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  • Articles  (13)
  • Technology
  • Springer  (13)
  • National Academy of Sciences
  • 2000-2004
  • 1995-1999  (13)
  • 1975-1979
  • Natural Sciences in General  (7)
  • Economics  (6)
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  • Articles  (13)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of evolutionary economics 5 (1995), S. 133-156 
    ISSN: 1432-1386
    Keywords: Innovation ; Entrepreneurship ; R&D ; Technology ; Diversification ; B31 ; O10 ; O31 ; P10
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyzes the evolution and role of corporate entrepreneurship in Swedish industry, particularly for the 1945–1980 period, based on data on the 100 economically most important innovations during this period. Privately owned large corporations (Schumpeter Mark II) dominated in launching innovations in almost all industrial sectors and in all subperiods but decreasingly so. 20% of the innovations were launched by new firms (Schumpeter Mark I) but most of these new firms were spun-off and/or acquired by large corporations. State entrepreneurship was marginal. Universities played an important role, although sector-specific. New firms and existing firms had similar growth rates and almost identical and short gestation times to international markets for their innovations. 80% of the corporate innovations were product renewals rather than product diversifications or process innovations. No evidence of an evolution from autonomous over corporate to state entrepreneurship, as hypothesized by Schumpeter, was found. Evolution of a dynamic coexistence of. these forms of entrepreneurship is hypothesized in this paper. The paper finally presents a model, synthesizing Schumpeter Mark I and II, for analyzing technological change and entrepreneurship.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of evolutionary economics 5 (1995), S. 269-284 
    ISSN: 1432-1386
    Keywords: Technology ; Growth ; Development ; O1 ; O3 ; O4
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents an overview and assessment of the theoretical and empirical work on catch-up and growth, with particular emphasis on the impact of technology, and the consequences for developing countries. The point of departure is the neoclassical theory of economic growth, as laid out by Solow and others in the 1950s, and the applied work that followed (“growth accounting”). Then the contributions from economic historians and more heterodox economists, such as Schumpeter, Kaldor and others, are discussed, followed by an account of the most recent theoretical developments (“new growth theory”) and the empirical (econometric) work in this area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of evolutionary economics 6 (1996), S. 1-30 
    ISSN: 1432-1386
    Keywords: Innovation ; Technology ; Master equation ; Survival probability ; Evolution ; O3
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Technological innovations have been investigated by means of substitution and diffusion as well as evolution models, each of them dealing with different aspects of the innovation problem. In this paper we follow the well known research traditions on self-organisation models of complex systems. For the first time in the literature we show the existence of a specific niche effect, which may occur in the first stage of establishment of a new technology. Using a stochastic Master equation approach, we obtain analytical expressions for the survival probabilities of a new technology in smaller or larger ensembles. As a main result we demonstrate how a hyperselection situation might be removed in a stochastic picture and thresholds against the prevailing of a new technology in a step-by-step process can be overcome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of evolutionary economics 9 (1999), S. 135-154 
    ISSN: 1432-1386
    Keywords: Key words: Economic growth ; Solow model ; Technology ; Human capital ; JEL-classification: O2 ; O3
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. We reassess Mankiw, Romer and Weil's [mrw] version of the Solow model using, as did mrw, cross-sectional data to estimate the steady-state equation governing income per capita levels. The model fails in two critical areas. First, plausible factor shares obtained by mrw are not robust to the substitution of two measures of human capital that are more precise than the secondary school enrollment rates used by mrw. Second, the null hypothesis of an exogenous and identical level of technology in all countries is rejected. We also explain why the Solow model performed well despite the above shortcomings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-1839
    Keywords: Technology ; technology and education ; K–12 education ; research ; evaluation ; constructivism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The Panel on Educational Technology was organized in April 1995 under the auspices of the President's Committee of Advisers on Science and Technology (PCAST) to provide advice to the President on matters related to the application of information technologies to K–12 education in the United States. Its findings and recommendations were set forth in March 1997 in the Report to the President on the Use of Technology to Strengthen K–12 Education in the United States. This report was based on a review of the research literature and on written submissions and oral briefings from a number of academic and industrial researchers, practicing educators, software developers, governmental agencies, and professional and industry organizations involved in various ways with the application of technology to education. Its most important finding is that a large-scale program of rigorous, systematic research on education in general and educational technology in particular will ultimately prove necessary to ensure both the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of technology use within our nation's K–12 schools. Finding that less than 0.1 percent of our nation's expenditures for elementary and secondary education are currently invested to determine which educational techniques actually work, and to find ways to improve them—an extremely low level relative to comparable ratios within the private sector—the Panel recommended that this figure be increased over a period of several years to at least 0.5 percent, and sustained at that level on an ongoing basis. Further, because no one state, municipality, or private firm could hope to capture more than a small fraction of the benefits associated with a significant advance in our understanding of how best to educate K–12 students, the Panel concluded that such funding will have to be provided largely at the federal level in order to avoid a systematic underinvestment (attributable to a classical form of economic externality) relative to the level that would be optimal for the nation as a whole. This paper originally appeared as Section 8 of the report.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of science education and technology 6 (1997), S. 245-255 
    ISSN: 1573-1839
    Keywords: Technology ; science ; education ; lateral thinking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The emergence of lateral thinking in recent years is a natural reaction to the enormous increase of information a human being is “bombarded” with, in the post industrial revolution era. Vertical thinking, with its sequential and fixed-order rules, which has been the foundation of traditional education, is increasingly being complemented by lateral thinking which aims at freeing the mind from the imprisonment caused by already established concepts and patterns. Thus paving the way for restructuring thinking patterns and generating new ideas. An attempt is made to show the context of lateral thinking to recent educational psychology developments. Developing lateral thinking skills has already become a pedagogical challenge to many educators. An analysis of technology education and its relevance to lateral thinking is presented in this article. Prospects for utilizing technology education as a platform and a contextual domain for nurturing lateral thinking are discussed. The main notion is that technology education, which is characterized by reconstructive learning activities of designing, making, using and evaluating of matter, energy and information in real-life situations is an appropriate environment for developing complementary incorporation of vertical and lateral thinking. Initial findings of a case study implementing lateral thinking through technology education are encouraging.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of science education and technology 4 (1995), S. 37-45 
    ISSN: 1573-1839
    Keywords: Technology ; testing ; alternative assessment ; performance assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Technology
    Notes: Abstract With a focus on the interaction between computer technology and assessment, we first review the typical functions served by technology in the support of various assessment purposes. These include efficiencies in person and item sampling and in administration, analysis, and reporting. Our major interest is the extent to which technology can provide unique opportunities to understand performance. Two examples are described: a tool-based knowledge representation approach to assess content understanding and a team problem-solving task involving negotiation. The first example, using HyperCard as well as paper-and-pencil variations, has been tested in science and history fields. Its continuing challenge is to determine a strategy for creating and validating scoring criteria. The second example, involving a workforce readiness task for secondary school, has used expert-novice comparisons to infer performance standards. These examples serve as the context for the exploration of validity, equity, and utility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-1839
    Keywords: Technology ; science teacher education ; innovation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Technology
    Notes: Abstract There currently exists unparalleled discrepant growth between technological advancements and educators' understanding of appropriate classroom technology implemenation. The Tech Tools™ teacher enhancement program was designed to provide teachers with hardware and expertise with state-of-the-art science and math microcomputer technologies. This study was conducted as an examination of the implementation of current technologies in teacher education and school settings for the purpose of informing other science, mathematics, and technology reform efforts. For over two years researchers gathered data from surveys, interviews, and on site visits and observations explicating the 1) teacher knowledge and beliefs, 2) computer use for instruction, 3) hardward access, and 4) school support for technology use. Results revealed teachers given identical equipment and training implemented similar technologies in vastly different ways. Discrepancies in implementation of technology were best explained through the lenses of teachers' existing practice and beliefs about their school context. Recommendations are given regarding technology implementation, teacher education, and evaluation of technology initiatives.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of science education and technology 5 (1996), S. 241-252 
    ISSN: 1573-1839
    Keywords: Technology ; instruction enhancement ; collaboration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The paper presents a qualitative case study of a Technology Enhanced Instruction (TEI) model called Technology Enhanced Secondary Science Instruction (TESSI). The implementation of TEI in TESSI classrooms resulted in significant changes in the educational beliefs, and the teaching and learning practices of those involved: a) classroom structures were modified to emphasize guided, self-directed learning; b) views of learning were transformed to regard skills such as time management, goal setting, self monitoring, and problem solving to be as significant as science knowledge; and c) teachers' roles were changed from transmitters of knowledge to facilitators of learning. These changes are illustrated through reflections by the teachers, students, administrators and researchers associated with the Project. TESSI resulted in a significant increase in enrollment and achievement as measured by government exams.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Marketing letters 9 (1998), S. 147-167 
    ISSN: 1573-059X
    Keywords: Technology ; Segmentation ; Product Deferentation Strategy ; MassCustomization ; History ; Relationship Marketing ; Interactive Marketing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Increasingly, there is greater appreciation of the impact of technology on marketing practice. Many strategies like mass customization, relationship marketing, interactive marketing, etc., have gained increased attention, in part, from advancements in manufacturing and information technology. In this paper, we formally examine how technology has made such strategies economically feasible through its impact on optimal segment size. We build on Lancaster's model of product differentiation to derive an equation that exposes the “invisible hand” of technology. This equation shows how technology influences marketing practice through its effect on optimal segment size. In addition, the equation provides a formal explanation for the apparent paradox of mass customization; that customized products can be mass-produced profitably, without the benefit of large production volumes. We then use this equation to gain a more insightful view of the history of segmentation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Marketing letters 7 (1996), S. 355-369 
    ISSN: 1573-059X
    Keywords: Innovation ; Expertise ; Technology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract A conceptual distinction is offered between amplifying versus simplifying technological innovations. This distinction is shown to have value in explaining intended adoption. The results of the study indicate the need for further conceptualization and research regarding the role of innovation characteristics in adoption-decision processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of science education and technology 6 (1997), S. 59-70 
    ISSN: 1573-1839
    Keywords: Technology ; technology education ; science ; science education ; design ; science/technology/society ; vocational education
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses two major issues confronting any attempts to make technology education an integral part of the school curriculum. The first issue has to do with the lack of agreement—stemming from its diverse origins—regarding the core concepts, instructional strategies, and student outcomes that should comprise technology education. Characterizations of eight different approaches are provided. The second issue concerns the relationship of technology education to the existing school curricula, specifically, the science curriculum and vocational education. The historical connections between science and technology are discussed, and the argument is made that the traditional second-class position of technology in the school curriculum needs to be remedied in favor of making science and technology equal curricular partners. Vocational education, too, needs to be modernized to move from narrow skills training to education for the technological work place.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of science education and technology 4 (1995), S. 245-254 
    ISSN: 1573-1839
    Keywords: Technology ; computers ; interactive multimedia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General , Technology
    Notes: Abstract While we live in an Information Society, information technology has barely penetrated the classroom. Not only does it make no sense for every aspect of our lives save education to be enriched by appropriate technologies (e.g., computers, video discs, interactive systems), this technology has the potential to trigger an educational revolution much in the way that the Gutenberg press triggered a revolution 500 years ago. Technology alone cannot fix our ailing educational system. Yet it can be the thin edge of the wedge in giving us the capacity to provide an educational experience that stimulates the student (and the teacher), opens myriad worlds of information, and conforms to what we believe to be best teaching and learning practices.
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