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  • Articles  (3,436)
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  • 1
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    Studia logica 32 (1973), S. 107-107 
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    Studia logica 32 (1973), S. 106-106 
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    Studia logica 33 (1974), S. 371-396 
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    Studia logica 33 (1974), S. 425-427 
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    Studia logica 33 (1974), S. 117-117 
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    Studia logica 33 (1974), S. 119-120 
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    Studia logica 33 (1974), S. 121-125 
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    Studia logica 33 (1974), S. 359-370 
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    Studia logica 33 (1974), S. 417-423 
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 19-43 
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    Notes: Abstract The class Matr(C) of all matrices for a prepositional logic (ℒ, C) is investigated. The paper contains general results with no special reference to particular logics. The main theorem (Th. (5.1)) which gives the algebraic characterization of the class Matr(C) states the following. Assume C to be the consequence operation on a prepositional language induced by a class K of matrices. Let m be a regular cardinal not less than the cardinality of C. Then Matr (C) is the least class of matrices containing K and closed under m-reduced products, submatrices, matrix homomorphisms, and matrix homomorphic counter-images.
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 99-99 
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 125-141 
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    Notes: Abstract In the modal literature various notions of “completeness” have been studied for normal modal logics. Four of these are defined here, viz. (plain) completeness, first-order completeness, canonicity and possession of the finite model property — and their connections are studied. Up to one important exception, all possible inclusion relations are either proved or disproved. Hopefully, this helps to establish some order in the jungle of concepts concerning modal logics. In the course of the exposition, the interesting properties of first-order definability and preservation under ultrafilter extensions are introduced and studied as well.
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 237-243 
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    Notes: Abstract G is the result of adjoining the schema □ (□qA→A)→□qA to K; the axioms of G* are the theorems of G and the instances of the schema □qA→A and the sole rule of G* is modus ponens. A sentence is ω-provable if it is provable in P(eano) A(rithmetic) by one application of the ω-rule; equivalently, if its negation is ω-inconsistent in PA. Let ω-Bew(x) be the natural formalization of the notion of ω-provability. For any modal sentence A and function ϕ mapping sentence letters to sentences of PA, inductively define A ωϕ by: p ωϕ = ϕ(p) (p a sentence letter); ⊥ωϕ= ⊥; (A→B)suωϕ}= (A ωϕ→Bωϕ); and (□qA)ωϕ= ω-Bew(⌜A ωϕ⌝)(⌜S⌝) is the numeral for the Gödel number of the sentence S). Then, applying techniques of Solovay (Israel Journal of Mathematics 25, pp. 287–304), we prove that for every modal sentence A,⊢ G A iff for all ϕ, ⊢ PA A ωϕ; and for every modal sentence A, ⊢ G* A iff for all ϕ, A ωϕ is true.
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 297-310 
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    Notes: Abstract Model-theoretic methods are used to extend Craig's Interpolation Theorem to the loop-free portion of Pratt's dynamic logic of programs with simple assignments.
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 375-379 
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    Notes: Abstract Using ideas from Murskii [3], Tokarz [4] and Wroński [7] we construct some strongly finite consequence operation having 2%0 standard strengthenings. In this way we give the affirmative answer to the following question, stated in Tokarz [4]: are there strongly finite logics with the degree of maximality greater than ℵ0?
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    Studia logica 39 (1980), S. 415-423 
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    Notes: Abstract LetN. be the set of all natural numbers (except zero), and letD n * = {k ∈N ∶k|n} ∪ {0} wherek¦n if and only ifn=k.x f or somex∈N. Then, an ordered setD n * = 〈D n * , ⩽ n , wherex⩽ ny iffx¦y for anyx, y∈D n * , can easily be seen to be a pseudo-boolean algebra. In [5], V.A. Jankov has proved that the class of algebras {D n * ∶n∈B}, whereB =,{k ∈N∶ ⌉ $$\mathop \exists \limits_{n \in N} $$ (n 〉 1 ≧n 2 k)is finitely axiomatizable. The present paper aims at showing that the class of all algebras {D n * ∶n∈B} is also finitely axiomatizable. First, we prove that an intermediate logic defined as follows: $$LD = Cn(INT \cup \{ p_3 \vee [p_3 \to (p_1 \to p_2 ) \vee (p_2 \to p_1 )]\} )$$ finitely approximatizable. Then, defining, after Kripke, a model as a non-empty ordered setH = 〈K, ⩽〉, and making use of the set of formulas true in this model, we show that any finite strongly compact pseudo-boolean algebra ℬ is identical with. the set of formulas true in the Kripke modelH B = 〈P(ℬ), ⊂〉 (whereP(ℬ) stands for the family of all prime filters in the algebra ℬ). Furthermore, the concept of a structure of divisors is defined, and the structure is shown to beH D n * = 〈P (D n * ), ⊂〉for anyn∈N. Finally, it is proved that for any strongly compact pseudo-boolean algebraU satisfying the axiomp 3∨ [p 3→(p1→p2)∨(p2→p1)] there is a structure of divisorsD * n such that it is possible to define a strong homomorphism froomiH D n * ontoH D U . Exploiting, among others, this property, it turns out to be relatively easy to show that $$LD = \mathop \cap \limits_{n \in N} E(\mathfrak{D}_n^* )$$ .
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    Studia logica 40 (1981), S. 55-66 
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    Notes: Abstract The intuitionistic consequence operation restricted to the language with ↔ (equivalence) and ∼ (negation) as the only connectives is axiomatized by means of a finite set of sequential rules of inference.
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    Studia logica 40 (1981), S. 39-54 
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    Notes: Abstract Medvedev's intermediate logic (MV) can be defined by means of Kripke semantics as the family of Kripke frames given by finite Boolean algebras without units as partially ordered sets. The aim of this paper is to present a proof of the theorem: For every set of connectivesΦ such that $$\{ \to , \vee , \urcorner \} \not \subseteq \Phi \subseteq \{ \to , \wedge , \urcorner \} $$ theΦ-fragment ofMV equals theΦ fragment of intuitionistic logic. The final part of the paper brings the negative solution to the problem set forth by T. Hosoi and H. Ono, namely: is an intermediate logic based on the axiom (⌝a→b∨c) →(⌉a→b)∨(⌝a → c) separable?
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    Studia logica 40 (1981), S. 99-102 
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    Notes: Abstract Some people approve of certain general rules of behavior, or some concrete cases. The others disapprove of or are indifferent to them. In this paper I suggest an axiom system which formalizes the use of these utterances. It may be considered as a special (“individualistic”) approach to deontic logic.
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    Studia logica 41 (1982), S. 197-226 
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    Notes: Abstract In the first part of this paper a logic is defined for propositions whose probability of being true may not be known. A speaker's beliefs about which propositions are true are still interesting in this case. The meaning of propositions is determined by the consequences of asserting them: in this logic there are debates which incur certain costs for the protagonists. The second part of the paper describes the mathematics of the resulting logic which displays several novel features.
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    Studia logica 41 (1982), S. 227-248 
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    Notes: Abstract The aim of this paper is to offer a rigorous explication of statements ascribing ability to agents and to develop the logic of such statements. A world is said to be feasible iff it is compatible with the actual past-and-present. W is a P-world iff W is feasible and P is true in W (where P is a proposition). P is a sufficient condition for Q iff every P world is a Q world. P is a necessary condition for Q iff Q is a sufficient condition forP. Each individual property S is shown to generate a rule for an agent X. X heeds S iff X makes all his future choices in accordance with S. (Note that X may heed S and yet fail to have it). S is a P-strategy for X iff X's heeding S together with P is a necessary and sufficient condition for X to have S. (P-strategies are thus rules which X is able to implement on the proviso P).Provisional opportunity: X has the opportunity to A provided P iff there is an S such that S is a P-strategy for X and X's implementing S is a sufficient condition for X's doing A. P is etiologically complete iff for every event E which P reports P also reports an etiological ancestry of E, and P is true. Categorical opportunity: X has the opportunity to A iff there is a P such that P is etiologically complete and X has the opportunity to A provided P. For X to have the ability to A there must not only be an appropriate strategy, but X must have a command of that strategy. X steadfastly intends A iff X intends A at every future moment at which his doing A is not yet inevitable. X has a command of S w.r.t. A and P iff X's steadfastly intending A together with P is a sufficient condition for X to implement S. Provisional ability: X can A provided P iff there is an S such that S is a P-strategy for X, X's implementing S is a sufficient condition for X's doing A, and X has a command of S w.r.t. A and P. Categorical ability: X can A iff there is a P such that P is etiologically complete and X can A provided P. X is free w.r.t. to A iff X can A and X can non- A. X is free iff there is an A such that X is free w.r.t. A.
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    Studia logica 41 (1982), S. 381-413 
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    Notes: Abstract A generalized Wittgensteinian semantics for propositional languages is presented, based on a lattice of elementary situations. Of these, maximal ones are possible worlds, constituting a logical space; minimal ones are logical atoms, partitioned into its dimensions. A verifier of a proposition α is an elementary situation such that if real it makes α true. The reference (or objective) of a proposition is a situation, which is the set of all its minimal verifiers. (Maximal ones constitute its locus.) Situations are shown to form a Boolean algebra, and the Boolean set algebra of loci is its representation. Wittgenstein's is a special case, admitting binary dimensions only.
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    Studia logica 42 (1983), S. 129-137 
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    Notes: Abstract The chief aim of the paper is to extend the calculusDSC 1 (see [4]) in such a way as to satisfy all the requirements listed in [4] as well as a further stipulation — called ‘the principle of uninvolvement’ — to the effect that neither deontic compatibility nor deontic incompatibility of codes (see [2]) should be presupposed in deontic logic.
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    Studia logica 42 (1983), S. 209-221 
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    Notes: Abstract Two subject-predicate calculi with equality,SP = and its extensionUSP′ =, are presented as systems of natural deduction. Both the calculi are systems of free logic. Their presentation is preceded by an intuitive motivation. It is shown that Aristotle's syllogistics without the laws of identitySaP andSiP is definable withinSP =, and that the first-order predicate logic is definable withinUSP′ =.
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    Studia logica 42 (1983), S. 259-267 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses refinements of the natural ordering of them-degrees (1-degrees) of strong recursive reducibility classes. Such refinements are obtained by posing complexity conditions on the reduction function. The discussion uses the axiomatic complexity theory and is hence very general. As the main result it is proved that if the complexity measure is required to be linearly bounded (and space-like), then a natural class of refinements forms a lattice with respect to a natural ordering upon them.
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    Studia logica 42 (1983), S. 243-249 
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    Notes: Abstract We discuss an abstract notion of a logical operation and corresponding logics. It is shown that if all the logical operations considered are implicitely definable in a logic ℒ*, then the same holds also for the logic obtained from these operations. As an application we show that certain iterated forms of infinitely deep languages are implicitely definable in game quantifier languages. We consider also relations between structures and show that Karttunen's characterization of elementary equivalence for the ordinary infinitely deep languages can be generalized to hold for the iterated infinitely deep languages. An early version of this work was presented in the Abstracts Section of ICM '78.
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    Studia logica 42 (1983), S. 139-164 
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    Notes: Abstract A system of natural deduction is presented whose set of theses is identical with that of the systemE of entailment. For that system a decision procedure is described proving the decidability ofE.
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    Studia logica 42 (1983), S. 453-459 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with the system of modal logicGL, in particular with a formulation of it in terms of sequents. We prove some proof theoretical properties ofGL that allow to get the cut-elimination theorem according to Gentzen's procedure, that is, by double induction on grade and rank.
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    Studia logica 42 (1983), S. 431-441 
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    Notes: Abstract We give completeness results — with respect to Kripke's semantic — for the negation-free intermediate predicate calculi: (1) $$\begin{gathered} BD = positive predicate calculus PQ + B:(\alpha \to \beta )v(\beta \to \alpha ) \hfill \\ + D:\forall x\left( {a\left( x \right)v\beta } \right) \to \forall xav\beta \hfill \\ \end{gathered}$$ (2) $$T_n D = PQ + T_n :\left( {a_0 \to a_1 } \right)v \ldots v\left( {a_n \to a_{n + 1} } \right) + D\left( {n \geqslant 0} \right)$$ and the superintuitionistic predicate calculus: (3) $$B^1 DH_2^ \urcorner = BD + intuitionistic negation + H_2^ \urcorner : \urcorner \forall xa \to \exists x \urcorner a.$$ The central point is the completeness proof for (1), which is obtained modifying Klemke's construction [3]. For a general account on negation-free intermediate predicate calculi — see Casari-Minari [1]; for an algebraic treatment of some superintuitionistic predicate calculi involving schemasB andD — see Horn [4] and Görnemann [2].
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    Studia logica 43 (1984), S. 1-2 
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    Studia logica 42 (1983), S. 285-291 
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    Notes: Abstract The approach adopted in the paper is based on the theory known as Montague grammar. Accepting, in general, that theory — especially in its modified version, which is due to Thomason and Kaplan — the author points out certain inadequacy in its treatment of the meaning of some indexical expressions and suggests some modification of its theoretical framework in order to avoid that shortcoming. It is claimed that to do justice to the meaning of so-called indefinite indexicals (such as “we”, “you”, “now”) two kinds of dependence of their semantic values upon the context of use must be taken into account — a semantic (or lexical) and a pragmatic (or extralexical) one.
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    Studia logica 43 (1984), S. 17-32 
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    Notes: Abstract The object of this paper is to show how one is able to construct a paraconsistent theory of models that reflects much of the classical one. In other words the aim is to demonstrate that there is a very smooth and natural transition from the model theory of classical logic to that of certain categories of paraconsistent logic. To this end we take an extension of da Costa'sC 1 = (obtained by adding the axiom ⌝⌝A ↔A) and prove for it results which correspond to many major classical model theories, taken from Shoenfield [5]. In particular we prove counterparts of the theorems of Łoś-Tarski and Chang-Łoś-Suszko, Craig-Robinson and the Beth definability theorem.
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    Studia logica 43 (1984), S. 33-49 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we study the systemsP andP * (see Arruda and da Costa,O paradoxo de Curry-Moh Shaw-Kwei, Boletim da Sociedade Matemātica de São Paulo 18 (1966)) and some related systems. In the last section, we prove that certain set theories havingP andP * as their underlying logics are non-trivial.
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    Studia logica 43 (1984), S. 169-180 
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    Notes: Abstract The homogeneity of time (i.e. the fact that there are no privileged moments) underlies a fundamental symmetry relating to the energy conservation law. On the other hand the obvious asymmetry between past and future, expressed by the metaphor of the “arrow of time” or “flow of time” accounts for the irreversibility of what happens. One takes this for granted but the conceptual tension it creates against the background of time's presumed homogeneity calls for an explanation of temporal becoming. Here, it is approached with the help of a claim to the effect that the instant (moment) itself has a structure isomorphic to that of time as a whole. Then the asymmetry of past and future in regard to temporal becoming is associated with the internal structure of the very moment, and not with external relations between different moments of time. In this paper ideas of ancient atomism and contemporary dialectics are brought together. It is for the sake of a contrast to what is known as logical atomism that I choose to call this view dialectical atomism. The latter admits dialectical contradictions and, so far as the logical status of contradictions is concerned, bears reference to paraconsistent logics. In the paper there is an outline of a method of converting any consistent axiomatic formal system into a paraconsistent theory.
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    Studia logica 42 (1983), S. 363-371 
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we give the gist of our reconstructed notion of (limiting case) correspondence. Our notion is very general, so that it should be applicable to all the cases in which a correspondence has been said to exist in actual science.
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    Studia logica 42 (1983), S. 331-345 
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    Notes: Abstract The paper discusses eliminative explanation in which a (social) successor theory correctively explains and, as a consequence, eliminates its predecessor theory. Technical concepts and results from general logic are applied to the explication of corrective explanation, especially to the notion of framework translation that it involves.
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    Studia logica 42 (1983), S. 383-388 
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    Notes: Abstract We find a short way to construct a formula which axiomatizes a given finite frame of the modal logicK, in the sense that for each finite frameA, we construct a formula ωA which holds in those and only those frames in which every formula true inA holds. To obtain this result we find, for each finite model $$\mathfrak{A}$$ and each natural numbern, a formula ω $$\mathfrak{A}$$ which holds in those and only those models in which every formula true in $$\mathfrak{A}$$ , and involving the firstn propositional letters, holds.
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    Studia logica 42 (1983), S. 407-415 
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    Notes: Abstract Gaisi Takeuti has recently proposed a new operation on orthomodular latticesL, $$\begin{array}{*{20}c} \parallel \\ \_ \\ \end{array} $$ :P(L)»L. The properties of $$\begin{array}{*{20}c} \parallel \\ \_ \\ \end{array} $$ suggest that the value of $$\begin{array}{*{20}c} \parallel \\ \_ \\ \end{array} $$ (A) (A) $$ \subseteq $$ L) corresponds to the degree in which the elements ofA behave classically. To make this idea precise, we investigate the connection between structural properties of orthomodular latticesL and the existence of two-valued homomorphisms onL.
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    Studia logica 43 (1984), S. 89-106 
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    Notes: Abstract It is argued that the preservation of truth by an inference relation is of little interest when premiss sets are contradictory. The notion of a level of coherence is introduced and the utility of modal logics in the semantic representation of sets of higher coherence levels is noted. It is shown that this representative role cannot be transferred to first order logic via frame theory since the modal formulae expressing coherence level restrictions are not first order definable. Finally, an inference relation, calledyielding, is introduced which is intermediate between the coherence preservingforcing relation introduced elsewhere by the authors and the coherence destroying, inference relation of classical logic.
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    Studia logica 43 (1984), S. 107-116 
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    Notes: Abstract A typical theorem of conaexive logics is Aristotle's Thesis(A), ∼(A→∼A).A cannot be added to classical logic without producing a trivial (Post-inconsistent) logic, so connexive logics typically give up one or more of the classical properties of conjunction, e.g.(A & B)→A, and are thereby able to achieve not only nontriviality, but also (negation) consistency. To date, semantical modellings forA have been unintuitive. One task of this paper is to give a more intuitive modelling forA in consistent logics. In addition, while inconsistent but nontrivial theories, and inconsistent nontrivial logics employing prepositional constants (for which the rule of uniform substitution US fails), have both been studied extensively within the paraconsistent programme, inconsistent nontrivial logics (closed under US) do not seem to have been. This paper gives sufficient conditions for a logic containingA to be inconsistent, and then shows that there is a class of inconsistent nontrivial logics all containingA. A second semantical modelling forA in such logics is given. Finally, some informal remarks about the kind of modellingA seems to require are made.
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    Studia logica 64 (2000), S. 37-59 
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    Keywords: nonstandard set theories ; standard sets ; models of ZFC
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    Notes: Abstract We study those models of ZFCwhich are embeddable, as the class of all standard sets, in a model of internal set theory 〉ISTor models of some other nonstandard set theories.
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    Studia logica 64 (2000), S. 21-36 
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    Keywords: Commutative BCK-algebra with the relative cancellation property ; lattice ordered group ; universal group ; categorical equivalence ; MV-algebra ; conical algebra ; property (S)
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    Notes: Abstract A commutative BCK-algebra with the relative cancellation property is a commutative BCK-algebra (X;*,0) which satisfies the condition: if a ≤ x, a ≤ y and x * a = y * a, then x = y. Such BCK-algebras form a variety, and the category of these BCK-algebras is categorically equivalent to the category of Abelian ℓ-groups whose objects are pairs (G, G 0), where G is an Abelian ℓ-group, G 0 is a subset of the positive cone generating G + such that if u, v ∈ G 0, then 0 ∨ (u - v) ∈ G 0, and morphisms are ℓ-group homomorphisms h: (G, G 0) → (G′,G′0) with f(G 0) ⫅ G′0. Our methods in particular cases give known categorical equivalences of Cornish for conical BCK-algebras and of Mundici for bounded commutative BCK-algebras (= MV-algebras).
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    Studia logica 64 (2000), S. 83-92 
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    Keywords: Quasi-Stone algebra ; Q-distributive lattice ; Priestley space ; amalgamation property ; free algebra
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we describe the Priestley space of a quasi-Stone algebra and use it to show that the class of finite quasi-Stone algebras has the amalgamation property. We also describe the Priestley space of the free quasi-Stone algebra over a finite set.
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    Studia logica 64 (2000), S. 61-81 
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    Keywords: category of distributive lattices ; double dual functor ; non-classical propositional logics (intuitionistic, bi-intuitionistic, Moisil, Łukasiewicz, Nelson) ; completeness theorems ; conservative extensions
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    Notes: Abstract The aim of this paper is to apply properties of the double dual endofunctor on the category of bounded distributive lattices and some extensions thereof to obtain completeness of certain non-classical propositional logics in a unified way. In particular, we obtain completeness theorems for Moisil calculus, n-valued Łukasiewicz calculus and Nelson calculus. Furthermore we show some conservativeness results by these methods.
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    Studia logica 64 (2000), S. 133-149 
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    Keywords: Priestley duality ; distributive lattices ; canonical embedding algebras ; Kripke models ; non-classical logic
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    Notes: Abstract The main goal of this paper is to explain the link between the algebraic and the Kripke-style models for certain classes of propositional logics. We start by presenting a Priestley-type duality for distributive lattices endowed with a general class of well-behaved operators. We then show that finitely-generated varieties of distributive lattices with operators are closed under canonical embedding algebras. The results are used in the second part of the paper to construct topological and non-topological Kripke-style models for logics that are sound and complete with respect to varieties of distributive lattices with operators in the above-mentioned classes.
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    Studia logica 64 (2000), S. 3-20 
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    Keywords: proof systems ; semantics ; functional completeness ; non-classical logics ; modal logic
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    Notes: Abstract This is a purely conceptual paper. It aims at presenting and putting into perspective the idea of a proof-theoretic semantics of the logical operations. The first section briefly surveys various semantic paradigms, and Section 2 focuses on one particular paradigm, namely the proof-theoretic semantics of the logical operations.
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    Studia logica 64 (2000), S. 193-213 
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    Keywords: modal logic ; model theory ; definability
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    Notes: Abstract Dealing with topics of definability, this paper provides some interesting insights into the expressive power of basic modal logic. After some preliminary work it presents an abstract algebraic characterization of the elementary classes of basic modal logic, that is, of the classes of models that are definable by means of (sets of) basic modal formulas. Taking that for a start, the paper further contains characterization results for modal universal classes and modal positive classes.
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    Studia logica 64 (2000), S. 173-192 
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    Keywords: second order logic ; universal algebra
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    Notes: Abstract A Dedekind algebra is an order pair (B, h) where B is a non-empty set and h is a similarity transformation on B. Each Dedekind algebra can be decomposed into a family of disjoint, countable subalgebras called the configurations of the algebra. There are ℵ0 isomorphism types of configurations. Each Dedekind algebra is associated with a cardinal-valued function on ω called its configuration signature. The configuration signature counts the number of configurations in each isomorphism type which occur in the decomposition of the algebra. Two Dedekind algebras are isomorphic iff their configuration signatures are identical. It is shown that configuration signatures can be used to characterize the homogeneous, universal and homogeneous-universal Dedekind algebras. This characterization is used to prove various results about these subclasses of Dedekind algebras.
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    Keywords: Priestley duality ; distributive lattices ; Kripke models ; non-classical logic
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    Notes: Abstract The main goal of this paper is to explain the link between the algebraic models and the Kripke-style models for certain classes of propositional non-classical logics. We consider logics that are sound and complete with respect to varieties of distributive lattices with certain classes of well-behaved operators for which a Priestley-style duality holds, and present a way of constructing topological and non-topological Kripke-style models for these types of logics. Moreover, we show that, under certain additional assumptions on the variety of the algerabic models of the given logics, soundness and completeness with respect to these classes of Kripke-style models follows by using entirely algebraical arguments from the soundness and completeness of the logic with respect to its algebraic models.
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    Studia logica 64 (2000), S. 285-300 
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    Studia logica 64 (2000), S. 271-283 
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    Keywords: modal logic ; bisimulation
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    Notes: Abstract We introduce a notion of bisimulation for graded modal logic. Using this notion, the model theory of graded modal logic can be developed in a uniform manner. We illustrate this by establishing the finite model property and proving invariance and definability results.
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    Studia logica 64 (2000), S. 257-270 
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    Keywords: intermediate predicate logics ; cardinality ; Kripke-type semantics ; Jankov formulas
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    Notes: Abstract A method for constructing continua of logics squeezed between some intermediate predicate logics, developed by Suzuki [8], is modified and applied to intervals of the form [L, L+ ¬¬S], where Lis a predicate logic, Sis a closed predicate formula. This solves one of the problems from Suzuki's paper.
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    Studia logica 64 (2000), S. 449-450 
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    Studia logica 64 (2000), S. 215-256 
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    Keywords: intuitionistic modal logic ; monadic Heyting algebras ; relatively complete sub-algebras ; monadic filters ; monadic ideals ; splittings ; augmented Kripke frames ; Kripke bundles ; topological augmented Kripke frames
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    Notes: Abstract This paper is the concluding part of [1] and [2], and it investigates the inner structure of the lattice Λ(MHA) of all varieties of monadic Heyting algebras. For every n ≤ ω, we introduce and investigate varieties of depth n and cluster n, and present two partitions of Λ(MHA), into varieties of depth n, and into varieties of cluster n. We pay a special attention to the lower part of Λ(MHA) and investigate finite and critical varieties of monadic Heyting algebras in detail. In particular, we prove that there exist exactly thirteen critical varieties in Λ(MHA) and that it is decidable whether a given variety of monadic Heyting algebras is finite or not. The representation of Λ(MHA) is also given. All these provide us with a satisfactory insight into Λ(MHA). Since Λ(MHA) is dual to the lattice NExtMIPC of all normal extensions of the intuitionistic modal logic MIPC, we also obtain a clearer picture of the lattice structure of intuitionistic modal logics over MIPC.
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    Studia logica 64 (2000), S. 301-313 
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    Keywords: modal logic ; model theory ; definability
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    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with modal Horn formulas. It contains a characterization of the classes of models definable by modal universal Horn formulas as well as a preservation result for modal universal Horn formulas.
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    Studia logica 64 (2000), S. 315-321 
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    Keywords: quantified propositional logic ; tree-like proofs ; polynomial simulation ; speed-up ; number of lines in proofs
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    Notes: Abstract There is an exponential speed-up in the number of lines of the quantified propositional sequent calculus over Substitution Frege Systems, if one considers proofs as trees. Whether this is true also for the number of symbols, is still an open problem.
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    Studia logica 64 (2000), S. 323-344 
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    Keywords: intuitionism ; negationless intuitionistic mathematics ; arithmetic ; analysis ; translatability
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    Notes: Abstract The present work contains an axiomatic treatment of some parts of the restricted version of intuitionistic mathematics advocated by G. F. C. Griss, also known as negationless intuitionistic mathematics. Formal systems NPC, NA, and FIM N for negationless predicate logic, arithmetic, and analysis are proposed. Our Theorem 4 in Section 2 asserts the translatability of Heyting's arithmetic HAinto NA. The result can in fact be extended to a large class of intuitionistic theories based on HAand their negationless counterparts. For instance, in Section 3 this is shown for Kleene's system of intuitionistic analysis FIMand our FIM N .
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    Studia logica 64 (2000), S. 345-353 
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    Keywords: equivalential logics ; algebraic logic ; model theory
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    Notes: Abstract We present a finitary regularly algebraizable logic not finitely equivalential, for every similarity type. We associate to each of these logics a class of algebras with an equivalence relation, with the property that in this class, the identity is atomatically definable but not finitely atomatically definable.
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    Studia logica 64 (2000), S. 405-448 
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    Studia logica 64 (2000), S. 365-403 
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    Keywords: contraction free logic ; unrestricted abstraction ; type free logic ; foundation of the notion of natural number
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    Notes: Abstract On the one hand, the absence of contraction is a safeguard against the logical (property theoretic) paradoxes; but on the other hand, it also disables inductive and recursive definitions, in its most basic form the definition of the series of natural numbers, for instance. The reason for this is simply that the effectiveness of a recursion clause depends on its being available after application, something that is usually assured by contraction. This paper presents a way of overcoming this problem within the framework of a logic based on inclusion and unrestricted abstraction, without any form of extensionality.
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    Studia logica 64 (2000), S. 355-363 
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    Keywords: P-compatible identities ; P-compatible hypersubstitutions
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    Notes: Abstract The study of hyperidentities is a growing field of research. While hyperidentities hark back to before 1965 (cf. [1]), they have found a rebirth in the late seventies and early eighties (cf. [8], [9]). It is being expanded in several directions, from connections with clone theory, to finite basis problems, to semigroup theory, to classification of M-solid varieties. Applications to digital logic, formal languages, and hypertext systems have been suggested. The concept of a P-compatible equation, where P is a partition on the set of operation symbols, is a good tool to study the structure of identities. In [4] we asked for P-compatible hyperidentities. In this paper we will consider hypersubstitutions which are compatible with the partition P and will develop a generalized equational theory for certain P-compatible hyperidentities.
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    Studia logica 65 (2000), S. 1-9 
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    Studia logica 65 (2000), S. 31-51 
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    Keywords: BCK algebras ; chains ; linearization ; algebraizable logic
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    Notes: Abstract In the paper we obtain a new characterization of the BCK-algebras which are subdirect product of BCK-chains. We give an axiomatic algebraizable extension of the BCK-calculus, by means of a recursively enumerable set of axioms, such that its equivalent algebraic semantics is definitionally equivalent to the quasivariety of BCK-algebras generated by the BCK-chains. We propose the concept of "linearization of a system" and we give some examples.
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    Studia logica 65 (2000), S. 11-30 
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    Keywords: Algebraizable Gentzen system ; Intuitionistic logic ; substructural logic ; residuated lattices
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we prove the equivalence between the Gentzen system G LJ*\c , obtained by deleting the contraction rule from the sequent calculus LJ* (which is a redundant version of LJ), the deductive system IPC*\c and the equational system associated with the variety RL of residuated lattices. This means that the variety RL is the equivalent algebraic semantics for both systems G LJ*\c in the sense of [18] and [4], respectively. The equivalence between G LJ*\c and IPC*\c is a strengthening of a result obtained by H. Ono and Y. Komori [14, Corollary 2.8.1] and the equivalence between G LJ*\c and the equational system associated with the variety RL of residuated lattices is a strengthening of a result obtained by P.M. Idziak [13, Theorem 1]. An axiomatization of the restriction of IPC*\c to the formulas whose main connective is the implication connective is obtained by using an interpretation of G LJ*\c in IPC*\c.
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    Studia logica 65 (2000), S. 91-112 
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    Keywords: Abstract algebraic logic ; Beth definability property ; epimorphisms
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper it will be shown that the Beth definability property corresponds to surjectiveness of epimorphisms in abstract algebraic logic. This generalizes a result by I. Németi (cf. [11, Theorem 5.6.10]). Moreover, an equally general characterization of the weak Beth property will be given. This gives a solution to Problem 14 in [20]. Finally, the characterization of the projective Beth property for varieties of modal algebras by L. Maksimova (see [15]) will be shown to hold for the larger class of semantically algebraizable logics.
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    Studia logica 65 (2000), S. 137-153 
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    Keywords: Annotated logics ; paraconsistency ; algebraic semantics ; matrix semantics
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    Notes: Abstract We study the matrices, reduced matrices and algebras associated to the systems SAℒT of structural annotated logics. In previous papers, these systems were proven algebraizable in the finitary case and the class of matrices analyzed here was proven to be a matrix semantics for them. We prove that the equivalent algebraic semantics associated with the systems SAℒT are proper quasivarieties, we describe the reduced matrices, the subdirectly irreducible algebras and we give a general decomposition theorem. As a consequence we obtain a decision procedure for these logics.
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    Studia logica 65 (2000), S. 113-136 
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    Keywords: Pseudo-interior algebra ; interior algebra ; Brouwerian semilattice ; splitting algebra ; locally finite ; finite and prefinite variety
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    Notes: Abstract The notion of a pseudo-interior algebra was introduced by Blok and Pigozzi in [BPIV]. We continue here our studies begun in [BK]. As a consequence of the representation theorem for pseudo-interior algebras given in [BK] we prove that the variety of all pseudo-interior algebras is generated by its finite members. This result together with Jónsson's Theorem for congruence distributive varieties provides a useful technique in the study of the lattice of varieties of pseudo-interior algebras.
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    Studia logica 65 (2000), S. 53-89 
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    Keywords: Sequent calculus ; cut rule ; structural rule ; logical rule ; many-sided sequent ; Gentzen system ; protoalgebraicity ; accumulative Gentzen system
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we show that, in Gentzen systems, there is a close relation between two of the main characters in algebraic logic and proof theory respectively: protoalgebraicity and the cut rule. We give certain conditions under which a Gentzen system is protoalgebraic if and only if it possesses the cut rule. To obtain this equivalence, we limit our discussion to what we call regular sequent calculi, which are those comprising some of the structural rules and some logical rules, in a sense we make precise. We note that this restricted set of rules includes all the usual rules in the literature. We also stress the difference between the case of two-sided sequents and the case of many-sided sequents, in which more conditions are needed.
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    Studia logica 65 (2000), S. 199-222 
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    Keywords: arrow logic ; weakly associative relation algebras ; graded modalities
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    Notes: Abstract We consider arrow logics (i.e., propositional multi-modal logics having three -- a dyadic, a monadic, and a constant -- modal operators) augmented with various kinds of infinite counting modalities, such as 'much more', 'of good quantity', 'many times'. It is shown that the addition of these modal operators to weakly associative arrow logic results in finitely axiomatizable and decidable logics, which fail to have the finite base property.
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    Studia logica 65 (2000), S. 155-179 
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    Keywords: intuitionism ; negationless intuitionistic mathematics ; higher-order arithmetic ; translatability
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    Notes: Abstract This work is a sequel to our [16]. It is shown how Theorem 4 of [16], dealing with the translatability of HA(Heyting's arithmetic) into negationless arithmetic NA, can be extended to the case of intuitionistic arithmetic in higher types.
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    Studia logica 65 (2000), S. 181-198 
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    Keywords: quantifiers ; Heyting algebras ; distributive lattices ; varieties ; equational bases
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    Notes: Abstract This paper is devoted to the study of some subvarieties of the variety Qof Q-Heyting algebras, that is, Heyting algebras with a quantifier. In particular, a deeper investigation is carried out in the variety Q 3 of three-valued Q-Heyting algebras to show that the structure of the lattice of subvarieties of Qis far more complicated that the lattice of subvarieties of Heyting algebras. We determine the simple and subdirectly irreducible algebras in Q 3 and we construct the lattice of subvarieties Λ(Q 3 ) of the variety Q 3 .
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    Studia logica 65 (2000), S. 223-236 
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    Keywords: non-commutative topology ; quantales ; Sheaves ; C*-algebras
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    Notes: Abstract The relationship between q-spaces (c.f. [9]) and quantum spaces (c.f. [5]) is studied, proving that both models coincide in the case of Spec A, the spectrum of a non-commutative C*-algebra A. It is shown that a sober T 1 quantum space is a classical topological space. This difficulty is circumvented through a new definition of point in a quantale. With this new definition, it is proved that Lid A has enough points. A notion of orthogonality in quantum spaces is introduced, which permits us to express the usual topological properties of separation. The notion of stalks of sheaves over quantales is introduced, and some results in categorial model theory are obtained.
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    Studia logica 65 (2000), S. 273-298 
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    Keywords: Modal predicate logics ; Kripke incompleteness ; Canonical formulas
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    Notes: Abstract We generalize the incompleteness proof of the modal predicate logic Q-S4+ □⋄p ⊃ ⋄□p + BF described in Hughes-Cresswell [6]. As a corollary, we show that, for every subframe logic Lcontaining S4, Kripke completeness of Q-L+ BF implies the finite embedding property of L.
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    Studia logica 65 (2000), S. 249-271 
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    Keywords: Epistemic Logic ; Game theory ; Axiomatizability ; Common knowledge
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we investigate first order common knowledge logics; i.e., modal epistemic logics based on first order logic with common knowledge operators. It is shown that even rather weak fragments of first order common knowledge logics are not recursively axiomatizable. This applies, for example, to fragments which allow to reason about names only; that is to say, fragments the first order part of which is based on constant symbols and the equality symbol only. Then formal properties of "quantifying into" epistemic contexts are investigated. The results are illustrated by means of epistemic representations of Nash Equilibria for finite games with mixed strategies.
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    Studia logica 65 (2000), S. 315-322 
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    Notes: Abstract RGLis a version of the modal logic GLbased on the relevant logic R. It is shown that the class of RKframes that verify all theorems of RGLalso verify a scheme that we call (!). If RGLhas (!) as a theorem, however, it is not a relevant logic. I go on to show that not all instances of (!) are theorems of RGL, hence this logic is not complete over any class of RKframes.
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    Studia logica 65 (2000), S. 355-366 
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    Keywords: pregroup ; MV-algebra ; Abelian l-group ; fuzzy logic ; comparative logic
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    Notes: Abstract We investigate the class of strongly distributive pregroups, a common abstraction of MV-algebras and Abelian l-groups which was introduced by E.Casari. The main result of the paper is a representation theorem which yields both Chang's representation of MV-algebras and Clifford's representation of Abelian l-groups as immediate corollaries.
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    Studia logica 65 (2000), S. 323-353 
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    Keywords: Polymodal logic ; relative accessibility relation ; translation
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    Notes: Abstract This work is divided in two papers (Part I and Part II). In Part I, we study a class of polymodal logics (herein called the class of "Rare-logics") for which the set of terms indexing the modal operators are hierarchized in two levels: the set of Boolean terms and the set of terms built upon the set of Boolean terms. By investigating different algebraic properties satisfied by the models of the Rare-logics, reductions for decidability are established by faithfully translating the Rare-logics into more standard modal logics. The main idea of the translation consists in eliminating the Boolean terms by taking advantage of the components construction and in using various properties of the classes of semilattices involved in the semantics. The novelty of our approach allows us to prove new decidability results (presented in Part II), in particular for information logics derived from rough set theory and we open new perspectives to define proof systems for such logics (presented also in Part II).
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    Studia logica 65 (2000), S. 367-381 
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    Keywords: sortal logic ; conceptualism ; semantics for sortals
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    Notes: Abstract A formal logical system for sortal quantifiers, sortal identity and (second order) quantification over sortal concepts is formulated. The absolute consistency of the system is proved. A completeness proof for the system is also constructed. This proof is relative to a concept of logical validity provided by a semantics, which assumes as its philosophical background an approach to sortals from a modern form of conceptualism.
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    Studia logica 65 (2000), S. 383-416 
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    Keywords: intuitionistic logic ; modal logic ; proof theory ; categorical models
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we consider an intuitionistic variant of the modal logic S4 (which we call IS4). The novelty of this paper is that we place particular importance on the natural deduction formulation of IS4— our formulation has several important metatheoretic properties. In addition, we study models of IS4— not in the framework of Kirpke semantics, but in the more general framework of category theory. This allows not only a more abstract definition of a whole class of models but also a means of modelling proofs as well as provability.
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    Studia logica 65 (2000), S. 429-446 
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    Studia logica 65 (2000), S. 417-428 
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    Keywords: modal logic ; superintuitionistic logic ; axiomatic system ; inference rule ; admissible rules
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    Notes: Abstract We study quasi-characterizing inference rules (this notion was introduced into consideration by A. Citkin (1977). The main result of our paper is a complete description of all self-admissible quasi-characterizing inference rules. It is shown that a quasi-characterizing rule is self-admissible iff the frame of the algebra generating this rule is not rigid. We also prove that self-admissible rules are always admissible in canonical, in a sense, logics S4 or IPC regarding the type of algebra generating rules.
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    Studia logica 66 (2000), S. 1-4 
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    Studia logica 66 (2000), S. 41-58 
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    Keywords: semantics of natural language ; modal logic ; dynamic logic ; knowledge representation languages
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    Notes: Abstract We explore some logics of change, focusing on commands to change the world in such a way that certain elementary propositions become true or false. This investigation starts out from the following two simplifying assumptions: (1) the world is a collection of facts (Wittgenstein), and (2), the world can be changed by changing elementary facts (Marx). These assumptions allow us to study the logic of imperatives in the simplest possible setting.
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    Studia logica 66 (2000), S. 5-40 
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    Keywords: consequence ; four-valued ; paraconsistent ; partial ; three-valued ; constructible falsity ; relevance logic ; intuitionistic logic
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    Notes: Abstract This paper explores allowing truth value assignments to be undetermined or "partial" (no truth values) and overdetermined or "inconsistent" (both truth values), thus returning to an investigation of the four-valued semantics that I initiated in the sixties. I examine some natural consequence relations and show how they are related to existing logics, including Łukasiewicz's three-valued logic, Kleene's three-valued logic, Anderson and Belnap's (first-degree) relevant entailments, Priest's "Logic of Paradox", and the first-degree fragment of the Dunn-McCall system "R-mingle". None of these systems have nested implications, and I investigate twelve natural extensions containing nested implications, all of which can be viewed as coming from natural variations on Kripke's semantics for intuitionistic logic. Many of these logics exist antecedently in the literature, in particular Nelson's "constructible falsity".
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    Studia logica 66 (2000), S. 59-78 
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    Keywords: set theory ; NBC ; mechanized mathematics ; theorem proving systems ; partial functions ; undefinedness ; sorts
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    Notes: Abstract Partial functions can be easily represented in set theory as certain sets of ordered pairs. However, classical set theory provides no special machinery for reasoning about partial functions. For instance, there is no direct way of handling the application of a function to an argument outside its domain as in partial logic. There is also no utilization of lambda-notation and sorts or types as in type theory. This paper introduces a version of von-Neumann-Bernays-Gödel set theory for reasoning about sets, proper classes, and partial functions represented as classes of ordered pairs. The underlying logic of the system is a partial first-order logic, so class-valued terms may be nondenoting. Functions can be specified using lambda-notation, and reasoning about the application of functions to arguments is facilitated using sorts similar to those employed in the logic of the IMPS Interactive Mathematical Proof System. The set theory is intended to serve as a foundation for mechanized mathematics systems.
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    Studia logica 66 (2000), S. 79-119 
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    Keywords: internal and external non-determinism ; dynamic modal logic
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    Notes: Abstract We demonstrate ways to incorporate nondeterminism in a system designed to formalize the reasoning of agents concerning their abilities and the results of the actions that they may perform. We distinguish between two kinds of nondeterministic choice operators: one that expresses an internal choice, in which the agent decides what action to take, and one that expresses an external choice, which cannot be influenced by the agent. The presence of abilities in our system is the reason why the usual approaches towards nondeterminism cannot be used here. The semantics that we define for nondeterministic actions is based on the idea that composite actions are unravelled in the strings of atomic actions and tests that constitute them. The main notions used in defining this semantics are finite computation sequences and finite computation runs of actions. The results that we obtain meet our intuitions regarding events and abilities in the presence of nondeterminism.
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    Studia logica 66 (2000), S. 121-145 
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    Keywords: sequent calculus ; weak modal systems ; decision procedure ; bounds on finite countermodels ; inversion rules ; Löb rules
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    Notes: Abstract We investigate sequent calculi for the weak modal (propositional) system reduced to the equivalence rule and extensions of it up to the full Kripke system containing monotonicity, conjunction and necessitation rules. The calculi have cut elimination and we concentrate on the inversion of rules to give in each case an effective procedure which for every sequent either furnishes a proof or a finite countermodel of it. Applications to the cardinality of countermodels, the inversion of rules and the derivability of Löb rules are given.
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    Studia logica 66 (2000), S. 147-163 
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    Keywords: protothetics ; propositional type theory ; partial logic ; partial functions ; monotonic logic ; saturated sets ; epistemic logic
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    Notes: Abstract This paper has four parts. In the first part, I present Leśniewski's protothetics and the complete system provided for that logic by Henkin. The second part presents a generalized notion of partial functions in propositional type theory. In the third part, these partial functions are used to define partial interpretations for protothetics. Finally, I present in the fourth part a complete system for partial protothetics. Completeness is proved by Henkin's method [4] using saturated sets instead of maximally saturated sets. This technique provides a canonical representation of a partial semantic space and it is suggested that this space can be interpreted as an epistemic state of a non-omniscient agent.
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    Studia logica 66 (2000), S. 187-198 
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    Keywords: non-normal modal logic ; relational semantics ; skepticism ; 3-valued logic ; partial logic
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    Notes: Abstract This essay attempts to implement epistemic logic through a non-classical inference relation. Given that relation, an account of '(the individual) a knows that A' is constructed as an unfamiliar non-normal modal logic. One advantage to this approach is a new analysis of the skeptical argument.
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    Studia logica 66 (2000), S. 201-204 
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    Studia logica 66 (2000), S. 165-186 
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    Keywords: reasoning about knowledge and action ; knowledge prerequisites of actions
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    Notes: Abstract Most agents can acquire information about their environments as they operate. A good plan for such an agent is one that not only achieves the goal, but is also executable, i.e., ensures that the agent has enough information at every step to know what to do next. In this paper, we present a formal account of what it means for an agent to know how to execute a plan and to be able to achieve a goal. Such a theory is a prerequisite for producing specifications of planners for agents that can acquire information at run time. It is also essential to account for cooperation among agents. Our account is more general than previous proposals, correctly handles programs containing loops, and incorporates a solution to the frame problem. It can also be used to prove programs containing sensing actions correct.
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    Studia logica 66 (2000), S. 205-213 
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    Keywords: V.A. Smirnov ; logic in Russia ; philosophy and methodology of science
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    Notes: Abstract The article gives a short account of V.A. Smirnov’s scientific biography, including his work in Tomsk University in Siberia and in the Department of Logic of the Institute of Philosophy in Moscow.
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    Studia logica 66 (2000), S. 215-225 
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    Studia logica 66 (2000), S. 227-252 
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    Keywords: formal inference ; logical calculi ; relevant logics ; implicational calculi ; definability ; modal-temporal logics ; combined logics ; multidimensional logics ; syllogistics ; Leśniewski’s systems ; proof theory
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    Notes: Abstract This paper is a survey of V.A. Smirnov’s main results in modern logic.
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    Studia logica 66 (2000), S. 273-283 
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    Keywords: quantifiers ; assignments ; functional dependencies
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    Notes: Abstract We consider a predicate logic Lfd where not all assignments of values to individual variables are possible. Some variables are functionally dependent on other variables. This makes sense if the models of logic are assumed to correspond to databases or states. We show that Lfd is undecidable but has a complete and sound sequent calculus formalisation.
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