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  • Articles  (60,808)
  • Elsevier  (59,688)
  • Institute of Physics  (607)
  • Annual Reviews  (328)
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  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (60,808)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HUMAN EXPOSURE TO VOLATILE ORGANIC POLLUTANTS: Implications for Indoor Air Studies1 (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 26 (2001), S. 269-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-3466
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Over the past 20 years, a new scientific discipline based on direct measurement of human exposure to environmental pollutants has developed. The fundamental principle of the new science is to "measure where the people are." This has required developing small, lightweight, quiet personal monitors for volatile organic compounds and other pollutants. A second principle has been to measure body burden, particularly exhaled breath, whenever possible to determine the relationship between exposure and dose. Studies employing the new monitors and breath measurements have overturned accepted ideas about the sources of most volatile organic pollutants. The main sources turn out surprisingly often to be small, close to the person, and completely unregulated. These findings should result in major changes in our approach to environmental regulation; however, powerful forces of resistance would need to be overcome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.26.1.269
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GLOBAL ELECTRIC POWER REFORM, PRIVATIZATION, AND LIBERALIZATION OF THE ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES1 (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 26 (2001), S. 331-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-3466
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews the progress of the movement to privatize and liberalize the power sector in developing countries. It reviews the forces driving the movement and then describes the steps that should be taken to achieve success. Data on actual steps taken and preliminary information on the impact of reform are presented. Finally, lessons from this past experience are highlighted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.26.1.331
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FEDERAL FOSSIL FUEL SUBSIDIES AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS: A Case Study of Increasing Transparency for Fiscal Policy (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 26 (2001), S. 361-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-3466
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Growing international pressure to curb greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has focused attention on existing policies that may, either by design or by effect, subsidize fossil fuel production and consumption. This paper reviews existing studies of fossil fuel subsidies within the United States, as well as assessments of the potential impact of subsidy reform on GHG emissions. Evaluating the differences across the studies, it highlights the most important disparities in subsidy definition and valuation in order to clarify the conclusions that can be drawn from this body of work. We then present some of the tools used to provide transparency in environmental regulation. We conclude that many of these approaches can be used to improve the transparency of fiscal policy, with important benefits within the context of climate change and beyond.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.26.1.361
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CARBON SINKS IN TEMPERATE FORESTS1 (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 26 (2001), S. 435-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-3466
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In addition to being scientifically exciting, commercially important, and environmentally essential, temperate forests have also become a key diplomatic item in international climate negotiations as potential sinks for carbon. This review presents the methods used to estimate carbon sequestration, identifies the constraints and opportunities for carbon sequestration in temperate forests, addresses the issues raised by the monitoring of carbon sequestration, and analyzes uncertainties pertaining to the sequestration of carbon by temperate forests. This review serves a dual purpose: It aims at informing policy makers about carbon sequestration in temperate forests and at making forest ecologists, biogeochemists, and atmospheric scientists aware of the structure of an international agreement to reduce CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions and some of the real, still answered scientific questions that it poses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.26.1.435
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE EVOLUTION OF AN ENERGY ANALYST: Some Personal Reflections (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 27 (2002), S. 23-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-3466
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The evolution from an electrochemist was motivated by a growing conviction that Indian science and technology should be reoriented. A cell was created in the Indian Institute of Science in 1974 to initiate and promote work of rural relevance as a weapon against poverty. Surveys led to a detailed empirical study of energy consumption patterns in villages and to the design and construction of rural energy centers. The lessons from this village work are described. The principal outcome of the collaboration with J. Goldemberg (Brazil), T.B. Johansson (Sweden), and R.H. Williams (United States) was the book Energy for a Sustainable World that contributed significantly to the new paradigm for energy. The application of this paradigm resulted in a detailed electricity demand scenario for the South Indian state of Karnataka. Following mandatory retirement from the Indian Institute of Science, the International Energy Initiative (IEI) was set up in 1991 as a Southern-conceived, Southern-led, Southern-located South-North partnership. Persisting personal concerns about the ethical implications of science resurfaced through opposition to India's nuclear tests in 1998 and a visit to the concentration camps at Auschwitz. The associated human dimensions of energy were emphasized in the acceptance speech at Goteborg of the Volvo Environment Prize 2000. The penultimate endgame involved retirement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.27.122001.083506
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    AN INTELLECTUAL HISTORY OF ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 27 (2002), S. 57-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-3466
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract From modest beginnings in the 1960s, environmental economics has grown to be a major subdiscipline of economics. It combines traditional work in the field of welfare economics and the theory of economic growth with more recent perspectives on the political economy of choosing policy instruments and the philosophy of sustainable development. The central tenets are that environmental problems have their roots in the failure of economic systems to maximize human well-being, that environmental quality matters for human well-being and for more traditionally oriented economic growth objectives, and that efficient policy can be achieved through incentive design.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.27.122001.083429
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SORRY, WRONG NUMBER: The Use and Misuse of Numerical Facts in Analysis and Media Reporting of Energy Issues* (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 27 (2002), S. 119-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-3466
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Students of public policy sometimes envision an idealized policy process where competent data collection and incisive analysis on both sides of a debate lead to reasoned judgments and sound decisions. Unfortunately, numbers that prove decisive in policy debates are not always carefully developed, credibly documented, or correct. This paper presents four widely cited examples of numbers in the energy field that are either misleading or wrong. It explores the origins of these numbers, how they missed the mark, and how they have been misused by both analysts and the media. In addition, it describes and uses a three-stage analytical process for evaluating such statistics that involves defining terms and boundaries, assessing underlying data, and critically analyzing arguments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.27.122001.083458
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    APPLIANCE AND EQUIPMENT EFFICIENCY STANDARDS (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 27 (2002), S. 159-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-3466
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Minimum energy efficiency standards are regulations that require products to meet specific energy efficiency requirements. Standards have been adopted in 17 countries plus the European Union. Standards have been set on more than 35 products, with refrigerators, air conditioners, ballasts, and freezers being the most common. Based on the available evidence, standards appear to be a very effective energy-saving policy. They have reduced energy use substantially in the United States and made good initial progress in other countries. The standards that have been implemented thus far appear to be cost effective to consumers and result in minimal adverse impacts on manufacturers. Available evidence indicates that the costs of actually implementing standards are commonly less than estimates made by manufacturers and government agencies during the standard-setting process. Standards are frequently a useful complement to other policies such as product labeling, incentives, and voluntary agreements. However, standards are not appropriate for all products and situations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.27.122001.083452
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HOUSEHOLD ENERGY, INDOOR AIR POLLUTION, AND HEALTH IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: Knowledge Base for Effective Interventions (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 27 (2002), S. 233-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-3466
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Globally, almost three billion people rely on biomass (wood, charcoal, crop residues, and dung) and coal as their primary source of domestic energy. Exposure to indoor air pollution from the combustion of solid fuels is an important cause of disease and mortality in developing countries. Despite recent advances in estimating the health impacts of indoor smoke, there are limited studies targeted toward the design and implementation of effective intervention programs. We review the current knowledge of the relationship between indoor air pollution and disease, and of the assessment of interventions for reducing exposure and disease. This review takes an environmental health perspective and considers the details of both exposure and health effects that are needed for successful intervention strategies. In particular, we summarize the emerging understanding of the central role of household energy technology and day-to-day household activities in determining exposure to indoor smoke. We also identify knowledge gaps and detailed research questions that are essential in successful design and dissemination of preventive measures and policies. In addition to specific research recommendations based on the weight of recent studies, we conclude that research and development of effective interventions can benefit tremendously from integration of methods and analysis tools from a range of disciplines-from quantitative environmental science and engineering, to toxicology and epidemiology, to the social sciences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.27.122001.083440
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    INDUCED TECHNICAL CHANGE IN ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MODELING: Analytic Approaches and Policy Implications (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 27 (2002), S. 271-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-3466
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Technical change in the energy sector is central for addressing long-term environmental issues, including climate change. Most models of energy, economy, and the environment (E3 models) use exogenous assumptions for this. This is an important weakness. We show that there is strong evidence that technical change in the energy sector is to an important degree induced by market circumstances and expectations and, by implication, by environmental policies such as CO2 abatement. We classify the main approaches to modeling such induced technical change and review results with particular reference to climate change. Among models with learning by doing, weak responses are only obtained from models that are highly aggregated (lack technological diversity) and/or that equate rates of return to innovation across sectors. Induced technical change broadens the scope of efficient policies toward mitigation, including not just research and development and aggregated market instruments but a range of sectoral-based policies potentially at divergent marginal costs. Furthermore, to the extent that cleaner technologies induced by mitigation diffuse globally, a positive spillover will result that will tend to offset the substitution-based negative spillover usually hypothesized to result from the migration of polluting industries. Initial explorations suggest that this effect could also be very large.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.27.122001.083408
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CONVERGING PATHS LEADING TO THE ROLE OF THE OCEANS IN CLIMATE CHANGE (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 25 (2000), S. 1-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-3466
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A young man adrift, I was rescued by Paul Gast, a college classmate, and sent off to Columbia's Lamont Geological Observatory as a summer intern. As it turns out, I am still there. During this 47-year sojourn, I have been a participant in the enormous expansion of the field of isotope geochemistry. I experienced the golden age when so many plums awaited picking that we, the pioneers, gorged ourselves with exciting discovery. Being at what is now called Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory put me at the center of many of the developments that changed forever the Earth Sciences. It also made me part of the great challenge associated with the drive to replace the exploitative mode that characterized the Industrial Revolution with what is often referred to as the sustainable mode. In the following pages I recount my path from confused youth to the globe-encircling oceanic "conveyor belt."
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.1
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preface by the Editorial Committee (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 29 (2004) 
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    ISSN: 1543-5938
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.eg.29.101204.100011
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    WINDPOWER: A Turn of the Century Review (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 25 (2000), S. 147-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-3466
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The 1990s saw a resurgence in the windpower industry, with installed grid-connected capacity expanding more than five-fold between 1990 and 2000. Most of this increase occurred in Europe, where governmental policies aimed at developing domestic energy supplies and reducing pollutant emissions provided a sheltered market for renewable energy generation. The 1990s were also marked by a return to large, megawatt-sized wind turbines, a reduction and consolidation of wind turbine manufacturers, and increased interest in offshore windpower. This article reviews recent trends in the windpower industry, including some of the fundamental engineering principles of wind turbine design. Technological impediments and advances are discussed in the context of changes in the global electricity markets and environmental performance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.25.1.147
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    WATER USE (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 28 (2003), S. 275-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1543-5938
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Water managers and planners are slowly beginning to change their perspective and perceptions about how best to meet human needs for water; they are shifting from a focus on building supply infrastructure to improving their understanding of how water is used and how those uses can best be met. This review discusses definitions of water use, explores the history of water use around the world and in characteristic regions, identifies problems with collecting and analyzing water data, and addresses the question of improving water-use efficiency and productivity in different regions and economic sectors. There is growing interest on the part of water managers around the world to implement these approaches to lessen pressures on increasingly scarce water resources, reduce the adverse ecological effects of human withdrawals of water, and improve long-term sustainable water use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.28.040202.122849
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ENERGY INFRASTRUCTURE AND SECURITY (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 29 (2004), S. 421-469 
    Details
    ISSN: 1543-5938
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Concerns about safeguarding key infrastructures (such as energy, communications, banking, and roads) from deliberate attack are long-standing, but since the end to the cold war, emphasis has turned to the possible impacts of terrorism. Activities to address these concerns are sometimes called critical infrastructure protection (CIP), a concept that is somewhat different from the one of "energy security," which focuses on politically and economically motivated supply interruptions. Different elements of the energy infrastructure are characterized by distinct vulnerabilities. Breaches of security in nuclear plants can lead to large-scale environmental disastersbut the infrastructure is concentrated and relatively easy to guard. Oil and gas production, transportation, and refining infrastructures are often spatially concentrated, and disruptions can lead to shortages if supply is not restored before stockpiles are exhausted. Traditional electricity infrastructures suffer from the need for system-wide integrity to ensure supply reliability, having critical facilities spatially concentrated (substations), and insignificant storage capacity for emergency supply. This review discusses how energy infrastructure and security are related, how this relationship differs from traditional energy security concepts, and what it may mean for private and policy decisions. Key concepts include redundancy, diversity, resilience, storage, decentralization, and interdependence. The concept of CIP is still relatively new and is likely to evolve over time, possibly away from a "guards, gates, and guns" defensive approach and toward a design approach that yields systems that are inherently harder to successfully attack. Such survivable systems may feature distributed intelligence, control, and operations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.29.062403.102238
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Who Should Read This Series? (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 29 (2004) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1543-5938
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.eg.29.101204.100001
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MARINE RESERVES AND OCEAN NEIGHBORHOODS: The Spatial Scale of Marine Populations and Their Management (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 29 (2004), S. 31-68 
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    ISSN: 1543-5938
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The movement of individuals defines a spatial neighborhood that can help determine marine management strategies. Here, I briefly review four fields of marine biology that each differentially illuminate the scale of marine neighborhoods: effects of marine reserves, tagging studies, microchemistry, and population genetics. These suggest adult neighborhood sizes for many demersal fish and invertebrates as small as kilometers and up to 10 to 100 km. Larval dispersal may be shorter than previously suspected: neighborhood sizes of 10 to 100 km for invertebrates and 50 to 200 km for fish are common in current compilations. How can small reserves protect such species? One conceptual framework is to set reserve size based on adult neighborhood sizes of highly fished species and determine spacing of a reserve network based on larval neighborhoods. The multispecies nature of fisheries demands that network designs accommodate different life histories and take into account the way local human communities use marine resources.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.29.062403.102254
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE CLEANSING CAPACITY OF THE ATMOSPHERE (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 28 (2003), S. 29-57 
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    ISSN: 1543-5938
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The atmosphere is a chemically complex and dynamic system that interacts significantly with the land, oceans, and ecosystems. Most trace gases emitted into the atmosphere are removed by oxidizing chemical reactions involving ozone and the hydroxyl free radical. The rate of this self-cleansing process is often referred to as the oxidation capacity of the atmosphere. Without this process, atmospheric composition and climate would be very different from what we observe today. The fundamental chemistry involved and the influence of human activity on oxidation capacity are reviewed. Both the current measurements designed to determine rates of oxidation and evidence for changes in oxidizing capacity over recent decades are critically discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.28.011503.163425
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    GLOBAL STATE OF BIODIVERSITY AND LOSS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 28 (2003), S. 137-167 
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    ISSN: 1543-5938
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Biodiversity, a central component of Earth's life support systems, is directly relevant to human societies. We examine the dimensions and nature of the Earth's terrestrial biodiversity and review the scientific facts concerning the rate of loss of biodiversity and the drivers of this loss. The estimate for the total number of species of eukaryotic organisms possible lies in the 5-15 million range, with a best guess of ~7 million. Species diversity is unevenly distributed; the highest concentrations are in tropical ecosystems. Endemisms are concentrated in a few hotspots, which are in turn seriously threatened by habitat destruction-the most prominent driver of biodiversity loss. For the past 300 years, recorded extinctions for a few groups of organisms reveal rates of extinction at least several hundred times the rate expected on the basis of the geological record. The loss of biodiversity is the only truly irreversible global environmental change the Earth faces today.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.28.050302.105532
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  • 20
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    DYNAMICS OF LAND-USE AND LAND-COVER CHANGE IN TROPICAL REGIONS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 28 (2003), S. 205-241 
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    ISSN: 1543-5938
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: We highlight the complexity of land-use/cover change and propose a framework for a more general understanding of the issue, with emphasis on tropical regions. The review summarizes recent estimates on changes in cropland, agricultural intensification, tropical deforestation, pasture expansion, and urbanization and identifies the still unmeasured land-cover changes. Climate-driven land-cover modifications interact with land-use changes. Land-use change is driven by synergetic factor combinations of resource scarcity leading to an increase in the pressure of production on resources, changing opportunities created by markets, outside policy intervention, loss of adaptive capacity, and changes in social organization and attitudes. The changes in ecosystem goods and services that result from land-use change feed back on the drivers of land-use change. A restricted set of dominant pathways of land-use change is identified. Land-use change can be understood using the concepts of complex adaptive systems and transitions. Integrated, place-based research on land-use/land-cover change requires a combination of the agent-based systems and narrative perspectives of understanding. We argue in this paper that a systematic analysis of local-scale land-use change studies, conducted over a range of timescales, helps to uncover general principles that provide an explanation and prediction of new land-use changes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.28.050302.105459
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  • 21
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    STATE OF THE WORLD'S FISHERIES (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 28 (2003), S. 359-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1543-5938
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The total world catch from marine and freshwater wild stocks has peaked and may be slightly declining. There appear to be few significant resources to be developed, and the majority of the world's fish stocks are intensively exploited. Many marine ecosystems have been profoundly changed by fishing and other human activities. Although most of the world's major fisheries continue to produce substantial sustainable yield, a number have been severely overfished, and many more stocks appear to be heading toward depletion. The world's fisheries continue to be heavily subsidized, which encourages overfishing and provides society with a small fraction of the potential economic benefits. In most of the world's fisheries there is a "race for fish" in which boats compete to catch the fish before a quota is achieved or the fish are caught by someone else. The race for fish leads to economic inefficiency, poor quality product, and pressure to extract every fish for short-term gain. A number of countries have instituted alternative management practices that eliminate the race for fish and encourage economic efficiency, use lower exploitation rates that deliberately do not attempt to maximize biological yield, and encourage reduced fishing costs and increased value of products. In fisheries where this transition has taken place, we see the potential for future sustainability, but in those fisheries where the race for fish continues, we anticipate further declines in abundance, further loss of jobs and fishing communities, and potential structural change to marine ecosystems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.28.050302.105509
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  • 22
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    GREEN CHEMISTRY AND ENGINEERING: Drivers, Metrics, and Reduction to Practice (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 28 (2003), S. 401-428 
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    ISSN: 1543-5938
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Green chemistry and engineering is the design of chemical manufacturing systems to minimize their adverse affects on the environment. Thus, a primary goal of green chemistry and engineering is to reduce the environmental impact of chemical processes and chemical manufacturing while simultaneously enhancing the overall process performance. Although it is beneficial to simply reduce the use of organic solvents in chemical processes, green chemistry and engineering goes further, in that it evaluates the entire manufacturing operation to identify techniques that can be applied to minimize the overall process hazard, while maintaining economic practicality. Evaluation of the environmental impacts of the manufacturing process requires a systems approach and appropriate metrics that permit quantitative assessment of environmental hazards. Thus, this chapter begins with a discussion of the drivers for green engineering and the metrics through which processes can be evaluated. Then, the hydroformylation process is used as a case study to illustrate the way in which green chemistry principles can be applied to real processes. Two elements are specifically highlighted: (a) the use of catalysts to facilitate active and selective chemistry and the immobilization of said catalysts within the reactor system, and (b) the development of processes based on benign reaction solvents, and the benefits that can accrue from simplified separations operations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.28.011503.163459
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    INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS: A Survey of Their Features, Formation, and Effects (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 28 (2003), S. 429-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1543-5938
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: International environmental agreements (IEAs), legally binding intergovernmental efforts directed at reducing human impacts on the environment, are common features of global environmental governance. Using a clear definition allowed creation of a comprehensive database [available online at (31)] listing over 700 multilateral agreements (MEAs) and over 1000 bilateral agreements (BEAs), which included treaties, protocols, and amendments that address numerous pollutants; preservation of many species; and, increasingly, protection of various habitats. Research into the factors that explain the timing, content, and membership in environmental agreements clarifies that the interests and power of influential states create pressures for, or constraints on, progress in global environmental governance but that discourse, actors, and processes also play important roles. Variation in the effects of these agreements on environmental behaviors and outcomes often depends as much on characteristics of member countries, the international context, and the underlying environmental problem as on the differences in agreement design.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.28.050302.105603
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    ELEMENTAL CYCLES: A Status Report on Human or Natural Dominance (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 29 (2004), S. 69-107 
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    ISSN: 1543-5938
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The modern technological society mobilizes and uses a very large number of materials. These substances are derived from rocks, sediments, and other natural repositories, and most undergo transformation prior to use. A large fraction of the materials is eventually returned to the environment. Natural processes do the same but not necessarily with the same suite of materials. For purposes of better understanding industrial development and potential environmental impact, it is important to know, even approximately, the elemental cycles of all materials potentially useful for modern technology. In this review, we examine and summarize cycle information for 77 of the first 92 elements in the periodic table. Mobilization calculations demonstrate that human activities likely dominate or strongly perturb the cycles of most of the elements other than the alkalis, alkali earths, and halogens. We propose that this pattern is ultimately related to the aqueous solubilities of the predominant chemical forms of the elements as they occur in nature: Human action dominates the cycles of the elements whose usual forms are highly insoluble, nature those that are highly soluble. Examples of the utility of anthropogenically dominated cycle determinations for resource supply analyses, environmental impact assessment, and public policy are presented and discussed. If the rapid rise in the use of materials by the technological society in the twentieth century continues into the next century, anthropogenic dominance of the cycling of a majority of the elements of the periodic table will only increase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.29.042203.104034
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    QUERIES ON THE HUMAN USE OF THE EARTH (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 26 (2001), S. 1-26 
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    ISSN: 1056-3466
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The central question of my scientific work has been, what is and ought to be the human use of the earth? It has been pursued collectively, with mentor, colleagues, students, and friends as a set of research questions related to hazards, hunger, and sustainable development. Regarding hazard, I tried to understand why people persist in occupying areas subject to natural and technological hazards and how adaptation made this possible. An extended stay in Africa to research both environment and development led to new queries. Why does hunger persist amid a world of plenty, and what can be done to end it? Can there be a transition to sustainability that over the next two generations would meet human needs and reduce hunger and poverty while maintaining the essential life support systems of the planet? All three themes and the research methods used to pursue them come together in an emerging sustainability science.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.26.1.1
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    ENERGY CONSERVATION IN CHINESE RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS: Progress and Opportunities in Design and Policy (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 26 (2001), S. 83-115 
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    ISSN: 1056-3466
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Energy conservation in Chinese residential buildings merits attention in part due to China's large population, increased standard of living, and high volume of construction. This paper focuses on three major themes: issues exerting an upward pressure on residential energy use, policy for promoting energy conservation, and technical opportunities to decrease energy use and increase comfort. An increase in total floor area, increasing electric appliance ownership, and an increase in demand for heating and cooling characterize the residential sector. Space heating remains the dominant energy end-use. Relatively new buildings in cold regions of China, while a marked improvement over earlier construction, still suffer from inadequate insulation, leaky windows, and lack of attention to construction quality. Energy-conservation standards have addressed these issues in part, but further effort is needed to ensure code compliance. A survey of prospective homeowners shows that energy-efficient housing would best be promoted by marketing the combined benefits of natural lighting and ventilation, better quality, and savings in heating and air-conditioning energy costs, rather than only promoting a dwelling as "environmentally friendly" or offering reduced heating bills. Reviewed technologies concentrate on reductions in heating and cooling energy through improved site layout, building design, building envelope materials, ventilation, and alternative cooling equipment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.26.1.83
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    HISTORICAL AND FUTURE TRENDS IN AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE, COST, AND EMISSIONS (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 26 (2001), S. 167-200 
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    ISSN: 1056-3466
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The interdependency of aircraft technological systems, the global reach of the aviation transport industry, and the uncertainty surrounding potential atmospheric effects have made defining the relationship between aviation and environmental impact an arduous task. Air travel continues to experience the fastest growth of all modes of transport, and although the energy intensity of the aviation transport system continues to decline, fuel use and total emissions have steadily risen. This trend, which represents a conflict between growth and environmental impact, has motivated the aircraft manufacturing and airline industries, the scientific community, and governmental bodies to consider what pace of emissions reduction is acceptable. This paper analyzes the historical influence of aircraft performance on cost to examine the potential pace of future efficiency improvements and emissions reduction. Technological and operational influences on aircraft energy intensity are quantified and correlated with direct operating cost and aircraft price using analytical and statistical models built upon historical data for US airlines. The energy intensity reduction potential and economic characteristics of future aircraft are also projected, through extrapolations of historical trends in aircraft technology and operations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.26.1.167
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    TRACKING MULTIPLE PATHWAYS OF HUMAN EXPOSURE TO PERSISTENT MULTIMEDIA POLLUTANTS: Regional, Continental, and Global-Scale Models (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 28 (2003), S. 463-492 
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    ISSN: 1543-5938
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Widespread observations of organic pollutant compounds in vegetation, soil, animals, and human tissue have motivated research on more accurate characterizations of chemical transport over regional, continental, and global scales. Efforts to assess human and ecosystem exposure to contaminants from multiple environmental media have been evolving over the last several decades. In this review, we summarize the development and evolution of the multimedia mass-balance approach to pollutant fate and exposure evaluation and illustrate some of the calculations used in multimedia assessments. The concepts that form the foundation of Mackay-type mass-balance compartment models are described, and the ongoing efforts to use multimedia models to quantify human exposures are discussed. A series of case studies of varying complexity are used to illustrate capabilities and limitations of selected multimedia approaches. We look to the future and consider current challenges and opportunities in the field of multimedia contaminant fate and exposure modeling.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.28.050302.105623
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    GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SCIENCE AND SYSTEMS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 28 (2003), S. 493-519 
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    ISSN: 1543-5938
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The geographic context is essential both for environmental research and for policy-oriented environmental management. Geographic information systems are as a result increasingly important computing applications in this domain, and an understanding of the underlying principles of geographic information science is increasingly essential to sound scientific practice. The review begins by defining terms. Four major sections follow that discuss advances in GIS analysis and modeling, in the supply of geographic data for GIS, in software design, and in GIS representation. GIS-based modeling is constrained in part by architecture, but a number of recent products show promise, and GIS continues to support modeling through the coupling of software. The GIS data supply has benefited from a range of new satellite-based sensors and from developments in ground-based sensor networks. GIS software design is being revolutionized by two developments in the information technology mainstream: the trend to component-based software and object-oriented data modeling. Advances in GIS representation focus largely on time, the third spatial dimension, and uncertainty. References are provided to the more important and recent literature. The concluding section identifies three significant and current trends: toward increasing interoperability of data and services, increasing mobility of information technology, and increasing capabilities for dynamic simulation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.28.050302.105521
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    ASSESSING THE COSTS OF ELECTRICITY (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 29 (2004), S. 301-344 
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    ISSN: 1543-5938
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: We review the economics of electricity generated, or conserved, from a diverse range of fossil-fuel, nuclear, and renewable energy sources and energy efficiency options. At the same time, we survey the methods used to compute the costs of generated and delivered electricity and power, including bus bar costs; wholesale and retail marketplace costs; life-cycle accounting systems; premiums associated with political, social, and environmental risks; costs that reflect explicit and implicit subsidies; costs inclusive of externalities calculated by a variety of means; and net costs, including a range of proposed and potential environmental tax regimes. These diverse and at times conflicting analytic methods reflect a wide range of assumptions and biases in how the inputs for energy generation as well as how the subsidies and social and environmental costs are computed or, is often the case, neglected. This review and tutorial provides side-by-side comparisons of these methods, international cost comparisons, as well as analysis of the magnitude and effects of a range of technological, market-based, and subsidy-driven costs on the final price of electricity. Comparability of costs between supply and conservation technologies and methods in the energy sector has consistently been a problem, and the diversity of energy cost accounting schemes provides significant opportunity for very different arguments to be made for specific technologies, regulatory and market regimes, and a wide range of social and environmental taxes. We provide a review of the tools and a commentary on how these methods are used to determine the cost of energy services. The conclusion contains an analysis of how these methods of energy valuation are similar, how they differ, as well as an analysis of the explicit and implicit assumptions that underlie each approach.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.28.050302.105630
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    CURRENT UNCERTAINTIES IN ASSESSING AEROSOL EFFECTS ON CLIMATE (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 29 (2004), S. 1-30 
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    ISSN: 1543-5938
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The effect of anthropogenic emissions from activities, such as fossil-fuel, biomass, and biofuel burning; transportation; and land-clearing; have a profound impact on the climate system. The impact of these activities is manifested in observed changes in temperature, precipitation, sea-level rise, melting of glaciers, air quality, health, and agriculture yields, to name a few. The obvious question to ask is the role that these different processes play in affecting climate and what action could one impose to curtail or constrain adverse human impacts on climate. Greenhouse gases have long been studied, as they play a major role in changing climate. But over the past 10-20 years, aerosols have emerged as the other big contenders in climate change studies. This review focuses on the current understanding of the effects of aerosols on climate, with an emphasis on the thermodynamical and indirect aerosol effects. We also examine available measurements that could be used to decipher the aerosol influence on climate, with an outlook on how the uncertainties in aerosol effects may impact future climate predictions and policy changes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.29.063003.132549
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    PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE: Assessing Global Availability1 (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 29 (2004), S. 143-179 
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    ISSN: 1543-5938
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Plant genetic resources provide the biological underpinning for agriculture and food production. No nation is independent in terms of these resources. Interdependence levels are high among countries. Policy impediments to access may subside, increasing already substantial germplasm flows. Serious questions exist, however, about the health and availability of the actual resources. Genebank collections contain many unintended duplicates, making aggregate numbers seem larger than they really are. Information about individual accessions, particularly those found in situ, is often poor, reducing frequency and efficiency of use and ultimate benefits. Although not firmly established today, the link between conservation and use must be strengthened.
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    GRAZING SYSTEMS, ECOSYSTEM RESPONSES, AND GLOBAL CHANGE (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 29 (2004), S. 261-299 
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    ISSN: 1543-5938
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Managed grazing covers more than 25% of the global land surface and has a larger geographic extent than any other form of land use. Grazing systems persist under marginal bioclimatic and edaphic conditions of different biomes, leading to the emergence of three regional syndromes inherent to global grazing: desertification, woody encroachment, and deforestation. These syndromes have widespread but differential effects on the structure, biogeochemistry, hydrology, and biosphere-atmosphere exchange of grazed ecosystems. In combination, these three syndromes represent a major component of global environmental change.
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    CONTESTED TERRAIN: Mining and the Environment (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 29 (2004), S. 205-259 
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    ISSN: 1543-5938
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: This review critically surveys an extensive literature on mining, development, and environment. It identifies a significant broadening over time in the scope of the environment question as it relates to mining, from concerns about landscape aesthetics and pollution to ecosystem health, sustainable development, and indigenous rights. A typology compares and contrasts four distinctive approaches to this question: (a) technology and management-centered accounts, defining the issue in terms of environmental performance; (b) public policy studies on the design of effective institutions for capturing benefits and allocating costs of resource development; (c) structural political economy, highlighting themes of external control, resource rights, and environmental justice; and (d) cultural studies, which illustrate how mining exemplifies many of society's anxieties about the social and environmental effects of industrialization and globalization. Each approach is examined in detail.
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    ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND GLOBAL HEALTH* (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 29 (2004), S. 383-419 
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    ISSN: 1543-5938
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Energy and energy technologies have a central role in social and economic development at all scales, from household and community to regional and national. Among its welfare effects, energy is closely linked with public health both positively and negatively, the latter through environmental pollution and degradation. We review the current research on how energy use and energy technologies influence public health, emphasizing the risks associated with indoor and ambient air pollution from energy use, and the links between the local and global environmental health impacts of energy use. This review illustrates that, despite their large public health implications, most energy policies and programs in the developing world are fundamentally treated as components of overall economic development, without explicit assessment of their health benefits or hazards. Closer integration of health in energy management can facilitate the development of policies and programs that increase welfare and minimize negative health outcomes. Renewable energy technologies are used as an example of how an integrated energy-health approach can be used in policy analysis and formulation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.29.062103.121246
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    ADVANCES IN ENERGY FORECASTING MODELS BASED ON ENGINEERING ECONOMICS* (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 29 (2004), S. 345-381 
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    ISSN: 1543-5938
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: New energy efficiency policies have been introduced around the world. Historically, most energy models were reasonably equipped to assess the impact of classical policies, such as a subsidy or change in taxation. However, these tools are often insufficient to assess the impact of alternative policy instruments. We evaluate the so-called engineering economic models used to assess future industrial energy use. Engineering economic models include the level of detail commonly needed to model the new types of policies considered. We explore approaches to improve the realism and policy relevance of engineering economic modeling frameworks. We also explore solutions to strengthen the policy usefulness of engineering economic analysis that can be built from a framework of multidisciplinary cooperation. The review discusses the main modeling approaches currently used and evaluates the weaknesses in current models. We focus on the needs to further improve the models. We identify research priorities for the modeling framework, technology representation in models, policy evaluation, and modeling of decision-making behavior.
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    Secondary Batteries for Electrical Energy Storage (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 5 (1980), S. 61-88 
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    ISSN: 0362-1626
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.eg.05.110180.000425
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    Public Opinion About Energy (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 5 (1980), S. 141-172 
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    ISSN: 0362-1626
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.eg.05.110180.001041
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    Energy for the People of Asia and the Pacific (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 5 (1980), S. 173-240 
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    ISSN: 0362-1626
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.eg.05.110180.001133
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    Emerging Energy Technologies in an Island Environment: Hawaii (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 5 (1980), S. 293-333 
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    ISSN: 0362-1626
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.eg.05.110180.001453
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    Coal Clean-Up Technology (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 5 (1980), S. 357-387 
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    ISSN: 0362-1626
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.eg.05.110180.002041
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    The Technological and Economic Development of Photovoltaics (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 5 (1980), S. 335-356 
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    ISSN: 0362-1626
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.eg.05.110180.002003
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    Solar Energy Technology--A Five-Year Update (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 6 (1981), S. 1-42 
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    ISSN: 0362-1626
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.eg.06.110181.000245
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    Implications for Reactor Safety of the Accident at Three Mile Island, Unit 2 (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 6 (1981), S. 43-88 
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    ISSN: 0362-1626
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.eg.06.110181.000355
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    Wood Energy in the United States (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 6 (1981), S. 139-170 
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    ISSN: 0362-1626
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.eg.06.110181.001035
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    Energy Conservation in New Buildings: Opportunities, Experience, and Options (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 6 (1981), S. 199-232 
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    ISSN: 0362-1626
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.eg.06.110181.001215
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    World Oil Availability: The Role of Opec Policies (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 6 (1981), S. 267-308 
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    ISSN: 0362-1626
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.eg.06.110181.001411
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    The Role of Local Governments in Promoting Energy Efficiency (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 6 (1981), S. 309-337 
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    ISSN: 0362-1626
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.eg.06.110181.001521
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    The Social Impacts of Soft and Hard Energy Systems: The Lovins' Claims as a Social Science Challenge (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 6 (1981), S. 357-378 
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    The Role of Petroleum Price and Allocation Regulations in Managing Energy Shortages (1981)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 6 (1981), S. 483-528 
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    Social Cost of Imported Oil and US Import Policy (1982)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 7 (1982), S. 37-60 
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    Energy Issues and Policies in Japan (1982)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 7 (1982), S. 87-87 
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    Energy Issues and Policies in Brazil (1982)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 7 (1982), S. 139-174 
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    Earth Sheltered Structures (1982)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 7 (1982), S. 201-219 
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    Energy and Consumer-Expenditure Patterns: Modeling Approaches and Projections (1982)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 7 (1982), S. 261-292 
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    State and Community Commercialization Incentives (1982)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 7 (1982), S. 329-369 
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    The European Transition from Oil (1983)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 8 (1983), S. 1-25 
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    Unconventional Sources of Natural Gas (1983)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 8 (1983), S. 27-43 
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    Mexico's Energy Future (1983)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 8 (1983), S. 95-112 
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    Energy in France (1983)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 8 (1983), S. 165-191 
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    Methanol as a Viable Energy Source in Today's World (1983)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 8 (1983), S. 333-354 
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    Future Energy Savings in U.S. Housing (1983)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 8 (1983), S. 269-332 
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    The Development of Breeder Reactors in the United States (1983)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 8 (1983), S. 385-413 
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    The Price of World Oil (1983)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 8 (1983), S. 451-508 
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    Energy Issues and Policies in Italy (1984)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 9 (1984), S. 31-49 
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    Energy Issues and Policies in New Zealand (1984)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 9 (1984), S. 51-79 
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    Environmental Standards and National Energy Policies (1984)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 9 (1984), S. 81-104 
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    The Trend of Structural Change in the International Oil Industry in the 1980s (1984)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 9 (1984), S. 155-177 
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    Oil Export Policy and Economic Development in Opec (1984)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 9 (1984), S. 179-198 
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    Electric Utility Deregulation: Analyzing the Prospects for Competitive Generation (1984)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 9 (1984), S. 229-262 
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    Progress and Directions in Magnetic Fusion Energy (1984)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 9 (1984), S. 281-319 
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    Shale Oil and the Politics of Ambiguity and Complexity (1984)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 9 (1984), S. 351-373 
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    Energy use, Technological Change, and Productive Efficiency: An Economic-Historical Interpretation (1984)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 9 (1984), S. 409-425 
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    Heat Pumps: Basics, Types, and Performance Characteristics (1984)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 9 (1984), S. 447-472 
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    Low-Rank Coal: Its Present and Future Role in the United States (1984)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 9 (1984), S. 473-499 
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    Energy Lobbies (1984)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 9 (1984), S. 501-527 
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    Inertial Confinement Fusion (1980)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 5 (1980), S. 33-60 
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    The Role of Governmental Incentives in Energy Production: An Historical Overview (1980)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 5 (1980), S. 1-32 
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    Risks of LNG and LPG (1980)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 5 (1980), S. 89-105 
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    Carbon Dioxide Warming and Coastline Flooding: Physical Factors and Climatic Impact (1980)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 5 (1980), S. 107-140 
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    Environmental Aspects of Renewable Energy Sources (1980)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 5 (1980), S. 241-291 
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    Renewable Energy Resources for Developing Countries (1980)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 5 (1980), S. 389-412 
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    Agricultural Policies and Biomass Fuels (1981)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 6 (1981), S. 89-121 
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    The Application of Probabilistic Risk Assessment Techniques to Energy Technologies (1981)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 6 (1981), S. 123-138 
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    Financing the Energy Needs of Developing Countries (1982)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 7 (1982), S. 109-138 
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    Prospects for Conventional World Oil Resources (1982)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 7 (1982), S. 175-200 
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    Energy Issues and Policies in the Federal Republic of Germany (1982)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 7 (1982), S. 221-259 
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    Cost-Effective Waste Energy Utilization (1982)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 7 (1982), S. 293-327 
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    Delivering Energy Services: New Challenges for Utilities and Regulators (1982)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 7 (1982), S. 371-415 
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    Prospects for the U.S. Nuclear Reactor Industry (1983)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 8 (1983), S. 355-384 
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    Energy and Security in the 1980s (1983)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 8 (1983), S. 415-449 
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    Oil and National Security: An Integrated Program for Surviving an Oil Crisis (1981)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 6 (1981), S. 171-198 
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    Factors in the Development of a Major Us Synthetic Fuels Industry (1981)
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    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 6 (1981), S. 233-266 
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    Energy Implications of Fixed Rail Mass Transit (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 6 (1981), S. 339-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1626
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.eg.06.110181.002011
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    Energy Consumption by Industry (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 6 (1981), S. 379-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1626
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.eg.06.110181.002115
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    An Economic Comparison of Nuclear, Coal, and Oil-Fired Electric Generation in the Chicago Area (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 6 (1981), S. 417-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1626
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.eg.06.110181.002221
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    Energy Information (1981)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 6 (1981), S. 445-482 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1626
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.eg.06.110181.002305
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    Economic Evaluation of Energy's Environmental Costs with Special Reference to Air Pollution (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 7 (1982), S. 1-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1626
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.eg.07.110182.000245
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    Federal Energy Policy and Competitive Strategy in the US Automobile Industry (1982)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 7 (1982), S. 61-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1626
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.eg.07.110182.000425
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    The Evolution in U.S. Electric Utility Rate Design (1983)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 8 (1983), S. 45-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1626
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.eg.08.110183.000401
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