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  • 42.65
  • Turbulence
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  • Articles  (246)
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  • Springer  (246)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • American Physical Society
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 193-210 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Turbulence ; sediment ; fluvial ; river ; bursting process ; statistics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Entrainment of sediment particles from channel beds into the channel flow is influenced by the characteristics of the flow turbulence which produces stochastic shear stress fluctuations at the bed. Recent studies of the structure of turbulent flow has recognized the importance of bursting processes as important mechanisms for the transfer of momentum into the laminar boundary layer. Of these processes, the sweep event has been recognized as the most important bursting event for entrainment of sediment particles as it imposes forces in the direction of the flow resulting in movement of particles by rolling, sliding and occasionally saltating. Similarly, the ejection event has been recognized as important for sediment transport since these events maintain the sediment particles in suspension. In this study, the characteristics of bursting processes and, in particular, the sweep event were investigated in a flume with a rough bed. The instantaneous velocity fluctuations of the flow were measured in two-dimensions using a small electromagnetic velocity meter and the turbulent shear stresses were determined from these velocity fluctuations. It was found that the shear stress applied to the sediment particles on the bed resulting from sweep events depends on the magnitude of the turbulent shear stress and its probability distribution. A statistical analysis of the experimental data was undertaken and it was found necessary to apply a Box-Cox transformation to transform the data into a normally distributed sample. This enabled determination of the mean shear stress, angle of action and standard error of estimate for sweep and ejection events. These instantaneous shear stresses were found to be greater than the mean flow shear stress and for the sweep event to be approximately 40 percent greater near the channel bed. Results from this analysis suggest that the critical shear stress determined from Shield's diagram is not sufficient to predict the initiation of motion due to its use of the temporal mean shear stress. It is suggested that initiation of particle motion, but not continuous motion, can occur earlier than suggested by Shield's diagram due to the higher shear stresses imposed on the particles by the stochastic shear stresses resulting from turbulence within the flow.
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  • 2
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    Astrophysics and space science 243 (1996), S. 23-28 
    ISSN: 1572-946X
    Keywords: Interplanetary Plasma ; Shock Waves ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Effect of turbulence on interplanetary shock waves propagation is considered. It is shown that background turbulence results in the additional shock wave deceleration which may be comparable with the deceleration due to plasma sweeping. The turbulent deceleration is connected with the energy losses due to the strong turbulence amplification behind the moving shock front.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: copper deficiency ; Cytochrome c oxidase ; heart ; mitochondria ; rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Copper deficiency has been reported to be associated withdecreased cytochrome c oxidase activity, whichin turn may be responsible for theobserved mitochondrial impairment and cardiac failure. We isolatedmito-chondriafrom hearts of copper-deficient rats: cytochrome c oxidase activity was found to be lowerthan incopper-adequate mitochondria. The residual activity paralleled coppercontent of mitochondria and also corresponded with the heme amount associated with cytochromeaa3. In fact, lower absorption in thea-band region of cytochrome aa3 was foundfor copper-deficient rat heart mitochondria. Gel electrophoresisof protein extractedfrom mitochondrial membranes allowed measurements of protein content of thecomplexes ofoxidative phosphorylation, revealing a lower content of complex IV protein incopper-deficientrat heart mitochondria. The alterations caused by copper deficiency appear to bespecific forcytochrome c oxidase. Changes were not observed for F 0 F 1 ATP synthase activity,for heme contents ofcytochrome c and b, and for protein contents of complexes I, III and V.The present study demonstrates that the alteration of cytochrome c oxidase activityobserved in copper deficiency is due to a diminishedcontent of assembled protein and that shortnessof copper impairs heme insertion into cytochrome c oxidase.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The theoretical description of parametric cascaded processes produced by intersecting beams in crystals with second-order susceptibility is presented. A common system of equations in the Slowly Varying Amplitude (SVA) approximation is used to treat the phenomenon. This approach provides a description of overall self-diffraction processes and the equations are well suited for numerical simulations. A relation between phase-matching conditions for parametric cascading processes and diffraction efficiency is found. Pump depletion influence is analysed. The results of numerical simulations are in good agreement with experimental data.
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  • 5
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    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 121-124 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The formation of two-Dimensional (2D) odd dark spatial solutions is analyzed numerically at an initial helical dark-beam phase distribution. Experimental results are presented for the first time confirming the existence of two-dimensional optical even dark solitons (ring dark solitons). Several aspects of the evolution of input 1D and 2D odd/even dark beams are compared qualitatively.
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  • 6
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    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 489-491 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 63.20 ; 78.30
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Generation of infrared radiation in ts-infrared transmission window (6.8–7.7 µm) is reported for the first time by non-collinear difference-frequency mixing of the Nd: YAG second harmonic and the same-pumped dye (Rh-610) laser radiation in a lithium-iodate crystal. The spectrum of polythene sheets was run with the generated radiation.
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  • 7
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    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 309-311 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 52.40 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effects of the development of the three-wave phase on the amplitude of the pumping laser light, the scattered light, and the electron plasma wave are studied. Analytical solutions are obtained to describe a pumping laser light decreasing with time and the development of the electron plasma wave and scattered wave from an initial increasing state to saturation and finally to a decaying state which is closely related to the three-wave phase.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We report on an experimental and numerical investigation of the process of spontaneous optical vortices nucleation in a wave front of a laser beam passed through a photorefractive LiNbO3 : Fe crystal with self-induced nonlinear lens. The complex lens structure produces mainly defocusing of the beam passing through the crystal due to a negative variation of the refractive index, whereas side parts of the lens have a positive sign of refractive-index variation and partially focus the beam. The resulting wave-front distortions lead to a phase bifurcation occurring at a certain distance after the crystal when the amplitude of the light wave becomes zero. We study in detail the process of edge dislocation nucleation and its decay in the near field producing a pair of unity-charged opposite-sign screw dislocations. After birth, they spread along dislocation axes as stable objects.
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  • 9
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    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 47-50 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 31.20.Nt ; 42.65 ; 42.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Excited-State Absorption (ESA), Two-Photon Absorption (TPA) and the third-order polarizability γ(ω;ω,ω, − ω) have been investigated for a model dichloride derivative of a symmetrically substituted benzylidene analine (SBAC), using a multielectron configuration-interaction procedure. The calculations indicate that SBAC exhibits ESA across the visible region of the spectrum, but that it is not as extensive as for molecules such as the phthalocyanines. The magnitude of the third-order polarizability is dominated by resonance enhancement from a very strongA g →B u one-photon absorption. The calculated off-resonance value for γ(ω;ω,ω, − ω) suggests that SBAC is a potential candidate for ultrafast switching applications.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 51.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract More than thirty rotational lines equally spaced by 587 cm−1 are generated simultaneously in the vicinity of the fundamental line by four-wave Raman mixing using a high-power picosecond Ti:Sapphire laser as a pump source and hydrogen as a Raman medium. Since the wavelength of this multifrequency laser emission extends from the near-infrared to the near-ultraviolet, it can be utilized as a tunable light source for picosecond spectroscopy. Because of the wide spectral bandwidth available, this procedure has great potential for the generation of ultrashort laser pulses by mode-locking these emission lines.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.25.Bs ; 42.65 ; 78.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Doped as well as nominally pure crystals of Lithium Niobate (LiNbO3), ι-Arginine Phosphate (LAP), Lithium Iodate (LiIO3), Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KDP), Lithium Formate (LFM), Beta-Barium Borate (BBO), and lithium tetra borate were grown and investigated for photorefractive effects at ultraviolet wavelengths down to 333 nm. In nominally undoped LiNbO3 crystals strong beam coupling effects were observed. In contrast to the visible we revealed a diffusion-dominated charge transport mechanism based on holes, and a low photovoltaic field in the order of 550 V/cm. With such a crystal we investigated the modulation transfer function of a lensless image projection system based on a phase conjugation scheme. A spatial frequency response beyond 2800 line pairs per millimeter was observed. Photorefractive beam coupling was also obtained in LiIO3. Light-induced scattering was detected in iron-doped LiIO3 whereas as-grown LAP material did not exhibit any observable photorefractive effects. However, 100 kV X-ray irradiation seems to induce material defects which can lead to weak light-induced scattering at 351 nm. In all other above-mentioned materials, doped as well as undoped, light-induced scattering could not be observed. On the other hand, this is appreciated in all the applications where the crystals are used as nonlinear material for optical frequency conversion.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 42.55 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We systematically investigate the difference between both actively and passively mode-locked lasers with Gain-at-the-End (GE) and Gain-in-the-Middle (GM) at the example of Nd:YLF lasers. The GE laser generates pulse widths approximately three times shorter than a comparable GM cavity. This is due to enhanced Spatial Hole Burning (SHB) which effectively flattens the saturated gain and allows for a larger lasing bandwidth compared to a GM cavity. We first investigate enhanced SHB by measuring the cw mode spectrum, where we have observed that the mode spacing in GE cavities depends primarily on the crystal length. This was also confirmed for a Nd:LSB crystal, where the pump absorption length was significantly shorter than the crystal length. In mode-locked operation, pulse widths of 4 ps for passive mode locking and 5 ps for active mode locking are demonstrated with GE cavities, compared to 11 ps for passive and 17 ps for active mode locking with GM cavities. Additionally, the time-bandwidth product for the GE cavity is approximately twice the ideal product for a sech2 pulse shape and cannot be improved by dispersion compensation alone, while the GM cavity has nearly ideal time-bandwidth-limited performance. The results for the GM cavity compare well to existing theories taking into account the added effect of pump-power-dependent gain bandwidth which increases the bandwidth of Nd: YLF from 360 to 〉 500 GHz. In a following paper [1] (called Part II) a rigorous theoretical treatment of the effects due to SHB will be presented.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 07.60 ; 42.65 ; 33.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A technique using a Fabry-Perot interferometer has been developed to calibrate high-resolution spectra obtained by Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS). This technique was used to measure simultaneously the Raman frequency and the Raman signal at each laser shot. We demonstrate the accuracy of the method by measuring theQ(15) line shifts of molecular oxygen due to collisions with oxygen and water vapour.
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  • 14
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    Applied physics 60 (1995), S. 61-65 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 32.00 ; 42.65 ; 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A novel method for exciting the two-photon 2p 3 3p 3 P ←2p 4 3 P atomic oxygen transition is reported. The transition energy is provided by the combined photon energies of the second and third Stokes orders of a deuterium-filled Raman shifter pumped by an ArF-excimer laser. The ArF-excimer-pumped Raman shifter performance is characterized and the approach is demonstrated in an atomic oxygen population created by molecular oxygen absorption and predissociation in room air.
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  • 15
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    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 73-80 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.60. Da
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The stimulated Brillouin scattering threshold of focused broad-band XeCl laser radiation depends on the ratio of the coherence length to the Rayleigh range, which is affected by the transverse beam quality. With reduction of the focal length, the threshold decreases first and then reaches a nearly constant value. In addition, the energy reflectivity is increased. On the other hand, pulse shortening occurs and the phase conjugation fidelity is decreased. Separation of single lines from the structured XeCl laser spectrum improves the SBS efficiency.
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  • 16
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    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 127-134 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.65 ; 78.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Three-photon absorption and three-photon-induced excited-state absorption of rutile are studied by transmission measurements using picosecond pulses of a mode-locked Nd: glass laser. The nonlinear absorption limits efficient stimulated Raman scattering. It reduces the efficiency of two-photon absorption of a picosecond probe continuum. Three-photon absorption coefficients, excited-state absorption cross sections, a Raman gain factor, and two-photon absorption cross-section spectra are determined. The arrangementsE⊥c andE ∥c are considered.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.70.Gz ; 42.30.Va ; 42.40.Kw ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have optically characterized the newly-developed photorefractive crystal KNSBN: Cu by two-wave coupling at visible and near-infrared wavelengths. The effective electrooptic coefficientsξ(k g)r 13 andξ(k g)r 33, the effective charge carrier densityN eff, the dark conductivityσ d, the product of mobility and electron-trap recombination timeμτ R, the formation and decay rate of index grating and the absorption coefficientα of the crystal were determined from visible to near-infrared wavelengths. Their wavelength dependences were also studied. It is interesting to notice that the KNSBN: Cu crystal has a very largeN eff and large gain coefficientΓ for ordinary ray (o-ray) in the visible region, and the photorefractive properties of the crystal are very different in the visible and near-infrared spectral regions.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 42.65 ; 82.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the design and performance characteristics of a pulsed tunable dye laser system for the simultaneous generation of two UV wavelengths are presented. The system is composed of an oscillator and an amplifier stage, pumped by the second harmonic of a commercial Nd:YAG laser. Dual-wavelength operation is achieved with one additional tuning mirror introduced to the prism expanded grazing incidence oscillator. The two obtained wavelengths are independently tunable, their separation is only limited by the gain profile of the dye. Both wavelengths are frequency doubled by Second-Harmonic Generation (SHG) in two KDP or BBO crystals. Performance characteristics such as bandwidth, efficiency, tuning range and wavelength separation are reported. As application two such systems are used for the simultaneous detection of the four elements cadmium, nickel, manganese and lead by Laser-Excited Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry in a graphite furnace (ETA-LEAFS).
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 33.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Thermometry of an oxy-acetylene flame using multiplex Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing (DFWM) of C2 is demonstrated. More than 100 rotational transitions in thed 3 Π g ←a 3 Π u (0,0) Swan band of C2 could be recorded simultaneously by use of a pulsed, broad bandwidth “modeless” laser. Temperatures were inferred by fitting temperature-dependent synthetic spectra of single- or multiple-shot averaged spectra. The strength and reliability of recorded signals together with the large number of rotational lines observed suggest that multiplex DFWM is a promising technique for minor species detection and for temporally resolved temperature measurements in luminous environments. Factors influencing the accuracy and precision of single-shot thermometry using the technique are discussed.
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  • 20
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    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 511-514 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.30 ; 42.40 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We consider the possibility of restoration and/or enhancement of decaying holograms in photorefractive media by using a simple optical readout in conjunction with a phase conjugator. The results indicate that extremely weak holograms can be enhanced provided that the two-beam coupling is sufficiently strong. Steady-state photorefractive holograms can be maintained continuously without decay by using a self-enhanced readout scheme. The results also provide an explanation for the formation of mutually pumped phase conjugation in terms of the amplification of an initial noise grating. The results are presented and discussed.
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  • 21
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    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 479-483 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 78.30 ; 78.32 ; 42.70 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A design of a compact blue-green stimulated Raman shifter pumped by the third harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser is presented. Design parameters given here are based on our experimental investigation of various optimization techniques involving parametric studies. Blue-green energy conversion of up to 66% is achieved. The problem of optical breakdown is addressed.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 36.40 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The hot luminescent reaction zones of CO2-laser-induced pyrolysis flames using SiH4/C2H2 gas mixtures with different silane to acetylene ratios and with and without diborane additives were investigated by means of H2 Q-branch CARS spectroscopy, leading to spatial temperature profiles in gas flow direction. In the case of B2H6 additive to the stoichiometric SiH4/C2H2 mixture a high temperature plateau (≈ 800–1000 K) of the reactant gas volume develops already several millimetres before reaching the CO2-laser focus line. This precursor preheating zone could be explained by the catalytic effect of boron atoms or boron-containing intermediate species in the flame. A similar behaviour for acetylene-rich flames operating at half laser power was not observed.
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  • 23
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    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 145-150 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Guiding of multiple signal beams in an induced all-optical cable is studied theoretically. A balance relation is derived for the interaction geometry and undistorted propagation of bright elliptical signal beams nested in a single ring dark soliton. The numerical analyses show a remarkable misalignment stability of the parallel guiding scheme.
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  • 24
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    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 117-120 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60B ; 42.60D ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Narrow linewidth, single spectral mode operation has been obtained in a high power, 810 nm broad-area diode laser in an extended cavity configuration with a grating as external reflector (grating feedback). For stable operation it was necessary to misalign the feedback slightly in the plane of the laser junction. Characteristics of the thus obtained laser system are a linewidth below 5 MHz, an output intensity of about 50% of the free running power, a large-scale tuning range of 15 nm and continuous scanning over 4 GHz. In the spatial domain, the laser remains multimode and astigmatic. To show the practical applicability of this system, saturated absorption of a krypton line is demonstrated.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 33.00 ; 42.55 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of Mid-InfraRed (MIR) (λ ≅ 12 μm) and Far-InfraRed (FIR) (λ ≽ 100 μm) emission from excited ammonia on the absorption of intense radiation of a TEA CO2 laser has been studied experimentally under collisional and collisionless excitation conditions with ammonia pressures from 0.5 to 0.03 Torr. The energy of MIR and FIR emission was studied as a function of NH3 pressure and laser energy fluence. Particular emphasis was given to the kinetics of MIR and FIR emission generation at different NH3 pressures and to the measurement of the time delay of re-emitted pulses relative to the exciting CO2 laser pulse. It has been found that the re-emission in the MIR range is highly collisional in nature. The intensity of MIR emission drops sharply (asp 3) with decreasing NH3 pressure and its delay time relative to the exciting laser pulse increases. At the same time, re-emission in the FIR range (in the case of resonant excitation of NH3 at the 9R (30) line of CO2 laser) is observed during an exciting pulse up top 〈 0.03 Torr. When binding the rotational sub-levels of a molecule with transitions, FIR emission acts as rotational relaxation and thus leads to an increase in NH3 IR absorption even at collisionless excitation.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 7.65 ; 33.00 ; 42.60 ; 42.65 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new widely tunable source in the infrared for use in high-resolution spectroscopy and trace-gas detection is described. This spectroscopic source is based on Difference Frequency Generation (DFG) in gallium selenide (GaSe) and is continuously tunable in the 8.8–15.0 μm wavelength region. Such a DFG source operates at room temperature which makes it a useful alternative to a lead-salt diode-laser- based detection system that requires cryogenic temperatures and numerous individual diode lasers.
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  • 27
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    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 49-57 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 33.20 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract To establish H2 CARS thermometry at high pressure, accumulated H2 Q-branch CARS spectra were recorded in the exhaust of a fuel-rich CH4/air flame at pressures between 5 and 40 bar. Temperatures were deduced by fitting theoretical spectra to experimental data points. The Energy-Corrected Sudden (ECS) scaling law was employed to set up an empirical model for the calculation of H2 linewidths in high-pressure hydrocarbon flames with H2 as a minority species. Experimental H2 CARS spectra could be simulated very accurately with this model. The evaluated temperatures agreed well with reference temperatures obtained by spontaneous rotational Raman scattering of N2.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.70
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract After having reported preliminary results related to saturation, we first theoretically consider the various mechanisms contributing to the resonant optical Kerr effect in Cd(S, Se)-doped glasses. We obtain the expression for the expected effective susceptibility in different possible cases. This nonlinearity is studied experimentally using optical-phase conjugation in the low-intensity regime. We show that, by time resolving the nonlinear response of such glasses having experienced various degrees of photodarkening, we can clearly assess the origin of the resonant optical Kerr effect in these materials. Usually, a combination of a fast free-carrier contribution due to particles without traps and of a slow trapped-carrier one due to particles with traps is observed. For the free-carrier contribution, induced absorption is observed to be almost as important as absorption saturation. We also report frequency-dependent measurements and discuss the change in absorption spectrum and the increase of the nonradiative decay rate that accompany darkening.
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  • 29
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    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 213-215 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.65
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Energy output of 400 mJ, an order of magnitude higher than reported previously is obtained in aQ-switched flashlamp-pumped Nd3+:KGd(WO4)2 laser. No pronounced saturation of the output energy with respect to the pump energy is observed. Multiwavelength operation due to efficient Stokes conversion in the laser crystal is demonstrated.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.55 ; 07.60 ; 07.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated the increase of efficiency for high-order anti-Stokes Raman scattering using a cryogenic Raman cell. By cooling the cell to liquid-nitrogen temperature, output energies of the 9th-order anti-Stokes wave at 133 nm in normal hydrogen were enhanced by a factor of 10, and the 11th-order anti-Stokes line at 141 nm in normal deuterium appeared, while no output was observed at room temperature. No output energy enhancement, however, was obtained using cooled para-hydrogen as a result of multiple rotational Raman scattering. For long-term operation, the output window surface of the Raman cell was kept at above 200 K in order to protect it from deposition, the absorption of which is detrimental to VUV transmission.
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  • 31
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    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 415-419 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 72.40 ; 78.20
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We report on the observation of mirrorless oscillation in photorefractive BaTiO3 pumped by two pairs of two nearly counterpropagating light waves, each of them containing an ordinary and an extraordinary component of polarization. The oscillation waves are located on a cone with an apex angle defined by the phase-matching conditions of this process.
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  • 32
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    Applied physics 60 (1995), S. 437-442 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.65 ; 42.60
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The design, configuration and operation of Ti:Sapphire-laser-pumped femtosecond Optical Parametric Oscillators (OPOs) using KTP and RTA are described. The results presented include configurations capable of producing transform-limited pulses shorter than 40 fs and operating with pump powers as low as 50 mW. Tunability within the 1–3 µn spectral region is demonstrated using pump-tuning alone.
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  • 33
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    Notes: Abstract Efficient generation of femtosecond pulses in the wavelength range from 520 to 675 nm by external frequency doubling the signal wave of a non-critically phase-matched picosecond KTP Optical Parametric Oscillator (OPO) in a non-critically phase-matched temperature tuned LiB3O5(LBO) crystal is demonstrated. An average power of the second harmonic as high as 310 mW at 575 nm was generated. In the absence of group velocity mismatch of LBO for a wavelength of the OPO at about 1.3 µm the minimum second-harmonic pulse width was 400 fs at 645 nm.
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  • 34
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    Applied physics 60 (1995), S. 571-572 
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    Keywords: 42.65 ; 72.70
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    Notes: Abstract A theoretical model of a transient nonlinear four-photon interaction in a fibre is proposed. An optimization of the efficiency of the parametric conversion is suggested.
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  • 35
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    Notes: Abstract An experimental setup for gas-temperature diagnostics using Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) in very small sample volumes with great spatial and temporal temperature variations is presented. Studies have been started of a newly designed transversely heated graphite-tube atomizer for atomic absorption spectrometry (Perkin-Elmer, 4100 ZL). For the investigations, high spatial resolution and precise time synchronization of the measurements and also automatic control of the time-dependent intensity of the anti-Stokes signal were realized. The graphite-tube atomizer also offers the possibility of high-temperature-gas spectroscopy. A high-temperature CARS spectrum of CO2, recorded in the graphite tube at 2300 K, is shown for the first time. A number of hot-band transitions in the spectral region of the Fermi doublet at a Raman shift from 1230 to 1450cm−1 was observed and assigned, making possible the use of CO2 as “spectroscopic thermometer gas”, similar to N2.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 33.00 ; 42.65
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    Notes: Abstract Polarization spectroscopy has been used to investigate the electronic bands of OH (A 2 Σ-X 2 Π) and NH (A 3 Π-X 3 Σ) radicals generated in atmospheric pressure flames. The pump-beam intensity dependence of the polarization-spectroscopy signals of isolated lines in theR branches has been studied. It was found that significant saturation is noticeable for pump-beam intensities as low as 0.1 MW/cm2. A detailed theoretical description inluding laser-bandwidth convolutions has been developed to model unsaturated polarization spectra of OH and NH. For OH, temperature evaluations have been performed in methane/air flames from fits to experimentalR 1 band head spectral structures. The results are critically dependent on the degree of saturation in experimental spectra, instrumental bandwidth and the assumed coupling cases in the calculation of line-strength parameters. It is shown that saturation leads to an error of more than 60% in the temperature evaluation when a pump-beam intensity of 1 MW/cm2 is used.
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  • 37
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    Applied physics 61 (1995), S. 569-579 
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    Keywords: 42.60 ; 42.55 ; 42.65
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In Part I of this paper [1] experimental results were presented and discussed. In this part, we investigate theoretically the dynamics of end-pumped solid-state lasers due to enhanced spatial hole burning. This becomes possible by a fast numerical implementation of the saturated gain in the presence of strong spatial hole burning that allows to treat the multimode case for an arbitrary pumping level. We find for a wide range of laser parameters that the mode spacing of the cw running modes is essentially determined by the length of the gain medium and only weakly depends on the absorption depth of the pump transition. It is shown that spatial hole burning can lead to a completely flat saturated gain profile over half of the gain bandwidth. In mode-locked lasers, the flat gain due to spatial hole burning results in shorter pulses. But the pulses are neither Gaussian-nor sech-shaped as they are in actively or passively mode-locked lasers without spatial hole burning. Further, we show that soliton-like pulse shaping can be used to restore a transform-limited sech-shaped pulse in an end-pumped solid-state laser while exploiting the full gain bandwidth of the laser material.
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  • 38
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    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 59-64 
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    Keywords: 42.60 ; 42.65 ; 78.30
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract To investigate the full conversion of pump power to the Stokes waves in stimulated Raman scattering with a single-pass cell, unconverted pump energies have been analyzed in detail in relation to the first Stokes, second Stokes and first anti-Stokes energies. Adoption of a long focusing configuration with a high-pressure cell was found to be effective but insufficient to suppress the four-wave mixing effect, because a small amount of pump energy always remained undepleted. Comparison of the results using pump beams of various spectral and spatial mode characteristics from alexandrite and Nd:YAG lasers revealed that the spatial mode quality was the most critical parameter for full depletion of a pump pulse.
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  • 39
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    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 139-142 
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    Notes: Abstract A four-frame technique for interferogram analysis is used to measure the transverse phase distribution of nonlinearly split 2D dark beams. Pairs of diametrical phase shifts within each ring are retrieved from the experiment. This result is one of the tests required to denote the formations observed as ring dark solitons.
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  • 40
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    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 293-297 
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    Keywords: 42.10 ; 42.65 ; 42.70
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    Notes: Abstract Fluence dependence of transmission in three dyes, viz. indanthrone, dichloroindanthrone and violanthrone, is reported at 532 nm as well as at 1.06 µm. These dyes show optical limiting at both these wavelengths for nanosecond pulses. The limiting is due to the combined effect of reverse saturable absorption from the triplet state and thermal defocussing in the dye solutions.
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  • 41
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    Applied physics 60 (1995), S. 5-10 
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    Keywords: 42.65 ; 33.20
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The detection of C2 radicals in a premixed acetylene-oxygen flame by using polarization spectroscopy is reported. The signal was recorded in the Swan system,d 3 II g−a 3 II u (0, 0), using a pulsed dye laser. The spectrum shows a very good signal-to-noise ratio with clearly resolved rotational structures of theP andR triplets. The dependence of the signal on the pump-beam polarization was also studied. The spatial distribution of the signal from C2 radicals in the flame was measured as a demonstration of the use of polarization spectroscopy in combustion diagnostics.
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  • 42
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    Notes: Abstract We present a new technique to determine the complex-valued tensor components of the nonlinear surface susceptibility χ s (2) of isotropic adsorbate layers. It is based on a change of the state of the fundamental polarization by rotation of a quarter-wave plate. We verify the theoretical predictions by measurements on a Langmuir-Blodgett film of a highly nonlinear hemicyanine dye in total reflection geometry. The obtained second-harmonic rotation pattern is analyzed in Fourier components, which are related to the absolute value and relative phase of the tensor components of the surface susceptibility. We compare the obtained results with separate measurements in which a half-wave plate is used to rotate the fundamental polarization. Our results are confirmed by an additional interference experiment. The method presented here allows the single-valued determination of χ s (2) with measurements at only one angle of incidence, in contrast to the half-wave-plate technique.
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  • 43
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    Keywords: 07.65 ; 33.00 ; 42.60 ; 42.65 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract Spectroscopic detection of the methane in natural air using an 800 nm diode laser and a diode-pumped 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser to produce tunable light near 3.2 µm is reported. The lasers were pump sources for ring-cavity-enhanced tunable difference-frequency mixing in AgGaS2. IR frequency tuning between 3076 and 3183 cm−1 was performed by crystal rotation and tuning of the extended-cavity diode laser. Feedback stabilization of the IR power reduced intensity noise below the detector noise level. Direct absorption and wavelength-modulation (2f) spectroscopy of the methane in natural air at 10.7 kPa (80 torr) were performed in a 1 m single-pass cell with 1 µW probe power. Methane has also been detected using a 3.2 µm confocal build-up cavity in conjunction with an intracavity absorption cell. The best methane detection limit observed was 12 ppb m (Hz.)−1/2.
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  • 44
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    Notes: Abstract The accuracy and precision of oxygen concentration and temperature measured by dual-broadband rotational Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS) were investigated in nitrogen-oxygen mixtures at atmospheric pressure and temperatures between 290 and 1410 K. The relative standard deviation of temperatures evaluated from pure oxygen rotational CARS spectra was found to be around 5%, and the mean temperature was the same as for nitrogen CARS spectra, except for temperatures above 1000 K, where the temperature was 120 K below the correct value. The in situ calibrated oxygen concentrations were within 10% of the correct value, with a standard deviation of around 1.2% for the mixtures of 12 and 20% oxygen in nitrogen. For the lowest oxygen concentrations considered in this study (2 and 4%), the systematic errors in the evaluated concentrations were very large, and the standard deviation of repeated single-shot measurements was above 2%. However, employing weighting in the spectral fitting routine reduced the errors in the concentration and the single-shot standard deviation was lowered to 0.5%. Finally, it was shown that spectral interference (from oxygen) in a rotational CARS spectrum of nitrogen generally had little impact on the temperature evaluated from fitting the spectra to theoretical nitrogen spectra.
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  • 45
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    Keywords: 42.30 ; 42.65 ; 42.70 ; 42.40
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    Notes: Abstract Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing (DFWM) based on excited-state absorption in azo-dye doped polymer films is firstly reported. Under a pre-exciting argon laser at 514.5 nm, DFWM is performed using a 632.8 nm HeNe laser which is absorbed only slightly when the molecules are in the ground state. The dynamic behavior of the DFWM signal due to excited-state absorption is also treated theoretically.
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  • 46
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    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 389-397 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 02.60.Cb ; 02.70.-c ; 42.10 ; 42.25.Bs ; 42.65
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We describe and example the Beam Propagation Method (BPM) used to model and simulate nonlinear refractive and absorptive effects in materials with applications to optical limiting and switching. Various scenarios including laser-beam trapping and laser-beam division are investigated, in order to demonstrate the power of the BPM. A novel technique is also described for efficiently modelling the external far-field propagation from nonlinear media, including the propagation of non-Gaussian-shaped spatial profiles. The methods are finally combined with the phenomenon of nonlinear absorption to demonstrate enhanced power limiting in the presence of self-refraction. Optimal parameters for high-fluence power-limiting are subsequently discussed.
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  • 47
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    Notes: Abstract We show that using the approximation of fixed intensity analytical formulae, describing the process of induced phase modulation for the beams involved in second-order nonlinear optical processes can be derived. Expressions that allow the optimization of the phase shifts experienced by the fundamental and generated waves are presented for nonlinear quadratic processes, second-harmonic generation and sum-frequency mixing. In the case of seeding at the generated wavelength, the phase shift of the fundamental wave is due to two interactions: (i) a cubic one, based on coupled second-order processes (cascade cubic nonlinearity) and (ii) single quadratic interaction with participation of the seeding wave. By comparison with the exact numerical solution, we defined the input parameters of the beams for which this analytical approach is valid. It is shown that phase shifts exceeding π/2 can be correctly predicted using the expressions obtained.
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  • 48
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    Keywords: 07.62 ; 42.65
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    Notes: Abstract Mixing experiments with 30 THz CO2-laser radiation as well as the detection of 35 ps 30 THz pulses of an optical-free-induction-decay CO2-laser system have been performed with the first nanometer thin-film Ni-NiO-Ni diodes with a minimum contact area of 0.012 µm2. Difference frequencies up to 85 MHz were detected by mixing two different CO2-laser beams coupled to the diode with an integrated bow-tie antenna. The dependence of the beat signal on bias voltage, laser power and polarization of the infrared laser radiation was determined.
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  • 49
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    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 161-166 
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    Keywords: 42.20 ; 42.30 ; 42.65
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The field, the propagation and the imaging characteristics of two Gaussian optical beams with orthogonal polarization passing through a family of Kerr-law nonlinear shifted parabolic graded-index rod lenses are investigated. The coupled differential equations of the dimensionless beam-width parameters of two Gaussian optical beams are derived by using a variational approach and then solved. It is concluded that there are two regimes of propagation and that the power, the incident waist radius and the position of one beam have large effects on the field, the propagation and the imaging characteristics of the other beam.
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    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 237-242 
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    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.65 ; 42.70
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We experimentally studied properties of traveling-wave excitation and traveling-wave pulse compression for a Nd : glass laser system with a streak camera. These properties were extended to second-harmonic generation with a type-11 KDP crystal. We found that the second-harmonic pulse generated from the chirped-fundamental pulse also has a good chirp linearity, but the spectral bandwidth and temporal duration were reduced. We demonstrated the effective subpulse suppression in the compressed pulse with the second-harmonic generation. The pulse with tilted wave front, short wavelength and high contrast ratio can be obtained by the second-harmonic generation of traveling-wave pulse.
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  • 51
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown that the system polarizer-frequency-doubling crystal(s)-analyzer has a nonlinear transmission for the fundamental wave. The intensity-dependent transmission of this device is due to the nonlinear phase shift that the fundamental beam obtains in the nonlinear crystal as a result of cascaded second-order processes. Depending on the mutual orientation of the polarizer and the analyzer such effects as self-induced transparency and self-induced darkening can be realized.
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    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 537-540 
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    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.60
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We experimentally demonstrate vector phase conjugation in Cr4+:YAG saturable absorber at 1.06μm with nanosecond pulses using degenerate four-wave mixing with linearly-polarized pump beams of arbitrary strengths. The experimental results show that the phase conjugate wave produced by this method can correct depolarisation induced by a birefringent medium.
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    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 599-604 
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    Keywords: 42.40 ; 42.65 ; 42.70
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    Notes: Abstract We investigate holographic scattering processes in BaTiO3 pumped by two coherent copropagating waves. Four lines are observed on a screen behind the sample. The experimental results are well described by a model taking into account parametric mixing of four copropagating waves and limitations of optically induced space charge fields because of the finite trap density.
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  • 54
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    Meccanica 33 (1998), S. 445-468 
    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Wall-bounded turbulent shear flows ; Scaling laws in turbulence ; Local structure of turbulence ; Fluid mechanics
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Turbulence at very large Reynolds numbers (often called developed turbulence) is widely considered to be one of the happier provinces of the turbulence realm, as it is widely thought that two of its basic results are well-established, and have a chance to enter, basically untouched, into a future complete theory of turbulence. These results are the von Kármán-Prandtl universal logarithmic law in the wall-region of wall-bounded turbulent shear flow, and the Kolmogorov-Obukhov scaling laws for the local structure of developed turbulent flow.However, doubts have been expressed over the years about the fluid mechanical assumptions that underlie these laws. After a concise review of the problem of turbulence as a whole we will show in the present paper that the von Kármán–Prandtl universal logarithmic law is based on an assumption which,though plausible, in fact is not quite correct. We will come to the conclusion, based on theoretical considerations and on processing of experimental data, that the universal logarithmic law does not describe the real features of developed turbulent wall-bounded flow of viscous fluid; it should be jettisoned and replaced by a different law, a scaling law. Experimental evidence for the local structure of turbulent flows is now not sufficiently well-established to allow a similarly definite conclusion. However, the application of the new approach presented here makes it very plausible that the classical, non-modified version of Kolmogorov–Obukhov ‘K-41’ laws gives an adequate description of the local features of developedturbulent flows. Sommario.La turbolenza agli altissimi numeri di Reynolds (spesso chiamata turbolenza sviluppata) è largamente ritenuta una delle regioni felici del regno della turbolenza: si pensa infatti che due suoi risultati fondamentali siano ben assodati e che abbiano speranza di entrare senza rilevanti modifiche in una futura teoria completa della turbolenza.Questi risultati sono la legge logaritmica universale di Kármán–Prandtl per la regione di parete dei flussi turbolenti confinati e la legge di simulitudine di Kolmogorov–Obukhov per la struttura locale del flusso turbolento sviluppato. Nel corso degli anni sono stati tuttavia espressi dubbi sulle ipotesi fluidodinamiche che sottendono queste leggi. Nel presente lavoro, dopo un breve esame del problema della turbolenza nel suo insieme,dimostreremo che la legge logaritmica universale di Kármán–Prandtl è basata su un'assunzione che, per quanto plausibile, non è del tutto corretta. Giungeremo alla conclusione, basata su considerazioni teoriche esull'elaborazione di dati sperimentali, che la legge logaritmica universale non descrive le caratteristiche reali del flusso turbolento di un fluido viscoso sviluppato e confinato da una parete; essa dovrebbe essere sostituita de una legge differente, una legge di similitude. L'evidenza sperimentale per la stzuttura locale di flusso turbolento non è al momento sufficientemente assodata perpermettere una conclusione altrettanto definita. L'impiegodel nuovo approccio qui presentato, tuttavia, rende assai plausible che la classica versione non modificata della legge ‘K-41’ di Kolmogorov-Obukhov fornisca una adeguata descrizione delle caratteristiche locali del flussoturbolento sviluppato.
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    Meccanica 33 (1998), S. 29-46 
    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Finite difference methods ; Free shear layers ; Turbulence ; Fluid mechanics
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A computational formulation is proposed for second-moment closure turbulence models, especially suited to models intended to ensure physical realizability. It enables to cast the quite complicated model equations in a compact form. It is specifically applied here to a two-dimensional parabolized flow, though it lends itself to extension to more complex flows. An effective computational algorithm is proposed, based on a staggered grid and a block tridiagonal solver. The algorithm is applied to a turbulent mixing layer, and the comparison between the predictions obtained by standard modelling tools and a realizable second-moment closure clearly points out the superiority of the latter.
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  • 56
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    Meccanica 33 (1998), S. 503-516 
    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Flow visualization ; Speckle photography ; Particle image velocimetry ; Turbulence ; Fluid mechanics
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Modern developments in laser and computer technology, electronic cameras, and digital image processing techniques allow to generate planar distributions of quantitative data in turbulent flows. Large amounts of data can be processed easily and analyzed statistically. With these tools, it is possible to quantitatively visualize turbulent coherent structures, even in flows of high Reynolds number, and measure characteristic spatial quantities like vorticity, length scales, spatial correlation functions, etc. These potentials in analyzing spatial characteristics of turbulent flows are demonstrated with two different methods of quantitative flow visualization: speckle photography as a representative of the line-of-sight methods, and particle image velocimetry belonging to the methods that rely on the scattering of laser light from tracer particles. Sommario.I moderni sviluppi nelle tecnologie del laser e dei computers, delle telecamere elettroniche e le tecniche di analisi digitale delle immagini permettono di ottenere distribuzioni quantitative, in un piano, di dati relativi a flussi turbolenti. Una gran quantità di dati può essere con facilità analizzata statisticamente. Con questi mezzi è possibile visualizzare quantitativamente strutture coerenti turbolente anche in flussi da alto numero di Reynolds, e misurare caratteristiche spaziali, come vorticità scale e funzioni di correlazione. Questa potenzialità di studiare caratteristiche spaziali di flussi turbolenti viene qui mostrata per due differenti metodi di visualizzazione quantitativa: fotografia ‘speckle’ e PIV (particle image velocimetry).
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    Meccanica 30 (1995), S. 719-725 
    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Self-similarity ; Fluid dynamics
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario Nel presente lavoro viene presentato uno studio riguardante le proprietà della cosiddetta funzione di forma $$f\left( {\frac{r}{\eta }} \right)$$ che caratterizza le leggi di scala delle fluttuazioni di velocità in un flusso turbolento. L'analisi é basata su precedenti misure sperimentali effettuate in flussi turbolenti generati da griglie a bassi Reλ ed in condizioni omogenee e non omogenee. Le proprietá di universalitá della funzione di forma sono studiate nell'ambito della cosiddetta Extended Self-Similarity.
    Notes: Abstract In this work some investigations on the properties of the so calledform function $$f\left( {\frac{r}{\eta }} \right)$$ which characterizes the scaling behavior of the small scales fluctuations in a turbulent flow are presented. The present analysis is based on previous experimental measurements in homogeneous and non-homogeneous grid-generated turbulence at low Reλ. The universality properties of the form function are investigated in the frame of the Extended Self Similarity (ESS) form of scaling.
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    Space science reviews 83 (1998), S. 75-86 
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Keywords: Solar wind ; Heliosphere ; Ulysses ; SOHO ; MHD waves ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The solar wind in the inner heliosphere, inside ~ 5 AU, has been almost fully characterized by the addition of the high heliographic latitude Ulysses mission to the many low latitude inner heliosphere missions that preceded it. The two major omissions are the high latitude solar wind at solar maximum, which will be measured during the second Ulysses polar passages, and the solar wind near the Sun, which could be analyzed by a Solar Probe mission. Here, existing knowledge of the global solar wind in the inner heliosphere is summarized in the context of the new results from Ulysses.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 0340-3793
    Keywords: PACS: 42.40 ; 42.65 ; 42.70
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract.  A generalized systematic description of the Two-Wave Mixing (TWM) process in sillenite crystals allowing for arbitrary orientation of the grating vector is presented. An analytical expression for the TWM gain is obtained for the special case of plane waves in a thin crystal (∣g∣d≪1) with large optical activity (∣g∣/ϱ≪1, g is the coupling constant, ϱ the rotatory power, d the crystal thickness). Using a two-dimensional formulation the scope of the nonlinear equations describing TWM can be extended to finite beams in arbitrary geometries and to any crystal parameters. Two promising applications of this formulation are proposed. The polarization dependence of the TWM gain is used for the flattening of Gaussian beam profiles without expanding them. The dependence of the TWM gain on the interaction length is used for the determination of the crystal orientation. Experiments carried out on Bi12GeO20 crystals of a non-standard cut are in good agreement with the results of modelling.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 68.55 ; 36.40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Optical Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) by metal clusters has been investigated. For this purpose clusters were generated by the deposition and nucleation of metal atoms on a LiF(100) single crystal surface under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. The size and shape of the metal particles was characterized by optical transmission spectroscopy. The SHG intensity was detected in situ as a function of cluster size during the nucleation. Fundamental wavelengths of λ=1064 and 532 nm were used and the SHG signal was measured for different polarization combinations of the incident and registered light. SH radiation is detectable for particles as small as approximately 1 nm. The signal grows monotonically as a function of particle size, passes a maximum and finally drops off. This behavior is discussed in terms of resonant enhancement of the signal by surface plasmon excitation and changes ofχ (2) as a function of particle size and shape. In further experiments the chemisorption of oxygen on the surface of the metal particles was studied. The SH signal decreases as a function of oxygen coverage and amounts to only about 15% of the initial value upon chemisorption of one monolayer. This indicates that the SH signal originates almost exclusively from the surface of the clean clusters and that higher order bulk contributions are negligible.
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    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 143-149 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.80 ; 42.70 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Intensity-dependent absorption of 25 ns excimer laser pulses in common UV-window materials was investigated. By employing a calorimetric technique which provides greatly enhanced sensitivity compared to transmissive measurements, two-photon absorption coefficients were determined at intensities of 2–80 MW/cm2 and found to be in good agreement with previous measurements at 10–100 GW/cm2. Also, color-center formation in fused silica was observed. It was possible to quantify transient and cumulative effects as a function of intensity.
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  • 62
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    Applied physics 60 (1995), S. 209-215 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.35 ; 82.20 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The adsorption of oxygen and hydrogen on a Pt(111) surface has been studied with phase-sensitive Second-Harmonic Generation (SHG) signal detection. The SHG-signal change measured with p-in, p-out polarization during the adsorption of oxygen and hydrogen was found to be different in amplitude and phase for the two adsorbates. At the wavelength used (1064 nm), only a localized interaction between adsorbate and substrate is seen, leading to a linear dependence of the susceptibility on the coverage. Sticking coefficients,sθ, and their coverage dependence were determined. For hydrogen, a linear decrease insθ with coverage was found; the initial sticking coefficient beings 0=0.06 at a temperature ofT=130 K. For oxygen,sθ whows a quadratic decrease with coverage, strongly dependent on temperature, withs 0=0.05 atT=350 K. A method based on these results is proposed, which would allow the determination of adsorbate coverages of coadsorption systems with SHG using phase-sensitive signal detection.
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  • 63
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    Applied physics 60 (1995), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 73.60 ; 82.65 ; 42.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Systematic studies were carried out with the goal to further develop optical Second-Harmonic Generation (SHG) as a tool for surface and interface analysis. For this purpose hexadecane thiol, HS(CH2)15CH3, on polycrystalline Au films served as a model system to study the spectral behavior of the susceptibility of the gold surface and its variation as a function of coverage. Experiments have been performed at different coverages, with different polarization combinations of the incident and detected light, different angles of incidence and different wavelengths ranging from z=615 nm to 660 nm. In addition to the intensity of the generated second-harmonic light, its phase was measured. As a result, a complete determination of all independent elements of the susceptibility tensor became possible. The studies with different excitation wavelengths reveal the presence of resonances of the tensor elements and strikingly demonstrate the importance of phase measurements for an unambiguous interpretation of the data. The superposition of resonant contributions originating from different elements of the susceptibility tensor is discussed and gives rise to very distinct and peculiar spectral features.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Key words Meteorology ; Turbulence ; Modelling ; Spray drift ; Wind
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract  An insight into the nature of prevailing meteorological conditions and the manner in which they interact with spraying parameters is an important prerequisite in the analysis of the dynamics of agrochemical sprays. Usually, when these sprays are projected from hydraulic nozzles, their initial velocity is greater than that of the ambient wind speed. The flowfield therefore experiences changes in speed and direction which are felt upstream as well as downstream of the spray droplets. The pattern of the droplet flow, i.e. the shape of the streamlines marking typical trajectories, will be determined by a balance of viscous forces related to wind speed, inertial forces resulting from the acceleration of the airstream and pressure forces which can be viewed in terms of the drag forces exerted on the spray droplets themselves. At a certain distance in the ensuing motion, when the initial velocity of the spray droplets has decreased sufficiently for there to be no acceleration, their trajectories will be controlled entirely by the random effects of turbulence. These two transport processes in the atmosphere can be modelled mathematically using computers. This paper presents a model that considers the velocity of spray droplets to consist of a ballistic velocity component superimposed by a random-walk velocity component. The model is used to study the influence of meteorological and spraying parameters on the three-dimensional dynamics of spray droplets projected in specified directions in neutral and unstable weather conditions. The ballistic and random-walk velocity components are scaled by factors of (1–ξ) and ξ respectively, where ξ is the ratio of the sedimentation velocity and the relative velocity between the spray droplets and the surrounding airstream. This ratio increases progressively as the initial velocity of the spray droplet decreases with air resistance and attains a maximum when the sedimentation velocity has been reached. As soon as this occurs, the random-walk process predominates. The computed effects of the release height of spray droplets, atmospheric turbulence intensity, evaporation, drop size spectrum, wind velocity and wind direction on the transport process have been studied and an analysis of spray drift is provided.
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  • 65
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    Shock waves 4 (1995), S. 237-245 
    ISSN: 1432-2153
    Keywords: Shock ; Turbulence ; Hypersonic inlet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A numerical investigation for an axisymmetric hypersonic turbulent inlet flow field of a perfect gas is presented for a three-shock configuration consisting of a biconic and a cowl. An upwind parabolized Navier-Stokes solver based on Roe's scheme is used to compute an oncoming flow Mach numberM ∞=8, temperatureT ∞=216 K, and pressureP ∞=5.5293×103 N/m2. In order to assess the flow quantities, the interaction between shock and turbulence, and the inlet efficiency, three different flow calculations — laminar, turbulent with incompressible and compressible two-equationk-ɛ turbulence models — have been performed in this work. Computational results show that turbulence is markedly enhanced across an oblique shock with step-like increases in turbulence kinetic energy and dissipation rate. This enhancement is at the expense of the mean kinetic energy of the flow. Therefore, the velocity behind the shock is smaller in turbulent flow and hence the shock becomes stronger. The entropy increase through a shock is caused not only by the amplification of random molecular motion, but also by the enhancement of the chaotic turbulent flow motion. However, only the compressiblek-ɛ turbulence model can properly predict a decrease in turbulence length scale across a shock. Our numerical simulation reveals that the incompressiblek-ɛ turbulence model exaggerates the interaction between shock and turbulence with turbulence kinetic energy and dissipation rate remaining high and almost undissipated far beyond the shock region. It is shown that proper modeling of turbulence is essential for a realistic prediction of hypersonic inlet flowfield. The performed study shows that the viscous effect is not restricted in the boundary layer but extends into the main flow behind a shock wave. The loss of the available energy in the inlet performance therefore needs to be determined from the shock-turbulence interaction. The present study predicts that the inlet efficiency becomes relatively lower when turbulence is taken into account.
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  • 66
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    Shock waves 5 (1996), S. 275-285 
    ISSN: 1432-2153
    Keywords: Shock reflection ; Diffraction ; Shadowgraph ; Vortex ; Turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The accuracy of four industrial shock hydrodynamics codes for blast environments in baffled systems is evaluated based on the shadowgraph data of Reichenbach and Kuhl (1992,3). Both problems involve a planar shock passing through a baffled channel. The numerical methods employed in these codes are representative of two classes, namely, the set of high-resolution schemes advanced in the 1980's, and the classical finite-difference schemes from the late 1960's. The four codes are: (1) the AMR code based on the higher-order Godunov scheme with adaptive grids, (2) the FEM-FCT code based on the flux-corrected transport scheme with unstructured grids, (3) and (4) the finite-difference based HULL and SHARC codes with fixed grids. From the comparisons of these calculations it is concluded that the high-resolution schemes: (1) calculate sharper shocks and sharper density profiles across vortices, (2) predict shear layer rollup forming coherent structures in the spiral vortices immediately down-stream of every baffle, and (3) predict development of inviscid instabilities from these shear layers that, upon interaction with the reverberating shocks in the system, quickly become ‘turbulent’. The finite-difference codes predict essentially laminar behavior for the shear layers. Comparisons with shadowgraph data suggest that both classes of codes are able to predict shock reflections and diffractions in the baffled systems. The high-resolution codes give better agreement in the spiral vortices and the shear layers. As expected, turbulent flow features involving highly dissipative flow fields are not predicted by the high-resolution codes.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: argininosuccinate synthetase ; mitochondria ; hormones ; rat liver ; urea cycle ; perinatal period
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The urea cycle takes place in the hepatocyte of ureothelic animals. The conversion of ammonia into urea involves five reactions. The first 2 take place in the matrix of the mitochondria, the last 2 occur in the cytosol. Argininosuccinate synthetase (AS) is the third reaction of the urea cycle. It catalyses the condensation of citrulline and aspartate into arginonosuccinate. We have previously reported that rat AS activity was present in the cytosol and the outer membrane of the mitochondria. We have shown that, at the activity level, the colocation of AS was changing during fetal and neonatal development and was under the control of corticosteroid and pancreatic hormones. However, an unresolved issue was whether both AS had the same specific activity and that their location was changing during ontogenesis or that the specific activities of mitochondrial and cytosolic enzymes were different and/or modified during this period. In the present report, we compared the compartmentalization of AS activity and protein level in the fetus, the new-born and the adult rat and the role of corticosteroid and pancreatic hormones. Specific activities of both AS remained unchanged during ontogenesis. Glucocorticoids induced an increase in mitochondrial AS while glucagon appeared to induce a concomitant decrease in the level of mitochondrial AS and an increase in cytosolic AS.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: mitochondria ; thyroid hormone ; skeletal muscle ; cardiac muscle ; cytochrome c ; development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of thyroid hormone on the expression of mitochondrial proteins was evaluated during development by measuring cytochrome c oxidase (CYTOX) activity and cytochrome c protein and mRNA levels in heart and skeletal muscle of control and hypothyroid rats. Animals were killed at the late fetal, early, and late postnatal stages up to 56 days of age. In heart, CYTOX activity increased 2.3-fold above the fetal level throughout development, most of which occurred prior to 2 days of age. No increase was observed in muscle. CYTOX activity was reduced in hypothyroid animals throughout development in heart compared to controls (by 50% at 56 days), but in muscle no effect of hypothyroidism was observed. In muscle and heart 4- and 1.5-fold increases in cytochrome c above the fetal level were evident by 1 day of age, with further increases to 8.5- and 2.7-fold by 56 days, respectively. The increase in cytochrome c differed from the increase in CYTOX, indicating changes in mitochondrial composition. Hypothyroidism reduced cytochrome c in muscle by 30–35% at 56 days, but had no effect in heart, indicating a muscle type-specific effect of thyroid hormone on cytochrome c protein expression. Cytochrome c mRNA increased rapidly to 4–5 fold above the fetal level in both heart and muscle by 6 h post-partum. Between 7 and 56 days of age, further increases to 6- and 25-fold were observed in muscle and heart, respectively. In muscle, the 6-fold developmental increase in mRNA paralleled that of the protein, suggesting transcriptional regulation. In heart, the large 25-fold increase in cytochrome c mRNA far exceeded that of cytochrome c protein between the fetal stage and 56 days (2.7-fold), indicating post-transcriptional regulation. Hypothyroidism reduced cytochrome c protein in muscle, but had no effect on mRNA. In contrast, hypothyroidism reduced cytochrome c mRNA in heart, without a change in cytochrome c protein. Thus, both transcriptional and post-transcriptional effects of thyroid hormone on the expression of mitochondrial proteins in the two types of striated muscle were evident. These effects were tissue-specific, developmentally-regulated, and uncoordinated among nuclear-encoded proteins. Further, large developmental increases in cytochrome c mRNA and protein levels can occur between the fetal stage and early post-natal time points (6–24 h) in both heart and muscle.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: muscular diseases ; mitochondria ; MTDNA ; ATP synthase ; human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The expression of several mitochondrial and nuclear genes involved in ATP production was examined in cells cultured from muscle biopsies of patients harboring mitochondrial pathologies. The transcript patterns in muscle cells from the patients affected by carnitine palmitoyl transferase II or 2-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase deficiencies were almost similar to control patterns. In the opposite, patterns were strikingly abnormal in all the other cell cultures from patients with defects in enzymatic complexes involved in oxidative phosphorylation: mitochondrial complex II and III deficiencies, two MELAS syndromes (myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke like episodes), a case of Kearns-Sayre syndrome and a case of chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia. In cultured muscle cells from patients with mtDNA mutations, the percentage of mutated mtDNA was low as compared with those determined in the corresponding skeletal muscle biopsy. Moreover, the complex II defect resulting of a nuclear mutation was not expressed in the cell cultures. Thus, an undetermined transcriptional event, transmitted from muscle biopsies to cultured muscle cells, should be involved to account for such abnormal transcript patterns.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: porphyrin derivative ; mitochondria ; ascites ; singlet oxygen ; photosensitization ; lipid peroxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract With a view to locate porphyrins for use in photodynamic therapy (PDT), the new modality of cancer treatment we have evaluated the ability of a novel water soluble porphyrin meso-tetrakis[4-(carboxymethyleneoxy)phenyl]porphyrin (T4CPP) to induce damage to mitochondria during photosensitization. T4CPP, when exposed to visible light, induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver mitochondria as assessed by the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), conjugated dienes (CD) and lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH). The effect on mitochondrial function was assessed by estimating the activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). The peroxidation induced was observed to be time- and concentration- dependent. Analysis of product formation and selective inhibition by scavengers of reactive oxygen species showed that the oxidative damage observed was mainly due to singlet oxygen (1O2) and partly due to other reactive species. T4CPP plus light also caused significant lipid peroxidation in Sarcoma 180 ascites tumour mitochondria. Our studies indicate that T4CPP has the potential to photoinduce damage in hepatic and ascites mitochondria, a crucial site of damage in PDT. (Mol Cell Biochem 166: 25-33, 1997)
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: endosulfan ; cytotoxicity ; mitochondria ; apoptosis ; Jurkat cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Several organochlorinated pesticides including DDT, PCBs and dieldrin have been reported to cause immune suppression and increase susceptibility to infection in animals. Often this manifestation is accompanied by atrophy of major lymphoid organs. It has been suggested that increased apoptotic cell death leading to altered T-B cell ratios, and loss of regulatory cells in critical numbers leads to perturbations in immune function. The major objective of our study was to define the mechanism by which endosulfan, an organochlorinated pesticide, induces human T-cell death using Jurkat, a human T-cell leukemic cell line, as an in vitro model. We exposed Jurkat cells to varying concentrations of endosulfan for 0-48 h and analyzed biochemical and molecular features characteristic of T-cell apoptosis. Endosulfan lowered cell viability and inhibited cell growth in a dose- and time-dependent manner. DAPI staining was used to enumerate apoptotic cells and we observed that endosulfan at 10-200 μM induced a significant percentage of cells to undergo apoptotic cell death. At 48 h, more than 90% cells were apoptotic with 50 μM of endosulfan. We confirmed these observations using both DNA fragmentation and annexin-V binding assays. It is now widely being accepted that mitochondria undergo major changes early during the apoptotic process. We examined mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) in endosulfan treated cells to understand the role of the mitochondria in T-cell apoptosis. Within 30 min of chemical exposure, a significant percentage of cells exhibited a decreased incorporation of DiOC6(3), a cationic lipophilic dye into mitochondria indicating the disruption of ΔΨm. This drop in ΔΨm was both dose- and time-dependent and correlated well with other parameters of apoptosis. We also examined whether this occurred by the down regulation of bcl-2 protein expression that is likely to increase the susceptibility of Jurkat cells to endosulfan toxicity. Paradoxically, the intracellular expression of bcl-2 protein was elevated in a dose dependent manner suggesting endosulfan-induced apoptosis occurred by a non-bcl-2 pathway. Based on these data, as well as those reported elsewhere, we propose the following sequence of events to account for T-cell apoptosis induced by endosulfan: uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation → excess ROS production → GSH depletion → oxidative stress → disruption of ΔΨm → release of cytochrome C and other apoptosis related proteins to cytosol → apoptosis. This study reports for the first time that endosulfan can induce apoptosis in a human T-cell leukemic cell line which may have direct relevance to loss of T cells and thymocytes in vivo. Furthermore, our data strongly support a role of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in endosulfan toxicity.
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  • 72
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 174 (1997), S. 325-328 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: ageing ; theory ; mitochondria ; respiratory chain ; mitochondrial DNA mutations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondria are believed to be involved in human ageing. Whilst it is clear that various mitochondrial DNA mutations do accumulate in human tissues with age, whether or not they interfere with respiratory chain function is uncertain. We question the results of previous studies which have measured respiratory chain function in human skeletal muscle with age. Whilst cytochrome c oxidase deficient fibres are a real finding in skeletal muscle, the contribution of mitochondrial DNA mutations to human ageing is still controversial. Our results show for mitochondria to be involved in ageing then it must be through a more subtle mechanism than a global decline in respiratory chain function. (Mol Cell Biochem 174: 325–328, 1997)
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  • 73
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 149-150 (1995), S. 203-212 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: calcium ; mitochondria ; FAD-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase ; pyruvate dehydrogenase ; oxoglutarate dehydrogenase ; isocitrate dehydrogenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In mammalian cells, increases in calcium concentration cause increases in oxidative phosphorylation. This effect is mediated by the activation of four mitochondrial dehydrogenases by calcium ions; FAD-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, NAD-isocitrate dehydrogenase and oxoglutarate dehydrogenase. FAD-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, being located on the outer surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane, is exposed to fluctuations in cytoplasmic calcium concentration. The other three enzymes are located within the mitochondrial matrix. While the kinetic properties of all of these enzymes are well characterised, the molecular basis for their regulation by calcium is not. This review uses information derived from calcium binding studies, analysis of conserved calcium binding motifs and comparison of amino acid sequences from calcium sensitive and non-sensitive enzymes to discuss how the recent cloning of several subunits from the four dehydrogenases enhances our understanding of the ways in which these enzymes bind calcium. FAD-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase binds calcium ions through a domain which is part of the polypeptide chain of the enzyme. In contrast, it is possible that the calcium sensitivity of the other dehydrogenases may involve separate calcium binding subunits.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: mitochondria ; oxygen consumption ; top-down elasticity analysis ; energy dense diet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied the relationship between membrane potential and respiration rate in isolated liver mitochondria from rats fed an energy dense diet. We conceptually divided the system into blocks of reactions that produced or consumed mitochondrial membrane potential and then measured the kinetic response of these blocks of reactions to this potential using NAD-linked and FAD-linked substrates. We show that decreased respiration rate with an NAD-linked substrate is accounted for by decreased kinetic response of the substrate oxidation pathway to the potential. No variation in the kinetic response of the above blocks of reactions to the potential was found using an FAD-linked substrate. These results indicate that FAD-linked and NAD-linked pathways are differently affected in rats fed an energy dense diet.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: mitochondria ; respiration ; metabolism ; adenosine triphosphate ; calories ; diet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In this work the protonmotive force (Δp), as well as the subcellular distribution of malate, ATP, and ADP were determined in perfused liver from rats fed a low fat or high fat diet, using density gradient fractionation in non acqueous solvents. Rats fed a high fat diet, despite an enhanced hepatic oxygen consumption, exhibit similar Δp to that found in rats fed a low fat diet, but when we consider the two components of Δp, we find a significant decrease in mitochondrial/cytosolic pH difference (ΔpHm) and a significant increase in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) in rats fed a high fat diet compared to rats fed a low fat diet, which tend to compensate each other. In rats fed a high fat diet the concentration ratio of malate and ATP/ADP does not reflect the changes in ΔpHm and ΔΨm, which represent the respective driving force for their transport. The findings are in line with an increase in substrate supply to the respiratory chain which is, however, accompanied by a higher energy turnover in livers from HFD rats. By this way the liver could contribute to the lack of weight gain from the high caloric intake in HFD rats.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: oxidative phosphorylation ; leak ; slip ; almitrine mechanistic change in stoichiometry ; fatty acid ; yeast ; rat liver ; mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this work was to show how the quantitative definition of the different parameters involved in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation makes it possible to characterize the mechanisms by which the yield of ATP synthesis is affected. Three different factors have to be considered: (i) the size of the different forces involved (free energy of redox reactions and ATP synthesis, proton electrochemical difference); (ii) the physical properties of the inner mitochondrial membrane in terms of leaks (H+ and cations); and finally (iii) the properties of the different proton pumps involved in this system (kinetic properties, regulation, modification of intrinsic stoichiometry). The data presented different situations where one or more of these parameters are affected, leading to a different yield of oxidative phosphorylation. (1) By manipulating the actual flux through each of the respiratory chain units at constant protonmotive force in yeast mitochondria, we show that the ATP/O ratio decreases when the flux increases. Moreover, the highest efficiency was obtained when the respiratory rate was low and almost entirely controlled by the electron supply. (2) By using almitrine in different kinds of mitochondria, we show that this drug leads to a decrease in ATP synthesis efficiency by increasing the H+/ATP stoichiometry of ATP synthase (Rigoulet M et al. Biochim Biophys Acta 1018: 91-97, 1990). Since this enzyme is reversible, it was possible to test the effect of this drug on the reverse reaction of the enzyme i.e. extrusion of protons catalyzed by ATP hydrolysis. Hence, we are able to prove that, in this case, the decrease in efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation is due to a change in the mechanistic stoichiometry of this proton pump. To our knowledge, this is the first example of a modification in oxidative phosphorylation yield by a change in mechanistic stoichiometry of one of the proton pumps involved. (3) In a model of polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency in rat, it was found that non-ohmic proton leak was increased, while ohmic leak was unchanged. Moreover, an increase in redox slipping was also involved, leading to a complex picture. However, the respective role of these two mechanisms may be deduced from their intrinsic properties. For each steady state condition, the quantitative effect of these two mechanisms in the decrease of oxidative phosphorylation efficiency depends on the values of different fluxes or forces involved. (4) Finally the comparison of the thermokinetic data in view of the three dimensional-structure of some pumps (X-ray diffraction) also gives some information concerning the putative mechanism of coupling (i.e. redox loop or proton pump) and their kinetic control versus regulation of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.
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  • 77
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 184 (1998), S. 67-79 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; spheroplast ; permeabilization ; mitochondria ; oxidative phosphorylation ; porin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In this work, we first compared yeast mitochondrial oxidative metabolism at different levels of organization: whole cells (C), spheroplasts (S), permeabilized spheroplasts (PS) or isolated mitochondria (M). At present, S are more suitable for use than C for biochemical techniques such as fast extraction of metabolises and permeabilization. We show here that respiratory rates of S with various substrates are similar to C, which demonstrate that they are adapted to yeast bioenergetic studies. It appeared from ethanol metabolism ± NAD++ or NADH respiratory rates on PS that ethanol metabolism was largely cytosolic; moreover, the activity of NADH dehydrogenase was lesser in the case of PS than in S. By comparing PS and M, the biggest difference concerned the respiratory rates of pyruvate and pyruvate-malate, which were much lower for M. Thus mitochondria preparation caused an unidentified loss involved directly in pyruvate metabolism. When the respiratory rate was lowered as a consequence of a high kinetic control of oxidative activity upstream from the respiratory chain, a similar correlation between the increase in ATP/O and decrease in respiratory rate was observed. So, the intrinsic uncoupling of proton pumps is not a particularity of M. Secondly, we demonstrate the existence of a mechanism of retarded diffusion in yeast similar to that already observed in permeabilized mammalian cells for ADP. Such a mechanism also occurs in yeast for several respiratory substrates: the K0.5 for each substrate toward the respiration rate in PS always exceeds that for M. It is proposed that such a discrepancy is due to a restriction of metabolite movement across the outer mitochondrial membrane in permeabilized cells, i.e. regulation of the substrate permeability through porin channels. In the porin-deficient yeast mutant, the K0.5 for NADH is not significantly different in either M or PS and is comparable to that of the parent strain PS. This result confirms that this retarded diffusion is essentially due to the opening-closing of the porin channel.
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  • 78
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 184 (1998), S. 231-247 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: mitochondria ; compartmentation ; myofilaments ; contraction ; ATPase ; translocase ; ventricle ; atria ; calcium sensitivity ; oxygen consumption ; oxidative capacity ; creatine ; rigor tension ; active tension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Creatine kinase (CK) isoenzymes are present in all vertebrates. An important property of the creatine kinase system is that its total activity, its isoform distribution, and the concentration of guanidino substrates are highly variable among species and tissues. In the highly organized structure of adult muscles, it has been shown that specific CK isoenzymes are bound to intracellular compartments, and are functionally coupled to enzymes and transport systems involved in energy production and utilization. It is however, not established whether functional coupling and intracellular compartmentation are present in all vertebrates. Furthermore, these characteristics seem to be different among different muscle types within a given species. This study will review some of these aspects. It has been observed that: (1) In heart ventricle, CK compartmentation and coupling characterize adult mammalian cells. It is almost absent in frogs, and is weakly present in birds. (2) Efficient coupling of MM-CK to myosin ATPase is seen in adult mammalian striated muscles but not in frog and bird heart where B-CK is expressed instead of M-CK. Thus, the functional efficacy of bound MM-CK to regulate adenine nucleotide turnover within the myofibrillar compartment seems to be specific for muscles expressing M-CK as an integral part of the sarcomere. (3) Mi-CK expression and/or functional coupling are highly tissue and species specific; moreover, they are subject to short term and long term adaptations, and are present late in development. The mitochondrial form of CK (mi-CK) can function in two modes depending on the tissue: (i) in an ≪ADP regeneration mode≫ and (ii) in an ≪ADP amplification mode≫. The mode of action of mi-CK seems to be related to its precise localization within the mitochondrial intermembrane space, whereas its amount might control the quantitative aspects of the coupling. Mi-CK is highly plastic, making it a strong candidate for fine regulation of excitation-contraction coupling in muscles and for energy transfer in cells with large and fluctuating energy demands in general. (4) Although CK isoforms show a binding specificity, the presence of a given isoform within a tissue or a species only, does not predict its functional role. For example, M-CK is expressed before it is functionally compartmentalized within myofibrils during development. Similarly, the presence of ubiquitous or sarcomeric mi-CK isoforms, is not an index of functional coupling of mi-CK to oxidative phosphorylation. (5) Amongst species or muscles, it appears that a large buffering action of the CK system is associated with rapid contraction and high glycolytic activity. On the other hand, an oxidative metabolism is associated with isoform diversity, increased compartmentation, a subsequent low buffering action and efficient phosphotransfer between mitochondria and energy utilization sites. It can be concluded that, in addition to a high variation of total activity and isoform expression, the role of the CK system also critically depends on its intracellular organization and interaction with energy producing and utilizing pathways. This compartmentation will determine the high cellular efficiency and fine specialization of highly organized and differentiated muscle cells.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: heart ; oxidative phosphorylation ; dynamic responses ; metabolic wave ; creatine kinase ; compartmentation ; mitochondria ; adenine nucleotides ; oxygen consumption ; NMR stunning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Although usually steady-state fluxes and metabolite levels are assessed for the study of metabolic regulation, much can be learned from studying the transient response during quick changes of an input to the system. To this end we study the transient response of O2 consumption in the heart during steps in heart rate. The time course is characterized by the mean response time of O2 consumption which is the first statistical moment of the impulse response function of the system (for mono-exponential responses equal to the time constant). The time course of O2 uptake during quick changes is measured with O2 electrodes in the arterial perfusate and venous effluent of the heart, but the venous signal is delayed with respect to O2 consumption in the mitochondria due to O2 diffusion and vascular transport. We correct for this transport delay by using the mass balance of O2, with all terms (e.g. O2 consumption and vascular O2 transport) taken as function of time. Integration of this mass balance over the duration of the response yields a relation between the mean transit time for O2 and changes in cardiac O2 content. Experimental data on the response times of venous [O2] during step changes in arterial [O2] or in perfusion flow are used to calculate the transport time between mitochondria and the venous O2 electrode. By subtracting the transport time from the response time measured in the venous outflow the mean response time of mitochondrial O2 consumption (tmito) to the step in heart rate is obtained. In isolated rabbit heart we found that tmito to heart rate steps is 4-12 s at 37°C. This means that oxidative phosphorylation responds to changing ATP hydrolysis with some delay, so that the phosphocreatine levels in the heart must be decreased, at least in the early stages after an increase in cardiac ATP hydrolysis. Changes in ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) thus play a role in regulating the dynamic adaptation of oxidative phosphorylation, although most steady state NMR measurements in the heart had suggested that ADP and Pi do not change. Indeed, we found with 31P-NMR spectroscopy that phosphocreatine (PCr) and Pi change in the first seconds after a quick change in ATP hydrolysis, but remarkably they do this significantly faster (time constant ~2.5 s) than mitochondrial O2 consumption (time constant 12 s). Although it is quite likely that other factors besides ADP and Pi regulate cardiac oxidative phosphorylation, a fascinating alternative explanation is that the first changes in PCr measured with NMR spectroscopy took exclusively place in or near the myofibrils, and that a metabolic wave must then travel with some delay to the mitochondria to stimulate oxidative phosphorylation. The tmito slows with falling temperature, intracellular acidosis, and sometimes also during reperfusion following ischemia and with decreased mitochondrial aerobic capacity. In conclusion, the study of the dynamic adaptation of cardiac oxidative phosphorylation to demand using the mean response time of cardiac mitochondrial O2 consumption is a very valuable tool to investigate the regulation of cardiac mitochondrial energy metabolism in health and disease.
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  • 80
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 184 (1998), S. 445-455 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: mitochondria ; transplantable tumors ; rat liver ; near-infrared spectroscopy ; light absorption ; light scattering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In this study, the detailed dependence of light scattering on tissue architecture and intracellular composition has been investigated. Firstly, we simulated the reduced scattering coefficient (μs′) of the rat liver using the Mie theory, the Rayleigh-Debye-Gans approximation and electron microscopy data. Then, the reduced scattering coefficient of isolated rat liver mitochondria, isolated hepatocytes and various rat tissues (i.e. perfused liver, brain, muscle, tumors) was measured at 780 nm by using time-resolved spectroscopy and a sample-substitution protocol. The comparison of the isolated mitochondria data with the isolated hepatocyte and whole liver measurements suggests that the mitochondrial compartment is the primary factor for light propagation in hepatic tissue, thus strengthening the relevance of the preliminary theoretical study. Nevertheless, the possibility that other intracellular components, such as peroxisomes and lysosomes, interfere with light propagation in rat liver is discussed. Finally, we demonstrate that light scattering in normal rat tissues and tumors is roughly proportional to the mitochondrial content, according to estimates of the mitochondrial protein content of the tissues.
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  • 81
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 196 (1999), S. 163-168 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: Fe(II)citrate ; free radicals ; iron ; lipid peroxidation ; mitochondria ; reactive oxygen species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In this report we study the effect of Fe(III) on lipid peroxidation induced by Fe(II)citrate in mitochondrial membranes, as assessed by the production of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and antimycin A-insensitive oxygen uptake. The presence of Fe(III) stimulates initiation of lipid peroxidation when low citrate:Fe(II) ratios are used (≤ 4:1). For a citrate:total iron ratio of 1:1 the maximal stimulation of lipid peroxidation by Fe(III) was observed when the Fe(II):Fe(III) ratio was in the range of 1:1 to 1:2. The lag phase that accompanies oxygen uptake was greatly diminished by increasing concentrations of Fe(III) when the citrate:total iron ratio was 1:1, but not when this ratio was higher. It is concluded that the increase of lipid peroxidation by Fe(III) is observed only when low citrate:Fe(II) ratios were used. Similar results were obtained using ATP as a ligand of iron. Monitoring the rate of spontaneous Fe(II) oxidation by measuring oxygen uptake in buffered medium, in the absence of mitochondria, Fe(III)-stimulated oxygen consumption was observed only when a low citrate:Fe(II) ratio was used. This result suggests that Fe(III) may facilitate the initiation and/or propagation of lipid peroxidation by increasing the rate of Fe(II)citrate-generated reactive oxygen species.
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  • 82
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 213 (2000), S. 29-35 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: mCICR ; low-conductance conformation ; high-conductance conformation ; permeability transition pore ; mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The permeability transition pore (PTP) is central for mitochondria function. PTP either open in low-conductance state to carry out mCICR (Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release from mitochondria) and play roles in cell phsyiological activities or open in high-conductance conformation to release harmful substances and play important roles in cell pathological responses and apoptosis. The results of study on the relationship between mCICR and PTP opening show Ca2+ concentrations but not the Ca2+ delivery mode determined the occurrence of mCICR or PTP opening. Ca2+-induced PTP opening began with and depended on mCICR. mCICR was a prerequisite for H2O2 and As2O3-induced PTP opening. The results indicated that the PTP opening was determined by Ca2+ stimulation intensity but not mode. PTP could switch from low- to high-conductance conformation and the PTP open by high-conductance began with low-conductance state. mCICR is necessary for Ca2+-dependent PTP opening. Our data suggested also that it would be possible to control cellular responses first by modulating mCICR, then by regulating PTP opening.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: mitochondria ; oxidative stress ; iron ; lipid peroxidation ; membrane permeability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It is well established that several iron complexes can induce oxidative damage in hepatic mitochondrial membranes by catalyzing the formation of ·OH radicals and/or by promoting lipid peroxidation. This is a relevant process for the molecular basis of iron overload diseases. The present work demonstrates that Fe(II)ATP complexes (5–50μM) promote an oxygen consumption burst in a suspension of isolated rat liver mitochondria (either in the absence or presence of Antimycin A), caused mainly by lipid peroxidation. Fe(II)ATP alone induced small levels of oxygen uptake but no burst. The time course of Fe(II)ATP oxidation to Fe(III)ATP in the extramitochondrial media also reveals a simultaneous ‘burst phase’. The iron chelator Desferal (DFO) or the chain-break antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) fully prevented both lipid peroxidation (quantified as oxygen uptake burst) and mitochondrial swelling. DFO and BHT were capable of stopping the ongoing process of peroxidation at any point of their addition to the mitochondrial suspension. Conversely, DFO and BHT only halted the Fe(II)ATP-induced mitochondrial swelling at the onset of the process. Fe(II)ATP could also cause the collapse of mitochondrial potential, which was protected by BHT if added at the onset of the damaging process. These results, as well as correlation studies between peroxidation and mitochondrial swelling, suggest that a two phase process is occurring during Fe(II)ATP-induced mitochondrial damage: one dependent and another independent of lipid peroxidation. The involvement of lipid peroxidation in the overall process of mitochondrial membrane injury is discussed.
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  • 84
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 165 (1996), S. 127-133 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: Trypanosoma cruzi ; rat heart ; mitochondria ; oxidative phosphorylation ; FoF1-ATPase ; ATP hydrolysis ; ATP synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The kinetic properties of ATP hydrolysis and synthesis by FoF1-ATPase of heart mitochondria were evaluated during the acute phase of T. cruzi infection in rats. Mitochondria and submitochondrial particles were isolated 7 days (early stage) and 25 days (late stage) following infection of rats with 2 × 105 trypomastigote forms of the Y strain of T. cruzi. The kinetic properties for ATP hydrolysis were altered for the early but not the late stage, showing a changed pH profile, increased K0.5 values, and a decreased total Vmax. The Arrhenius' plot for membrane-associated enzyme showed a higher transition temperature with a lower value for the activation energy in body temperature. For the Triton X-100 - solubilized enzyme, the plot was similar to the control. A decrease in the efficiency of ADP phosphorylation by mitochondria, measured by the firefly-luciferase luminescence, was observed only during the late stage and appeared to be correlated with a decrease in the affinity of the FoF1-ATPase for ADP. It is proposed that in the early stage, during the acute phase of T. cruzi infection in rats, heart FoF1-ATPase undergoes a membrane-dependent conformational change in order to maintain the phosphorylation potential of mitochondria, which would compensate for the uncoupling of mitochondrial function. Also, during both the early and late stages, the enzyme seems to be under the regulation of the endogenous inhibitor protein for the preservation of cellular ATP levels.
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  • 85
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    Keywords: outlet obstruction ; bladder ; mitochondria ; transcription ; RNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Using the rabbit model, we showed that partial outlet obstruction of theurinary bladder causes significant changes in the status and expression ofthe mitochondrial (mt) genetic system in bladder smooth muscle immediatelyafter obstruction is initiated. Here we investigate quantitatively theseverity of the mt genetic response to partial outlet obstruction in bothshort- and long-term obstructed rabbits. Based on previous functionalstudies, bladders with mass 〈 6 fold greater than control were consideredcompensated; bladders with mass 〉 6 fold that of control were considereddecompensated. Analyses of DNA from compensated rabbit bladders showed thatrelative mt genome copy number decreased to 30% of control values.Transcript analyses for these samples showed that mt RNA levels increased 3fold to compensate for lower template copy number. Analysis of decompensatedbladders demonstrated that mt genome copy number increased to approximately90% of control levels; mt transcripts progressively decreased inthese samples by as much as 30 fold. In contrast, transcription of amt-related nuclear gene decreased 3-9 fold in compensated bladders butincreased 10-30 fold in decompensated bladders. Activity for the cytochromeoxidase complex, and for the mt enzyme citrate synthase, decreased steadilywith increasing bladder hypertrophy. These data suggest that bladderdysfunction following partial outlet obstruction is mediated partly by asignificant loss in mt and mt-related nuclear gene coordination.
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  • 86
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    Keywords: calorimetry ; cardiac muscle ; mitochondria ; oxidative phosphorylation ; atractyloside ; dinitrophenol ; ectonucleotidase ; respiratory control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A novel flow calorimetric technique was developed to study the energy turnover of myocardial mitochondria. Cylindrical strands of cardiac muscle (trabeculae) weighing 100–500 µg were isolated from guinea-pig heart and mounted in a tubular recording chamber which was continuously perfused with physiological salt solution at 37°C. The temperature difference between the upstream and the downstream side of the chamber, which is proportional to the rate of heat production of the trabecula, was measured at high resolution. In this way the rate of energy expenditure of isolated cardiac muscle could be recorded continuously for several hours. When the preparations were superfused with an 'intracellular' solution containing 5 mM pyruvate and 2 mM malate as substrates, permeabilization of the sarcolemma with 25 µM digitonin induced a marked increase in the measured heat rate in the presence of 2 mM ADP. The major fraction of the ADP sensitive heat production (83%) could be blocked with 400 µM at ractyloside, an inhibitor of the adeninenucleotide translocase, and by 600 µM α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate, an inhibitor of monocarboxylate/H+ co-transport. The atractyloside sensitive heat production was abolished in anoxic solution. These results suggest that the atractyloside-sensitive heat production (21.8 ± 3.5 mW cm-3 of tissue) was attributable to oxidative phosphorylation. The mitochondria apparently remained intact after treatment with digitonin, since application of the uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) produced a very large increase in heat rate. A minor fraction of the heat rate induced by ADP in permeabilized cardiac muscle preparations (17%) was not sensitive to atractyloside. This component was also seen before application of digitonin and was probably related to ectonucleotidases. In conclusion, our calorimetric technique allows investigation of the energy metabolism of myocardial mitochondria 'in situ', i.e. without destroying the microarchitecture of cardiac muscle cells. (Mol Cell Biochem 174: 101–113, 1997)
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  • 87
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    Keywords: mitochondria ; cyclosporin ; cyclophilin ; channels ; permeability
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondria possess an inner membrane channel, the permeability transition pore, which is inhibited by cyclosporin A (CBA) and by matrix protons. As suggested recently by our laboratory, pore closure by these inhibitors may be due to dissociation of mitochondrial cyclophilin (CyP-M), a matrix peptidyl-prolyl-cis-trans isomerase, from its putative binding site on the pore. Unbinding of CyP-M would follow a CsA-dependent or proton-dependent change in conformation of the CyP-M molecule. It is interesting that upon binding of CsA the enzymatic activity of CyP-M is inhibited, but it is not clear whether this event plays a role in pore inhibition. Here we report experiments designed to further test the role of CyP-M in pore function. Our results indicate that CyP-M-dependent and independent mechanisms of pore activation may exist, and that the peptidylprolyl-cis-trans-isomerase activity of CyP-M is not necessarily involved in pore modulation by CyP-M. (Mol Cell Biochem 174: 181–184, 1997)
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  • 88
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    Keywords: mitochondria ; calcium ; permeability transition ; vasopressin ; glucagon ; thapsigargin ; protein kineses and phosphatases ; rat hepatocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ca2+ functions as an intracellular signal to transfer hormonal messages to different cellular compartments, including mitochondria, where it activates intramitochondrial Ca2+-dependent enzymes. However, excessive mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake can promote the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), a process known to be associated with cell injury. The factors controlling mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and release in intact cells are poorly understood. In this paper, we investigate mitochondrial Ca2+ accumulation in intact hepatocytes in response to the elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ levels ([Ca2+]c) induced either by a hormonal stimulus (vasopressin), or by thapsigargin, an inhibitor of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump. After stimulation, cells were rapidly permeabilized for the determination of the mitochondrial Ca2+ content (Ca2+_m) and to analyze the susceptibility of the mitochondria to undergo the MPT. Despite very similar levels of [Ca2+]c elevation, vasopressin and thapsigargin had markedly different effects on mitochondrial Ca2+ accumulation. Vasopressin caused a rapid (〈 90 sec), but modest (〈 2 fold) increase in Ca2+m that was not further increased during prolonged incubations, despite a sustained [Ca2+]c elevation. By contrast, thapsigargin induced a net Ca2+ accumulation in mitochondria that continued for up to 30 min and reached Ca2+_m levels 10–20 fold over basal. Accumulation of mitochondrial Ca2+ was accompanied by a markedly increased susceptibility to undergo the MPT. Both mitochondrial Ca2+ accumulation and MPT activation were modulated by treatment of the cells with inhibitors of protein kineses and phosphatases. The results indicate that net mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in response to hormonal stimulation is regulated by processes that depend on protein kinase activation. These controls are inoperative when the cytosol is flooded by Ca2+ through artificial means, enabling mitochondria to function as a Ca2+ sink under these conditions. (Mol Cell Biochem 174: 173–179, 1997)
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 174 (1997), S. 215-219 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: MERRF ; mitochondria ; mtDNA ; genetics ; tRNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract MERRF (myoclonic epilepsy with ragged-red fibers) is a severe, multisystem disorder characterized by myoclonus, seizures, progressive cerebellar syndrome, muscle weakness, and the presence of ragged-red fibers in the muscle biopsy. MERRF is associated with heteroplasmic point mutations, either A8344G or T8356C, in the gene encoding the mitochondrial tRNALys. The human ro cell system was utilized to examine the phenotypic consequences of these mutations, and to investigate their molecular genetic causes. Wild-type and mutant transmitochondrial cell lines harboring a pathogenic point mutation at either A8344G or T8356C in the human mitochondrial tRNALys gene were isolated and examined. Mitochondrial transformants containing 100% mutated mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) exhibited severe defects in respiratory chain activity, in the rates of protein synthesis, and in the steady-state levels of mitochondrial translation products as compared with mitochondrial transformants containing 100% wild-type mtDNAs. In addition, both mutant cell lines exhibited the presence of aberrant mitochondrial translation products. These results demonstrate that two different mtDNA point mutations in tRNALys result in fundamentally identical defects at the cellular level, and that these specific protein synthesis abnormalities contribute to the pathogenesis of MERRF. (Mol Cell Biochem 174: 215–219, 1997)
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: diabetes ; carbon tetrachloride ; liver toxicity ; glutathione ; mitochondria ; Schisandra chinensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The streptozotocin-induced short-term (2 week) diabetic rats showed an increase in susceptibility to carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatocellular damage. This diabetes-induced change was associated with a marked impairment in the hepatic glutathione antioxidant/detoxification response to CCl4 challenge, as indicated by the abrogation of the increases in hepatic reduced glutathione (GSH) level, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and microsomal glutathione S-transferases (GST) activities upon challenge with increasing doses of CCl4. While the hepatic GSH level was increased in diabetic rats, the hepatic mitochondrial GSH level and Se-glutathione peroxidase activity were significantly reduced. Insulin treatment could reverse most of the biochemical alterations induced by diabetes. Both insulin and schisandrin B (Sch B) pretreatments protected against the CCl4 hepatotoxicity in diabetic rats. The hepatoprotection was associated with improvement in hepatic glutathione redox status in both cytosolic and mitochondrial compartments, as well as the increases in hepatic ascorbic acid level and microsomal GST activity. The ensemble of results suggests that the diabetes-induced impairment in hepatic mitochondrial glutathione redox status may at least in part be attributed to the enhanced susceptibility to CCl4 hepatotoxicity. Sch B may be a useful hepatoprotective agent against xenobiotics-induced toxicity under the diabetic conditions. (Mol Cell Biochem 175: 225–232, 1997)
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  • 91
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 158 (1996), S. 161-169 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: heart ; ischemia ; mitochondria ; oxidative phosphorylation ; energy wasting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the oxidative capacities and the rate of energy synthesis in isolated mitochondria extracted from normal and post-ischemic myocardium. Isolated rat hearts were perfused according to the working mode with a Krebs Heinseleit buffer containing glucose (11 mM), insulin (10 IU/1) and caprylic acid (25 μM). After a 15 min perfusion in normoxic conditions, the hearts were subjected to a 20 min local zero-flow ischemia followed by a 20 min reperfusion. During the perfusion, the aortic and coronary flows, the aortic pressure and the electrocardiogram were monitored. At the end of the reperfusion period, the non-ischemic and ischemic zones (NIZ and IZ, respectively) were separated and the mitochondria were harvested from each zone. The oxygen uptake and the rate of energy production of the NIZ and IZ mitochondria were then assessed with palmitoylcarnitine as substrate in 2 buffers differing in their free calcium concentration (0.041 and 0.150 μM). Ischemia provoked a 50% reduction of coronary and aortic flows. The reperfusion of the IZ allowed the partial recovery of coronary flow, but the aortic flow decreased beneath its ischemic value because of the occurrence of severe arrhythmias, stunning and probably hibernation. The IZ mitochondria displayed a lower rate of oxygen consumption, whatever the buffer free calcium concentration. Conversely, their rate of energy production was increased, indicating that their metabolic efficiency was improved as compared to NIZ mitochondria. This might be due to the mitochondrial calcium overload persisting during reperfusion, to the activation of the inner membrane Na+/Ca2+ exchange and to a significant mitochondrial swelling. On the other hand, the presence of an elevated free calcium concentration in the respiration buffer provoked some energy wasting characterized by a constant AMP production. This was attributed to some accumulation of acetate and the activation of the energy-consuming acetylCoA synthetase. In conclusion, ischemia and reperfusion did not alter the membrane integrity of the mitochondria but improved their metabolic efficiency. Nevertheless, these in vitro results can not reflect the mitochondrial function in the reperfused myocardium. The mitochondrial calcium overload reported to last during reperfusion in the cardiomyocytes might mimic the free calcium-induced reduction of metabolic efficiency observed in vitro in the present study. The resulting energy wasting might be responsible for the contractile abnormalities noticed in the reperfused myocardium.
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  • 92
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 178 (1998), S. 87-94 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: myocyte ; nonmuscle cell ; myofibril ; mitochondria ; Arrhenius plot ; activation energy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The degree to which developmentally related alterations in cardiac creatine kinase (CK) activity reflect modification of CK isoenzyme gene expression remains uncertain. The present studies addressed this question by assessing multiple aspects of CK in rat heart during the perinatal to adult transition. In addition to whole tissue, isolated and purified muscle and nonmuscle cells were studied, as well as myofibrillar, mitochondrial, and cytosolic subcellular fractions. Whole homogenate CK enzyme specific activity nearly doubled during the weanling to adult developmental period. Muscle cell CK activity increased by a similar magnitude. Nonmuscle cell activity decreased. In the adult heart, both myofibrillar and mitochondrial CK activities were augmented versus the weanling heart. The cytoplasmic fraction activity held constant during development. Electrophoretic isoenzyme analyses of both weanling and adult cardiac muscle cells indicated the presence of mitochondrial CK and MM-CK isoforms. Weanling heart nonmuscle cells contained mitochondrial, MM, MB, and BB isoforms; however, BB isoform was not detected in the adult heart nonmuscle cells. Arrhenius plots provided information regarding heart muscle and nonmuscle cell alterations during development. CK activation energies were also determined for whole tissue, muscle/nonmuscle cells, myofibrils, mitochondria, and cytosol. Results demonstrate that heterogeneous muscle/nonmuscle cellular composition and differential myofibrillar/mitochondrial subcellular composition account for normal, developmentally related changes in heart CK enzyme activity. CK isoenzyme gene expression changes were not detected in cardiac muscle cells, and transition of CK-B to CK-M gene expression is limited to nonmuscle cells during normal, weanling to adult development in the rat heart.
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  • 93
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    Keywords: outlet obstruction ; bladder ; mitochondria ; transcription ; RNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Partial outlet obstruction of the rabbit urinary bladder causes increased tissue hypertrophy and decreased contractility of that organ; we showed that, in an experimental rabbit model, both correlate closely with alterations in the status and expression of mitochondrial (mt), and mt-related nuclear, genetic parameters in bladder smooth muscle. Here we investigate the rate and overall level of recovery of mt and nuclear genetic function following reversal of outlet obstruction in the same animal model. Release from outlet obstruction at 28 days resulted in improvement in both level of hypertrophy and contractile function in all bladders studied. However, bladders fell into two groups based on whether relative copy mt genome number per cell was above or below that of unobstructed controls. Bladders with high mt DNA content adjusted organellar genome copy number toward normal post-reversal but did not properly adjust mt transcript levels; mt-related nuclear transcripts in these samples showed recovery. Bladders with low mt DNA content showed no adjustment of those levels toward normal post-reversal but did show some adjustment in other mt and nuclear genetic parameters. Thus, a limiting factor for return of normal bladder function following reversal of outlet obstruction may be recovery of normal mt genetic performance.
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  • 94
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    Keywords: protein oxidation ; lipid peroxidation ; vanillin ; antioxidant ; photosensitization ; singlet oxygen ; mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Using rat liver mitochondria, as model systems, we have examined the ability of the natural compound and the food-flavoring agent, vanillin to protect membranes against oxidative damage induced by photosensitization at concentrations normally used in food preparations. Vanillin, at a concentration of 2.5 mmol/L, has afforded significant protection against protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation in hepatic mitochondria induced by photosensitization with methylene blue plus light. The effect observed was both time- and concentration-dependent. The inhibitory effect is similar to ascorbic acid and the singlet oxygen quencher, diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) but less effective than sodium azide and glutathione. Examination of possible mechanisms responsible for the observed protection, showed that vanillin has a significant ability to quench singlet oxygen (1O2), a reactive species responsible for damage induced during photosensitization by Type II mechanism. Hence, this flavoring compound, due to its antioxidant ability, may have potential to prevent oxidative damage to membranes in mammalian tissues and thereby the ensuing diseased states.
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  • 95
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 154 (1996), S. 77-82 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: Vitamin A ; rat liver ; microsomes ; mitochondria ; peroxidation chemiluminescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the present study we investigated if administration of vitamin A could protect rat liver microsomes and mitochondria from in vitro peroxidation. Appreciable decrease of chemiluminescence and lipid peroxidation was measured in microsomal membranes from rats receiving vitamin A, with respect to control animals. In membranes derived from control animals, the fatty acid composition was profoundly modified when subjected to in vitro peroxidation mediated by ascorbate-Fe++, with a considerable decrease of 20:4 n6 and 22:6 n3 in mitochondria and 18:2 n6 and 20:4 n6 in microsomes. As a consequence the peroxidizability index, a parameter based on the maximal rate of oxidation of specific fatty acids was higher in supplemented animals than in control group when both kind of membranes were analyzed. These changes were less pronounced in membranes derived from rats receiving vitamin A. These results are in agreement with previous results that indicated that vitamin A may act as an antioxidant protecting membranes from deleterious effects.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: ATP synthase β-subunit gene ; mitochondria ; thyroid hormone ; (human)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The action of thyroid hormones on the expression of the mitochondrial ATP synthase β-subunit gene (ATPsynβ) is controversial. We detected a binding site for the thyroid hormone receptor between-366 and-380 in the human ATPsynβ gene by DNase I footprint analysis and band-shift assays. However, expression vectors in which the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) reporter gene is driven by the 5′ upstream region of ATPsynβ gene were unresponsive to T3 when transiently transfected to HepG2 or GH4C1 cells. CAT constructs driven by the rat phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) or the growth hormone (GH) promoters were stimulated several fold by T3 in parallel experiments. It is proposed that the biological effects of thyroid hormones on the ATPsynβ expression occur through indirect mechanisms.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: heart ; vascular endothelium ; vascular smooth muscle ; confocal microscopy ; pH ; calcium ; sodium ; voltage probe ; heart ; endothelin-1 ; Angiotensin II ; PAF ; nucleus ; mitochondria ; SR ; cardiomyopathy ; cells interaction ; R-type Ca2+ channel ; excitation-contraction coupling ; dystrophic mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In recent years, fluorescence microscopy imaging has become an important tool for studying cell structure and function. This non invasive technique permits characterization, localisation and qualitative quantification of free ions, messengers, pH, voltage and a pleiad of other molecules constituting living cells. In this paper, we present results using various commercially available fluorescent probes as well as some developed in our laboratory and discuss the advantages and limitations of these probes in confocal microscopy studies of the cardiovascular system.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: thiamine deficiency ; mitochondria ; energy metabolism ; necrosis ; neuroblastoma cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Culture of neuroblastoma cells in the presence of low thiamine concentration (6 nM) and of the transport inhibitor amprolium leads to the appearance of signs of necrosis: the chromatin condenses, the oxygen consumption decreases and is uncoupled, the mitochondrial cristae are disorganized, the thiamine diphosphate-dependent dehydrogenase activities are impaired. When 10 µM thiamine are added to these cells, the basal respiration increases, the coupled respiration is restored and mitochondrial morphology is recovered within 1 h. Addition of succinate, which is oxidized via a thiamine diphosphate-independent dehydrogenase, to digitonin-permeabilized cells immediately restores a coupled respiration. Our results suggest that the slowing of the citric acid cycle is the cause of the biochemical lesion induced by severe thiamine deficiency and that part of the mitochondria remain functional. (Mol Cell Biochem 174: 121–124, 1997)
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 174 (1997), S. 189-192 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: nitric oxide ; mitochondria ; inflammation ; respiration ; astrocytes ; cytochrome oxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) at high levels is cytotoxic, and may be involved in a range of inflammatory, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular/ischaemic pathologies. The mechanism of NO-induced cytotoxicity is unclear. Recently we and others have found that low (nanomolar) levels of NO reversibly inhibit mitochondrial respiration by binding to the oxygen binding site of cytochrome oxidase in competition with oxygen. This raises the apparent Km for oxygen of mitochondrial respiration into the physiological range, potentially making respiration sensitive to the oxygen level. The NO inhibition of oxygen consumption was seen in isolated cytochrome oxidase, mitochondria, brain nerve terminals, and cultured cells. Cultured astrocytes activated to express the inducible form of NO synthase produced up to 1 µM NO and strongly inhibited their own cellular respiration rate. This respiratory inhibition was rapidly reversed by removing the NO, and was due to the inhibition of cytochrome oxidase. These results suggest that any cell producing high levels of NO will inhibit its own respiration and that of surrounding cells, and make the respiration rate sensitive to the oxygen level. This inhibition of energy metabolism may contribute to cytotoxity or cytostasis in some pathologies. (Mol Cell Biochem 174: 189–192, 1997)
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: mitochondria ; mitochondrial myopathies ; oxidative phosphorylation ; principal component analysis (PCA) ; biplot
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The mitochondrial pathologies are a heterogeneous group of metabolic disorders that are characterized by anomalies of oxidative phosphorylation, especially in the respiratory chain. The diagnosis of these pathologies involves many investigations among which biochemical study is at present the main tool. However, the analysis of the results obtained during such study remains complex and often does not make it possible to conclude clearly if a patient is affected or not by a biochemical and/or bioenergetic deficiency. This arises from two main problems: 1. The determination of control values from the whole set of variable values (affected and unaffected people). 2. The small size of the population studied and the large number of variables collected which present a rather large variability. To cope with these problems, the principal component analysis method is applied to the results obtained during our biochemical studies. This analysis makes it possible for each respiratory chain complex, to distinguish clearly two subsets of the whole population (affected and unaffected people) as well as to detect the variables which are the most discriminative. (Mol Cell Biochem 174: 149–156, 1997)
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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