ALBERT — All Library Books, journals and Electronic Records Telegrafenberg

1

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Heavy metal migration in soils and rocks at historical smelting sites (1995)

Maskall, John ; Whitehead, Keith ; Thornton, Iain

Springer

Environmental geochemistry and health 17 (1995), S. 127-138

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ISSN: 1573-2983

Keywords: Lead ; zinc ; mobility ; migration ; soil ; contamination ; slag

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Geosciences , Medicine

Notes: Abstract The vertical migration of metals through soils and rocks was investigated at five historical lead smelting sites ranging in age between 220 and 1900 years. Core samples were taken through metal-contaminated soils and the underlying strata. Concentration profiles of lead and zinc are presented from which values for the distances and rates of migration have been derived. Slag-rich soil horizons contain highly elevated metal concentrations and some contamination of underlying strata has occurred at all sites. However, the amounts of lead and zinc that have migrated from soils and been retained at greater depths are comparatively low. This low metal mobility in contaminated soils is partly attributed to the elevation of soil pH by the presence of calcium and carbonate originating from slag wastes and perhaps gangue minerals. Distances and rates of vertical migration were higher at those sites with soils underlain by sandstone than at those with soils underlain by clay. For sites with the same parent material, metal mobility appears to be increased at lower soil pH. The mean migration rates for lead and zinc reach maxima of 0.75 and 0.46 cm yr−1 respectively in sandstone at Bole A where the elements have moved mean distances of 4.3 and 2.6 m respectively. There is some evidence that metal transport in the sandstone underlying Bole A and Cupola B occurs preferentially along rock fractures. The migration of lead and zinc is attenuated by subsurface clays leading to relatively low mean migration rates which range from 0.03 to 0.31 cm yr−1 with many values typical of migration solely by diffusion. However, enhanced metal migration in clays at Cupola A suggest a preferential transport mechanism possibly in cracks or biopores.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00126081

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2

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A Particle Tracking Model for Non-Fickian Subsurface Diffusion (1998)

Addison, Paul S. ; Qu, Bo ; Ndumu, Alberto S. ; [et al.]

Springer

Mathematical geology 30 (1998), S. 695-716

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ISSN: 1573-8868

Keywords: non-Fickian diffusion ; numerical modeling ; particle tracking ; fractal geometry ; contamination

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics

Notes: Abstract In this paper, a new particle tracking technique is described which can simulate non-Fickian diffusion within porous media. The technique employs fractional Brownian motions (fBms), a generalization of regular Brownian motion. These random fractal functions allow both super- and subdiffusive particle paths to be produced and hence non-Fickian diffusion of the resulting panicle clouds can be modeled. In recent years, fBm trace functions have been used by many authors to reproduce self-affine random fields to simulate various porous media properties. In contrast, a method is detailed herein which uses self-similar spatial fBm trajectories to simulate directly non-Fickian behavior of the particle clouds. Although fractal trajectories have been previously suggested as the basis for possible methods of modeling non-Fickian diffusion, the authors believe that this paper contains the first algorithm to be presented which does not require an a priori knowledge of the end condition of the random walk and, more importantly, allows both a definable scaling exponent and (fractal) diffusion coefficient to be specified. The resulting non-Fickian diffusion using the new algorithm is illustrated and some applications are discussed. The purpose of this paper is to bring the potential usefulness of fBm trajectories in simulating non-Fickian processes within homogeneous media to the attention of numerical modelers active in the simulation of subsurface diffusive processes. The method has a particular environmental application in the simulation of the non-Fickian dispersion of groundwater contaminants through porous media.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022395319141

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3

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Stream water geochemistry from selected catchments on the Kola Peninsula (NW Russia)and in neighbouring areas of Finland and Norway: 1. Elements levels and sources (1996)

Caritat, Patrice ; Reimann, Clemens ; Äyräs, Matti ; [et al.]

Springer

Aquatic geochemistry 2 (1996), S. 149-168

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ISSN: 1573-1421

Keywords: anthropogenic ; Barents region ; contamination ; geogenic ; sea spray ; trace metal

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences

Notes: Abstract The pH, electrical conductance and concentration of six anions and 33 cations were determined in stream waters sampled in 1994 from eight arctic catchments on and adjacent to the Kola Peninsula (Russia, Finland and Norway). The catchments are located at various distances (5–300 km) from the major industrial emissions centres of Monchegorsk, Nikel and Zapoljarniy in Russia. The source of the elements can be (1) natural, marine (sea spray), (2) natural, geogenic (blowing soil/dust, till, bedrock), and/or (3) anthropogenic, industrial (emissions from smelters, dust from mining, etc.), each source showing a distinct signature. The median concentration of many contaminants can vary by up to three orders of magnitude from polluted to remote locations, and the concentration ranges observed in different catchments often do not overlap. This implies that contamination falls sharply with distance from source, but is quite profound and lasting close to the emission centres. Elevated trace metal contents in the most polluted streams indicates that deposited contaminants are transferred to the aquatic ecosystem, and eventually can reach the ocean.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00121629

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4

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Delineation of a landfill leachate plume and flow channels in coastal sands near Christchurch, New Zealand, using a shallow electromagnetic survey method (2000)

Nobes, David C. ; Armstrong, Mark J. ; Close, Murray E.

Springer

Hydrogeology journal 8 (2000), S. 328-336

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ISSN: 1435-0157

Keywords: Key words geophysical methods ; contamination ; coastal aquifers ; landfills ; New Zealand

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Geosciences

Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La décharge de Burwood, qui est utilisée par la ville de Christchurch (Nouvelle Zélande), est située sur des sables littoraux recouvrant une séquence d'aquifères et d'imperméables. Les eaux souterraines s'écoulent vers la côte, à environ 700 m de la limite de la décharge. Peu après la fin de la première phase de développement de la décharge, un dispositif a été mis en place sur les puits afin de détecter la présence de contaminants provenant de la décharge. Des fuites ont été détectées dans les puits les plus proches de la décharge. Une reconnaissance électromagnétique de surface au moyen d'un EM31 a été réalisée entre la décharge et la côte pour délimiter l'éventuel panache de pollution. Les résultats de la prospection géophysique ont permis d'identifier ce panache ainsi que d'anciens chenaux alluviaux aboutissant à la côte. En aval-gradient, le panache s'étale vers le nord et vers le sud tout en se déplaçant vers l'est en direction de la côte. A partir des résultats de la géophysique, une nouvelle série de puits a été mise en place pour confirmer la présence de concentrations élevées en lessivat. Le prélèvement d'eau porale a confirmé la présence d'un panache de lessivat.

Abstract: Resumen El vertedero de Burwood, que presta servicio a la ciudad de Christchurch (Nueva Zelanda), está ubicado sobre arenas litorales que coronan una secuencia de acuíferos y acuitardos. El flujo subterráneo se dirige hacia la costa, situada a unos 700 m al Este del perímetro del vertedero. Tras ultimar la primera fase de construcción, se procedió a la instalación de una batería de pozos para detectar cualquier contaminante procedente del vertedero, descubriéndose lixiviados en los pozos más cercanos. También se llevó a cabo una campaña electromagnética somera (EM31) entre el vertedero y la costa con el fin de delimitar los penachos de contaminación que pudieran formarse. A partir de los datos geofísicos se logró identificar un penacho y varios paleocanales conectados a la costa. El fujo de lixiviados se inicia probablemente a través de uno o dos de dichos canales. Aguas abajo, la pluma sufre una dispersión según la dirección Norte-Sur a lo largo de su desplazamiento hacia la costa. Utilizando como guía los resultados geofísicos, se instaló una segunda batería de pozos para confirmar la presencia de concentraciones elevadas de lixiviados. El análisis del agua intersticial corrobora la presencia de una pluma de contaminación.

Notes: Abstract The Burwood landfill, which serves the city of Christchurch, New Zealand, is situated on coastal sands underlain by a sequence of aquifers and aquitards. Groundwater flow is toward the coast, located approximately 700 m from the landfill boundary. Shortly after completion of the first phase of the landfill, an array of wells was installed to detect any contaminant from the landfill. Leachate was detected in the wells closest to the landfill. A shallow electromagnetic (EM31) survey was carried out between the landfill and the coast, in order to delineate any leachate plume that may be present. On the basis of the geophysical results, a contaminant plume and buried channels connected to the coast were identified. Leachate flow initially occurs in what is probably a channel or pair of channels. Downgradient, the plume spreads out to the north and south as it moves eastward toward the coast. Using the geophysical results as a guide, a new set of wells was installed to confirm the presence of high leachate concentrations. Pore-water sampling confirms the presence of a leachate plume.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100400000063

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5

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Analysis of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) to characterize microbial communities in aquifers (2000)

Green, Christopher T. ; Scow, Kate M.

Springer

Hydrogeology journal 8 (2000), S. 126-141

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ISSN: 1435-0157

Keywords: Key words microbial processes ; contamination ; bioremediation ; lipid analysis ; phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA)

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Geosciences

Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Ce papier passe en revue les applications des techniques biochimiques basées sur les lipides pour caractériser les communautés microbiennes présentes dans les aquifères et dans les autres habitats souterrains profonds. Ces techniques, telles que l'analyse des acides gras phospholipidiques (PLFA), peuvent fournir des informations sur un ensemble de caractères microbiens, tels que la biomasse, la physiologie, l'identité taxonomique et fonctionnelle, et surtout la composition de la communauté. En outre, l'analyse statistique multivariée des données sur les lipides peut établir les liens entre des changements spatiaux ou temporels dans la communauté microbienne et des facteurs environnementaux. L'utilisation des techniques basées sur les lipides dans l'étude de la microbiologie des eaux souterraines est intéressante parce qu'elle ne nécessite pas de mise en culture et qu'elle peut fournir des données quantitatives sur les communautés dans leur ensemble. Toutefois, les effets combinés de changements physiologiques et phylogénétiques sur la composition d'une communauté peuvent brouiller l'interprétation des données; de nombreuses questions se posent sur la validité des différentes techniques lipidiques. Malgré ces oppositions, la recherche basée sur les lipides a commencéà montrer des tendances dans la composition des communautés dans les aquifères pollués et dans ceux non perturbés; ces résultats contribuent ainsi à notre compréhension de l'écologie microbienne des eaux souterraines et montrent qu'il existe un potentiel pour leur utilisation en vue d'une optimisation de la dépollution biologique des eaux souterraines.

Abstract: Resumen Se revisan distintas técnicas bioquímicas que se basan en el análisis de lípidos para caracterizar las comunidades microbianas en hábitats subsuperficiales, incluyendo acuíferos. Estas técnicas, entre las que se incluye el análisis de ácidos grasos fosfolípidos (PLFA), pueden proporcionar información sobre toda una serie de características de las comunidades microbianas, como su biomasa, fisiología, identidad taxonómica y funcional y composición. Además, el análisis estadístico multivariado de los datos de lípidos permite relacionar los cambios espaciales o temporales en las comunidades microbianas con factores ambientales. Las técnicas basadas en lípidos son muy útiles para el estudio microbiológico de las aguas subterráneas, puesto que no requieren cultivos y además proporcionan datos cuantitativos de comunidades completas. Sin embargo, la acción combinada de los cambios fisiológicos y filogenéticos en la composición de lípidos en una comunidad pueden confundir la interpretación de los datos, por lo existen muchas cuestiones abiertas respecto a la validez de algunas de estas técnicas. A pesar de estas dificultades, estas técnicas han permitido detectar diferentes tendencias en la composición de las comunidades en acuíferos con y sin contaminación, lo que contribuye a nuestro entendimiento de la ecología microbiana de los acuíferos. Este último aspecto tiene un uso potencial en la optimización de los métodos de biorremediación de acuíferos.

Notes: Abstract This paper reviews published applications of lipid-based biochemical techniques for characterizing microbial communities in aquifers and other deep subsurface habitats. These techniques, such as phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis, can provide information on a variety of microbial characteristics, such as biomass, physiology, taxonomic and functional identity, and overall community composition. In addition, multivariate statistical analysis of lipid data can relate spatial or temporal changes in microbial communities to environmental factors. The use of lipid-based techniques in the study of groundwater microbiology is advantageous because they do not require culturing and can provide quantitative data on entire communities. However, combined effects of physiological and phylogenetic changes on the lipid composition of a community can confound interpretation of the data, and many questions remain about the validity of various lipid techniques. Despite these caveats, lipid-based research has begun to show trends in community composition in contaminated and pristine aquifers that contribute to our understanding of groundwater microbial ecology and have potential for use in optimization of bioremediation of groundwater pollutants.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100400050013

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6

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Influence of dissimilatory metal reduction on fate of organic and metal contaminants in the subsurface (2000)

Lovley, Derek R. ; Anderson, Robert T.

Springer

Hydrogeology journal 8 (2000), S. 77-88

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ISSN: 1435-0157

Keywords: microbial processes ; contamination ; metals ; hydrocarbons ; bioremediation

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Geosciences

Description / Table of Contents: Geobacter se convierten en los miembros dominantes de la comunidad microbiana cuando se desarrollan condiciones Fe(III)-reductoras, bien como resultado de la contaminación orgánica, bien por estimulación artificial. En consecuencia, se hace necesario un mayor entendimiento de la ecofisiologéa de los microorganismos del género Geobacter para mejorar las predicciones sobre atenuación natural de los contaminantes orgánicos bajo condiciones anaerobias y para el diseño de estrategias de biorremediación del subsuelo en los casos de contaminación por metales.

Notes: Geobacter become dominant members of the microbial community when Fe(III)-reducing conditions develop as the result of organic contamination, or when Fe(III) reduction is artificially stimulated. These results suggest that further understanding of the ecophysiology of Geobacter species would aid in better prediction of the natural attenuation of organic contaminants under anaerobic conditions and in the design of strategies for the bioremediation of subsurface metal contamination.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00010974

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7

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Comment on “Outbreak of enteroviruses and groundwater contamination in Taiwan: concept of biomedical hydrogeology” (Jean 1999) – A question of barriers and epidemiology (2000)

Gale, P. ; Young, C. ; Lewin, K.

Springer

Hydrogeology journal 8 (2000), S. 348-349

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ISSN: 1435-0157

Keywords: Key words editorial ; Taiwan ; biomedical hydrogeology ; contamination ; health

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Geosciences

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100400000074

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8

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Reply to comments by P. Gale and others on "Outbreak of enteroviruses and groundwater contamination in Taiwan: Concept of biomedical hydrogeology" (Jean 1999) (2000)

Jean, Jiin-Shuh

Springer

Hydrogeology journal 8 (2000), S. 350-353

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ISSN: 1435-0157

Keywords: Key words Editorial ; Taiwan ; biomedical hydrogeology ; contamination ; health

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Geosciences

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100400050022

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9

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Quantification of the ease of removal of bacteria from surfaces (1995)

Eginton, P J ; Gibson, H ; Holah, J ; [et al.]

Springer

Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1995), S. 305-310

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ISSN: 1476-5535

Keywords: biofilms ; surface-attachment ; surface-detachment ; hygiene ; contamination

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology

Notes: Abstract This paper describes a technique which reproducibly quantifies the ease of removal of microorganisms from surfaces. Tiles (22 mm×22 mm) of various materials were colonised withStaphylococcus epidermidis NCTC 11047,Escherichia coli K12 HB101 orPseudomonas aeruginosa PaWH, by submersion, for various times (2 min–48 h), in inoculated Tryptone Soya broth (37°C). Colonised tiles were blotted onto a Tryptone Soya agar plate for 1 min and the process was repeated through a succession of agar plates. The final plate contained tetrazolium salts (0.05% w/v) and was incubatedin situ with the tile. Tetrazolium plates indicated that very few organisms remained on the tiles after 15 successive blots. In all instances, the number of recovered colonies per plate decreased exponentially with plate succession number, according to the relationship, CFU-A.10−kN, where CFU is the number of colonies transferred,k is the removal exponent, A is the intercept and N is the plate succession number. Removal exponents differed significantly between organisms (P〉0.95), depended on the nature of the test surface, and decreased as the inital attachment and colonisation time was increased from 2 min–48 h. Intercept values (A) but not the gradients were dependent upon the initial numbers of bacteria in suspension. These data indicate that the gradients derived from counting recoverable viable cells from successive blots of test tiles onto agar is a measure of the strength of attachment of the organisms to the surface.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569984

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Functional diversity and community structure of microorganisms in uncontaminated and creosote-contaminated soils as determined by sole-carbon-source-utilization (1998)

Derry, A.M. ; Staddon, W.J. ; Trevors, J.T.

Springer

World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1998), S. 571-578

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ISSN: 1573-0972

Keywords: Biodiversity ; community ; contamination ; creosote ; microorganisms ; soil

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology

Notes: Abstract Functional diversities of microorganisms from uncontaminated and creosote-contaminated soils were assessed using sole-carbon source-utilization patterns. The microorganisms were extracted from soil samples and inoculated into Gram-negative Biolog plates incubated at 23°C. Measurement of Shannon diversity, richness, and evenness indices, principal component analysis (PCA), and colour development rank (CDR) plots were based upon substrate utilization. Calculations incorporated data from both the 95 regular Gram-negative Biolog microplate wells and a selection of 23 carbon substrates that are included on Biolog Ecoplates. There did not appear to be significant differences in Shannon diversity and richness indices, PCA, or CDR plots between aminated and creosote-contaminated soils. Significant differences in Shannon diversity and evenness indices that were apparent with the use of the 23 ecologically relevant microplate wells were mostly absent based on calculations that incorporated the regular 95 Gram-negative Biolog microplate wells. Resolution of microbial communities by PCA, however, appeared to be reduced by the use of the 23 Biolog microplate wells compared to the regular 95 carbon sources.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008812821516

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