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  • Seismicity
  • Textbook of geophysics
  • Turkey
  • Springer  (88)
  • Kluwer  (47)
  • Academic Press  (12)
  • Cambridge University Press  (7)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science
  • International Union of Crystallography
  • Oxford University Press
  • Pergamon
  • 2000-2004  (63)
  • 1995-1999  (61)
  • 1990-1994  (34)
  • 1965-1969  (1)
  • 1940-1944
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Years
Year
  • 1
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    Kluwer
    In:  Orlando, Florida, Kluwer, vol. 27, pp. 559-932, (1-4020-2401-0, 792 pp.)
    Publication Date: 2004
    Keywords: Proceedings of a conference ; Tomography ; Acoustics ; Seismology ; Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; Textbook of physics ; Textbook of geophysics ; Textbook of mathematics
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  • 2
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    Kluwer
    In:  Dordrecht, 344 pp., Kluwer, vol. 20, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 81-89, (ISBN 1-4020-1267-5 (hb), ISBN 1-4020-1268-3 (pb))
    Publication Date: 2004
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; NOModelling ; GeodesyY ; Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; post-glacial ; Rheology ; Earth rotation ; Inelastic ; Seismology ; earth mantle ; post-seismic ; Dislocation
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  • 3
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    Kluwer
    In:  Dordrecht, 368 pp., Kluwer, vol. V/1, subvol. b, pp. 559-932, (ISBN: 1-4020-1827-4)
    Publication Date: 2004
    Keywords: Earthquake engineering, engineering seismology ; Textbook of geophysics ; Textbook of engineering ; Earthquake risk ; Site amplification ; vulnerability ; microzonation ; Earthquake hazard ; CD-Rom
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  • 4
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    Cambridge University Press
    In:  Cambridge, 264 pp., Cambridge University Press, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 632 pp., (ISBN 052)
    Publication Date: 2004
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Seismology ; Wave propagation ; Ray seismics ; Anisotropy ; Acoustics ; Elasticity ; Layers ; Cagniard ; Inversion ; WKBJ ; Maslov ; Born ; Kirchhoff ; Migration of earthquakes ; Inhomogeneity ; more ; advanced ; than ; Aki ; and ; Richards ; MATLAB
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  • 5
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    Kluwer
    In:  Dordrecht, 396 pp., Kluwer, vol. 138, no. 2, pp. 527-553, (ISBN: 1-4020-1179-2)
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: Earthquake risk ; Earthquake hazard ; interdisciplinary ; Textbook of geophysics ; Textbook of geology
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  • 6
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    Kluwer
    In:  Dordrecht, 348 pp., Kluwer, vol. 20, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 81-89, (ISBN 1-4020-1729-4)
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: GFZ ; M04.0014 ; 000266148 ; Textbook of geophysics ; Statistical investigations ; Artificial intelligence (AI) ; Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; Borehole geophys. ; Applied geophysics ; Electromagnetic methods/phenomena ; Seismology
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  • 7
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    Kluwer
    In:  Dordrecht, 388 pp., Kluwer, vol. 26, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 95-104, (ISBN: 1-4020-1592-5)
    Publication Date: 2003
    Description: Data assimilation is the combination of information from observations and models of a particular physical system in order to get the best possible estimate of the state of that system. The technique has wide applications across a range of earth sciences, a major application being the production of operational weather forecasts. Others include oceanography, atmospheric chemistry, climate studies, and hydrology. Data Assimilation for the Earth System is a comprehensive survey of both the theory of data assimilation and its application in a range of earth system sciences. Data assimilation is a key technique in the analysis of remote sensing observations and is thus particularly useful for those analysing the wealth of measurements from recent research satellites. This book is suitable for postgraduate students and those working on the application of data assimilation in meteorology, oceanography and other earth sciences.
    Keywords: Modelling ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; Textbook of geophysics ; Textbook of geology ; TBMeteorology
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  • 8
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    Kluwer
    In:  Dordrecht, 368 pp., Kluwer, vol. 70, pp. 71-83, (ISBN: 1-4020-0821-X)
    Publication Date: 2003
    Description: Preface. 1. Introduction; B. Boots, et al. Part I: Statistical models of spatial systems. Section A: Spatial statistics. 2. Geographic patterns of urban residential development; J. Lee. 3. Using local statistics for boundary characterization; B. Boots. 4. Local spatial interaction modelling based on the geographically weighted regression approach; T. Nakaya. Section B: Space-time analysis. 5. Understanding activity scheduling and rescheduling behaviour: theory and numerical illustration; Chang-Hyeon Joh, et al. 6. Geographical model of a self-organizing megalopolis with time-space convergence; I. Mizuno. 7. Epidemic modelling of HIV/AIDS transfers between eastern and western Europe; P. Smith, R. Thomas. Part II: Computational methods. Section A: Simulation models. 8. A spatial microsimulation model for social policy evaluation; D. Ballas, et al. 9. Analysis of the effect of land use patterns on the anthropogenic energy discharged from air conditioning and hot water supply using a modified CSU mesoscale model; T. Watanabe, et al. 10. Generalized Thuenen and Thuenen-Ricardo models for Asian land use; K. Konagaya. Section B: GIS models. 11. Balancing consensus and conflict with a GIS-based multi-participant, multi-criteria decision support tool; R. D. Feick, G. B. Hall. 12. Grid-based population distribution estimates from historical Japanese topographical maps using GIS: Y. Arai, S. Koike. 13. GIS modelling for rain-induced debris-flow hazards in a small watershed; S. Zhao, T. Tamura. Section C: The internet. 14. A geographical interpretation of cyberspace: preliminary analysis on the scaling tendency of information spaces; N. Shiode. 15. On modelling internet transactions as a time-dependent random walk: an application of the retail aggregate space-time trip (RASTT) model; R. G. V. Baker. 16. Development of disaster information network system in the Asian region: internet GIS for disaster information management; Y. Ogawa, et al. 17. Geographical conceptualization of cyberplaces; M. Takeyama.
    Keywords: Modelling ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; Textbook of geophysics ; Textbook of geology ; TBMeteorology
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  • 9
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    Springer
    In:  Berlin, Springer, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1-40, (ISBN: 0-444-51340-X)
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: Handbook of geophysics ; Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; outreach ; politics ; communication ; management ; response ; rain ; storms ; floods ; droughts ; El ; Nino ; earthquakes ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Japan ; Mexico ; Istanbul ; Turkey ; Taiwan ; Bucharest ; Romania ; China ; Armenia ; Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; Global Positioning System ; Volcanology ; Tsunami(s) ; landslides ; avalanches ; fires ; technology ; environment ; Rapid damage assessment ; Earthquake hazard ; Earthquake risk ; remote ; sensing ; GIS ; islands ; cyclones ; future ; technical ; requirements ; Kueppers ; Kuppers
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  • 10
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    Springer
    In:  Early Warning Systems for Natural Disaster Reduction, Berlin, Springer, vol. 37, no. 16, pp. 495-502, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Plate tectonics ; Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; Geodesy ; Stress ; Strain ; Seismicity ; Kueppers ; Kuppers
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  • 11
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    Springer
    In:  Early Warning Systems for Natural Disaster Reduction, Berlin, Springer, vol. 37, no. 16, pp. 487-494, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Project report/description ; Seismology ; Seismicity ; Kueppers ; Kuppers
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  • 12
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    Springer
    In:  Professional Paper, Early Warning Systems for Natural Disaster Reduction, Berlin, Springer, vol. 24, no. 16, pp. 535-536, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Tsunami(s) ; Seismicity ; Kueppers ; Kuppers
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  • 13
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    Springer
    In:  Bull., Open-File Rept., Early Warning Systems for Natural Disaster Reduction, Berlin, Springer, vol. 22, no. 16, pp. 453-460, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Japan ; Seismology ; Seismicity ; Tsunami(s) ; Kueppers ; Kuppers
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  • 14
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    Springer
    In:  Heidelberg, XIV + 337 pp., Springer, vol. 9, no. XVI:, pp. 227-235, (ISBN 3-540-43528-X)
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: Non-linear effects ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Pattern recognition ; Seismicity ; Earthquake precursor: statistical anal. of seismicity ; Lithosphere ; complexity ; hierarchical ; dissipative ; system ; static ; Dynamic ; lattice ; Modelling ; synthetic ; Earthquake catalog ; Fault zone ; block ; rotations ; decision ; theory
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  • 15
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    Kluwer
    In:  Dordrecht, 356 pp., Kluwer, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 799-804, (ISBN 1-4020-1777-4 (hb) and ISBN 1-4020-1778-2 (pb))
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Seismology ; Seismicity ; Earthquake hazard ; Source ; Earthquake risk ; Earthquake engineering, engineering seismology ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Greece ; Turkey
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  • 16
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    Cambridge University Press
    In:  Cambridge, 444 pp., Cambridge University Press, vol. 7, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 127, (ISBN: 0 521 52046 0 (pb); ISBN: 0 521 81730 7 (hb))
    Publication Date: 2003
    Description: ... Pujol's book differs from the others in its purely theoretical approach to the generation and propagation of seismic waves. The author aims to fill a gap between the advanced books and the introductory ones, providing a complete derivation of the mathematical developments. ... One does not have to look for proofs elsewhere.
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Seismology ; Elasticity ; Source ; Wave propagation ; theory
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  • 17
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    Kluwer
    In:  Dordrecht, 352 pp., Kluwer, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1-40, (ISBN: 1-4020-1348-5 hb, ISBN: 1-4020-1349-3 pb)
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: Tsunami(s) ; Textbook of geophysics ; Textbook of geology ; Yalciner
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  • 18
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    Springer
    In:  Bull., Open-File Rept., Early Warning Systems for Natural Disaster Reduction, Berlin, Springer, vol. 9, no. 16, pp. 228, (ISBN 1-86239-165-3, vi + 330 pp.)
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Seismicity ; warning ; time ; Seismology ; micro-zonation ; Seismic networks ; Project report/description ; Rapid damage assessment ; Earthquake hazard ; Earthquake risk ; monitoring ; Kueppers ; Kuppers ; Stefansson ; SIL
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  • 19
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    Springer
    In:  Professional Paper, Open-File Rept., Early Warning Systems for Natural Disaster Reduction, Berlin, Springer, vol. 14B, no. 16, pp. 465-469, (ISBN 1-86239-165-3, vi + 330 pp.)
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Seismology ; Seismicity ; Kueppers ; Kuppers
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  • 20
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    Springer
    In:  Professional Paper, Open-File Rept., Early Warning Systems for Natural Disaster Reduction, Berlin, Springer, vol. 1, no. 16, pp. 471-477, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Romania ; Seismology ; Seismicity ; Earthquake engineering, engineering seismology ; Karlsruhe ; Kueppers ; Kuppers ; SFB ; 461
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  • 21
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    Springer
    In:  Professional Paper, Open-File Rept., Early Warning Systems for Natural Disaster Reduction, Berlin, Springer, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 462-464, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Real time earthquake monitoring ; Seismicity ; Seismology ; China ; Kueppers ; Kuppers
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  • 22
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    Springer
    In:  Professional Paper, Open-File Rept., Early Warning Systems for Natural Disaster Reduction, Berlin, Springer, vol. Memoir 157, no. 1, pp. 433-440, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Turkey ; Seismicity ; warning ; time ; Seismology ; micro-zonation ; Seismic networks ; Project report/description ; Rapid damage assessment ; Earthquake hazard ; Earthquake risk ; monitoring ; Isikara ; Yalcin ; Kueppers ; Kuppers ; Erguenay ; Ergunay
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  • 23
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    Springer
    In:  Professional Paper, Open-File Rept., Early Warning Systems for Natural Disaster Reduction, Berlin, Springer, vol. Memoir 157, no. 1, pp. 527-532, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 2003
    Keywords: Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Indonesia ; Java ; Seismicity ; warning ; time ; Seismology ; Seismic networks ; Project report/description ; Earthquake hazard ; Earthquake risk ; monitoring ; Kueppers ; Kuppers ; Luehr ; Luhr
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  • 24
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    Springer
    In:  New York. 145 pp., Springer, vol. 4, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 127, (3-540-43395-3)
    Publication Date: 2002
    Keywords: Rheology ; Textbook of geophysics ; Textbook of physics
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  • 25
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    Kluwer
    In:  Professional Paper, Integration of Earth Science Research on the Turkish and Greek 1999 Earthquakes, Dordrecht, Kluwer, vol. 65, no. 16, pp. 61-70, (ISBN 1-86239-165-3, vi + 330 pp.)
    Publication Date: 2002
    Keywords: Sea seismics ; Fault zone ; NAF ; Deep seismic sounding (espec. cont. crust) ; Tectonics ; Cagatay ; Goeruer ; Gorur ; Turkey
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  • 26
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    Kluwer
    In:  Professional Paper, Integration of Earth Science Research on the Turkish and Greek 1999 Earthquakes, Dordrecht, Kluwer, vol. 48, no. 231, pp. 101-111, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Publication Date: 2002
    Keywords: Seismicity ; historical ; Earthquake hazard ; Goeruer ; Gorur ; Turkey
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  • 27
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    Kluwer
    In:  Bull., Open-File Rept., Integration of Earth Science Research on the Turkish and Greek 1999 Earthquakes, Dordrecht, Kluwer, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 141-152, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 2002
    Keywords: Stress ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Turkey ; Izmit ; Goeruer ; Gorur
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  • 28
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    Kluwer
    In:  Dordrecht, Kluwer, vol. 10, no. Subvol. b, pp. 220, (ISBN 1-4020-0653-5)
    Publication Date: 2002
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Earthquake ; Seismology ; Tectonics ; Plate tectonics ; Strong motions ; Sea seismics ; Geol. aspects ; Tsunami(s) ; Earthquake catalog ; Seismicity ; Velocity depth profile ; Stress ; triggering ; Earthquake hazard ; Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; Geodesy ; Turkey ; Greece ; Goeruer ; Gorur
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  • 29
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    Academic Press
    In:  Professional Paper, Open-File Rept., Advances in Geophysics, San Diego, Academic Press, vol. 22, no. 16, pp. 40-56, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 2002
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Magnitude ; Statistical investigations ; ZMAP ; Gutenberg-Richter magnitude frequency b-value
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  • 30
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    Springer
    In:  New York, 348 pp., Springer, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 2-203, (ISBN: 3-540-41598-X)
    Publication Date: 2002
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Textbook of physics ; Finite Element Method ; Finite difference method ; perfectly ; matched ; Layers ; PML ; Gauss-Labatto ; element ; shape
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  • 31
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    Springer
    In:  New York, Springer, vol. III/12, Supplement to III/4, no. XVI:, pp. 1-14, (ISBN 0-87590-299-5 (soft cover))
    Publication Date: 2002
    Keywords: SOC ; FractureT ; Textbook of geophysics ; Seismicity ; Gutenberg-Richter magnitude frequency b-value ; forest ; fires ; land ; slides
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  • 32
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    Kluwer
    In:  Integration of Earth Science Research on the Turkish and Greek 1999 Earthquakes, Dordrecht, Kluwer, vol. 65, pp. 35-46
    Publication Date: 2002
    Keywords: Geol. aspects ; Plate tectonics ; Tectonics ; Fault zone ; NAF ; Goeruer ; Gorur ; Turkey ; Yaltirak
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  • 33
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    Kluwer
    In:  Professional Paper, Integration of Earth Science Research on the Turkish and Greek 1999 Earthquakes, Dordrecht, Kluwer, vol. 65, no. 16, pp. 175-196, (ISBN 1-86239-165-3, vi + 330 pp.)
    Publication Date: 2002
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Earthquake hazard ; Turkey ; Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Goeruer ; Gorur ; Greece
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  • 34
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    Kluwer
    In:  Professional Paper, Integration of Earth Science Research on the Turkish and Greek 1999 Earthquakes, Dordrecht, Kluwer, vol. 65, no. 16, pp. 127-139, (ISBN 1-4020-1729-4)
    Publication Date: 2002
    Keywords: Velocity depth profile ; Three dimensional ; Seismicity ; Greece ; P-waves ; Tomography ; Goeruer ; Gorur
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  • 35
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    Kluwer
    In:  Dordrecht, 358 pp., Kluwer, vol. 10, no. Subvol. b, pp. 220, (ISBN 1-4020-0653-5)
    Publication Date: 2002
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; Seismology ; Layers ; Velocity depth profile ; Physical properties of rocks
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  • 36
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    Kluwer
    In:  Professional Paper, Integration of Earth Science Research on the Turkish and Greek 1999 Earthquakes, Dordrecht, Kluwer, vol. 6, no. 16, pp. 17-34, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 2002
    Keywords: Strong motions ; Seismology ; seismic Moment ; Source ; Peak ground velocity ; Modelling ; Synthetic seismograms ; Goeruer ; Gorur ; Turkey ; Toksoez ; Toksoz ; NAF ; Earthquake
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  • 37
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    Kluwer
    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Integration of Earth Science Research on the Turkish and Greek 1999 Earthquakes, Dordrecht, Kluwer, vol. 46, no. XVI:, pp. 61-85, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Publication Date: 2002
    Keywords: Geochemistry ; Tectonics ; Fault zone ; NAF ; Hydraulic fracturingSWEEP ; PARASOUND ; samples ; Kuscu ; Pekdeger ; Goeruer ; Gorur ; Turkey
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  • 38
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    Kluwer
    In:  Bull., Open-File Rept., Integration of Earth Science Research on the Turkish and Greek 1999 Earthquakes, Dordrecht, Kluwer, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 153-173, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 2002
    Keywords: Earthquake hazard ; historical ; Seismicity ; Geol. aspects ; Tectonics ; Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; Review article ; Goeruer ; Gorur
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  • 39
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    Kluwer
    In:  Professional Paper, Open-File Rept., Integration of Earth Science Research on the Turkish and Greek 1999 Earthquakes, Dordrecht, Kluwer, vol. 9, no. 16, pp. 47-59, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 2002
    Keywords: Sea seismics ; Fault zone ; NAF ; Deep seismic sounding (espec. cont. crust) ; Tectonics ; Ulug ; Goeruer ; Gorur ; Turkey ; Oezel ; Ozel
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  • 40
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    Kluwer
    In:  Bull., Open-File Rept., Integration of Earth Science Research on the Turkish and Greek 1999 Earthquakes, Dordrecht, Kluwer, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 87-100, (ISBN 1-86239-165-3, vi + 330 pp.)
    Publication Date: 2002
    Keywords: Tsunami(s) ; Seismicity ; Earthquake hazard ; Goeruer ; Gorur
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  • 41
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    Kluwer
    In:  Dordrecht, Kluwer, vol. 15, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 23-40, (ISBN 1-4020-3326-5, VIII + 343 pp.)
    Publication Date: 2001
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; digital signal analysis (also DSP) ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; Seismology ; Filter- ; Spectrum ; Waves ; exercises ; teaching
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  • 42
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment 58 (2000), S. 95-98 
    ISSN: 1435-9537
    Keywords: Key words Landslides ; Isopleth maps ; Turkey ; Mots clés Glissements de terrain ; Cartes d'isovaleurs ; Turquie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé À la suite des fortes pluies des 19 et 20 juillet 1983, 109 glissements eurent lieu dans la région de Findikli, Rize, dans le nord-est de la Turquie. Les mouvements de versant se réalisèrent dans des roches andésitiques, dacitiques ou granitiques très altérées ou dans des formations de pente, et concernèrent une région d'environ 25 km2. L'article présente une carte d'isovaleur de densité de glissement préparée en utilisant les données des glissements de Findikli de 1983 et discute de son intérêt pour un zonage de l'aléa glissement de terrain. Sur une base de 12 années d'expérience, la conclusion est qu'une telle carte tirée d'une carte précise d'inventaire peut constituer un outil intéressant.
    Notes: Abstract   Following very heavy rainfall on 19/20 July 1983, 109 landslides occurred in the east of Findikli, Rize, north-east Turkey. The movements took place in completely weathered andesitic, dacitic and granitic rocks as well as slope debris. They extended over an area of approximately 25 km2. The paper discusses the contour (isopleth) map prepared using data from the 1983 landslides and discusses its value for landslide hazard zoning. It is concluded that on the basis of 12 years of field evidence, a contour map derived from a precise inventory map can be a useful tool.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 43
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment 59 (2000), S. 207-210 
    ISSN: 1435-9537
    Keywords: Keywords Tunnel ; Engineering geology ; Rock classification ; Rock quality ; Turkey ; Mots clés Galerie ; Géologie de l'ingénieur ; Classification des massifs rocheux ; Massif rocheux ; Turquie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cet article présente le contexte géologique de la région au nord-ouest de Tarsus dans le sud de la Turquie où une galerie d'amenée pour le projet d'irrigation des plaines de Mersin-Tarsus devait être construite. Le projet consistait à utiliser les eaux dérivées du barrage de Pamukluk, la principale composante du projet de Mersin-Tarsus. L'article décrit les principes des classifications de massifs rocheux utilisées pour la galerie d'amenée du projet. La qualité du massif rocheux et le choix des dispositifs adéquats de renforcement mécanique relatifs aux différentes unités géologiques le long de la galerie ont été déterminés en utilisant les classifications RMR, Q et RSR. Six unités différentes et huit classes de massifs rocheux ont été identifiées le long de la galerie, sur environ 5 km. Les principales unités le long de la galerie sont représentées par des calcaires dolomitiques, schistes, brèches et marbres du Paléozoïque, des calcaires et roches magmatiques (granophyre, gabbro, diorites) du Mésozoïque, des grès, marnes et conglomérats et des calcaires récifaux.
    Notes: Abstract  This paper discusses the geology in the area northwest of Tarsus, southern Turkey, where a conveyance tunnel for the Mersin-Tarsus Plains Irrigation Project was to be constructed. The scheme was to use water discharging from the Pamukluk dam, the main unit of the Mersin-Tarsus project. The paper describes the rock classifications of the proposed conveyance tunnel of the Mersin-Tarsus Plains Irrigation Project. Rock mass quality and selection of the appropriate support system for the rock units along the tunnel were determined using RMR, Q and RSR classifications. Six different units and eight rock mass classes were determined along the conveyance tunnel, about 5 km in length. The main rock units along the tunnel alignment consist of Paleozoic dolomitic limestone, schist, breccia and marble; Mesozoic limestone and magmatic rock complexes (granophyre, gabbro, diorites); Cenozoic sandstone-marl-conglomerate and reef limestones.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Key words Mount Rainier ; Seismicity ; Geochemistry ; Magmatic–hydrothermal system model ; Volcano monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Mount Rainier is one of the most seismically active volcanoes in the Cascade Range, with an average of one to two high-frequency volcano-tectonic (or VT) earthquakes occurring directly beneath the summit in a given month. Despite this level of seismicity, little is known about its cause. The VT earthquakes occur at a steady rate in several clusters below the inferred base of the Quaternary volcanic edifice. More than half of 18 focal mechanisms determined for these events are normal, and most stress axes deviate significantly from the regional stress field. We argue that these characteristics are most consistent with earthquakes in response to processes associated with circulation of fluids and magmatic gases within and below the base of the edifice.Circulation of these fluids and gases has weakened rock and reduced effective stress to the point that gravity-induced brittle fracture, due to the weight of the overlying edifice, can occur. Results from seismic tomography and rock, water, and gas geochemistry studies support this interpretation. We combine constraints from these studies into a model for the magmatic system that includes a large volume of hot rock (temperatures greater than the brittle–ductile transition) with small pockets of melt and/or hot fluids at depths of 8–18 km below the summit. We infer that fluids and heat from this volume reach the edifice via a narrow conduit, resulting in fumarolic activity at the summit, hydrothermal alteration of the edifice, and seismicity.
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  • 45
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    Empirica 27 (2000), S. 193-222 
    ISSN: 1573-6911
    Keywords: Ownership structure ; governance ; business groups ; Turkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The paper describes the main characteristics of ownership structure of the Turkish companies listed on the Istanbul Stock Exchange. We present information on the pyrimidal and complex ownership structures within business groups, on the main owner classes, and on changes in large shareholdings. Ownership is highly concentrated in Turkey, families being the dominant shareholders. Changes in large shareholdings do not suggest the existence of an active market for share stakes. We also show that concentrated ownership and pyramidal structures have a negative effect on performance as reflected in lower return on assets, market to book ratios and dividend payments. We conclude by discussing some important problems introduced or fostered by the presence of this type of ownership structure.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1573-157X
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Central Italy ; Umbria-Marche ; Aftershock sequence ; seismic crisis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We present the spatio-temporal distribution of more than 2000 earthquakesthat occurred during the Umbria-Marche seismic crisis, between September 26and November 3, 1997. This distribution was obtained from recordings of atemporary network that was installed after the occurrence of the first two largest shocks (Mw =, 5.7, Mw = 6.0) of September 26. This network wascomposed of 27 digital 3-components stations densely distributed in theepicentral area. The aftershock distribution covers a region of about 40 km long and about2 km wide along the NW-SE central Apennines chain. The activity is shallow,mostly located at less than 9 km depth. We distinguished three main zonesof different seismic activity from NW to SE. The central zone, that containsthe hypocenter of four earthquakes of magnitude larger than 5, was the moreactive and the more complex one. Sections at depth identify 40–50°dipping structures that agree well with the moment tensor focalmechanisms results. The clustering and the migration of seismicity from NW to SE and the generalfeatures are imaged by aftershock distribution both horizontally and at depth.
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  • 47
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    Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment 58 (2000), S. 115-123 
    ISSN: 1435-9537
    Keywords: Key words Predictions ; Site investigation ; Tunnels ; Turkey ; Mots clés Prévisions ; Reconnaissances géologiques ; Tunneles ; Turquie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les informations disponibles concernant cinq tunnels ont permis la réalisations de coupes géologiques prévisionnelles. Celles-ci ont été comparées aux coupes établies en suivant l'excavation de ces tunnels: les tunnels de Bolu, de Zincirlikuyu du métro d'Istanbul, de Moda, le tunnel autoroutier de Beykoz et le tunnel de dérivation du barrage de Yayladagi en Turquie. L'article présente sommairement les conditions géologiques rencontrées. Dans les régions intensément fracturées, les failles subverticales ont été rarement identifiées en sondage. Il est en fait très important de réaliser une reconnaissance géologique détaillée, avec si nécessaire des sondages obliques, des diagraphies géophysiques et des photographies en sondage permettant d'établir de bonnes coupes prévisionnelles. L'article souligne que pour ces cinq tunnels les coûts de reconnaissance ont représenté de 1 à 2% du coût des ouvrages.
    Notes: Abstract  The information available on five tunnels was assessed prior to construction and geological long sections prepared. These were compared to sections prepared as the excavations were undertaken. The tunnels involved were the Bolu tunnel, the Zincirlikuyu tunnel in the Istanbul Metro, the Moda wastewater tunnel, the Beykoz highway tunnel and the derivation tunnel of the Yayladağı dam in Turkey. The paper briefly discusses the variable geology encountered. In an area where extensive faulting has taken place, the subvertical faults were frequently not predicted from the boreholes. The work has shown the importance of undertaking a full investigation, possibly involving oblique boreholes and/or the use of geophysical and other downhole photographic methods to ensure the most accurate sections can be produced. The paper notes that in the case of these five tunnels, the investigation costs varied between 1 and 2% of the total cost of the projects.
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  • 48
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    Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment 59 (2000), S. 23-37 
    ISSN: 1435-9537
    Keywords: Key words Landslide ; Slope stability ; Seismicity ; Ground motion ; Critical acceleration ; Mots clés Glissement de terrain ; Stabilité de pente ; Sismicité ; Mouvement sismique ; Accélération critique
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le 29 decembre 1993, un glissement de terrain se produit dans la périphérie de Senerchia (Italie du sud), dans une localité appelée "Vadoncello". Le mouvement de terrain était en activité de manière variable jusqu'à ce jour: la vitesse maximum fut atteinte en 1995, quand fut enregistrée une séquence sismique de faible magnitude (maximum 3.6). L'évolution du glissement de terrain fut étudiée en considérant aussi bien les caractéristiques de l'activité sismique que les conditions de stabilité de la pente. Les résultats des analyses ont montré qu'il n'est pas certain que l'action sismique ait eu un rôle dans le déclenchement du mouvement de terrain, bien que ceci ne soit pas exclu. Le comportement de la pente a été plus probablement contrôlé par des facteurs morphologiques et hydrogéologiques et leurs modifications; ainsi, ces derniers peuvent avoir été la cause de la vulnérabilité de la pente même. En conclusion, le mouvement de terrain observé en 1995, que des chocs sismiques faibles, mais à intervalles répétés, ont pu contribuer à déclencher, a conduit à de nouvelles et plus stables conditions d'équilibre sur la pente.
    Notes: Abstract  On 29 December 1993, a slump-earthflow was activated in the outskirts of Senerchia (southern Italy) in a locality named "Vadoncello". Mass movement has been active until the time of writing, at a variable rate. Maximum velocity was reached during 1995, when a seismic sequence of low magnitude (maximum 3.6) was recorded. The landslide evolution was studied considering both the characteristics of seismic activity and slope stability conditions. The results of the analyses showed that the role of seismic action in triggering mass movement is uncertain, although it cannot be excluded. Slope behaviour is more likely to have been controlled by morphological and hydrogeological factors and their modifications, which could also have been responsible for the vulnerability of the slope. In conclusion, the mass movement observed in 1995, triggered by the possible contribution of low magnitude shocks repeated at short intervals, determined new and more stable equilibrium conditions in the slope.
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  • 49
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    Water, air & soil pollution 121 (2000), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: bioaccumulation ; Köyceğiz Lagoon System ; organochlorine pesticides ; Turkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This study had been carried out between October 1992 and February 1994 in Köyceğiz Lagoon System (KLS) which is aspecially protected area (SPA). Residues of organochlorine pesticides (OC) in Callinectes sapidus (blue crab) and infish (Capoeta capoeta, Oreochromis mossambica, Lizaramada, Chelon labrosus and Anguilla anguilla) from KLSwere analysed by gas chromatography. Residues of 5 OC pesticides(α-HCH (hexachlorocyclohexane); 0.48 μg kg-1,β-HCH; 0.58 μg kg-1, γ-HCH; 2.60 μg kg-1, aldrin; 0.42 μg kg-1, and endrin; 1.80 μg kg-1) were foundin crab samples, while 7 OC (Total DDT, dieldrin, α-HCH,β-HCH, γ-HCH, aldrin and endrin) were observed infish samples. One of them, α-HCH was found in all fishspecies' muscle tissues. The average of results were 6.75 μg kg-1 for C. capoeta; 35.90 μg kg-1 for O. mossambica; 26.30 μg kg-1 for L. ramada; 5.33 μg kg-1 for μg kg-1 for C. labrosus; 5.00 μg kg-1 for A. anguilla.
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  • 50
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    In:  Dordrecht, 308 pp., Kluwer, vol. 15, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 585, (ISBN 0080424309)
    Publication Date: 2000
    Keywords: Earthquake hazard ; Earthquake risk ; Earthquake engineering, engineering seismology ; Textbook of geophysics ; Textbook of engineering
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    In:  Dordrecht, IX+266 pp., Kluwer, vol. 3, no. ALEX(01)-FR-77-01, AFTAC Contract F08606-76-C-0025, pp. 329, (ISBN 1-903544-06-8)
    Publication Date: 2000
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Seismology ; Location ; 7215 ; Seismology ; Earthquake ; parameters ; 7219 ; Nuclear ; explosion ; seismology ; 7294 ; Instruments ; and ; techniques
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    In:  Earthquake Hazard and Seismic Risk Reduction, Dordrecht, Kluwer, vol. 37, no. 16, pp. 169-209, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 2000
    Keywords: Earthquake hazard ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Project report/description ; Seismicity ; Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; Geochemistry ; Geomagnetics ; Strong motions
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    In:  Berlin, 306 pp., Springer, vol. 2, no. XVI:, pp. 1-14, (ISBN: 0-387-30752-4)
    Publication Date: 2000
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Textbook of geology ; Textbook of mathematics ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; Modelling ; Inversion
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    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Earthquake Hazard and Seismic Risk Reduction, Dordrecht, Kluwer, vol. 14, no. XVI:, pp. 239-247, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Publication Date: 2000
    Keywords: Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Seismicity ; Earthquake precursor: statistical anal. of seismicity ; Project report/description ; Earthquake
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  • 55
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    In:  Professional Paper, Open-File Rept., Earthquake Hazard and Seismic Risk Reduction, Dordrecht, Kluwer, vol. 1313, no. 1, pp. 87-97, (ISBN 1-86239-165-3, vi + 330 pp.)
    Publication Date: 2000
    Keywords: Earthquake hazard ; Handbook of geophysics ; Seismicity ; Earthquake ; Armenia
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    In:  Dordrecht, 460 pp., Kluwer, vol. 12, pp. 6322, (ISBN 0-521-79203-7)
    Publication Date: 2000
    Keywords: Earthquake hazard ; Earthquake risk ; Seismology ; Earthquake engineering, engineering seismology ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Earthquake precursor: chemical (Rn, water(-level,...) ; eastern ; Europe ; Caucasus ; China ; Mexico ; Textbook of geophysics ; JICA ; RADIUS ; Spitak ; Iran ; Armenia ; Georgia
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  • 57
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    In:  Dordrecht, xii + 314 pp., Kluwer, vol. 15, no. Subvol. b, pp. 220, (ISBN 0-12-305355-2)
    Publication Date: 2000
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Induced seismicity ; Rock bursts (see also ERDSTOSS and GEBIRGSSCHLAG)
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  • 58
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    In:  Dordrecht, 260 pp., Kluwer, vol. 25, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 95-104, (ISBN: 0-08-043930-6)
    Publication Date: 2000
    Keywords: Tsunami(s) ; Earthquake catalog ; Textbook of geophysics
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    In:  Berlin, Springer, vol. 45, pp. 3. erweiterte u. aktualisierte Auflage, x+419 pp., (ISBN 0-471-95596-5)
    Publication Date: 2000
    Keywords: GIS ; Textbook of geophysics ; geography ; data ; base ; fuzzy ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; interpolation ; SQL
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  • 60
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    In:  Professional Paper, Earthquake Hazard and Seismic Risk Reduction, Dordrecht, Kluwer, vol. 65, no. 16, pp. 79-85, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Publication Date: 2000
    Keywords: Earthquake hazard ; Seismicity ; Handbook of geophysics ; Review article ; India
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    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Handbook of Geophysical Exploration; Section I. Seismic Exploration, Oxford, 3rd updated and revised edition, 570 pp., Pergamon, vol. 14, no. XVI:, pp. 79-83, (ISBN: 3-540-23712-7)
    Publication Date: 2000
    Keywords: Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; Applied geophysics ; Vertical seismic profiling ; Textbook of geophysics
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  • 62
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    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Earthquake Hazard and Seismic Risk Reduction, Dordrecht, Kluwer, vol. 4, no. Subvol. b, pp. 289-296, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 2000
    Keywords: Earthquake hazard ; Seismicity ; Earthquake catalog
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  • 63
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    In:  Professional Paper, Open-File Rept., Earthquake Hazard and Seismic Risk Reduction, Dordrecht, Kluwer, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 127-136, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 2000
    Keywords: Earthquake hazard ; Earthquake risk ; Handbook of geophysics ; Seismicity ; Earthquake engineering, engineering seismology
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  • 64
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    Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment 57 (1999), S. 327-336 
    ISSN: 1435-9537
    Keywords: Mots clefs Stabilité de talus ; Mine ; Lignite ; Seisme ; Turquie ; Key words Slope stability ; Mine ; Lignite ; Seism ; Turkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract  A slope stability analysis of the Afsin-Elbistan lignite mine in Turkey was prepared taking into account the seismic environment of the mine. In a first paper, Kiliç, du Mouza and Arnould (1997) presented the general conditions of the pit – its geology, hydrogeology and soil mechanical properties – together with computations of safety coefficients using a static approach such as those developed by Bishop, Carter and Sarma. This paper presents a pseudostatic approach and compares it with that used by Kiliç and al (1997). This method of analysis was considered realistic as the mine is located in a seismic area. Having considered the seismic context, a regional seismic coefficient k was derived from the Bath method. This was then introduced into the safety coefficient computations, according to each model used. This coefficient, applied to the weight of the soil likely to move, provides a value of the elastic strength equivalent to the stresses in the dynamic state. As in the static approach, the results highlight the main influence of the hydrogeological and geometrical slope conditions, for each of which several assumptions were tested. Solution I corresponds to the slope geometry proposed during the mine planning stage which was adopted at the commencement of the exploitation. Three important landslides occurred resulting in a change in the slope geometry and leading to the choice of Solution II. Computations made during this work have shown that for this configuration the slopes could be unstable in a saturated state. For this reason Solution III was designed, reducing the slope angles. The variation in the safety coefficients between the static and pseudostatic approach is clearly evident. The difference between the slope geometry assumed in Solution II and that proposed to prevent any slope instability (Solution III) is some 20%. The latter proved to be the only geometry which could be considered stable whatever the hydrogeological conditions.
    Notes: Résumé Le but de ce travail a été d'effectuer une analyse de la stabilité des talus de la mine d'Afsin-Elbistan (Turquie) en prenant en compte le contexte sismique de la mine par une approche pseudo-statique qui a été développée en complément de l'étude statique présentée dans un article précédent. Cette analyse s'impose dans ce cas car la mine est située dans une région sismique. Les calculs des coefficients de sécurité ont été effectués en mode pseudo-statique en utilisant les méthodes de Bishop, de Carter et de Sarma. Comme dans l'approche statique, ces résultats montrent l'influence primordiale des conditions hydrogéologiques et de la géométrie choisie pour les talus de la fosse. Ils mettent aussi clairement en évidence la variation des coefficients de sécurité entre l'approche statique et pseudo-statique.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: stable isotopes ; authigenic carbonate ; ostracods ; palaeolimnology ; Konya Basin ; Turkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Konya plain in south central Anatolia, Turkey, which is now largely dry, was occupied around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum by a fresh-oligosaline lake covering more than 4000 km2. Sediment cores from three residual water bodies (Pinarbaşi, Akgöl and Süleymanhaci) within the larger Pleistocene lake basin, have been analysed using a multidisciplinary approach. The sediment sequences are dated as spanning the last 50 Ka years, although breaks in sedimentation mean that there is only partial chronological overlap between them. Carbon and oxygen isotope analyses on lacustrine carbonate from the three cores give contrasting isotope profiles which reflect the different ages and independent hydrological behaviour of different sub-basins through the late Quaternary. Distinguishing changes that are regional from local effects is aided by modern isotope hydrology studies and by comparing the carbonate δ13C and δ18O values to diatom and other analyses undertaken on the same cores.
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  • 66
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    Bulletin of volcanology 60 (1999), S. 568-580 
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Key words Colima volcano ; Mexico ; Volcanic earthquakes ; Stress field ; Focal mechanism ; Seismicity ; Jalisco Block ; Colima Rift Zone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  For first time, during 1991, seismic activity was recorded during an eruption at Colima volcano. We analyze these data to obtain a stress pattern using a composite focal mechanism technique. From the analysis of regional seismicity, the Tamazula Fault and the Armeria River appear as active features and the dip of the slab east of the Jalisco Block is approximately 12°. Southwest of Colima volcano a vertical alignment of seismic events was observed. We estimate five different composite focal mechanism solutions from our data set, which indicate a change of the stress field at the volcano after the 1991 eruption. These solutions suggest that the stress field in the volcanic edifice was controlled by stresses related to the emplacement of magma superimposed on the regional stress field. No evidence of active local faults in the volcanic edifice was found. We propose a model for the eruptive process that involves tilting of the volcanic edifice.
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    Hydrogeology journal 7 (1999), S. 540-545 
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Keywords: Turkey ; hydrochemistry ; stable isotopes ; thermal springs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cette étude présente les caractéristiques chimiques et isotopiques des sources thermales minéralisées de Mahmutlu et de Bağdatoğlu, dans la province de Kırşehir, un champ géothermal d'Anatolie centrale (Turquie). Un fonctionnement hydrogéologique est proposéà partir de ces caractéristiques, permettant d'expliquer le système géothermal de Mahmatlu-Bağdatoğlu. La relation entre les teneurs en deutérium et celles en oxygène-18 des eaux est semblable à celle des eaux météoriques mondiales, ce qui indique que l'eau est d'origine météorique. Les caractéristiques géochimiques des eaux de ces deux sources montrent qu'elles appartiennent au même système hydrogéologique. Ce système hydrogéologique est constitué d'un ensemble calcaire fracturé, appartenant à la formation d'Evirme, et la formation de Kervansaray, qui forment le réservoir, et la formation de Deliceırmak, qui est l'imperméable de couverture. Les eaux de Mahmutlu et de de Bağdatoğlu sont essentiellement de faciès Na-Cl-SO4, dont l'origine est l'évaporite de Pohrenk. Les eaux thermales sont sous-saturées par rapport à la calcite, à la dolomite, à la halite et au gypse. Les teneurs en δ 18O et en δ 2H indiquent un fractionnement de δ 18O dans les eaux de ces sources. La gamme de températures des deux réservoirs est estimée à 98-158 °C, à partir des géothermomètres Na+K+Ca et SiO2.
    Notes: Abstract The present study identifies the hydrochemical and isotopic properties of the Mahmutlu and Bağdatoğlu mineralized thermal springs in Kırşehir province, a geothermal field in central Anatolia, Turkey. Based on these properties, a hydrogeological regime is proposed in order to explain the Mahmutlu–Bağdatoğlu geothermal system. The relation between the concentrations of the environmental stable isotopes deuterium and oxygen-18 in the water is similar to the relationship in global meteoric water, indicating that the water is of meteoric origin. Evaluation of the geochemical characteristics of the water reveals that these two thermal springs belong to the same hydrogeological system. The hydrogeological system comprises a fractured limestone member of the Çevirme Formation and the Kervansaray Formation as reservoir rocks, and the Deliceırmak Formation as an overlying aquitard. The waters of the Mahmutlu and Bağdatoğlu springs are mainly of the Na-Cl-SO4 type that originate from the Pohrenk evaporite. The thermal waters are undersaturated with respect to calcite, dolomite, halite, and gypsum. The δ 18O and δ 2H contents indicate a δ 18O shift in the Mahmutlu and Bağdatoğlu waters. The temperature range of the two reservoirs is estimated to be 98–158 °C, on the basis of Na+K+Ca and SiO2 geothermometers.
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    Journal of seismology 3 (1999), S. 61-81 
    ISSN: 1573-157X
    Keywords: acceleration ; b-values ; hazard ; intensity ; probability ; seismicity ; Turkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract To investigate the characteristics of earthquake hazard parameters as a means of identifying different zones of seismicity, we have compiled a catalogue of about 1850 moderate to large-sized earthquakes with magnitudes m≥4.0 or greater in southern Turkey for the time period from 1900 to 1990. Several methods have been applied to the earthquake catalogue to assess seismic hazard. The study area is divided into 77 overlapping cells of 2° size. Theoretical calculations were made for the prediction of maximum magnitude, intensity, b-values, strain energy release and corresponding m3 and peak ground acceleration levels for a given period of time. The resultant seismic hazard for each parameter is depicted as a contour map to indicate lateral variations in areas of seismic source. A combination and evaluation of various hazard parameters resulted in more reasonable estimates of hazard. It is found that the most hazardous seismic zones are the Rhodes and Burdur zones where the level of peak ground acceleration reaches up to 280 cm s-2 for an average return period of 100 years.
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    Irrigation and drainage systems 13 (1999), S. 275-290 
    ISSN: 1573-0654
    Keywords: irrigation ; models ; Turkey ; water productivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract It is obvious that real water saving measures are only possible if the current water resources are clearly understood. For a basin in western Turkey, simulation modeling at three different scales, field, irrigation scheme and basin level was performed to obtain all terms of the water balance. These water balance numbers were used to calculate the Productivity of Water (PW) at the three levels. The four performance indicators considered were: PWirrigated (yield / irrigation), PWinflow (yield / net inflow), PWdepleted (productivity / depletion), and PWprocess (productivity / process depletion), all expressed in kg yield per m3 water. For the two cotton fields considered at the field scale level, the more upstream field performed better than the field at the tail-end. This was partly a result of the difference in climatic condition, but was mainly due to the location of the two fields: upstream vs. downstream. At the irrigation scheme level PWirrigated was higher than at the individual cotton field, since non-irrigated crops were also included. Other PW values were lower as crops more sensitive to drought were also found in the irrigated areas. Basin scale PWs are lower than those at the irrigation scheme, as large areas of the basin were covered with less productive land covers. It is concluded that performance indicators are useful ways of representing water dynamics with clearly understandable numbers, and that it is important to consider all the spatial scales at the appropriate level of detail.
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    Irrigation and drainage systems 13 (1999), S. 361-383 
    ISSN: 1573-0654
    Keywords: water scarcity ; irrigation management ; Gediz Basin ; Turkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In much of the world, fresh water isscarce and getting scarcer. Growing populations, increasing industrialisation, and environmentalconcerns have all put pressure on the water consumedby agriculture. This paper addresses the economicconsequences of a permanent reduction in canal waterfor irrigation. Using detailed cost-of-cultivationdata from the Gediz Basin, Turkey, the key questionsare: How can farmers best respond to reduced surfacewater supplies? How can the canal managementauthorities best distribute this limited water? And,can the demand for water be reduced through input andoutput price policy? These questions are answered withscenario comparisons under several water availability,crop pattern, price and investment assumptions, forthe short and medium time horizons. Keeping productivity high and water use low requirescoordination between farmers and the water managementauthorities. The analysis shows that, in this region,farmers should keep all their land irrigated at loweryield levels, rather than reduce their cropped areas.The canal managers should opt for a short irrigationseason, rather than an extended season with long dryintervals. Sensitivity analysis on a range of pricesindicates that crop, rather than water prices, affectthe efficiency of water use. The scenarios areevaluated using AGWAT, a spreadsheet-based farm-budgetprogram which is simple and widely applicable. Therange of policy choices considered establishes aframework of analysis for other, potentiallywater-short basins, beyond the Gediz or Turkey.
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    Hydrogeology journal 7 (1999), S. 405-418 
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Keywords: Key words groundwater recharge ; water budget ; hydrochemistry ; water supply ; Turkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cette étude avait pour but de déterminer les propriétés hydrologiques, les ressources en eau souterraines potentielles et la qualité de l'eau du bassin de Çürüksu (Turquie occidentale), pour alimenter les besoins en eau de la ville de Denizli. L'étude a consistéà faire des cartes de la géologie et de l'hydrogéologie, à déterminer le bilan hydrologique et à définir la qualité de l'eau. Dans cette région, les unités formant le substratum sont constituées de roches métamorphiques imperméables variées, recouvertes par des calcaires mésozoïques karstifiés, qui sont recouverts par des formations oligocènes lacustres et fluviatiles, par des travertins et des calcaires pliocènes et par des alluvions quaternaires. Les calcaires karstiques et les travertins, ainsi que les couches calcaires supérieures, forment les aquifères potentiels du bassin de Çürüksu. Le régime des débits des 22 sources des deux bassins montre peu de variations saisonnières. Les aquifères drainés par ces sources possèdent une forte capacité de stockage et un drainage très lent. Le débit de ces sources ne semble pas réagir immédiatement aux variations mensuelles des précipitations. Le bilan hydrologique montre que le bassin du Çürüksu ne suffit pas à alimenter tout l'écoulement mesuré. Un excès de 2 m3 s–1 est observé dans le bassin du Çürüksu, alors que le bassin voisin de Gökpınar présente un déficit de 2 m3 s–1. Par conséquent, la recharge de ces sources provient des eaux souterraines du bassin du Çürüksu. Bien que les sources de Pınarbaşı, Kazanpınar et Böceli émergent des calcaires karstiques du bassin du Çürüksu, ces sources sont alimentées à partir du bassin de Gökpınar. Les eaux des sources des calcaires sont fraîches, de faciès calco-carbonique, douces et potables. Les eaux qui émergent du travertin et de l'aquifère calcaire sont froides, saumâtres et de faciès sulfaté calcique, très dures et non potables, mais peuvent être utilisées pour l'irrigation. La présence de niveaux de charbon et d'une activité hydrothermale sont responsables de la dégradation de la qualité de l'eau.
    Abstract: Resumen El objetivo de este estudio es determinar el potencial hidrogeológico y la calidad del agua en la Cuenca del Çürüksu, situada al oeste de Turquía, con el propósito de contribuir al abastecimiento de la ciudad de Denizli. El estudio sigue un esquema clásico: geología, parámetros hidrogeológicos, balance de agua y análisis de calidad. El zócalo está formado por diversas rocas metamórficas y por calizas kársticas del Mesozoico, sobre las que suprayacen estratos fluviales y lacustres del Oligoceno, calizas y travertinos del Plioceno y aluviales del Cuaternario. Las calizas kársticas y los travertinos constituyen los acuíferos potenciales en la cuenca. Los regímenes de descarga de 22 manantiales situados en esta cuenca y en una adyacente muestran pocas variaciones anuales, que no parecen afectadas por las variaciones pluviométricas mensuales. Los manantiales tienen además una alta capacidad de almacenamiento, por lo que el drenaje es muy lento. El balance hidráulico indica que la precipitación en la Cuenca del Çürüksu no puede explicar la escorrentía superficial observada. El exceso de escorrentía es de 2 m3 s–1, mientras que en la cuenca adyacente del Gökpınar existe un déficit de escorrentía de 2 m3 s–1. Esto indica que las áreas de captación de los manantiales no se corresponden con las de drenaje superficial. Aunque los manantiales de Pınarbaşı, Kazanpınar, y Böceli emergen en el acuífero kárstico de la Cuenca del Çürüksu, estos manantiales se alimentan realmente de agua procedent e de la Cuenca del Gökpınar. Las aguas procedentes de manantiales situados en las calizas kársticas son dulces, bicarbonatado-cálcicas, blandas y potables. Las procedentes de manantiales situados en los travertinos son de baja temperatura, salobres, sulfatado-cálcicas, muy duras y no potables, aunque aptas para regadío. La presencia de estratos de carbón y la actividad hidrotermal han causado algún deterioro de la calidad de las aguas.
    Notes: Abstract  The purpose of this study is to determine the hydrological properties, groundwater potential, and water quality of the Çürüksu basin, western Turkey, and to contribute to the efforts of providing an adequate water supply for the city of Denizli. To achieve these objectives, the study consisted of mapping the geology and hydrogeology, determining the water balance, and defining the water quality. The basement rock units in the study area include several impervious metamorphic rock types and Mesozoic karstic limestone, which are overlain by Oligocene fluvial and lacustrine strata, Pliocene travertine and limestone, and Quaternary alluvium. The karstic limestone and the travertine and limestone strata constitute potential aquifers in the Çürüksu basin. The discharge regimes of the 22 springs in the two basins show little change through the year. The flow systems of the springs also have a large storage capacity and drainage occurs very slowly. The discharge of the springs does not appear to be affected immediately by monthly variations in precipitation. According to the water balance, the precipitation in the Çürüksu basin cannot provide all of the measured surface runoff. Excess runoff is 2 m3 s–1 in the Çürüksu basin, and in the adjacent Gökpınar basin the deficit in surface runoff is also 2 m3 s–1. Thus, the underground catchment area of the springs extends beyond the surface drainage area of the Çürüksu basin. Although the Pınarbaşı, Kazanpınar, and Böceli springs emerge from the karstic limestone aquifer in the Çürüksu basin, these springs are fed from the adjacent Gökpınar basin. The spring waters emerging from karstic limestone are fresh, of the calcium bicarbonate type, soft, and potable. The spring waters emerging from the travertine and limestone aquifer are low-temperature, brackish, of the calcium sulfate type, very hard, and not potable but useful for the irrigation. The occurrences of coal strata and hydrothermal activity have caused some deterioration of groundwater quality.
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    Hydrobiologia 403 (1999), S. 13-26 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Cobitidae ; Cobitis ; taxonomy ; new subgenus ; Turkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the rivers and lakes of Turkey, ten species of loaches of the genus Cobitis occur, viz. C. fahireae, C. varderensis, C. splendens, C. kellei, C. puncticulata, C. strumicae, C. levantina, C. turcica, C. simplicispina and C. bilseli. Cobitis bilseli is separated into a new subgenus, Beyshehiria.
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    Aerobiologia 15 (1999), S. 307-310 
    ISSN: 1573-3025
    Keywords: aeropalynology ; pollen calendar ; Turkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Atmospheric pollen was collected with a Burkard sporetrap in Ankara, Turkey from January 1993 to January1994. The sum of the annual totals of the dailyconcentration of pollen, belonging to 44 taxa, was57,735. A relatively high pollen concentration wasrecorded in June which could be caused by higher windspeed and lower rainfall. Pinaceae,Cupressaceae/Taxaceae, Gramineae, Platanus, Populus,Moraceae, Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae, Acer, Quercus,Betula, Salix, Rumex and Plantago are found tobe the dominant pollen types in the atmosphere inAnkara.
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    In:  New York, 475 pp., Cambridge University Press, vol. 26, no. ALEX(01)-FR-77-01, AFTAC Contract F08606-76-C-0025, pp. 329, (ISBN 0-521-62434-7 hc (0-521-62478-9 pb))
    Publication Date: 1999
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Seismology ; traditional ; Udias
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    Cambridge University Press
    In:  New York, 260 pp., Cambridge University Press, vol. Developments in Petroleum Science vol. 15B, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 9, (ISBN 0-521-66023-8 hc (0-521-66953-7 pb))
    Publication Date: 1999
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Seismology ; modern
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    Academic Press
    In:  San Diego, London, Cambridge, Academic Press, vol. 11, pp. 503, (ISBN 0121341305)
    Publication Date: 1999
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; Fracture ; criteria ; cracks and fractures (.NE. fracturing) ; Coulomb ; Textbook of geophysics ; Textbook of engineering ; Modelling ; Elasticity ; Energy (of earthquakes) ; Stress ; Strain
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    In:  Bull., Open-File Rept., Handbook of Geophysical Exploration: Seismic Exploration, Oxford, 348 pp., Pergamon, vol. 10, no. 16, pp. 635-644, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 1999
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Convolution ; Correlation ; Multiples ; Wavelet processing ; Einstein ; homomorphic ; Deconvolution ; OBS ; Vibroseis ; Kalman ; Filter-
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    Kluwer
    In:  Dordrecht, 336 pp., Kluwer, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 2-203, (ISBN 0-7923-5692-6)
    Publication Date: 1999
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Physical properties of rocks ; Laboratory measurements ; Elasticity
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    Empirical economics 23 (1998), S. 561-571 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Trade liberalization ; capacity utilization ; Turkey ; D24 ; F14
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This study empirically tests the hypothesis that trade liberalization increases capacity utilization. It calculates capacity utilization for the Turkish rubber industry by using a production theory framework. More specifically, plant-level capacity utilization levels are calculated using a Generalized Leontief cost function system. Capacity utilization levels were low but improved when the trade regime shifted from a restrictive to a more liberalized one. The size and location of plants were two significant factors which created capacity utilization differences within the industry. However, capacity utilization levels appeared to improve primarily because of trade liberalization.
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    Empirical economics 23 (1998), S. 561-571 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Key words: Trade liberalization ; capacity utilization ; Turkey ; JEL classification: D24 ; F14
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This study empirically tests the hypothesis that trade liberalization increases capacity utilization. It calculates capacity utilization for the Turkish rubber industry by using a production theory framework. More specifically, plant-level capacity utilization levels are calculated using a Generalized Leontief cost function system. Capacity utilization levels were low but improved when the trade regime shifted from a restrictive to a more liberalized one. The size and location of plants were two significant factors which created capacity utilization differences within the industry. However, capacity utilization levels appeared to improve primarily because of trade liberalization.
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    ISSN: 0016-7835
    Keywords: Key words Pan-African orogeny ; U ; Pb dating ; Ductile deformation ; Shear sense indicators ; Menderes massif ; Turkey ; Thrusting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Menderes massif consists of a Precambrian Core Series that preserves evidence for a polymetamorphic history and a Paleozoic/Mesozoic Cover Series that experienced only the Alpine tectonometamorphic evolution. Structural, petrographic, and geochronologic investigations in the central Menderes massif demonstrate that (a) part of the metamorphic and structural evolution of the Precambrian basement is older than the undeformed 551±1.4-Ma-old Birgi metagranite, and (b) inferred Alpine fabrics overprinting the Cover Series largely have the same attitudes as the old structures in the much older Core Series. The inferred Alpine fabrics include both contractional and extensional structures. Contraction under greenschist to amphibolite facies conditions resulted in the imbrication of the Core and Cover Series and generated an inverted metamorphic sequence by north-directed thrusting. During Alpine extension, most of the south-dipping thrust faults were reactivated as extensional shear zones under decreasing greenschist facies conditions.
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    Genetic resources and crop evolution 45 (1998), S. 253-262 
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: Turkey ; germplasm collection ; legume species ; ecogeography ; genetic resources
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A collecting mission took place in June and July 1996 to collect legume species from south-west Turkey and western Anatolia. Sites were chosen to maximise the diversity of legumes collected and detailed passport data were recorded at each site. A total of 96 sites were visited, and 1307 accessions collected. In total 23 genera were collected, of which the most frequently seen were Trifolium, Medicago and Vicia. Sites were found to be almost exclusively calcareous with a pH range of 7 to 10, and varied from sea level to 1750m. Many of the Trifolium species are of economic importance for southern Australia and have been shown to display characters such as a high productivity (T. michelianum) and waterlogging tolerance (T. resupinatum and T. tomentosum). The Medicago species were found to prefer well-drained habitats in open areas. Many of these species can tolerate heavy grazing. The two main forage legume genera collected were Lathyrus and Vicia. Both of these occurred on the higher pH soils and were most frequently collected from the lower altitudes. Four species of grain legume were found, Cicer arietinum, Lens culinaris, Pisum sativum and Vicia faba. The material collected during this mission is important in the drive to preserve the legume genetic diversity of Turkey, the species' centre of diversity, for utilisation both within and outside of Turkey.
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    Genetic resources and crop evolution 45 (1998), S. 139-150 
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: crop genetic resources ; Turkey ; farm ; valuation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper focuses on the value of landraces (traditional and local crop varieties) to farmers in centers of agricultural diversity. Additional information on the factors contributing to the private value which farmers assign to landraces may help to identify a strategy for ensuring the conservation of the crop genetic resources (CGRs) which are embodied in landraces while at the same time minimizing the costs. Economic and ethnobotanical approaches for examining the value of landraces complement one another. A formal economic approach establishes a framework for quantitative analysis while ethnobotanical methods provide qualitative data for assessing the likelihood that particular farmers or farm sectors will maintain landraces. Our research synthesizes the two approaches in order to examine farmer selection of local wheat landraces in relation to that of modern varieties in three provinces in western Turkey. Multiple farmer concerns (e.g. yield, risk, quality), environmental heterogeneity, and missing markets contribute to the persistence of landraces. Household characteristics informing variety choice will also affect the household's perceptions of the importance and value of landraces.
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    Hydrobiologia 368 (1998), S. 193-199 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Eudiaptomus anatolicus n.sp. ; Copepoda ; Diaptomidae ; Turkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eudiaptomus anatolicus n.sp. displays similarity to E. transylvanicus (Daday, 1890) by possessing an outer marginal spine located proximally on the second exopodite segment of the male right P5, but it differs from this closest species in the presence of a chitinous projection on the second exopodite segment of the male right P5, and in the typical shape of the female's thoracic wings. E. transylvanicus (Daday, 1890) has three chitinous processes located on the basipodite segment of the male right P5, whereas Eudiaptomus anatolicus n.sp. has only one small process on this part. This new species is living in lake Poyraz, which is small and shallow. Some cladoceran species, namely, Pleuroxus truncatus (O.F. Müller, 1785), Pleuroxus laevis (Sars, 1862), Pleuroxus trigonellus (O.F. Müller, 1785), Simocephalus exspinosus (Koch, 1841), Eurycercus lamellatus (O.F. Müller, 1785), Alonella excisa (Fischer, 1854), Lathonura rectirostris (O.F. Müller, 1785), Pseudochydorus globosus (Baird, 1843) and two cyclopoid copepods, Megacyclops viridis (Jurine, 1820) and Eucyclops serrulatus (Fischer, 1851) share the same habitat.
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    Hydrobiologia 380 (1998), S. 9-13 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Sinodiaptomus sarsi ; Copepoda ; Diaptomidae ; Turkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports, describes, and depicts the calanoid Sinodiaptomus sarsi (Rylov, 1923) from Turkey. This species is living in the Devegeçidi dam lake, near Diyarbakır, in the copepods of Arctodiaptomus acutilobatus (G.O. Sars).
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    Kluwer
    In:  Dordrecht, 206 pp., Kluwer, vol. 138, no. 2, pp. 125-169, (ISBN 0-7923-5034-0)
    Publication Date: 1998
    Keywords: Earthquake hazard ; Seismicity ; storms ; Project report/description ; Earthquake engineering, engineering seismology
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    Journal of productivity analysis 8 (1997), S. 461-475 
    ISSN: 1573-0441
    Keywords: Stochastic production frontiers ; technical change ; efficiency ; Turkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Technical progress and production efficiency are central to economic growth and international competitiveness. However, these topics received little attention in Less Developed Countries. This study is the first attempt to measure and to understand the extent and importance of technical progress and efficiency in Turkish manufacturing industries. Stochastic production frontiers for Turkish textile, cement, and motor vehicles industries are estimated by using panel data of plants for the years 1987 to 1992. The rate and direction of technical change for each industry are estimated by introducing time-dependent variables in the production function. Sector-specific factors which influence technical efficiency of manufacturing plants are also identified.
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    Environmental geology 31 (1997), S. 178-184 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Groundwater ; Nitrate ; Pollution ; Eskişehir ; Turkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  A large amount of the water requirement (municipal, industrial, etc.) of Eskişehir city, Turkey, is supplied from groundwater via wells in the urban area. The groundwater in the Eskişehir Plain alluvium has been polluted by municipal and industrial wastewater, and agricultural activities. The nitrate concentrations at nine sampling points on Porsuk River, the main water course in the plain, ranged from 1.5 to 63.3 mg/l during the period from July 1986 to August 1988. In the same period, the nitrate concentrations measured in water from 51 wells ranged between 2.2–257.0 mg/l. The nitrate content of the groundwater samples was 34.2% above 45 mg/l, the upper limit for nitrate in drinking water standards. High nitrate levels were observed in water from wells in the central and eastern parts of the urban area. The nitrate content of the well water is subject to seasonal fluctuation. In general, low nitrate concentrations were observed in wet seasons, and high ones in dry seasons.
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    Environmental geology 30 (1997), S. 81-87 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Groundwater pollution ; Protection zones ; Public awareness ; Administration ; Law and regulations ; Turkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Scarcity of water, particularly in towns situated along the Mediterranean coast where the main aquifers are in karstic carbonate rocks, necessitates more thoroughness in exploiting and protecting the groundwater resources. Geomorphological and hydrogeological studies have revealed large quantities of the input and throughput features, such as sinkholes, dolines, uvalas and poljes in the recharge areas of many karst aquifers in Turkey. Naturally, recharge areas are generally located at higher elevations and regions remote from the urbanized areas. These features lead the local authorities and persons to utilize the karst features for their own purposes. Dolines and ponors are commonly utilized as injection points for wastewater, while uvalas and poljes are used as solid waste disposal sites. When doing this, the people are unconscious of the connection of such sites with the wells or springs that provide water for their supply. A number of occurrences in Turkey have demonstrated that, no matter how perfect the efficiency of the technical work, protection of the water resources is primarily related to the consciousness of the local authorities. They must either take proper measures to protect the resources or to educate the public in this issue. To achieve this aim, it is very important to involve the public administrative sector and the technical sector in preparing guidelines for integrated environmental evaluation of karst water resources. The main phase of a study should include locating appropriate sites for disposal of wastewater and various liquid and solid wastes that will satisfy requirements by the administrators as well as providing a water supply of good quality for the public. This paper discusses the issue of how to overcome the public awareness problem. Some examples demonstrate how the technical achievements failed to be effective and applicable due to the lack of contribution on the part of the local authorities and the public. Some suggestions are made concerning a revision of the currently insufficient regulations.
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    Environmental geology 30 (1997), S. 88-97 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Gypsum karst ; Karst groundwater ; Recession analysis ; Sivas ; Turkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  In this study, karstification developed in the Miocene gypsum which covers a large area around Sivas, Turkey, the relation between regional tectonics and karstification, and hydrogeological features have been investigated. The karstic features in the gypsum have developed conforming to the fault zones and the general strikes of gypsum beds. In the study area, numerous dolines (sinkholes) and ponors (swallow holes) of different sizes are observed. Most of these karstic features are in the different-sized longitudinal depressions (troughs) which conform to the tectonic structures. These karstic features occur NE-SW along bedding planes and about NW-SE and NE-SW along fault zones. At the intersections, high-capacity (yield) karst springs (Göydün and Seyfe springs) are observed. The Göydün and Seyfe springs issue from the karstified gypsum aquifer, with an average discharge of 1.10 m3/s and 0.25 m3/s, respectively. In addition, there are some low-yield (a few l/s) springs in the same drainage area. The surface drainage area of the springs is 64 km2, and the precipitation in this area cannot provide the total groundwater discharging from Göydün and Seyfe springs. Water budget calculations indicate that more than 70% of the water discharged by these two springs is provided from the adjacent basins. The Göydün and Seyfe springs are rich in dissolved solids and average electrical conductivities (EC) are about 13 000 μS/cm. The major cations in the waters are Ca and Na; major anions are SO4 and Cl, and the waters are brackish. Because of these properties, especially in summer and autumn, the springs cause extreme salinization in Kızılırmak river.
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    Bulletin of volcanology 59 (1997), S. 36-48 
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Key words Hekla ; Torfajökull ; Vatnafjöll ; South Iceland seismic zone ; Seismicity ; Low-frequency earthquakes ; Hekla eruption 1991
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The volcano Hekla in south Iceland had its latest eruption in January–March 1991. The eruption was accompanied and followed by considerable seismic activity. This study examines the seismicity in the Hekla region (63°42′–64°18′N, 18°30′–20°12′W) during a period when the high activity related to the eruption had ceased, from July 1991 to October 1995. The aim is to define the level of the normal background seismicity of the area that can be compared to the eruption-related activity. The Hekla Volcano proper was generally aseismic during the study period. The most prominent earthquake cluster is in the neighbouring Torfajökull Volcano. The epicentres are concentrated in the western part of the caldera and west of it. The hypocentres are located at all depths from the surface down to 14 km, with highest activity at 5–12 km. Inside this cluster, in the northwest part of the caldera, is a spherical volume void of earthquakes, approximately 4 km in diameter and centred at 8 km depth. This is interpreted as a cooling magma body. Small, low-frequency events of volcanic origin were occasionally recorded at Torfajökull. This activity has mainly occurred in swarms and was most abundant during the first year of the study period, presumably reflecting some kind of connection to the 1991 Hekla eruption. Our study area also includes the easternmost section of the South Iceland seismic zone, a transform zone characterized by bookshelf faulting on transverse faults. Two lineaments of epicentres were identified, roughly corresponding to mapped faults of the South Iceland seismic zone. The hypocentres are relatively deep, mainly at 6–12 km, matching the general trend of hypocentral depth increasing toward the east. The seismicity is highest in the area of the mapped faults. However, the epicentres extend beyond them and indicate greater width of the South Iceland seismic zone, or 20–30 km rather than approximately 10 km as indicated by the length of the surface faults. The seismicity in the volcanic systems of Hekla and Vatnafjöll shows some characteristics of the South Iceland seismic zone. Epicentres are concentrated into two N–S lineaments, one of which coincides with the location of the 1987 Vatnafjöll earthquake (Mw=5.9), a strike-slip event on a N- to S-trending fault. The hypocentres of the Hekla–Vatnafjöll events are mainly at 8–13 km depth, which indicates a continuation of the depth trend of the earthquakes of the South Iceland seismic zone. The events located at Hekla proper and immediately north of it are all of low-frequency character, which can be held as an indication of volcanic origin. On the other hand, they show clear S arrivals at observing stations like normal high-frequency tectonic earthquakes.
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of forest research 2 (1997), S. 199-202 
    ISSN: 1610-7403
    Keywords: cost analysis ; productivity ; stationary yarder ; tower yarder ; Turkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tower yarders have recently been introduced to forestry in Turkey. Clarification of the productivity and cost of logging using the tower yarder is often requested because the cost for machinery is a significant factor in all calculations concerning mechanized operations. Machines are often extremely expensive compared with the low cost of labor in developing regions. In this study, a new logging system using a tower yarder was compared with a conventional system using a stationary yarder in terms of productivity and cost. The research was conducted in the northeast of Turkey, in 1989 and 1992. The productivity of the tower yarder and the stationary yarder was found to be 5.655 m3/h and 5.002 m3/h, respectively. Harvesting cost was analyzed based on observed productivity. The harvesting costs of the tower yarder and the stationary yarder were found to be 47,410 TL/m3 and 17,553 TL/m3, respectively. With the tower yarder, the machine cost reached 93.1 % of the harvesting cost while the machine cost using the stationary yarder reached 71.1%.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: genetic resources ; landraces ; stem solidness ; stress tolerance ; Triticum turgidum ssp. turgidum conv. durum ; Turkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Variation and geographic distribution of stem solidness and environmental stress tolerance were assessed under dryland conditions in a collection of 2420 durum wheat landrace morphotypes collected in 28 administrative provinces of Turkey. The former trait is known to confer resistance to wheat stem sawfly – a serious pest insect in West Asia and North Africa. Both characters were scored on a visual five-level scale. Score mean values and frequency distributions in the different provinces were significantly different for both traits according to analysis of variance and chi-square test, respectively. Two groups of provinces emerged with high frequency of solid-stemmed, and hollow-stemmed accessions, respectively. The former could be of interest in durum wheat breeding against the sawfly. The group of solid-stemmed province germplasms was collected at lower altitude than the other, being also different on average for higher temperatures and evapotranspiration, and shorter growing season at sites of origin. Overall frequency of morphotypes tolerant to stress conditions prevailing in the evaluation site was rather low (10%). This low frequency may be due to low adaptation of materials in this harsher environment than those of origin where rainfall is usually higher and temperatures markedly lower. Nonetheless, differences among provinces in frequency distribution of stress tolerant morphotypes were evidenced. The relatively more tolerant gene pools originated either along the western coast or in the southern part of the country, along the ‘Fertile Crescent’. The least tolerant province germplasms originated either in the North along the Black Sea or in the highlands of the eastern Anatolian Plateau. Germplasm from provinces Malatya and Izmir combined good levels of both stem solidness and stress tolerance.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Anostraca ; taxonomy ; limb structure ; Chirocephalus ; Turkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chirocephalus ponticus n.sp. (Crustacea: Anostraca) from Turkey is described. The new species is characterized by the form of the second antenna and the frontal appendages of the male. This species seems to be related to C. turkestanicus Daday. Furthermore, analysis of limb structure reveals differences between the three Chirocephalus species previously known from Turkey: C. paphlagonicus, C. vornatscheriand C. diaphanus. New localities for these species are reported.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 0016-7835
    Keywords: Key words Neotectonics ; Seismicity ; Fault-plane solution ; Stress ; Coda Q ; Earthquake ; Micro-earthquake ; Fault ; Pull-apart basin ; Overstep ; Strike slip ; North Anatolian Fault ; Turkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The course of the active North Anatolian Fault system from Lake Abant to Lake Sapanca was traced by its high micro-earthquake activity. If approaching from the east this section includes a broad south to north overstep (fault offset) of the main fault. Local seismicity has been recorded in this area by a semi-permanent network of 8 stations since 1985 within the frame of the Turkish–German Joint Project for Earthquake Research. The effect of the overstep and its complex fracture kinematics are reflected by the seismicity distribution, the variations of composite fault-plane solutions, and by the spatial coda-Q distribution. Areas of different stress orientation can be distinguished and assigned to different groups of faults. The stresses and the tectonic pattern only in part correspond to a simple model of an extensional overstep and its correlative pull-apart basin. Other types of deformation involved are characterized by normal faulting on faults parallel to the general course of the main strike-slip fault and by synthetic strike-slip faults oriented similar to Riedel shears. Shear deformation by this fault group widely distributed in an area north and east of the main fault line may play an important role in the evolution of the overstep. The development of a pull-apart basin is inhibited along the eastern half of the overstep and compatibility of both strands of the main fault (Bolu–Lake Abant and Lake Sapanca– Izmit–Marmara Sea) seems to be achieved with the aid of the fault systems mentioned. The extension of the missing part of the pull-apart basin seems to be displaced to positions remote from the Lake Abant–Lake Sapanca main fault line, i.e. to the Akyaz℩–Düzce basin tract. Highest Q-values (lowest attenuation of seismic waves) were found in the zone of highest seismicity north and west of the overstep which is the zone of strongest horizontal tension. If high coda-Q is an indicator for strong scattering of seismic waves it might be related to extensional opening of fractures.
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  • 96
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    Cambridge University Press
    In:  Cambridge, 416 pp., Cambridge University Press, vol. 271, no. ALEX(01)-FR-77-01, AFTAC Contract F08606-76-C-0025, pp. 329, (ISBN: 0-08-043649-8)
    Publication Date: 1997
    Keywords: FractureT ; Chaotic behaviour ; Non-linear effects ; SOC ; Seismicity ; cracks and fractures (.NE. fracturing) ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Handbook of geophysics
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  • 97
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    Cambridge University Press
    In:  Cambridge, 368 pp., Cambridge University Press, vol. 159, no. 22, pp. 662-664, (ISBN 0-470-87000-1 (HB), ISBN 0-470-87001-X (PB))
    Publication Date: 1997
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Seismology ; Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; Gravimetry, Gravitation ; Geoelectrics ; Geomagnetics ; Earth tides ; Earth rotation
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  • 98
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    Kluwer
    In:  Dordrecht, 208 pp., Kluwer, vol. 6, no. XVI:, pp. 65-70, (ISBN 0521824893, 280 pp.)
    Publication Date: 1997
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Fracture ; Rock mechanics ; Fault zone ; Seismology ; Source ; Statistical investigations ; Source parameters ; Energy (of earthquakes) ; Frequency ; Spectrum ; Magnitude ; Non-linear effects
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  • 99
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    Kluwer
    In:  Chichester, 2nd. ed., Kluwer, vol. 16, no. XVI:, pp. 1-14, (ISBN 0-471-96305-4)
    Publication Date: 1997
    Keywords: Tsunami(s) ; Earthquake hazard ; Textbook of geophysics
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismicity ; fractal dimension ; North Anatolian fault zone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We investigate the nature of temporal variations in the statistical properties of seismicity associated with the North Anatolian Fault Zone between longitudes 31°–41°E during the instrumental period 1900–1992. Temporal variations in the seismicb value and the fractal (correlation) dimensionD c of earthquake epicenters are examined for earthquakes of magnitudeM S ≥4.5, using sliding windows of 100 consecutive events.b varies temporally between 0.6 and 1.0, andD c between 0.6 and 1.4, both representing significant fluctuations above the errors in measurement technique. A strong negative correlation (r=−0.85) is observed betweenb andD c , consistent with previous observation of seismicity in Japan and southern California. Major events early in this century (M S ≥7) are associated with lowb and highD c , respectively consistent with greater stress intensity and greater spatial clustering of epicenters—both implying a greater degree of stress concentration at this time.
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