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  • Articles  (24)
  • deforestation  (15)
  • acidification
  • radiation processing
  • 2000-2004  (14)
  • 1990-1994  (10)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (24)
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  • Articles  (24)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Floods in Bangladesh: A question of disciplining the rivers (1990)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 3 (1990), S. 379-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: Rainfall ; deforestation ; siltation ; river training ; manual excavation ; country boats ; flood relief centre ; embankment ; dredging ; forecasting and warning ; regional cooperation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Bangladesh has been experiencing floods more frequently than ever before. Since 1947, she has been hit by extremely devastating floods in 1954, 1955, 1956, 1962, 1963, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1974, 1976, 1984, 1987, and 1988. Each year's highest flood record and damage costs have been broken by that of the subsequent year. All means of communication become paralysed. People lose food grains, domestic animals, homesteads, and lives. They remain marooned without food and drinking water until relief arrives. Despite huge spending on flood control, the intensity of the floods has been increasing. Therefore, speculation is naturally rife about the causes. The aim of this paper is to identify the factors which contribute to these devastating floods, and then to recommend an appropriate strategy for effective flood control. The geography, geology, and hydrology of Bangladesh are briefly discussed. The whole of the country is a huge river basin criss-crossed by as many as seven hundred rivers, tributaries, and distributaries, having a total length of 22 155 km. The river-beds are rendered shallow by heavy deposits of alluvial earth each year and tend easily to cause inundations. The quantum of silt carried by the river systems into Bangladesh is estimated to be 2.4 × 109 tonnes/yr. ‘Disciplining’ the rivers means keeping the rivers navigable all year round, removing excessive deposits of silt where they threaten to block a channel, preventing widening by erosion, contracting the width where the river is excessively wide, and last but not least, preventing construction whose eventual impact might prove harmful. Natural disasters do not respect political frontiers, nothing can stop them, but their adverse impact could be minimised. The author emphasises the need for employing the abundant cheap manpower, local materials, and indigenous technology for flood control projects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00124395
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Incentives, regulations, and sustainable land use in Costa Rica (1991)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 1 (1991), S. 179-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Incentives ; regulations ; deforestation ; sustainable land use
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Deforestation in Costa Rica has proceeded at a rapid pace. Of the remaining 2,700 km2 of virgin forests on privately-owned land, over 300 km2 are being deforested each year. Pressure on National Parks, which cover about 27 percent of Costa Rica is likely to increase in the future. Preliminary information indicates that, contrary to our expectations, most of the deforestation at present is not being done by squatters, but driven by profit and asset maximization motives of the timber industry, banana companies, and large cattle ranchers. Setting aside 27 percent of the country's land as parks and reserves was a major policy decision. Aside from the removal of some “perverse” incentives operating inside park areas, the main issue there is one of sound management, including protection from intruders, strengthening enforcement, and controlled “tourism”. On the remaining primary and secondary forest areas on privately-owned land outside the parks, a key question is whether public interests connected with external costs of deforestation warrant public intervention. The paper suggests that a differentiated approach to this and other questions is needed, depending on the costs and benefits involved, and it discusses incentives and regulations which influence land use, and makes proposals for reforms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310017
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increasing food production at the expense of tropical forests (2000)
    Springer
    Integrated assessment 1 (2000), S. 189-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1545
    Keywords: deforestation ; food production ; environmental degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract An attempt is made to estimate to what extent it is possible to increase food production by conversion of forest land to agricultural land. To accomplish this two different approaches have been explored. The first one represents the possibility of developing a comprehensive model capable of taking into account the various processes influencing the food production. It is judged that this approach cannot provide a realistic result due to insufficient knowledge of the processes involved, and lack of reliable data. Instead a simple, heuristic method has been applied. The main sources of information used include data representing the soil of the deforested land, the decline of the productivity of the land gained, and the length of time it can be used for agricultural production. Although this method also has its obvious limitations, there are reasons to believe it permits certain conclusions can be safely drawn: (a) even if each year the area of agricultural land is increased by a given amount through removal of forest, there will be no gain of the agricultural production after a few years; and (b) to achieve a constant annual increase of the food production will require that each year the area of forest removal is increased.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019192118050
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computing land use emissions of greenhouse gases (1994)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 76 (1994), S. 231-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: animal excreta ; animals ; aquatic sources ; arable lands ; biomass burning ; CH4 ; CO ; deforestation ; emission ; landfills ; N2O ; rice cultivation ; sewage ; soils ; termites ; trace gases ; wetlands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A model has been developed to estimate the regional emission of greenhouse gases from land-use related sources. Driving forces for this model are the changing regional demand for food and wood products driven by demographic and economic developments (Zuidema et al., 1994). To include the environmental conditions, which are essential factors determining the flux for certain sources, emissions are grid-based where possible. Grid-based explicit calculations are given for CH4 emission from rice, wetlands, emissions from deforestation, savanna burning and agricultural waste burning and N2O from natural soils, arable lands and deforestation. For a number of sources (landfills, domestic sewage treatment, termites, methane hydrates and aquatic sources) geographically explicit calculations are not yet possible because of data limitations. For most of the sources the global results of the calculations are in agreement with other scenario studies, although there are differences for a number of individual sources.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00478341
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The carbon cycle and global forest ecosystem (1993)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 70 (1993), S. 295-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: carbon ; carbon fluxes ; carbon sink ; carbon cycle ; tropical and temperate forests ; deforestation ; global warming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Attempts to account for the fluxes by quantifying C sources and sinks have provided evidence of a missing C sink (Detwiler and Hall, 1988), which may be located somewhere in the temperate region of the northern hemisphere (Tanset al., 1990). Until recently, most estimates have concluded that the temperate forest is a small C source. Two recent papers (Sedjo, 1992; Kauppiet al., 1992) provided evidence that the temperate forests are substantial C sinks. This paper combines these earlier findings on temeperate forest carbon sequestration with a new estimate of the annual C releases due to tropical deforestation, 1.7 Gt, which is obtained using the FAO estimates of the rate of deforestation in the tropics over the decade of the 1980s and conservative estimates of C releases associated with this deforestation. Finally, to this is added the crude estimate of C export by the global river system found in Hallet al. (1992). Applying these estimates of the C sink function of both temperate and tropical forests to Detwiler and Hall's alternative C budgets largely eliminates the “missing C” hypothesized by Detwiler and Hall, and Tanset al.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01105003
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Towards a sustainable and efficient use of manure in agriculture: The Dutch case (1991)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 1 (1991), S. 313-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Manure problem ; nutrient policy ; nutrient surplus ; regulatory levy ; sustainability ; agriculture ; intensive livestock sector ; acidification ; groundwater pollution ; eutrophication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Rapid increases in livestock production in the Netherlands have changed manure from a valuable input into a mere waste product. This is especially true for the southern and eastern parts of the country, where specialized pig and poultry farms have concentrated on sandy soils. As these farms generally own very little land, they largely depend on imported feedstuffs. As a consequence, manure is applied to the land in such large quantities that serious environmental problems have resulted: (1) eutrophication of surface water by phosphate emissions; (2) pollution of groundwater by nitrate emissions; and (3) acidification by ammonia emissions. In the last few years the Dutch government has developed a manure policy to counteract these effects. Our analysis of that policy has revealed at least three fundamental defects, which render the manure policy ineffective and inefficient. In this paper proposals are made to remove the defects in current manure policy. Much attention is paid to the problem of designing a mixture of policy instruments which is both effective as well as efficient in limiting the environmental problems caused by manure. It is shown that the use of financial incentives in regulation can substantially improve the efficiency of the manure policy. Finally, the main economic consequences of the proposed policy are examined for the public sector as well as for the agricultural sector.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00367923
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transboundary air pollution and soil acidification: A dynamic analysis of an acid rain game between Finland and the USSR (1992)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 2 (1992), S. 161-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Pollution contron ; acidification ; acid rain game ; transboundary air pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Transboundary air pollution is analysed as a dynamic game between Finland and the nearby areas of the Soviet Union. Sulphur emissions are used as the environmental control variables and the acidities of the soils as the state variables. Acidification is consequently considered to be a stock pollutant having long-lasting harmful effects on the environment. The state dynamics consist of two relationships: first, of a sulphur transportation model between the regions and, second, of a model describing how the quality of the soil is affected by sulphur deposition. The countries are assumed to be interested in maximizing the net benefits from pollution control as measured by the impacts on the values of forest growth net of the abatement costs. Cooperative and noncooperative solutions of the game are compared to assess the benefits of bilateral cooperation. Using empirical estimates of abatement costs, acidification dynamics and impacts on forest growth it is shown that cooperation is beneficial to Finland but not to the Soviet Union. Consequently, Finland has to offer monetary compensation to induce her neighbor to invest in environmental protection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00338241
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trade, tropical deforestation and policy interventions (1994)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 4 (1994), S. 75-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: deforestation ; trade interventions ; forest stock ; tropical timber ; large country exporter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Trade interventions are increasingly advocated as a means for controlling timber-related tropical deforestation. This paper analyzes the impact on deforestation of such policy instruments in a dynamic framework. The forest is modelled as a potentially renewable resource, and timber is extracted for purposes of export and domestic consumption. Optimality conditions for a variety of model specifications are derived, and the impacts of changes in the terms of trade and market structure on long-run deforestation are analyzed. The results of this analysis suggest that trade interventions that seek to affect the terms of trade against the export of tropical timber products are in the long run a second-best policy option for influencing the deforestation process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00691933
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Public Open Access and Private Timber Harvests: Theory and Application to the Effects of Trade Liberalization in Mexico (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 17 (2000), S. 311-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: deforestation ; forests ; land quality ; land-use choice ; NAFTA ; ownership heterogeneity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract A common popular assertion is that trade liberalization encourages deforestation. But whether this is true depends on how trade policies affect the allocation of land among competing uses and how they influence illegal cutting of public forests. A model is presented that allows for forests to be either public or private, and public forests are divided into protected (or managed) and threatened categories. Effects of price changes are shown on each part of the forest. An empirical version of the model is applied to the case of Mexico with NAFTA. Most scenarios considered show that NAFTA will have positive long-run effects on forest cover in Mexico but that this is net of losses on private lands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026498222748
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Land Use, Land-Use Change, Forestry, and Agricultural Activities in the Clean Development Mechanism: Estimates of Greenhouse Gas Offset Potential (2000)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 5 (2000), S. 9-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: agroforestry ; biofuels ; carbonsequestration ; Clean Development Mechanism ; climatechange ; deforestation ; Kyoto Protocol ; tree plantations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Activities involving land use, land-use change,forestry, and agriculture (LUCF) can help reducegreenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphereby increasing biotic carbon storage, by decreasing GHGemissions, and by producing biomass as a substitutefor fossil fuels. Potential activities includereducing rates of deforestation, increasing landdevoted to forest plantations, regenerating secondaryforest, agroforestry, improving the management offorests and agricultural areas; and producing energycrops.Policymakers debating the inclusion of a variety ofLUCF activities in the Clean Development Mechanism(CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol need to consider themagnitude of the carbon contribution these activitiescould make. Existing estimates of the cumulative GHGoffset potential of LUCF activities often take aglobal or regional approach. In contrast, land-usedecisions are usually made at the local level anddepend on many factors including productive capacityof the land, financial considerations of thelandowner, and environmental concerns. Estimates ofGHG offset potential made at a local, or at mostcountry, level that incorporate these factors may belower, as well as more useful for policy analyses,than global or large regional estimates. Whilecountry-level estimates exist for forestry activities,similar estimates utilizing local information need tobe generated for agricultural activities and biofuels,as well as for the cumulative potential of all LUCFactivities in a particular location.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009671527821
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accounting for time in Mitigating Global Warming through land-use change and forestry (2000)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 5 (2000), S. 239-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: carbon dioxide ; deforestation ; discount rate ; global warming ; greenhouse effect ; land-use change ; mitigation ; time preference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Many proposed activities formitigating global warming in the land-use change and forestry(LUCF) sector differ from measures to avoid fossilfuel emissions because carbon (C) may be held out ofthe atmosphere only temporarily. In addition, thetiming of the effects is usually different. Many LUCFactivities alter C fluxes to and from the atmosphereseveral decades into the future, whereas fossil fuelemissions avoidance has immediate effects. Non-CO2 greenhouse gases (GHGs), which are animportant part of emissions from deforestation inlow-latitude regions, also pose complications forcomparisons between fossil fuel and LUCF, since themechanism generally used to compare these gases(global warming potentials) assumes simultaneousemissions. A common numeraire is needed to expressglobal warming mitigation benefits of different kindsof projects, such as fossil fuel emissions reduction,C sequestration in forest plantations, avoideddeforestation by creating protected areas and throughpolicy changes to slow rates of land-use changes suchas clearing. Megagram (Mg)-year (also known as`ton-year') accounting provides a mechanism forexpressing the benefits of activities such as these ona consistent basis. One can calculate the atmosphericload of each GHG that will be present in each year,expressed as C in the form of CO2 and itsinstantaneous impact equivalent contributed by othergases. The atmospheric load of CO2-equivalent Cpresent over a time horizon is a possible indicator ofthe climatic impact of the emission that placed thisload in the atmosphere. Conversely, this index alsoprovides a measure of the benefit of notproducing the emission. One accounting methodcompares sequestered CO2 in trees with theCO2 that would be in the atmosphere had thesequestration project not been undertaken, whileanother method (used in this paper) compares theatmospheric load of C (or equivalent in non-CO2GHGs) in both project and no-project scenarios.Time preference, expressed by means of a discount rateon C, can be applied to Mg-year equivalencecalculations to allow societal decisions regarding thevalue of time to be integrated into the system forcalculating global warming impacts and benefits. Giving a high value to time, either by raising thediscount rate or by shortening the time horizon,increases the value attributed to temporarysequestration (such as many forest plantationprojects). A high value for time also favorsmitigation measures that have rapid effects (such asslowing deforestation rates) as compared to measuresthat only affect emissions years in the future (suchas creating protected areas in countries with largeareas of remaining forest). Decisions on temporalissues will guide mitigation efforts towards optionsthat may or may not be desirable on the basis ofsocial and environmental effects in spheres other thanglobal warming. How sustainable development criteriaare incorporated into the approval and creditingsystems for activities under the Kyoto Protocol willdetermine the overall environmental and social impactsof pending decisions on temporal issues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009625122628
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Satellite imagery, human ecology, anthropology, and deforestation in Madagascar (1994)
    Springer
    Human ecology 22 (1994), S. 333-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: deforestation ; satellite imagery ; development ; conservation policy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Satellite images were used to determine rates of deforestation over the past 35 years and to identify current deforestation “hotspots” in the eastern rainforests and in the dry endemic forests of southern Madagascar. The analysis of population trends, topography, and coincident ethnographic research points to a number of different factors influencing deforestation in these regions. Each of these factors generates different problems for conservation and development, most of which are not being dealt with adequately.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02168856
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deforestation and land use in the Brazilian Amazon (1993)
    Springer
    Human ecology 21 (1993), S. 1-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: Amazon Basin ; deforestation ; rain forests ; colonization ; ranching ; logging ; Brazil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon was less than 1% before 1975. Between 1975 and 1987 the rate increased exponentially. By 1985, world opinion and attention to the destruction of the richest biome on earth led to elimination of some of the major incentives that had fueled deforestation. Favorable credit policies for cattle ranchers, rather than population growth, explains the process of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. The paper suggests other actions that may be taken to reduce deforestation, and examines the rapid growth rates of secondary successional species in a colonization area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00890069
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clearcutting Maine: Implications for the Theory of Common Property Resources (2000)
    Springer
    Human ecology 28 (2000), S. 145-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: deforestation ; Maine ; common property ; industrial forestry ; clearcutting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract One of the basic tenets of the theory of common property resources is that private property rights work to conserve natural resources. There is growing evidence, however, that some large forest owners in Maine are cutting their forests heavily, using poor-quality silviculture techniques. This overexploitation is being done by paper companies, forest contractors, and some private land owners, who are being motivated by very different sets of factors. This article explores the reasons that private owners of forest resources are overexploiting their own lands and the implications of this for the theory of common property resources. Secure private property rights alone will not be enough to conserve resources and do away with externalities when the owners are operating in a system demanding constant short-term profits, where they are producing undifferentiated commodities in a highly competitive market, where the future value of slow-growing resources is very low, and where harvesting has so many ramifying biological and social effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007087903144
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A forest beyond the trees: Tree cutting in rural Ghana (1992)
    Springer
    Human ecology 20 (1992), S. 57-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: sustainable forestry ; deforestation ; land tenure ; rural economy ; Ghana ; West Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract In this paper I examine the complexity of human forces involved in tree cutting in a Ghanaian forest region. I provide evidence to link the indiscriminate tree-cutting activities of some local communities to the gradual loss of communal control over land and the replacement of kin group control with state property regimes. I point to the interrelated factors of the state's promotion of an exportled development strategy, the intensification of agricultural commercialization, and household and group variations in access to land as all having deleterious impacts on local traditions of sustainable forestry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00889696
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Terrestrial ecosystem sensitivity to acid deposition in South China (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 118 (2000), S. 231-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; air pollution ; critical loads ; ecological factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Ecosystem sensitivity to acid deposition can be a basis for thederivation of cost-effective strategies to sulfur and nitrogenpollutant control, consequently is widely concerned around theworld. In the article, the relative sensitivity of terrestrialecosystem to acid deposition in South China is assessed andmapped using a new sensitivity classification system suitable tosubtropical ecosystem. The result shows that the distribution ofecosystem sensitivity to acid deposition in South China isalmost zonal, on the whole, sensitivity increases from the northand west to the south and east. The most sensitive areas are thenorthwest and southeast of Zhejiang province, the central partof Fujian province, and the northeast of Guangdong province andGuangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, which are all in the old acidsoil areas with high precipitation and coniferous forests. Theresulting distribution of sensitive regions is different othermaps, including the sensitivity map which is implemented in theRAINS-Asia model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005139719658
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  • 17
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    Effects of environmental stress on forest crown condition in Europe. Part I: Hypotheses and approach to the study (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 119 (2000), S. 317-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid deposition ; acidification ; air pollution ; critical load ; defoliation ; drought ; meteorological stress ; N deposition ; nitrogen oxides ; ozone ; sulphur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper is the first in a series of four,describing the hypothesis and approach of acorrelative study between observed data on crowncondition in Europe, monitored since 1986 at asystematic 16 × 16 km grid, and site-specificestimations of various natural and anthropogenicstress factors. The study was based on the hypothesisthat forests respond to various natural andanthropogenic stress factors, whose contributiondepend on the geographic region considered. In view ofthis hypothesis, major stand and site characteristics,chemical soil composition, meteorological stressfactors (temperature and drought stress indices) andair pollution stress (concentrations and/ordepositions of SOx, NOy, NHx andO3) were included as predictor variables. Theresponse variables considered were actual defoliationand changes/trends in defoliation for five major treespecies. The spatial distribution of the averagedefoliation during the period 1986–1995 shows highdefoliation in Central Europe and in parts ofScandinavia and of Southern Europe. There are,however, sharp changes at country borders, which aredue to methodological differences between countries.The spatial distribution of the calculated trends showa distinct cluster of large deterioration in parts ofCentral and Eastern Europe and in Spain and a ratherscattered pattern of positive and negative trends for most of Europe, indicating that other factors than airpollution only have a strong impact on defoliation.The limitations of the study are discussed in view ofthe quality of the considered response and predictor variables.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005157509454
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Acidification of Solid and Solution Phases at Greater Depths (〉 150 cm) at Solling Spruce Site (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 120 (2000), S. 89-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; cation exchange ; denitrification ; element fluxes ; lysimetry ; proton buffering ; silicateweathering ; Solling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The acidification of the soil and percolation water at soildepths from 150 to 500 cm was studied at the Solling spruce sitefrom 1991 to 1996. NH4Cl exchangeable cations of the fineearth and bedrock fractions were obtained from different depthsand the soil solution composition was monitored at 150, 200,300, 400 and 500 cm depths using seven suction lysimeters at each depth.In the seepage water collected from 150 and 200 cm depth, pHvalues decreased in the period 1991 to 1996, but no significantchanges were observed in solutions collected below 200 cm depth.Element budgets of Al and Mb (Na, K, Mg, Ca) cationsindicated that buffering by exchange of Al with Mb cationsoccurred mainly in surface 200 cm soil depth. High variabilities in concentrations of SO4 (at 150 cm) andMa (Al, Mn, H, Fe) cations (at 300 and 500 cm) wereobserved. High variabilities in Ma cations could beassigned to one of the lysimeters at each depththat extracted low pH solutions. The amount of exchangeablecations in the fine earth and the bedrock fractions indicatedthat the acidification front (exchangeable Mb cations 〈 80equivalent percent) had occurred to soil depth of more than 360cm, but the extent of acidification that might have occurred inthe preindustrial period is not known. In both fine earth andbedrock fractions, depthwise changes of exchangeable Ma andMb cations were quite similar, suggesting that rockfractions have contributed to proton buffering not only bysilicate weathering but also by cation exchange.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005281126507
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  • 19
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    Mega-Development Trends in the Amazon: Implications for Global Change (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 61 (2000), S. 113-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: Amazon ; Brazil ; deforestation ; carbon sink ; climate change ; climatic variability ; forest conservation ; habitat fragmentation ; logging ; tropical forests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes four global-change phenomena that are having major impacts on Amazonian forests. The first is accelerating deforestation and logging. Despite recent government initiatives to slow forest loss, deforestation rates in Brazilian Amazonia have increased from 1.1 million ha yr−1 in the early 1990s, to nearly 1.5 million ha yr−1 from 1992–1994, and to more than 1.9 million ha yr−1 from 1995–1998. Deforestation is also occurring rapidly in some other parts of the Amazon Basin, such as in Bolivia and Ecuador, while industrialized logging is increasing dramatically in the Guianas and central Amazonia. The second phenomenon is that patterns of forest loss and fragmentation are rapidly changing. In recent decades, large-scale deforestation has mainly occurred in the southern and eastern portions of the Amazon — in the Brazilian states of Pará, Maranhāo, Rondônia, Acre, and Mato Grosso, and in northern Bolivia. While rates of forest loss remain very high in these areas, the development of major new highways is providing direct conduits into the heart of the Amazon. If future trends follow past patterns, land-hungry settlers and loggers may largely bisect the forests of the Amazon Basin. The third phenomenon is that climatic variability is interacting with human land uses, creating additional impacts on forest ecosystems. The 1997/98 El Niño drought, for example, led to a major increase in forest burning, with wildfires raging out of control in the northern Amazonian state of Roraima and other locations. Logging operations, which create labyrinths of roads and tracks in forsts, are increasing fuel loads, desiccation and ignition sources in forest interiors. Forest fragmentation also increases fire susceptibility by creating dry, fire-prone forest edges. Finally, recent evidence suggests that intact Amazonian forests are a globally significant carbon sink, quite possibly caused by higher forest growth rates in response to increasing atmospheric CO2 fertilization. Evidence for a carbon sink comes from long-term forest mensuration plots, from whole-forest studies of carbon flux and from investigations of atmospheric CO2 and oxygen isotopes. Unfortunately, intact Amazonian forests are rapidly diminishing. Hence, not only is the destruction of these forests a major source of greenhouse gases, but it is reducing their intrinsic capacity to help buffer the rapid anthropogenic rise in CO2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006374320085
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Atmospheric Pollution in a Tropical Rain Forest: Effects of Deposition Upon Biosphere and Hydrosphere II. Fluxes of Chemicals and Element Budgets (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 121 (2000), S. 79-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; air pollution ; atmospheric deposition ; Brazil ; Cubatão ; element fluxes ; element budgets ; Serra do Mar ; tropical rain forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Three rain forest ecosystems in the Serra do Mar, theatlantic coastal mountain range of Brazil, have beeninvestigated in the frame of an interdisciplinaryGerman-Brazilian research project on dispersion,transformation and deposition of air pollutants in andaround the industrial area of Cubatão. Part I ofthis paper gives a description of the overall goals ofthe project, the area of investigation, and thematerials and methods used. It reports on the resultsof the field measurements conducted from 1991 to 1995,covering concentrations of chemicals in precipitation,soil water, surface water and litter fluxes. In thepresent paper, part II, the element fluxes arepresented with calculated concentrations in thetransport media (precipitation, seepage water,litterfall) and their respective flow rates. Elementbudgets for the ecosystem and for the soil compartmentare interpreted with respect to turnover of chemicals,including nutrients, in forest vegetation, and toprocesses of soil acidification.The forests under investigation are characterized bya very high input from the atmosphere. Between 100 and200 kg S ha-1 are annually carried into soil byprecipitation in the form of sulfate, 20 to 70 kg ofnitrogen mainly in the form of ammonium, 3 to 24 kg offluoride. Input of ammonium and organic bound nitrogenis followed by nitrification in the top soil. At themost polluted site, nitrate output with seepageamounts to 300 kg N ha-1 yr-1, sulfate output tomore than 400 kg S. Soil acidification associated withturnover of sulfur and nitrogen is followed by therelease of aluminum from soil minerals, and leachingof ionic forms of Al (up to 280 kg Al ha-1annually). Transfer of aluminum ions to groundwaterand surface water can have serious ecologicaleffects. Alkalinity is consumed, and the water issubject to acidification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005201732427
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Atmospheric Pollution in a Tropical Rain Forest: Effects of Deposition Upon Biosphere and Hydrosphere I. Concentrations of Chemicals (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 121 (2000), S. 59-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; air pollution ; Brazil ; Cubatão ; precipitation ; Serra do Mar ; tropical rain forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The effects of atmospheric deposition upon elementcycling and turnover in three rain forest ecosystems ofthe Serra do Mar, a mountain range along the atlanticcoast of Brazil, have been investigated as part of aninterdisciplinary German-Brazilian research project ondispersion, transformation and deposition of airpollutants in the vicinity the industrial complex ofCubatão, State of São Paulo. The projectincluded on-site measurements from 1991 to 1995, fieldexperiments and mathematical modelling with the goalof providing damage evaluation and risk assessment,and elucidating damage mechanisms with respect tosoils and vegetation. The role of the `Soil Module'sub-project reported here was to assess atmosphericdeposition and fluxes with precipitation and soilwater, and to investigate possible soil changesinduced by atmospheric deposition as well asbiological effects of pollutants via the soil path.Part I of this paper deals with concentrations ofchemicals in precipitation, soil water, surface waterand in litter. Part II will cover fluxes of chemicalsand element budgets.Three sites were chosen which differed significantlywith respect to pollution impact. Annual averages ofionic concentrations in precipitation found in openfield and below the tree canopy amounted to 5 and10 mg L-1, respectively, for sulfate-S, 0.4 and0.7 mg L-1 for nitrate, 0.65 and 1.1 mg L-1 for fluoride,1.8 and 2.6 mg L-1 for ammonium-N, 0.76 and 2.3 mg L-1for Mg, and 3.5 and 7.5 mg L-1 for Ca at the mostpolluted site. The relatively `clean' reference siteattained 1/3 to 1/9 of these averages, thus clearlyreflecting the difference in air pollution load.Chemical composition in the liquid phase is completelychanged when precipitation infiltrates the soilprofile. Nitrate concentration increases by the factor5 to 20. A clear increase is also found for sulfateand chloride. Concentration changes during ecosystempassage of seepage are interpreted in relation tochemical reactions taking place in differentcompartments. They are characterized by an almostcomplete retention of ammonium and some retention ofsulfate in the upper soil layers, and at the mostpolluted site by mobilization of Al from soil mineralsand very high leaching of nitrate as a consequence ofnitirification of organic matter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005249615589
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regional Patterns of Streamwater Acidity and Catchment Afforestation in Galloway, SW Scotland (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 120 (2000), S. 47-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; afforestation ; catchments ; geology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper investigates the regional relationships between highflow water chemistry and conifer forest cover in 95 streamsspread over an area of approximately 2000 km2 in Galloway,south-west Scotland, paying particular attention to the use ofdetailed catchment area data. Catchment forest data areextracted from a 30 m resolution tree height map derived fromsatellite imagery; geology data from a digital geology map; andaltitude and slope data from a 50 m resolution Digital TerrainModel (DTM). The results show that over the entire region pHlevels are lower with increasing catchment afforestation whilstaluminium concentrations are higher. Concentrations of sulphate arealso higher with increasing afforestation, which suggests thatconifers play a primary role in increasing the acidity levels ofstreams by exacerbating aerial acid deposition in the entireregion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005257410074
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrogeochemistry of a Small Catchment in Northeastern Amazonia: a Comparison Between Natural with Deforested Parts of the Catchment (Serra do Navio, Amapá State, Brazil) (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 118 (2000), S. 263-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Amazonia ; deforestation ; hydrochemistry ; rainforest ; water quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract To undertake a comprehensive study of the disturbanceeffects due to mining activities (manganese oreexploitation) on the chemical composition of drainagewaters, a 164 ha catchment in North-eastern Amazoniatropical forest was sampled weekly for a year period(June 1993 to June 1994) to determine the contrasts inrainwater, throughfall and stream water chemistrybetween the upper undisturbed area and the lower partaffected by deforestation and mining works. During the3 dry months season only about 15% of the totalannual input-output of chemical species to and fromthe catchment occurs. In the three wettest months,about 30% of the flux occurs, except 60% of thepotassium and nitrate release from the catchmentoccurs in these three months. The rain waters areslightly acidic (pH ≈ 5.2) with lowalkalinity, while the stream water is nearly neutral(pH ≈ 6.9): alkalinity is generated within thesoil and soil water system. The rainfall-throughfallrelationship of the chemical species in the naturalareas exhibits strong internal recycling and littleexport from the catchment. In the area changed bydeforestation and mining works almost all chemicalspecies show a net export in surface waters: these aremainly derived from the deforested area of the basin,where most probably due to enhanced weatheringprocesses because the vegetation cover has tore-establish itself.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005155706417
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weathering Processes in a Lignite Mine Spoil Treated with a CaCo3-Rich Waste Slurry under Two Moisture Programmes (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 119 (2000), S. 59-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; chemical weathering ; liming ; mine spoil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Chemical processes affecting the acidity of asulphide-rich lignite mine spoil treated with high orlow doses of a CaCO3-rich industrial waste slurrywere studied in the laboratory under two moistureprogrammes (cycles of alternate waterlogging anddrying, and percolation) so as to determine the slurrydose neutralizing spoil acidity and the possibledetrimental effects of high doses. The most importantacidity-reducing process was the dissolution ofapplied calcium carbonate, and CaCO3 consumptionwas greater under percolation conditions than underwaterlogging and drying conditions. The most importantacidity-increasing process was the oxidation ofsulphides, which was again more intense underpercolation. Under waterlogging and drying conditions,the formation of hydroxysulphates may also havecontributed to acidification.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005187317167
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