.Stein Jerome L. (Ed.): Monetarism.Sternlieb George and Hughes James W. (Eds.): Post-Industrial America: Metropolitan Decline and Inter-Regional Job Shifts.Vanek Jaroslav (Ed.): Self-Management: Economic Liberation of Man.Wykoff Frank C.: Macroeconomics.

Notes: Andersen Uwe: Einführung in die Vermögenspolitik.Becker Otwin und Richter Rudolf (Hrsg.): Dynamische Wirtschaftsanalyse.Borner Silvio: Wissenschaftliche Ökonomik undpolitische Aktion.Brennegke Ralph: Die Konstruktion von sozioökonomischen Grosssystemen.Campbell R. H., Skinner A. A. (General eds.), and Todd W. B. (Textual ed.): Adam Smith. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations.Dillmann Roland: Gesamtwirtschaftliche Verhaltensgleichungen und Anpassungsprozesse.Feiwel George R.: The Intellectual Capital of Michal Kalecki.Fuchs Victor R.: Who Shall Live?.Garth Bryant G. et al. (Eds.): China's Changing Role in the World Economy.Hanisgh Rolf: Der Handlungsspielraum eines Landes der Peripherie im Internationalen System.Herdzina Klaus (Hrsg.): Wettbewerbstheorie.Hess Walter: Ökonomische Aspekte der Sozialen Sicherung. - Eine Untersuchung über die umverteilungs-, konjunktur- und wachs-tumspolitische Bedeutung des Sozialversicherungshaushaltes unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der schweizerischen Verhältnisse.Hester Donald D. and Pierce James L.: Bank Management and Portfolio Behavior.Hirsgh Werner Z., Sonenblum Sidney, and Teeples Ronald: Local Government Program Budgeting: Theory and Practice.Langaskens Yvan: Introduction á l'économétric.Lees Francis A. and Eng Maximo: International Financial Markets.Meiselman David I. and Laffer Arthur B. (Eds.): The Phenomenon of Worldwide Inflation.Pfromm Hans-Adam: Einkommenspolitik und Verteilungskonflikt.Reinermann Heinrich: Programmbudgets in Regierung und Verwaltung.Riese Hajo: Wohlfahrt und Wirtschaftspolitik.Samuels Warren J.: Pareto on Policy.Sghaich Eberhard, Kohle Dieter, Schweitzer Walter und Wegner Fritz: Statistik II.Schmölders Gunter: Einführung in die Geld- und Finanzpsychologie.Smyth D. J., Boyes W. J., and Peseau D. E.: Size, Growth, Profits and Executive Compensation in the Large Corporation.Tabbert Jürg: Unternehmensgrösse, Marktstruktur und technischer Fortschritt.Visser H.: The Quantity of Money.Whitaker J. K. (Ed.): The Early Economic Writings of Alfred Marshall.Wood Adrian: A Theory of Profits.Young Stephen with Lowe A. V.: Intervention in the Mixed Economy, The Evolution of British Industrial Policy 1964–1972.

Notes: Luc Banderet, lie. oec, Casilla 4731, Correa Central, Buenos Aires (Argentina).Dipl. -Volksw, Ernst-August Behnke, Alfred-Weber-Institut, Universität Heidel-berg, Bergheimer Strasse 147, D-69 Heidelberg (Bundesrepublik Deutschland).Yoram Ben-Porath, The Eliezer Kaplan School of Economic and Social Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem (Israel).Dr. Niklaus Blattner, Starenstrasse 52, CH-4059 Basel (Schweiz).Dr. Bodo Böttcher, Leopoldsweg 150, D-638 Bad Homburg v. d. H. (Bundesrepublik Deutschland).Professor Jozef van Brabant, Freie Universität Berlin, D-l Berlin 33 (Bundesrepublik Deutschland).Dr. Hans-Gert Braun, Institut für Sozialökonomie, Universität Stuttgart, Postfach 560, D-7 Stuttgart (Bundesrepublik Deutschland).Professor Dwight S. Brothers, The Edna McConnell Clark Foundation, 250 Park Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10017 (U. S. A.).Professor Phillip J. Bryson, College of Business and Public Administration, Department of Economics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 (U. S. A.).Professor A. E. Coats, Head, Department of Economic and Social History, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD (England).Professor Sanford Cohen, Department of Economics, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106 (U. S. A.).Professor Raymond Dacey, College of Business Administration, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73069 (U. S. A.).Christophe Deissenberg, FachbereichWirtschaftswissenschaften, Universität Konstanz, Postfach 733, D-775 Konstanz (Bundesrepublik Deutschland).Reiner Dinkel, Institut für Finanzwissenschaft der Universität München, Ludwigstrasse 28, D-8 München (Bundesrepublik Deutschland).Dr. Rolf Freund, Kurfürstendamm 48, D-l Berlin 48 (Bundesrepublik Deutschland).Prof. Dr. Ralph von Gersdorff, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFCH, C. P. 1170, Campinas, S. P. (Brazil).Professor Kenneth V. Greene, Department of Economics, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, N. Y. 13901 (U. S. A.).Professor Paul Greenwood, Finance Department, Administrative Science College, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (U. S. A.).Prof. Dr. Werner Gumpel, Vorstand des Instituts für Wirtschaft und GeseUschaft Ost- und Südosteuropas der Universität München, Akademiestrasse l/III, D-8 München 13 (Bundesrepublik Deutschland).K. L. Gupta, Department of Economics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta (Canada).Prof. Dr. Dietrich Herzog, Zentralinstitut 6, Institut für politische Wissenschaft der Freien Universität Berlin, Babelsberger Strasse 14, D-l Berlin 31 (Bundesrepublik Deutschland).Professor Toussaint Hocar;evar, Department of Economics, University of New Orleans, Louisiana 70122 (U. S. A.).Arthur Leon Horniker, Hotel Granada 1208, Brooklyn, N. Y. 11217 (U. S. A.).Lie. rer. pol. Brigitte Janik, Reviusrondeel 486, Capelle o/d Yssel (Holland).Dr. Peter Kalmbach, Rheinstrasse 39, D-8 München 40 (Bundesrepublik Deutschland).Klaus Kaufmann, Seminar für Soziologie der Friedrich Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Findelgasse 7, D-85 Nürnberg (Bundesrepublik Deutschland).Dr. H. Klocke, Hochfeld 12, D-8134 Pöcking (Bundesrepublik Deutschland).Dr. Peter Kuhbier, Staatswissenschaftliches Institut der Universität München, Ludwigstrasse 28, D-8 München 22 (Bundesrepublik Deutschland).Dr. Albert Lauterbach, Liesingbachstrasse 19, A-1100 Wien (Österreich).Professor Roger A. McCain, Department of Economics, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, N. Y. 10031 (U. S. A.).D. McEnhill, Division of Economic Studies, Research Station, The University of Sheffield, 302 Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN (England).Prof. Dr. Peter Naeve, Institut für Angewandte Statistik der Freien Universität Berlin, Corrensplatz 2, D-l Berlin 33 (Bundesrepublik Deutschland).Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. mult. Fritz Neumark, Vogelweidstrasse 18, D-6 Frankfurt/Main (Bundesrepublik Deutschland).Dr. Rüdiger H. A. Pohl, Lehrstuhl für Volkswirtschaftslehre, Technische Universität Hannover, Wunstorferstrasse 14, D-3 Hannover (Bundesrepublik Deutschland).Prof. Dr. Hans J. Ramser, Fachbereich Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Universität Konstanz, Postfach 733, D-755 Konstanz (Bundesrepublik Deutschland).Dr. Heinz Renn, Seminar für Sozialwissenschaften der Universität Hamburg, Von-Melle-Park 15, D-2000 Hamburg 13 (Bundesrepublik Deutschland).Dr. Wilfried Schulz, Institut für Allgemeine Wirtschaftsforschung, Abteilung Theorie, Universität Freiburg, D-78 Freiburg (Bundesrepublik Deutschland).Prof. Dr. Heidi Schelbert-Syfrig, Institut für empirische Wirtschaftsforschung der Universität Zürich, Forchstrasse 145, CH-8032 Zürich (Schweiz).R. Shone, Division of Applied Economics and Business Studies, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN (England).I. G. Simpson, School of Economic Studies, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds 2 (England).Dr. Stephen Spiegelglas, Department of Economics, College of Business Administration, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 (U. S. A.).Dr. Monika Streissler, Khevenhüllerstrasse 15, A-1180 Wien (Österreich).Robert R. Trippi, School of Business Administration, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92115 (U. S. A.).Prof. Dr. Theodore Tsukahara, Jr., The Hastings Center, 623 Warburton Avenue, Hastings-on-Hudson, N. Y. 10706 (U. S. A.).Professor Julien Devereux, Institute of Government, University of Georgia, 201 Terrell Hall, Athens, Georgia 30601 (U. S. A.).Prof. Dr. H. Winkel, Lehrstuhl für Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte, Technische Hochschule Aachen, Templergraben 55, D-51 Aachen (Bundesrepublik Deutschland).Dr. Manfred Wulff, Memmingerstrasse 25, D-7400 Tübingen (Bundesrepublik Deutschland).Professor Leland B. Yeager, James Wilson Department of Economics, University of Virginia, Rouss Hall, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901 (U. S. A.).Professor Ervin K. Zingler, Department of Economics, College of Business Administration, University of Houston, Cullen Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77004 (U. S. A.).Prof. Dr. Karl Georg Zinn, Institut für Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, D-51 Aachen (Bundesrepublik Deutschland).

Notes: Dr. Peter Albin, Department of Economics, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, 445 West 59th Street, New York, New York 10019 (U. S. A.).Dr. F. E. Banks, Dalbovägen 33, S-752 72 Uppsala (Sweden).Georges Bernard, Maitre de Recherche au CNRS, 52, rue du Général Delestraint, F-75 Paris 16e (France).Prof. Dr. Willi R. Bihn, Lehrstuhl für Statistik und Ökonometrie, Seminar für Wirtschafts- und Sozialstatistik, Universität Köln, Weyertal 80, D-5 Köln 41 (-Lindenthai) (Bundesrepublik Deutschland).Dr. Beat Blankart, Fachbereich Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Universität Konstanz, Postfach 733, D-775 Konstanz (Bundesrepublik Deutschland).Dr. Niklaus Blattner, Starenstrasse 52, CH-4059 Basel (Schweiz).Dr. Bodo Böttcher, Leopoldsweg 15 c, D-638 Bad Homburg v. d. H. (Bundesrepublik Deutschland).Prof. Dr. Rudolf Borkowsky, Kirchweg 1, CH-8307 Effretikon-Moosburg (Schweiz).Prof. Dr. Karl Brandt, Institut für Allgemeine Wirtschaftsforschung an der Universität Freiburg, Abteilung für Wirtschaftstheorie, Güntherstalstrasse 67, D-78 Freiburg i. Br. (Bundesrepublik Deutschland).Professor Hans Brems, Ôkonomisk institut, Studiestraedet, DK-1455 Copenhagen K (Denmark).Professor Stanley H. Cohn, Division of Social Sciences, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13901 (U. S. A.).Dr. M. A. Crew, Department of Economics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RQ. (Scotland).Professor David W. Dunlop, Vanderbilt University, P. O. Box 6087, Station B, Nashville, Tennessee 37235 (U. S. A.).Professor Kathleen H. Dunlop, Vanderbilt University, P. O. Box 6087, Station B, Nashville, Tennessee 37235 (U. S. A.).Prof. Dr. G. Endruweit, Soziologisches Institut, Universität des Saarlandes, D-66 Saarbrücken (Bundesrepublik Deutschland).Prof. Dr. René Erbe, Schützenstrasse 7, CH-4104 Oberwil (Schweiz).Professor Jacob A. Frenkel, Department of Economics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 (U. S. A.).Prof. Dr. Bruno S. Frey, Fachbereich Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Universität Konstanz, Postfach 733, D-775 Konstanz (Bundesrepublik Deutschland).Professor Shozaburo Fujino, The Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University, Kunitachi, Tokyo (Japan).Professor David E. R. Gay, Department of Economics, College of Business Administration, Business Administration Building, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701 (U. S. A.).Prof. Dr. Oswald Hahn, Betriebswirtschaftliches Institut, Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürn-berg, Findelgasse 9, D-85 Nürnberg (Bundesrepublik Deutschland).K. Hartley, Department of Economics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Campaign, Commerce Building (West), Box 111, Urbana, Illinois 61801 (U. S. A.).John Hein, International Research Department, National Industrial Conference Board, 845 Third Avenue, New York, New York 10022 (U. S. A.).K. H. Hennings, Department of Economics, Faculty of Letters and Social Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights Park, Reading RG6 2 AA (England).P. D. Dr. Klaus Jaeger, Fachbereich Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Universität Konstanz, Postfach 733, D-775 Konstanz (Bundesrepublik Deutschland).Dr. Omotunde E. G. Johnson, Exchange and Trade Relations Department, Inter-national Monetary Fund, 19th and H Streets, Washington, D. C. 20431 (U. S. A.).Dr. I. G. Karmiloff, Research Division, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Genève 10 (Suisse).Prof. Dr. Detlev Karsten, Institut für Sozialforschung, Universität Stuttgart, Postfach 560, D-70 Stuttgart (Bundesrepublik Deutschland).Dr. Berndt Keller, Fachbereich 1, Universität Essen, Gesamthochschule, Postfach 6843, D-43 Essen 1 (Bundesrepublik Deutschland).Professor William J. Kelly, Department of Economics and Statistics, College of Business Administration, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 (U. S. A.).Professor Paul Kleindorfer, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19174 (U. S. A.).Professor Ralph N. Kolinski, Department of Economics, University of Windsor, Windsor 11, Ontario (Canada).Professor Prem S. Laumas, Department of Economics, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, Illinois 60115 (U. S. A.).Dr. Marina Lewkowicz, Soziologisches Institut der Universität des Saarlandes, D-66 Saarbrücken 15 (Bundesrepublik Deutschland).Professor Assar Lindbeck, Institute of International Economic Studies, University of Stockholm, S-10405 Stockholm 50 (Sweden).Professor Fred D. Miller, 390 17th Street N. E., Salem, Oregon 97301 (U. S. A.).Professor D. J. Morgan, Oak House, 23 Dennis Lane, Stanmore, Mddx. HA7 4JS (England).Prof. Dr. Manfred Neumann, Robert-Koch-Strasse 16, D-856 Lauf (Bundesrepublik Deutschland).Dr. Hans G. Nutzinger, Lehrstuhl für Makroökonomik, Abteilung Wirtschafts-und Sozialwissenschaften, Universität Dortmund, Rheinlanddamm 203, D-46 Dortmund (Bundesrepublik Deutschland).Professor Jacob Paroush, Department of Economics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan (Israel).Professor C. P. Pathak, Department of Economics, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia 25701 (U. S. A.).Prof. Dr. Ralf Pauly, Institut für Ökonometrie und Operations Research, Universität Bonn, Adenauerallee 24–42, D-53 Bonn (Bundesrepublik Deutschland).Professor Sidney Pollard, Head of the Department of Economic History, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield 10 (England).Prof. Dr. Horst Claus Recktenwald, Institut für Wirtschafts- und Finanzpolitik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, D-85 Nümberg (Bundesrepublik Deutschland). Professor Joan Robinson, 62 Grange Road, Cambridge CB3 9DH (England).Dipl. Kfm. Dipl. Soz. Manfred Röber, Siedelmeisterweg 12, D-1 Berlin 52 (Bundesrepublik Deutschland).Dr. Herbert Schmidbauer, Lehrstab Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Universität des Saarlandes, D-66 Saarbrücken (Bundesrepublik Deutschland).Professor Arthur Schweitzer, Department of Economics, Indiana University, Ballantine 901, Bloomington, Indiana 47401 (U. S. A.).Herbert Seiterle, Institutfür EmpirischeWirtschaftsforschung, Universität Zürich, Forchstrasse 145, CH-8032 Zürich (Schweiz).Professor J. K. Sengupta, Department of Economics, Iowa State University, 407 East Hall, Ames, Iowa 50010 (U. S. A.).Professor Theodore Tsukahara, Jr., The Hastings Center, 623 Warburton Avenue, Hastings-on-Hudson, New York 10706 (U. S. A.).Stefan Weckbach, Institut für Verkehrswissenschaft an der Universität Frankfurt am Main, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Abteilung, Senckenberganlage 31, D-6 Frankfurt (Bundesrepublik Deutschland).Dr. Heimfrid Wolff, Prognos AG, Viaduktstrasse 65, CH-4051 Basel (Schweiz).