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  • Articles  (9)
  • acidification
  • radiation processing
  • 2000-2004  (7)
  • 1990-1994  (2)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (9)
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  • Articles  (9)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Towards a sustainable and efficient use of manure in agriculture: The Dutch case (1991)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 1 (1991), S. 313-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Manure problem ; nutrient policy ; nutrient surplus ; regulatory levy ; sustainability ; agriculture ; intensive livestock sector ; acidification ; groundwater pollution ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Rapid increases in livestock production in the Netherlands have changed manure from a valuable input into a mere waste product. This is especially true for the southern and eastern parts of the country, where specialized pig and poultry farms have concentrated on sandy soils. As these farms generally own very little land, they largely depend on imported feedstuffs. As a consequence, manure is applied to the land in such large quantities that serious environmental problems have resulted: (1) eutrophication of surface water by phosphate emissions; (2) pollution of groundwater by nitrate emissions; and (3) acidification by ammonia emissions. In the last few years the Dutch government has developed a manure policy to counteract these effects. Our analysis of that policy has revealed at least three fundamental defects, which render the manure policy ineffective and inefficient. In this paper proposals are made to remove the defects in current manure policy. Much attention is paid to the problem of designing a mixture of policy instruments which is both effective as well as efficient in limiting the environmental problems caused by manure. It is shown that the use of financial incentives in regulation can substantially improve the efficiency of the manure policy. Finally, the main economic consequences of the proposed policy are examined for the public sector as well as for the agricultural sector.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00367923
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transboundary air pollution and soil acidification: A dynamic analysis of an acid rain game between Finland and the USSR (1992)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 2 (1992), S. 161-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Pollution contron ; acidification ; acid rain game ; transboundary air pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Transboundary air pollution is analysed as a dynamic game between Finland and the nearby areas of the Soviet Union. Sulphur emissions are used as the environmental control variables and the acidities of the soils as the state variables. Acidification is consequently considered to be a stock pollutant having long-lasting harmful effects on the environment. The state dynamics consist of two relationships: first, of a sulphur transportation model between the regions and, second, of a model describing how the quality of the soil is affected by sulphur deposition. The countries are assumed to be interested in maximizing the net benefits from pollution control as measured by the impacts on the values of forest growth net of the abatement costs. Cooperative and noncooperative solutions of the game are compared to assess the benefits of bilateral cooperation. Using empirical estimates of abatement costs, acidification dynamics and impacts on forest growth it is shown that cooperation is beneficial to Finland but not to the Soviet Union. Consequently, Finland has to offer monetary compensation to induce her neighbor to invest in environmental protection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00338241
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Terrestrial ecosystem sensitivity to acid deposition in South China (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 118 (2000), S. 231-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; air pollution ; critical loads ; ecological factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Ecosystem sensitivity to acid deposition can be a basis for thederivation of cost-effective strategies to sulfur and nitrogenpollutant control, consequently is widely concerned around theworld. In the article, the relative sensitivity of terrestrialecosystem to acid deposition in South China is assessed andmapped using a new sensitivity classification system suitable tosubtropical ecosystem. The result shows that the distribution ofecosystem sensitivity to acid deposition in South China isalmost zonal, on the whole, sensitivity increases from the northand west to the south and east. The most sensitive areas are thenorthwest and southeast of Zhejiang province, the central partof Fujian province, and the northeast of Guangdong province andGuangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, which are all in the old acidsoil areas with high precipitation and coniferous forests. Theresulting distribution of sensitive regions is different othermaps, including the sensitivity map which is implemented in theRAINS-Asia model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005139719658
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of environmental stress on forest crown condition in Europe. Part I: Hypotheses and approach to the study (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 119 (2000), S. 317-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; acidification ; air pollution ; critical load ; defoliation ; drought ; meteorological stress ; N deposition ; nitrogen oxides ; ozone ; sulphur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper is the first in a series of four,describing the hypothesis and approach of acorrelative study between observed data on crowncondition in Europe, monitored since 1986 at asystematic 16 × 16 km grid, and site-specificestimations of various natural and anthropogenicstress factors. The study was based on the hypothesisthat forests respond to various natural andanthropogenic stress factors, whose contributiondepend on the geographic region considered. In view ofthis hypothesis, major stand and site characteristics,chemical soil composition, meteorological stressfactors (temperature and drought stress indices) andair pollution stress (concentrations and/ordepositions of SOx, NOy, NHx andO3) were included as predictor variables. Theresponse variables considered were actual defoliationand changes/trends in defoliation for five major treespecies. The spatial distribution of the averagedefoliation during the period 1986–1995 shows highdefoliation in Central Europe and in parts ofScandinavia and of Southern Europe. There are,however, sharp changes at country borders, which aredue to methodological differences between countries.The spatial distribution of the calculated trends showa distinct cluster of large deterioration in parts ofCentral and Eastern Europe and in Spain and a ratherscattered pattern of positive and negative trends for most of Europe, indicating that other factors than airpollution only have a strong impact on defoliation.The limitations of the study are discussed in view ofthe quality of the considered response and predictor variables.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005157509454
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acidification of Solid and Solution Phases at Greater Depths (〉 150 cm) at Solling Spruce Site (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 120 (2000), S. 89-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; cation exchange ; denitrification ; element fluxes ; lysimetry ; proton buffering ; silicateweathering ; Solling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The acidification of the soil and percolation water at soildepths from 150 to 500 cm was studied at the Solling spruce sitefrom 1991 to 1996. NH4Cl exchangeable cations of the fineearth and bedrock fractions were obtained from different depthsand the soil solution composition was monitored at 150, 200,300, 400 and 500 cm depths using seven suction lysimeters at each depth.In the seepage water collected from 150 and 200 cm depth, pHvalues decreased in the period 1991 to 1996, but no significantchanges were observed in solutions collected below 200 cm depth.Element budgets of Al and Mb (Na, K, Mg, Ca) cationsindicated that buffering by exchange of Al with Mb cationsoccurred mainly in surface 200 cm soil depth. High variabilities in concentrations of SO4 (at 150 cm) andMa (Al, Mn, H, Fe) cations (at 300 and 500 cm) wereobserved. High variabilities in Ma cations could beassigned to one of the lysimeters at each depththat extracted low pH solutions. The amount of exchangeablecations in the fine earth and the bedrock fractions indicatedthat the acidification front (exchangeable Mb cations 〈 80equivalent percent) had occurred to soil depth of more than 360cm, but the extent of acidification that might have occurred inthe preindustrial period is not known. In both fine earth andbedrock fractions, depthwise changes of exchangeable Ma andMb cations were quite similar, suggesting that rockfractions have contributed to proton buffering not only bysilicate weathering but also by cation exchange.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005281126507
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Atmospheric Pollution in a Tropical Rain Forest: Effects of Deposition Upon Biosphere and Hydrosphere II. Fluxes of Chemicals and Element Budgets (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 121 (2000), S. 79-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; air pollution ; atmospheric deposition ; Brazil ; Cubatão ; element fluxes ; element budgets ; Serra do Mar ; tropical rain forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Three rain forest ecosystems in the Serra do Mar, theatlantic coastal mountain range of Brazil, have beeninvestigated in the frame of an interdisciplinaryGerman-Brazilian research project on dispersion,transformation and deposition of air pollutants in andaround the industrial area of Cubatão. Part I ofthis paper gives a description of the overall goals ofthe project, the area of investigation, and thematerials and methods used. It reports on the resultsof the field measurements conducted from 1991 to 1995,covering concentrations of chemicals in precipitation,soil water, surface water and litter fluxes. In thepresent paper, part II, the element fluxes arepresented with calculated concentrations in thetransport media (precipitation, seepage water,litterfall) and their respective flow rates. Elementbudgets for the ecosystem and for the soil compartmentare interpreted with respect to turnover of chemicals,including nutrients, in forest vegetation, and toprocesses of soil acidification.The forests under investigation are characterized bya very high input from the atmosphere. Between 100 and200 kg S ha-1 are annually carried into soil byprecipitation in the form of sulfate, 20 to 70 kg ofnitrogen mainly in the form of ammonium, 3 to 24 kg offluoride. Input of ammonium and organic bound nitrogenis followed by nitrification in the top soil. At themost polluted site, nitrate output with seepageamounts to 300 kg N ha-1 yr-1, sulfate output tomore than 400 kg S. Soil acidification associated withturnover of sulfur and nitrogen is followed by therelease of aluminum from soil minerals, and leachingof ionic forms of Al (up to 280 kg Al ha-1annually). Transfer of aluminum ions to groundwaterand surface water can have serious ecologicaleffects. Alkalinity is consumed, and the water issubject to acidification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005201732427
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Atmospheric Pollution in a Tropical Rain Forest: Effects of Deposition Upon Biosphere and Hydrosphere I. Concentrations of Chemicals (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 121 (2000), S. 59-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; air pollution ; Brazil ; Cubatão ; precipitation ; Serra do Mar ; tropical rain forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The effects of atmospheric deposition upon elementcycling and turnover in three rain forest ecosystems ofthe Serra do Mar, a mountain range along the atlanticcoast of Brazil, have been investigated as part of aninterdisciplinary German-Brazilian research project ondispersion, transformation and deposition of airpollutants in the vicinity the industrial complex ofCubatão, State of São Paulo. The projectincluded on-site measurements from 1991 to 1995, fieldexperiments and mathematical modelling with the goalof providing damage evaluation and risk assessment,and elucidating damage mechanisms with respect tosoils and vegetation. The role of the `Soil Module'sub-project reported here was to assess atmosphericdeposition and fluxes with precipitation and soilwater, and to investigate possible soil changesinduced by atmospheric deposition as well asbiological effects of pollutants via the soil path.Part I of this paper deals with concentrations ofchemicals in precipitation, soil water, surface waterand in litter. Part II will cover fluxes of chemicalsand element budgets.Three sites were chosen which differed significantlywith respect to pollution impact. Annual averages ofionic concentrations in precipitation found in openfield and below the tree canopy amounted to 5 and10 mg L-1, respectively, for sulfate-S, 0.4 and0.7 mg L-1 for nitrate, 0.65 and 1.1 mg L-1 for fluoride,1.8 and 2.6 mg L-1 for ammonium-N, 0.76 and 2.3 mg L-1for Mg, and 3.5 and 7.5 mg L-1 for Ca at the mostpolluted site. The relatively `clean' reference siteattained 1/3 to 1/9 of these averages, thus clearlyreflecting the difference in air pollution load.Chemical composition in the liquid phase is completelychanged when precipitation infiltrates the soilprofile. Nitrate concentration increases by the factor5 to 20. A clear increase is also found for sulfateand chloride. Concentration changes during ecosystempassage of seepage are interpreted in relation tochemical reactions taking place in differentcompartments. They are characterized by an almostcomplete retention of ammonium and some retention ofsulfate in the upper soil layers, and at the mostpolluted site by mobilization of Al from soil mineralsand very high leaching of nitrate as a consequence ofnitirification of organic matter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005249615589
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regional Patterns of Streamwater Acidity and Catchment Afforestation in Galloway, SW Scotland (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 120 (2000), S. 47-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; afforestation ; catchments ; geology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper investigates the regional relationships between highflow water chemistry and conifer forest cover in 95 streamsspread over an area of approximately 2000 km2 in Galloway,south-west Scotland, paying particular attention to the use ofdetailed catchment area data. Catchment forest data areextracted from a 30 m resolution tree height map derived fromsatellite imagery; geology data from a digital geology map; andaltitude and slope data from a 50 m resolution Digital TerrainModel (DTM). The results show that over the entire region pHlevels are lower with increasing catchment afforestation whilstaluminium concentrations are higher. Concentrations of sulphate arealso higher with increasing afforestation, which suggests thatconifers play a primary role in increasing the acidity levels ofstreams by exacerbating aerial acid deposition in the entireregion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005257410074
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weathering Processes in a Lignite Mine Spoil Treated with a CaCo3-Rich Waste Slurry under Two Moisture Programmes (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 119 (2000), S. 59-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; chemical weathering ; liming ; mine spoil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Chemical processes affecting the acidity of asulphide-rich lignite mine spoil treated with high orlow doses of a CaCO3-rich industrial waste slurrywere studied in the laboratory under two moistureprogrammes (cycles of alternate waterlogging anddrying, and percolation) so as to determine the slurrydose neutralizing spoil acidity and the possibledetrimental effects of high doses. The most importantacidity-reducing process was the dissolution ofapplied calcium carbonate, and CaCO3 consumptionwas greater under percolation conditions than underwaterlogging and drying conditions. The most importantacidity-increasing process was the oxidation ofsulphides, which was again more intense underpercolation. Under waterlogging and drying conditions,the formation of hydroxysulphates may also havecontributed to acidification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005187317167
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