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  • Other Sources  (1,641)
  • Meteorology and Climatology  (1,639)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • Physics
  • 2000-2004  (1,627)
  • 1980-1984  (14)
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  • 1
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    Focusing of magma in the upper mantle through dike interaction (2002)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Amsterdam, Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, vol. 107, no. B10, pp. ECV 6-1-ECV 6-17, pp. 2223, (ISSN 0016-8548, ISBN 3-510-50045-8)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002
    Description: We use laboratory experiments and numerical models to quantify the effects of dike interaction on the focusing of magma as it ascends in the upper mantle. Laboratory experiments involve injecting buoyant fluid into the base of a tank filled with solidified gelatin. When we initiate two dikes parallel to each other, but separated by a horizontal distance x, they tend to merge as they ascend. This behavior is also predicted by numerical models of two-dimensional dikes. The key parameters that control the maximum horizontal separation x c over which dikes will intersect are dike driving pressures, dike head lengths L (i.e., the length over which driving pressure is large), and the difference between the principal stresses of the remote stress field. When the remote differential stress is small compared to the dike driving pressure, two dikes of equal driving pressure and length will intersect over distances of x c ? L. This distance decreases with increasing remote differential stress. We quantify the effects on magma transport from a broad lateral distribution of magma using numerical simulations of multiple-dike interaction. When the average dike spacing prior to interaction is within ?3 L and remote differential stresses are insignificant, dike interaction can focus magma over horizontal distances many times L but at least ?6 L. Dike interaction can focus magma in the asthenosphere beneath mid-ocean ridges for low mantle viscosities (?10 19 Pa s) and if dikes initiate with average separations of a few hundred meters, or less. Such focusing is predicted to grow dikes of increasing magma flux approaching lateral separations of a kilometer.
    Keywords: Fluids ; Plate tectonics ; ascent ; sheeted ; dykes ; Modelling ; JGR ; 8434 ; Volcanology: ; Magma ; migration ; 8145 ; Tectonophysics: ; Physics ; of ; magma ; and ; magma ; bodies ; 8120 ; Dynamics ; of ; lithosphere ; and ; mantle--general ; 3035 ; Marine ; Geology ; and ; Geophysics: ; Midocean ; ridge ; processes
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 2
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    An accurate and efficient method for including the effects of topography in three-dimensional elastic models of ground deformation with applications to radar interferometry (2000)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Hannover, Dt. Geophys. Ges. e. V., vol. 105, no. B4, pp. 8103-8120, pp. 1058, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000
    Keywords: Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; InSAR ; Geodesy ; Modelling ; JGR ; 1243 ; Geodesy ; and ; gravity ; Space ; geodetic ; surveys ; 3210 ; Mathematical ; geophysics ; (new ; field) ; Modeling ; 8145 ; Tectonophysics ; Physics ; of ; magma ; and ; magma ; bodies ; 8499 ; Volcanology
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 3
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    Turbulence Detection and Mitigation Element (2003)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: This paper presents viewgraphs on turbulence detection and mitigation technologies in weather accident prevention. The topics include: 1) Organization; 2) Scope of Turbulence Effort; 3) Background; 4) Turbulence Detection and Mitigation Program Metrics; 5) Approach; 6) Turbulence Team Relationships; 7) WBS Structure; 8) Deliverables; 9) TDAM Changes; 10) FY-01 Results/Accomplishments; 11) Out-year Plans; and 12) Element Status.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: Proceedings of the Second NASA Aviation Safety Program Weather Accident Prevention Review; 73-90; NASA/CP-2003-210964
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Aviation Weather Information Overview and Status (2003)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: This paper presents the weather accident prevention project review during the period of June 5, through June 7, 2001. The topics include: 1) Background; 2) Guidance; 3) Plan; 4) System Elements; 5) AWIN System; 6) Market Segments; 7) Technology Development Level; 8) Aviation Safety Program Organization; 9) Partnerships; 10) NASA Facilities; 11) Timeline; 12) AWIN Research Areas; and 13) Cooperative Research with FAA. This paper is in viewgraph form.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: Proceedings of the Second NASA Aviation Safety Program Weather Accident Prevention Review; 33-50; NASA/CP-2003-210964
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    Tropospheric sources of NOx: lightning and biology (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Laboratory experiments to quantify the global production of NOx (NO + NO2) in the troposphere due to atmospheric lightning and biogenic activity in soil are presented. These laboratory experiments, as well as other studies, suggest that the global production of NOx by lightning probably ranges between 2 and 20 MT(N)y-1 of NO and is strongly dependent on the total energy deposited by lightning, a quantity not well-known. In our laboratory experiments, nitrifying micro-organisms is soil were found to be a significant source of both NO and nitrous oxide (N2O). The measured production ratio of NO to N2O averaged 2-3 for oxygen partial pressures of 0.5-10%. Extrapolating these laboratory measurements to the global scale, which is somewhat risky, suggests that nitrifying micro-organisms in soil may account for as much as 10 MT(N) y-1 of NO. Additional experiments with denitrifying micro-organisms gave an NO to N2O production ratio ranging from 2 to 4 for an oxygen partial pressure of 0.5% and a ratio of less than unity for oxygen partial pressures ranging from 1 to 20%. The production of NO and N2O, normalized with respect to micro-organism number indicates that the production of both NO and N2O by denitrifying micro-organisms is at least an order of magnitude less than production by nitrifying micro-organisms for the micro-organisms studied.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: Atmospheric environment (ISSN 0004-6981); Volume 18; 9; 1797-804
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    Comments on the BLAG model: the carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle and its effect on atmospheric carbon dioxide over the past 100 million years (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A self-consistent method of determining initial conditions for the model presented by Berner, Lasaga, and Garrels (1983) (henceforth, the BLAG model) is derived, based on the assumption that the CO2 geochemical cycle was in steady state at t = -100 my (million years). This initialization procedure leads to a dissolved magnesium concentration higher than that calculated by Berner, Lasaga, and Garrels and to a low ratio of dissolved calcium to bicarbonate prior to 60 my ago. The latter prediction conflicts with the geologic record of evaporite deposits, which requires that this ratio remain greater than 0.5. The contradiction is probably caused by oversimplifications in the BLAG model, such as the neglect of the cycles of organic carbon and sulfur.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: American journal of science (ISSN 0002-9599); Volume 284; 1175-82
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
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    A satellite view of aerosols in the climate system (2002)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Anthropogenic aerosols are intricately linked to the climate system and to the hydrologic cycle. The net effect of aerosols is to cool the climate system by reflecting sunlight. Depending on their composition, aerosols can also absorb sunlight in the atmosphere, further cooling the surface but warming the atmosphere in the process. These effects of aerosols on the temperature profile, along with the role of aerosols as cloud condensation nuclei, impact the hydrologic cycle, through changes in cloud cover, cloud properties and precipitation. Unravelling these feedbacks is particularly difficult because aerosols take a multitude of shapes and forms, ranging from desert dust to urban pollution, and because aerosol concentrations vary strongly over time and space. To accurately study aerosol distribution and composition therefore requires continuous observations from satellites, networks of ground-based instruments and dedicated field experiments. Increases in aerosol concentration and changes in their composition, driven by industrialization and an expanding population, may adversely affect the Earth's climate and water supply.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); Volume 419; 6903; 215-23
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 8
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    Ambient formaldehyde detection with a laser spectrometer based on difference-frequency generation in PPLN (2001)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A laser spectrometer based on difference-frequency generation in periodically poled LiNbO3 (PPLN) has been used to quantify atmospheric formaldehyde with a detection limit of 0.32 parts per billion in a given volume (ppbV) using specifically developed data-processing techniques. With state-of-the-art fiber-coupled diode-laser pump sources at 1083 nm and 1561 nm, difference-frequency radiation has been generated in the 3.53-micrometers (2832-cm-1) spectral region. Formaldehyde in ambient air in the 1- to 10-ppb V range has been detected continuously for nine and five days at two separate field sites in the Greater Houston area operated by the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission (TNRCC) and the Houston Regional Monitoring Corporation (HRM). The acquired spectroscopic data are compared with results obtained by a well-established wet-chemical o-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl) hydroxylamine (PFBHA) technique.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: Applied physics. B, Lasers and optics (ISSN 0946-2171); Volume 72; 8; 947-52
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 9
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    Chemical sensing with pulsed QC-DFB lasers operating at 15.6 micrometers (2002)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Pulsed thermoelectrically cooled QC-DFB lasers operating at 15.6 micrometers were characterized for spectroscopic gas sensing applications. A new method for wavelength scanning based on repetition rate modulation was developed. A non-wavelength-selective pyroelectric detector was incorporated in the sensor configuration giving the advantage of room-temperature operation and low cost. Absorption lines of CO2 and H2O were observed in ambient air, providing information about the concentration of these species.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: Applied physics. B, Lasers and optics (ISSN 0946-2171); Volume 75; 2-3; 351-7
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 10
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    Calibration of Atmospherically Induced Delay Fluctuations Due to Water Vapor (2000)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: We have completed a new generation of water vapor radiometers (WVR), the A- series, in order to support radio science experiments with the Cassini spacecraft. These new instruments sense three frequencies in the vicinity of the 22 GHz emission line of atmospheric water vapor within a 1 degree beamwidth from a clear aperture antenna that is co-pointed with the radio telescope down to 10 degree elevation. The radiometer electronics features almost an order of magnitude improvement in temperature stability compared with earlier WVR designs. For many radio science experiments, the error budget is likely to be dominated by path delay fluctuations due to variable atmospheric water vapor along the line-of-sight to the spacecraft. In order to demonstrate the performance of these new WVRs we are attempting to calibrate the delay fluctuations as seen by a radio interferometer operating over a 21 km baseline with a WVR near each antenna. The characteristics of these new WVRs will be described and the results of our preliminary analysis will be presented indicating an accuracy of 0.2 to 0.5 mm in tracking path delay fluctuations over time scales of 10 to 10,000 seconds.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry: 2000 General Meeting Proceedings; 274-279; NASA/CP-2000-209893
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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