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  • Articles  (2,236)
  • Annual Reviews  (2,236)
  • American Physical Society
  • 2000-2004  (440)
  • 1995-1999  (446)
  • 1990-1994  (494)
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  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (2,236)
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  • Articles  (2,236)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF MICROORGANISMS ON PLANT SURFACES (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 38 (2000), S. 145-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract The vast surface of the plant axis, stretching from root tips occasionally buried deeply in anoxic sediment, to apical meristems held far aloft, provides an extraordinarily diverse habitat for microorganisms. Each zone has to a greater or lesser extent its own cohort of microorganisms, in aggregate comprising representatives from all three primary domains of life-Bacteria, Archaea, and Eucarya. While the plant sets the stage for its microbial inhabitants, they, in turn, have established varied relationships with their large partner. These associations range from relatively inconsequential (transient epiphytic saprophytes) to substantial (epiphytic commensals, mutualistic symbionts, endophytes, or pathogens). Through recent technological breakthroughs, a much better perspective is beginning to emerge on the nature of these relationships, but still relatively little is known about the role of epiphytic microbial associations in the life of the plant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.38.1.145
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    H.H. Flor: Poineer in Phytopathology (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 25 (1987), S. 59-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.25.090187.000423
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolving Concepts of Biological Control of Plant Pathogens (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 25 (1987), S. 67-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.25.090187.000435
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Impact of Molecular Genetics on Plant Pathology (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 25 (1987), S. 87-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.25.090187.000511
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Beetle Transmission of Plant Viruses (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 25 (1987), S. 111-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.25.090187.000551
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ecology and Pathogenicity of Anastomosis and Intraspecific Groups of Rhizoctonia Solani Kuhn (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 25 (1987), S. 125-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.25.090187.001013
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rhizobium-The Refined Parasite of Legumes (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 25 (1987), S. 145-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.25.090187.001045
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modeling the Long-Range Transport of Plant Pathogens in the Atmosphere (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 25 (1987), S. 169-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.25.090187.001125
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Screening for Fungicides (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 25 (1987), S. 189-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.25.090187.001201
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Biology of Phytophthora Cinnamomi in Australasian Forests (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 25 (1987), S. 207-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.25.090187.001231
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural and Chemical Changes Among the Rust Fungi During Appressorium Development (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 25 (1987), S. 231-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.25.090187.001311
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Salt Tolerance and Crop Production-A Comprehensive Approach (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 25 (1987), S. 271-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.25.090187.001415
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epidemiology of Aflatoxin Formation by Aspergillus Flavus* (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 25 (1987), S. 249-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.25.090187.001341
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactions Among Root-Knot Nematodes and Fusarium Wilt Fungi on Host Plants (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 25 (1987), S. 317-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.25.090187.001533
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fungal Endophytes of Grasses (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 25 (1987), S. 293-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.25.090187.001453
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ROLE OF HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER IN THE EVOLUTION OF FUNGI1 (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 38 (2000), S. 325-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Although evidence for horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in eukaryotes remains largely anecdotal, literature on HGT in fungi suggests that it may have been more important in the evolution of fungi than in other eukaryotes. Still, HGT in fungi has not been widely accepted because the mechanisms by which it may occur are unknown, because it is usually not directly observed but rather implied as an outcome, and because there are often equally plausible alternative explanations. Despite these reservations, HGT has been justifiably invoked for a variety of sequences including plasmids, introns, transposons, genes, gene clusters, and even whole chromosomes. In some instances HGT has also been confirmed under experimental conditions. It is this ability to address the phenomenon in an experimental setting that makes fungi well suited as model systems in which to study the mechanisms and consequences of HGT in eukaryotic organisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.38.1.325
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ROLE OF MITOCHONDRIAL DNA IN THE SENESCENCE AND HYPOVIRULENCE OF FUNGI AND POTENTIAL FOR PLANT DISEASE CONTROL (2000)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 38 (2000), S. 397-422 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract The unique coenocytic anatomy of the mycelia of the filamentous fungi and the formation of anastomoses between hyphae from different mycelia enable the intracellular accumulation and infectious transmission of plasmids and mutant mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) that cause senescence. For reasons that are not fully apparent, mitochondria that are rendered dysfunctional by so-called "suppressive" mtDNA mutations proliferate rapidly in growing cells and gradually displace organelles that contain wild-type mtDNA molecules and are functional. The consequence of this process is senescence and death if the suppressive mtDNA contains a lethal mutation. Suppressive mtDNA mutations and mitochondrial plasmids can elicit cytoplasmically transmissible "mitochondrial hypovirulence" syndromes in at least some of the phytopathogenic fungi. In the chestnut-blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica, the pattern of asexual transmission of mutant mtDNAs and mitochondrial plasmids resembles the pattern of "infectious" transmission displayed by the attenuating virus that is most commonly used for the biological control of this fungus. At least some of the attenuating mitochondrial hypovirulence factors are inherited maternally in crosses, whereas the viruses are not transmitted sexually. The natural control of blight in an isolated stand of chestnut trees has resulted from the invasion of the local population of C. parasitica by a senescence-inducing mutant mtDNA. Moreover, a mitochondrial plasmid, pCRY1, attenuates at least some virulent strains of C. parasitica, suggesting that such factors could be applied to control plant diseases caused by fungi.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.38.1.397
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hormonal Heterothallism and Homothallism in Phytophthora (1988)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 26 (1988), S. 57-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.26.090188.000421
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of Antibiosis in the Biocontrol of Plant Diseases* (1988)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 26 (1988), S. 75-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.26.090188.000451
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution of Concepts Associated with Soilborne Plant Pathogens (1988)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 26 (1988), S. 93-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.26.090188.000521
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression and Function of Potyviral Gene Products (1988)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 26 (1988), S. 123-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.26.090188.001011
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Concept of Race in Phytonematology (1988)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 26 (1988), S. 145-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.26.090188.001045
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variation in Climate and Prediction of Disease in Plants (1988)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 26 (1988), S. 163-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.26.090188.001115
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TROPICAL PLANT PATHOLOGY: At Home and Abroad (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 39 (2001), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: I first describe my introduction to plant pathology and early experiences with employment, the environment, diseases, pests, and various plant pathologists. Then I recount a decade of stimulating studies at the University of Minnesota and the route I followed to a career in international agriculture with the Rockefeller Foundation in Colombia and later at Cornell University. My appreciation for and knowledge of traditional farmers and sustainable agriculture occurred as a slow awakening. Comments are made regarding problems, principles, and satisfactions associated with the improvement of efforts to aid food production in developing countries. My curious love affair with root and tuber crops, especially cassava, is explained and readily defended. My favorite pathogens, Phytophthora infestans and Ralstonia solanacearum, among others, are considered. The pleasures and satisfactions of teaching, writing, and sabbatical leaves are related. Finally, thoughts on the balance between basic and applied research in plant pathology are offered with significant nervousness about the future of our discipline.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.39.1.1
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ORGANIZATION OF GENES CONTROLLING DISEASE RESISTANCE IN THE POTATO GENOME (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 39 (2001), S. 79-102 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nineteen single dominant genes (R genes) for resistance to viruses, nematodes, and fungi have been positioned on the molecular map of potato using DNA markers. Fourteen of those genes are located in five "hotspots" for resistance in the potato genome. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance to late blight caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, to tuber rot caused by the bacterium Erwinia carotovora ssp. atroseptica, and to root cyst nematodes have been identified on all 12 potato chromosomes. Some QTL for resistance to different pathogens are linked to each other and/or to resistance hotspots. Based on the genetic clustering with R genes, we propose that some QTL for resistance have a molecular basis similar to single R genes. Mapping potato genes with sequence similarity to cloned R genes of other plants and other defense-related genes reveals linkage between candidate genes, R genes, and resistance QTL. To explain the molecular basis of polygenic resistance in potato we propose (a) genes having structural similarity with cloned R genes and (b) genes involved in the defense response. The "candidate gene approach" enables the identification of markers highly useful for marker-assisted selection in potato breeding.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.39.1.79
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN GREENHOUSE SYSTEMS (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 39 (2001), S. 103-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract The controlled environment of greenhouses, the high value of the crops, and the limited number of registered fungicides offer a unique niche for the biological control of plant diseases. During the past ten years, over 80 biocontrol products have been marketed worldwide. A large percentage of these have been developed for greenhouse crops. Products to control soilborne pathogens such as Sclerotinia, Pythium, Rhizoctonia and Fusarium include Coniothyrium minitans, species of Gliocladium, Trichoderma, Streptomyces, and Bacillus, and nonpathogenic Fusarium. Products containing Trichoderma, Ampelomyces quisqualis, Bacillus, and Ulocladium are being developed to control the primary foliar diseases, Botrytis and powdery mildew. The development of Pseudomonas for the control of Pythium diseases in hydroponics and Pseudozyma flocculosa for the control of powdery mildew by two Canadian research programs is presented. In the future, biological control of diseases in greenhouses could predominate over chemical pesticides, in the same way that biological control of greenhouse insects predominates in the United Kingdom. The limitations in formulation, registration, and commercialization are discussed, along with suggested future research priorities.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.39.1.103
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
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    VARIABILITY AND GENETIC STRUCTURE OF PLANT VIRUS POPULATIONS (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 39 (2001), S. 157-186 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Populations of plant viruses, like all other living beings, are genetically heterogeneous, a property long recognized in plant virology. Only recently have the processes resulting in genetic variation and diversity in virus populations and genetic structure been analyzed quantitatively. The subject of this review is the analysis of genetic variation, its quantification in plant virus populations, and what factors and processes determine the genetic structure of these populations and its temporal change. The high potential for genetic variation in plant viruses, through either mutation or genetic exchange by recombination or reassortment of genomic segments, need not necessarily result in high diversity of virus populations. Selection by factors such as the interaction of the virus with host plants and vectors and random genetic drift may in fact reduce genetic diversity in populations. There is evidence that negative selection results in virus-encoded proteins being not more variable than those of their hosts and vectors. Evidence suggests that small population diversity, and genetic stability, is the rule. Populations of plant viruses often consist of a few genetic variants and many infrequent variants. Their distribution may provide evidence of a population that is undifferentiated, differentiated by factors such as location, host plant, or time, or that fluctuates randomly in composition, depending on the virus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.39.1.157
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
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    COMMON MECHANISMS FOR PATHOGENS OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 39 (2001), S. 259-284 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract The vast evolutionary gulf between plants and animals-in terms of structure, composition, and many environmental factors-would seem to preclude the possibility that these organisms could act as receptive hosts to the same microorganism. However, some pathogens are capable of establishing themselves and thriving in members of both the plant and animal kingdoms. The identification of functionally conserved virulence mechanisms required to infect hosts of divergent evolutionary origins demonstrates the remarkable conservation in some of the underlying virulence mechanisms of pathogenesis and is changing researchers' thinking about the evolution of microbial pathogenesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.39.1.259
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
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    THE ROLE OF POLYGALACTURONASE-INHIBITING PROTEINS (PGIPS) IN DEFENSE AGAINST PATHOGENIC FUNGI (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 39 (2001), S. 313-335 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) are extracellular plant proteins capable of inhibiting fungal endopolygalacturonases (PGs). Plants have evolved different PGIPs with specific recognition abilities against the many PGs produced by fungi. The genes encoding PGIPs are organized into families, and different members of each family may encode proteins with nearly identical characteristics but different specificities and regulation. PGIPs are typically induced by pathogen infection and stress-related signals. The recognition ability of PGIPs resides in their LRR (leucine-rich repeat) structure, where solvent-exposed residues in the beta-strand/beta-turn motifs of the LRRs are determinants of specificity. Manipulation of the primary structure of PGIPs is expected to generate more efficient PGIPs with novel recognition specificities to protect crop plants against pathogens.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.39.1.313
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
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    THE MULTIFUNCTIONAL CAPSID PROTEINS OF PLANT RNA VIRUSES (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 39 (2001), S. 419-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract This article summarizes studies of viral coat (capsid) proteins (CPs) of RNA plant viruses. In addition, we discuss and seek to interpret the knowledge accumulated to date. CPs are named for their primary function; to encapsidate viral genomic nucleic acids. However, encapsidation is only one feature of an extremely diverse array of structural, functional, and ecological roles played during viral infection and spread. Herein, we consider the evolution of viral CPs and their multitude of interactions with factors encoded by the virus, host plant, or viral vector (biological transmission agent) that influence the infection and epidemiological facets of plant disease. In addition, applications of today's understanding of CPs in the protection of crops from viral infection and use in the manufacture of valuable compounds are considered.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.39.1.419
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    ONE FOOT IN THE FURROW: Implications to One's Career in Plant Pathology (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 40 (2002), S. 1-11 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Most of us want to be successful in what we do-either financially or programmatically. For me, being a good, well-respected plant pathologist is what motivated me throughout my professional career. After being trained as a plant pathologist at the University of California-Davis, an institution that prides itself in solving problems, I spent the majority of my career in population-sparse Montana-"the last best place." And best place it has been for me as I became involved in researching a number of plant disease problems and solving a few. J.C. Walker's philosophy of keeping "one foot in the furrow" has stood by me, and I encourage young plant pathologists to adopt it as well to ensure a productive and satisfying life in agricultural science.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.40.012202.130819
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    The Continuous Challenge of Citrus Tristeza Virus Control (1989)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 27 (1989), S. 291-316 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.27.090189.001451
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    Genetics of Quantitative Resistance to Fungal Diseases (1989)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 27 (1989), S. 317-341 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.27.090189.001533
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    Perspectives on Wound Healing in Resistance to Pathogens (1989)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 27 (1989), S. 343-371 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.27.090189.002015
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    MAKING AN ALLY FROM AN ENEMY: Plant Virology and the New Agriculture (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 40 (2002), S. 45-74 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Historically, the study of plant viruses has contributed greatly to the elucidation of eukaryotic biology. Recently, concurrent with the development of viruses into expression vectors, the biotechnology industry has developed an increasing number of disease therapies utilizing recombinant proteins. Plant virus vectors are viewed as a viable option for recombinant protein production. Employing pathogens in the process of creating added value to agriculture is, in effect, making an ally from an enemy. This review discusses the development and use of viruses as expression vectors, with special emphasis on (+) strand RNA virus systems. Further, the use of virus expression vectors in large-scale agricultural settings to produce recombinant proteins is described, and the technical challenges that need to be addressed by agriculturists and molecular virologists to fully realize the potential of this latest evolution of plant science are outlined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.40.021102.150133
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    GENE EXPRESSION IN NEMATODE FEEDING SITES (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 40 (2002), S. 191-219 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract The feeding sites induced by sedentary root-endoparasitic nematodes have long fascinated researchers. Nematode feeding sites are constructed from plant cells, modified by the nematode to feed itself. Powerful new techniques are allowing us to begin to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that produce the ultrastructural features in nematode feeding cells. Many plant genes that are expressed in feeding sites produced by different nematodes have been identified in several plant species. Nematode-responsive plant genes can now be grouped in categories related to plant developmental pathways and their roles in the making of a feeding site can be illuminated. The black box of how nematodes bring about such elaborate cell differentiation in the plant is also starting to open. Although the information is far from complete, the groundwork is set so that the functions of the plant and nematode genes in feeding site development can begin to be assessed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.40.121201.093719
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    HOST-SELECTIVE TOXINS AND AVIRULENCE DETERMINANTS: What's in a Name?* (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 40 (2002), S. 251-285 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Host-selective toxins, a group of structurally complex and chemically diverse metabolites produced by plant pathogenic strains of certain fungal species, function as essential determinants of pathogenicity or virulence. Investigations into the molecular and biochemical responses to these disease determinants reveal responses typically associated with host defense and incompatibility induced by avirulence determinants. The characteristic responses that unify these disparate disease phenotypes are numerous, yet the evidence implicating a causal relationship of these responses, whether induced by host-selective toxins or avirulence factors, in determining the consequences of the host-pathogen interaction is equivocal. This review summarizes some examples of the action of host-selective toxins to illustrate the similarity in responses with those to avirulence determinants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.40.011402.114210
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    ANTIBIOTIC USE IN PLANT AGRICULTURE (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 40 (2002), S. 443-465 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Antibiotics have been used since the 1950s to control certain bacterial diseases of high-value fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plants. Today, the antibiotics most commonly used on plants are oxytetracycline and streptomycin. In the USA, antibiotics applied to plants account for less than 0.5% of total antibiotic use. Resistance of plant pathogens to oxytetracycline is rare, but the emergence of streptomycin-resistant strains of Erwinia amylovora, Pseudomonas spp., and Xanthomonas campestris has impeded the control of several important diseases. A fraction of streptomycin-resistance genes in plant-associated bacteria are similar to those found in bacteria isolated from humans, animals, and soil, and are associated with transfer-proficient elements. However, the most common vehicles of streptomycin-resistance genes in human and plant pathogens are genetically distinct. Nonetheless, the role of antibiotic use on plants in the antibiotic-resistance crisis in human medicine is the subject of debate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.40.120301.093927
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    USE OF MULTILINE CULTIVARS AND CULTIVAR MIXTURES FOR DISEASE MANAGEMENT (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 40 (2002), S. 381-410 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Abstract The usefulness of mixtures (multiline cultivars and cultivar mixtures) for disease management has been well demonstrated for rusts and powdery mildews of small grain crops. Such mixtures are more useful under some epidemiological conditions than under others, and experimental methodology, especially problems of scale, may be crucial in evaluating the potential efficacy of mixtures on disease. There are now examples of mixtures providing both low and high degrees of disease control for a wide range of pathosystems, including crops with large plants, and pathogens that demonstrate low host specificity, or are splash dispersed, soilborne, or insect vectored. Though most analyses of pathogen evolution in mixtures consider static costs of virulence to be the main mechanism countering selection for pathogen complexity, many other potential mechanisms need to be investigated. Agronomic and marketing considerations must be carefully evaluated when implementing mixture approaches to crop management. Practical difficulties associated with mixtures have often been overestimated, however, and mixtures will likely play an increasingly important role as we develop more sustainable agricultural systems.
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    PERSPECTIVES ON PLANT AND SOIL NEMATOLOGY (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 41 (2003), S. 1-25 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: During my career in Plant Pathology/Nematology, many major advancements have occurred in the study of nematodes-even with their being largely soilborne and thus often overlooked. These biotrophic organisms include the most widespread and important group of plant pathogens-the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne species-which attack most major crops, as well as thousands of non-crop plant species. Landmark achievements that catalyzed research on these organisms included the discovery of effective nematicides, ectoparasitic forms, elucidation of disease complexes, nematodes as virus vectors, development of host resistance, and new technologies for research. Evolving research thrusts involve interfacing traditional and molecular systematics/diagnostics, adoption of the Caenorhabditis elegans-molecular genetics resource for general nematological research, focus on genetics of parasitism, use of molecular tools in developing host resistance, ecological and quantitative facets, and soil-biology-ecology based integrated management. Educational and international programs are encountering many changes and challenges, as is support for nematology in general.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.41.052002.095647
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    CULTURAL AND GENETIC APPROACHES TO MANAGING MYCOTOXINS IN MAIZE (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 41 (2003), S. 99-116 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Infection of maize kernels by toxigenic fungi remains a challenging problem despite decades of research progress. Cultural practices, including crop rotation, tillage, planting date, and management of irrigation and fertilization, have limited effects on infection and subsequent mycotoxin accumulation. Current infrastructure and grain storage practices in developed countries can prevent postharvest development of mycotoxins, but this aspect remains a threat in developing countries, especially in tropical areas. Because most mycotoxin problems develop in the field, strategies are needed to prevent infection of growing plants by toxigenic fungi. Developing genetic resistance to Aspergillus flavus, Gibberella zeae, and Fusarium spp. (particularly F. verticillioides) in maize is a high priority. Sources of resistance to each of these pathogens have been identified and have been incorporated into public and private breeding programs. However, few, if any, commercial cultivars have adequate levels of resistance. Efforts to control infection or mycotoxin development through conventional breeding and genetic engineering are reviewed. The role of transgenic insect control in the prevention of mycotoxins in maize is discussed.
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    MOLECULAR BASIS OF PTO-MEDIATED RESISTANCE TO BACTERIAL SPECK DISEASE IN TOMATO (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 41 (2003), S. 215-243 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: The Pto gene in tomato confers gene-for-gene resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, the causative agent of bacterial speck disease. Pto was first introgressed from a wild species of tomato into cultivated tomato varieties over 60 years ago and is now widely used to control speck disease. Cloning of the Pto gene revealed that it encodes a cytoplasmically localized serine-threonine protein kinase. The molecular basis of gene-for-gene recognition in this pathosystem is the direct physical interaction of the Pto kinase with either of two Pseudomonas effector proteins, AvrPto and AvrPtoB. Upon recognition of AvrPto or AvrPtoB, the Pto kinase acts in concert with Prf, a leucine-rich repeat-containing protein, to activate multiple signal transduction pathways. There has been much progress in understanding the evolutionary origin of the Pto gene, structural details about how the Pto kinase interacts with AvrPto and AvrPtoB, signaling steps downstream of Pto, and defense responses activated by the Pto pathway. Future work on this model system will focus on how the interaction of the Pto kinase with bacterial effector proteins activates signal transduction, defining the specific role of signaling components, and ultimately, determining which host defense responses are most responsible for inhibiting growth of the pathogen and suppressing symptoms of bacterial speck disease.
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    Concepts and Technologies of Selected Seed Treatments (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 28 (1990), S. 321-339 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.28.090190.001541
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    QUORUM SENSING IN PLANT-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 41 (2003), S. 455-482 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Quorum sensing (QS) allows bacteria to assess their local population density and/or physical confinement via the secretion and detection of small, diffusible signal molecules. This review describes how phytopathogenic bacteria have incorporated QS mechanisms into complex regulatory cascades that control genes for pathogenicity and colonization of host surfaces. Traits regulated by QS include the production of extracellular polysaccharides, degradative enzymes, antibiotics, siderophores, and pigments, as well as Hrp protein secretion, Ti plasmid transfer, motility, biofilm formation, and epiphytic fitness. Since QS regulatory systems are often required for pathogenesis, interference with QS signaling may offer a means of controlling bacterial diseases of plants. Several bacterial pathogens of plants that have been intensively studied and have revealed information of both fundamental and practical importance are reviewed here: Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Pantoea stewartii, Erwinia carotovora, Ralstonia solanacearum, Pseudomonas syringae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Xanthomonas campestris.
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    PATHOGEN SELF-DEFENSE: Mechanisms to Counteract Microbial Antagonism (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 41 (2003), S. 501-538 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Natural and agricultural ecosystems harbor a wide variety of microorganisms that play an integral role in plant health, crop productivity, and preservation of multiple ecosystem functions. Interactions within and among microbial communities are numerous and range from synergistic and mutualistic to antagonistic and parasitic. Antagonistic and parasitic interactions have been exploited in the area of biological control of plant pathogenic microorganisms. To date, biocontrol is typically viewed from the perspective of how antagonists affect pathogens. This review examines the other face of this interaction: how plant pathogens respond to antagonists and how this can affect the efficacy of biocontrol. Just as microbial antagonists utilize a diverse arsenal of mechanisms to dominate interactions with pathogens, pathogens have surprisingly diverse responses to counteract antagonism. These responses include detoxification, repression of biosynthetic genes involved in biocontrol, active efflux of antibiotics, and antibiotic resistance. Understanding pathogen self-defense mechanisms for coping with antagonist assault provides a novel approach to improving the durability of biologically based disease control strategies and has implications for the deployment of transgenes (microorganisms or plants).
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    ENGINEERING PLANTS FOR NEMATODE RESISTANCE (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 41 (2003), S. 615-639 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Biotechnology offers sustainable solutions to the problem of plant parasitic nematode control. There are several possible approaches for developing transgenic plants with improved nematode resistance; these include anti-invasion and migration strategies, feeding-cell attenuation, and antinematode feeding and development strategies. The essential elements of an effective control strategy are (a) genes that encode an antinematode effector protein, peptide or interfering RNA and (b) promoters that direct a specific pattern of expression for that effector. This review summarizes information on effectors that act directly against the nematode as well as those aimed at disrupting the nematode feeding site. We discuss patterns of promoter activity that could deliver expression of these effectors in a restricted and directed manner. Societal opposition to the technology of GM-nematode control is also discussed.
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    Plant Diseases and the Use of Wild Germplasm (1991)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 29 (1991), S. 35-63 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.29.090191.000343
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    Biology and Epidemiology of Bacterial Wilt Caused by Pseudomonas Solanacearum (1991)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 29 (1991), S. 65-87 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
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    Genetics of Small-Grain Smuts (1991)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 29 (1991), S. 137-148 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
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    Citrus Greening Disease (1991)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 29 (1991), S. 109-136 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
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    Integration of Molecular Data with Systematics of Plant Parasitic Nematodes (1991)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 29 (1991), S. 89-107 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
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    Factors Affecting the Efficacy of Natural Enemies of Nematodes* (1991)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 29 (1991), S. 149-166 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
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    MICROBIAL DIVERSITY IN SOIL: Selection Microbial Populations by Plant and Soil Type and Implications for Disease Suppressiveness (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 42 (2004), S. 243-270 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: An increasing interest has emerged with respect to the importance of microbial diversity in soil habitats. The extent of the diversity of microorganisms in soil is seen to be critical to the maintenance of soil health and quality, as a wide range of microorganisms is involved in important soil functions. This review focuses on recent data relating how plant type, soil type, and soil management regime affect the microbial diversity of soil and the implication for the soil's disease suppressiveness. The two main drivers of soil microbial community structure, i.e., plant type and soil type, are thought to exert their function in a complex manner. We propose that the fact that in some situations the soil and in others the plant type is the key factor determining soil microbial diversity is related to the complexity of the microbial interactions in soil, including interactions between microorganisms and soil and microorganisms and plants. A conceptual framework, based on the relative strengths of the shaping forces exerted by plant and soil versus the ecological behavior of microorganisms, is proposed.
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    MANAGEMENT AND RESISTANCE IN WHEAT AND BARLEY TO FUSARIUM HEAD BLIGHT1 (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 42 (2004), S. 135-161 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease of wheat and barley worldwide. Resistant cultivars could reduce damage from FHB. Chinese wheat cultivar Sumai 3 and its derivatives represent the greatest degree of resistance to FHB known. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 3BS and other minor QTL for FHB resistance have been identified in these cultivars and used in wheat-breeding programs worldwide. Many breeding lines with the 3BS resistance QTL and improved agronomic traits have been developed. In barley, only limited sources of FHB resistance are available, especially in six-rowed barley, and none of them contains a DON level low enough to meet the safety requirement of the brewing industry. Several QTL have been identified for lower FHB severity, DON content, and kernel discoloration and used to enhance FHB resistance in barley. Marker-assisted selection for FHB resistance QTL on 3BS of wheat and on 2H of barley is in progress.
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    CHEMICAL BIOLOGY OF MULTI-HOST/PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS: Chemical Perception and Metabolic Complementation (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 42 (2004), S. 439-464 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: The xenognostic mechanisms of two multi-host pathogens, the causative agent of crown gall tumors Agrobacterium tumefaciens and the parasitic plant Striga asiatica, are compared. Both organisms are general plant pathogens and require similar information prior to host commitment. Two mechanistic strategies, chemical perception and metabolic complementation, are used to ensure successful host commitment. The critical reactions at host-parasite contact are proton and electron transfer events. Such strategies may be common among multi-host pathogens.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.41.052002.095701
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    ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF SOIL MICROBIAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE FOR DISEASE SUPPRESSION1 (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 42 (2004), S. 35-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Identification of the biological properties contributing to the function of suppressive soils is a necessary first step to the management of such systems for use in the control of soilborne diseases. The development and application of molecular methods for the characterization and monitoring of soil microbial properties will enable a more rapid and detailed assessment of the biological nature of soil suppressiveness. Although suppressive soils have provided a wealth of microbial resources that have subsequently been applied for the biological control of soilborne plant pathogens, the full functional capabilities of the phenomena have not been realized in production agricultural ecosystems. Cultural practices, such as the application of soil amendments, have the capacity to enhance disease suppression, though the biological modes of action may vary from that initially resident to the soil. Plants have a distinct impact on characteristics and activity of resident soil microbial communities, and therefore play an important role in determining the development of the disease-suppressive state. Likewise, plant genotype will modulate these same biological communities, and should be considered when developing strategies to exploit the potential of such a natural disease control system. Implementation of consistently effective practices to manage this resource in an economically and environmentally feasible manner will require more detailed investigation of these biologically complex systems and refinement of currently available methodologies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.42.040803.140408
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    SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED RESISTANCE (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 42 (2004), S. 185-209 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a mechanism of induced defense that confers long-lasting protection against a broad spectrum of microorganisms. SAR requires the signal molecule salicylic acid (SA) and is associated with accumulation of pathogenesis-related proteins, which are thought to contribute to resistance. Much progress has been made recently in elucidating the mechanism of SAR. Using the model plant Arabidopsis, it was discovered that the isochorismate pathway is the major source of SA during SAR. In response to SA, the positive regulator protein NPR1 moves to the nucleus where it interacts with TGA transcription factors to induce defense gene expression, thus activating SAR. Exciting new data suggest that the mobile signal for SAR might be a lipid molecule. We discuss the molecular and genetic data that have contributed to our understanding of SAR and present a model describing the sequence of events leading from initial infection to the induction of defense genes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.42.040803.140421
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    COMPARATIVE GENOMICS ANALYSES OF CITRUS-ASSOCIATED BACTERIA (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 42 (2004), S. 163-184 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Xylella fastidiosa 9a5c (XF-9a5c) and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (XAC) are bacteria that infect citrus plants. Sequencing of the genomes of these strains is complete and comparative analyses are now under way with the genomes of other bacteria of the same genera. In this review, we present an overview of this comparative genomic work. We also present a detailed genomic comparison between XF-9a5a and XAC. Based on this analysis, genes and operons were identified that might be relevant for adaptation to citrus. XAC has two copies of a type II secretion system, a large number of cell wall-degrading enzymes and sugar transporters, a complete energy metabolism, a whole set of avirulence genes associated with a type III secretion system, and a complete flagellar and chemotatic system. By contrast, XF-9a5c possesses more genes involved with type IV pili biosynthesis than does XAC, contains genes encoding for production of colicins, and has 4 copies of Type I restriction/modification system while XAC has only one.
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    BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF CHESTNUT BLIGHT WITH HYPOVIRULENCE: A Critical Analysis (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 42 (2004), S. 311-338 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Most hypovirulence in the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica, is associated with infection by fungal viruses in the family Hypoviridae. Hypovirulence has controlled chestnut blight well in some locations in Europe and in Michigan in the United States. In contrast, with few exceptions, biological control has failed almost completely in eastern North America. Therapeutic treatment of individual cankers is successful in most cases, but the success of hypovirulence at the population level depends on the natural spread of viruses. Characteristics of three interacting trophic levels (virus, fungus, and tree), plus the environment, determine the success or failure of hypovirulence. Vegetative incompatibility restricts virus transmission, but this factor alone is a poor predictor of biological control. Any factor reducing the rate of chestnut blight epidemics enhances hypovirus invasion. Overall, however, not enough is understood about the epidemiological dynamics of this system to determine the crucial factors regulating the establishment of hypovirulence in chestnut forests.
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    INTEGRATED APPROACHES FOR DETECTION OF PLANT PATHOGENIC BACTERIA AND DIAGNOSIS OF BACTERIAL DISEASES (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 42 (2004), S. 339-366 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Notes: Disease diagnosis is based on a number of factors, including laboratory tests for pathogen identification. Rapid development of genomic techniques for characterization of bacteria over the past decade has greatly simplified and improved pathogen detection and identification, but DNA-based methods have not yet entirely replaced traditional culture and phenotypic tests in the plant industry. The first section of this review focuses on rapid immunodiagnostic and DNA-based detection methods for known bacterial pathogens in plants or plant products, which often manifest no symptoms of disease. The second section covers the broader topic of disease diagnosis and new methods for identifying and characterizing bacteria.
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    Mating Type and Vegetative Incompatibility in Filamentous Ascomycetes (1992)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 30 (1992), S. 201-224 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.30.090192.001221
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    Attachment of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria to Plant Surfaces (1992)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 30 (1992), S. 225-243 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Management of the Antagonistic Potential in Agricultural Ecosystems for the Biological Control of Plant Parasitic Nematodes (1992)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 30 (1992), S. 245-270 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
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    The Role of Abiotic Stresses in the Decline of Red Spruce in High Elevation Forests of the Eastern United States (1992)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 30 (1992), S. 349-367 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.30.090192.002025
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    Role of Satellite RNA in the Expression of Symptoms Caused by Plant Viruses (1992)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 30 (1992), S. 419-442 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.30.090192.002223
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    Molecular Genetics of Pathogenicity Determinants of Pseudomonas Solanacearum with Special Emphasis on HRP Genes (1992)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 30 (1992), S. 443-461 
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    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
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    Nutrition Science from Vitamins to Molecular Biology (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 10 (1990), S. 1-21 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    The Application of Compartmental Analysis to Research in Nutrition (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 10 (1990), S. 41-61 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Goitrogens in Food and Water (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 10 (1990), S. 21-37 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Metallothionein and the Trace Minerals (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 10 (1990), S. 63-83 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Adaptation of the Exocrine Pancreas to Diet (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 10 (1990), S. 85-105 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Effects of N-3 Fatty Acids on Lipid Metabolism (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 10 (1990), S. 149-167 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Amino Acid Metabolism in Human Cancer Cachexia (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 10 (1990), S. 107-132 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Iron Deficiency (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 10 (1990), S. 133-148 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    The Role of Vitamin D in Bone and Intestinal Cell Differentiation (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 10 (1990), S. 195-211 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Plasma Lipid Transfer Activities (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 10 (1990), S. 169-193 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Nutrient Partitioning by Transgenic Animals (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 10 (1990), S. 213-232 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Nutritional Factors in Cataract (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 10 (1990), S. 233-254 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Regulation of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism During and After Exercise (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 16 (1996), S. 121-138 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.16.070196.001005
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    Effects of Food on Drug Absorption (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 16 (1996), S. 383-415 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    ENERGY AND PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS DURING LACTATION (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 17 (1997), S. 19-36 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Additional energy needs for an exclusively breastfeeding woman are approximately 670 kcal/day. If one allows for gradual weight loss, the net increment needed is about 500 kcal/day. There is little evidence of energy-sparing adaptations in basal metabolic rate or dietary-induced thermogenesis during lactation, although physical activity may be reduced during the early postpartum period. In women with adequate fat reserves, moderately negative energy balance is not likely to affect lactation. The recommended increment in protein intake during lactation has been estimated to be about 15 g/day, based on a milk protein concentration of 11 g/liter. However, if one takes into account the protein cost of non-protein nitrogen in human milk, the recommended increment in protein is about 20 g/day. The latter value is consistent with data from nitrogen balance studies in lactating women. Low protein intakes are unlikely to affect milk volume but may alter certain fractions of milk nitrogen.
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    The Role of Calcium in Osteoporosis (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 10 (1990), S. 397-414 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Appetite Regulation by Gut Peptides (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 10 (1990), S. 383-395 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Molecular Biology of Selenoproteins (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 10 (1990), S. 451-474 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.10.070190.002315
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    Essential Fatty Acids and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Significance in Cutaneous Biology (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 10 (1990), S. 433-450 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Nutritional Aspects of Aids (1990)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 10 (1990), S. 475-501 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    REGULATION OF MAMMALIAN ACETYL-COENZYME A CARBOXYLASE (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 17 (1997), S. 77-99 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Long-chain fatty acids are involved in all aspects of cellular structure and function. For controlling amounts of fatty acids, cells are endowed with two acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) systems. ACC-alpha is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biogenesis of long-chain fatty acids, and ACC-beta is believed to control mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. These two isoforms of ACC control the amount of fatty acids in the cells. Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of ACC-alpha cause enzyme inactivation and activation, respectively, and serve as the enzyme's short-term regulatory mechanism. Covalently modified enzymes become more sensitive toward cellular metabolites. In addition, many hormones and nutrients affect gene expression. The gene products formed are heterogeneous and tissue specific. The ACC-beta gene is located on human chromosome 12; the cDNA for this gene has just been cloned. The gene for the alpha-isoform is located on human chromosome 17. The catalytic core of the beta-isoform is homologous to that of the alpha-isoform, except for an additional peptide of about 150 amino acids at the N terminus. This extra peptide sequence makes the beta-form about 10,000 daltons larger, and it is thought to be involved in the unique role that has been assigned to this enzyme. The detailed control mechanisms for the beta-isoform are not known.
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    TASTE PREFERENCES AND FOOD INTAKE (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 17 (1997), S. 237-253 
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    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sensory responses to the taste, smell, and texture of foods help determine food preferences and eating habits. However, sensory responses alone do not predict food consumption. The view that a "sweet tooth" leads to obesity through excess sugar consumption is overly narrow. In reality, there are multiple links between taste perceptions, taste preferences, food preferences, and food choices and the amount of food consumed. Taste responses are influenced by a range of genetic, physiological, and metabolic variables. The impact of taste factors on food intake further depends on sex and age and is modulated by obesity, eating disorders, and other pathologies of eating behavior. Food preferences and food choices of populations are further linked to attitudinal, social, and-probably most important-economic variables such as income. Nutrition education and intervention strategies aimed at improving population diets ought to consider sensory pleasure response to foods, in addition to a wide range of demographic and sociocultural variables.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.17.1.237
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    DIETARY PHYTOESTROGENS (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 17 (1997), S. 353-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Broadly defined, phytoestrogens include isoflavones, coumestans, and lignans. A number of these compounds have been identified in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains commonly consumed by humans. Soybeans, clover and alfalfa sprouts, and oilseeds (such as flaxseed) are the most significant dietary sources of isoflavones, coumestans, and lignans, respectively. Studies in humans, animals, and cell culture systems suggest that dietary phytoestrogens play an important role in prevention of menopausal symptoms, osteoporosis, cancer, and heart disease. Proposed mechanisms include estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects, induction of cancer cell differentiation, inhibition of tyrosine kinase and DNA topoisomerase activities, suppression of angiogenesis, and antioxidant effects. Although there currently are no dietary recommendations for individual phytoestrogens, there may be great benefit in increased consumption of plant foods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.17.1.353
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    Comparative Nutrition of Cats and Dogs (1991)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 11 (1991), S. 239-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.11.070191.001323
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    INTRACELLULAR LIPID-BINDING PROTEINS AND THEIR GENES (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 17 (1997), S. 277-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Intracellular lipid-binding proteins are a family of low-molecular-weight single-chain polypeptides that form 1:1 complexes with fatty acids, retinoids, or other hydrophobic ligands. These proteins are products of a large multigene family of unlinked loci distributed throughout the genome. Each lipid-binding protein exhibits a distinctive pattern of tissue distribution. Transcriptional control, regulated by a combination of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors and CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins, allows for a variety of both cell and tissue-specific expression patterns. In some cells, fatty acids increase the expression of the lipid-binding protein genes. Fatty acids, or their metabolites, are activators of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor family of transcription factors. Therefore, as the concentration of lipid in the diet increases, the expression of lipid-binding proteins coordinately increases. As revealed by X-ray crystallography, the lipid-binding proteins fold into beta-barrels, forming a large internal water-filled cavity. Fatty acid ligands are bound within the cavity, occupying only about one-third of the accessible volume. The bound fatty acid is stabilized via a combination of enthalpic and entropic forces that govern ligand affinity and selectivity. Cytoplasmic lipid-binding proteins are the intracellular receptors for hydrophobic ligands, delivering them to the appropriate site for use as metabolic fuels and regulatory agents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.17.1.277
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    COMPARATIVE NUTRITION OF IRON AND COPPER (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 17 (1997), S. 501-526 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The suggestion from nutritional studies with mammals of a link between iron and copper metabolism has been reinforced by recent investigations with yeast cells. Iron must be in the reduced ferrous (FeII) state for uptake by yeast cells, and reoxidation to ferric (FeIII) by a copper oxidase is part of the transport process. Thus, yeast cells deficient in copper are unable to absorb iron. In an analogous way, animals deficient in copper appear to be unable to move FeII out of cells, probably because it cannot be oxidized to FeIII. Invertebrate animals use copper and iron in ways very similar to vertebrates, with some notable exceptions. In the cases where vertebrates and invertebrates are similar, the latter may be useful models for vertebrate metabolism. In cases where they differ (e.g. predominance of serum ferritin in insects, oxygen transport by a copper protein in many arthropods, central importance of phenoloxidase, a copper enzyme in arthropods), the differences may represent processes that are exaggerated in invertebrates and thus more amenable to study in these organisms. On the other hand, they may represent processes unique to invertebrates, thus providing novel information on species diversity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.17.1.501
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    WHY DO WE EAT?A Neural Systems Approach1 (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 17 (1997), S. 597-619 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Neuroregulators found at various brain sites are involved in controlling food intake, a behavior that occurs for many reasons. Different neuroregulators may affect different stimuli that impact eating behavior. For example, neuropeptide Y may initiate feeding for energy needs, opioid peptides may provide the rewarding aspects of eating, and corticotropin releasing factor may affect stress-induced eating. We know that the neural networks regulating feeding also impact other components of energy balance. Neuropeptide Y not only increases eating, it also decreases energy expenditure in brown fat and increases enzymatic activity associated with fat storage in white fat, resulting in a more obese animal. What the sites of action are of these neuroregulators and how they interact with regulators at other sites are of utmost importance. Different regions of the brain, together with the periphery, communicate via signals acting in coordinated fashion, which leads to the final outcome: eating less or more and expending less or more energy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.17.1.597
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    CARNITINE METABOLISM AND ITS REGULATION IN MICROORGANISMS AND MAMMALS (1998)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 18 (1998), S. 39-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In procaryotes, l-carnitine may be used as both a carbon and nitrogen source for aerobic growth, or the carbon chain may be used selectively following cleavage of trimethylamine. Under anaerobic conditions and in the absence of preferred substrates, some bacteria use carnitine, via crotonobetaine, as an electron acceptor. Formation of trimethylamine and gamma-butyrobetaine (from reduction of crotonobetaine) from l-carnitine by enteric bacteria has been demonstrated in rats and humans. Carnitine is not degraded by enzymes of eukaryotic origin. In higher organisms, carnitine has specific functions in intermediary metabolism. Concentrations of carnitine and its esters in cells of eukaryotes are rigorously maintained to provide optimal function. Carnitine homeostasis in mammals is preserved by a modest rate of endogenous synthesis, absorption from dietary sources, efficient reabsorption, and mechanisms present in most tissues that establish and maintain substantial concentration gradients between intracellular and extracellular carnitine pools.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.18.1.39
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    DIETARY OXIDATIVE STRESS AND THE POTENTIATION OF VIRAL INFECTION1 (1998)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 18 (1998), S. 93-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of several viral infections, including hepatitis, influenza, and AIDS. Dietary oxidative stress due to either selenium or vitamin E deficiency increases cardiac damage in mice infected with a myocarditic strain of coxsackievirus B3. Such dietary oxidative stress also allows a normally benign (i.e. amyocarditic) coxsackievirus B3 to convert to virulence and cause heart damage. This conversion to virulence is due to a nucleotide sequence change in the genome of the benign virus, which then resembles more closely the nucleotide sequence of virulent strains. Although it has been known for many years that poor nutrition can affect host response to infection, this is the first report of host nutrition affecting the genetic sequence of a pathogen. Further research is needed to determine whether poor host nutrition plays any role in the emergence of new viral diseases via alterations in the genotype of an infectious agent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.18.1.93
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    NUTRITIONAL PROPERTIES AND SIGNIFICANCE OF VITAMIN GLYCOSIDES (1998)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 18 (1998), S. 277-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Glycosylated forms of pyridoxine, vitamin D, niacin, pantothenate, and riboflavin exist in nature, whereas glycosides of retinol and ascorbic acid are products of in vitro transglycosidation. beta-Glucosides of pyridoxine (a) are prevalent in plant-derived foods, (b) contribute to human nutrition as partially available sources of vitamin B6, (c) undergo partial hydrolysis by a novel mammalian cytosolic beta-glucosidase, and (d) exert a weak antagonistic effect on the utilization of free pyridoxine. Niacin exists in grains as complexed forms with low bioavailability, whereas vitamin D glycosides are toxic components of certain calcinogenic plants of importance in animal health. Glycosides of pantothenate and riboflavin appear to be minor products of mammalian metabolism. Glycosylation of retinol or other hydrophobic alcohols may facilitate glycolipid turnover, whereas a stable ascorbyl glucoside may have nutritional applications. Glycosylation of vitamins exerts widely ranging chemical and biological effects, with great nutritional and metabolic significance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.18.1.277
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    NITROGEN CYCLING IN THE GUT (1998)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 18 (1998), S. 385-411 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This review examines the involvement of the gastrointestinal tract in the utilization of nitrogen, the identities of the nitrogenous substances entering and leaving the gut, and the significance of this recycling in the overall nitrogen economy of the body. It is concerned with nonruminant mammals, including man.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.18.1.385
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    DIET, NUTRITION, AND PROSTATE CANCER (1998)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 18 (1998), S. 413-440 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cancer of the prostate gland is one of the most common malignancies in affluent nations, in part due to the application of new screening and diagnostic tools. The development of life-threatening prostate cancer is the culmination of a complex series of initiation and promotional events over a period of decades and under the influence of many interacting genetic and environmental factors. A rapidly accumulating scientific literature provides compelling evidence for the hypothesis that diet and nutrition are important factors modifying risk of prostate cancer. Additional resources devoted to interactive research efforts by laboratory scientists and epidemiologists will provide further enlightenment and continued refinement of our assessment of risks and benefits for specific nutrients and dietary patterns. These studies provide hope that evidence-based dietary interventions will significantly impact the risk of prostate cancer and enhance the efficacy of therapeutic interventions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.18.1.413
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    GENETIC ENGINEERING OF PLANT LIPIDS (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 19 (1999), S. 197-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Vegetable oils are a major component of human diets, comprising as much as 25% of average caloric intake. Until recently, it was not possible to exert significant control over the chemical composition of vegetable oils derived from different plants. However, the advent of genetic engineering has provided novel opportunities to tailor the composition of plant-derived lipids so that they are optimized with respect to food functionality and human dietary needs. In order to exploit this new capability, it is essential for food scientists and nutritionists to define the lipid compositions that would be most desirable for various purposes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.19.1.197
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    CARRIER-MEDIATED MEMBRANE TRANSPORT OF FOLATES IN MAMMALIAN CELLS (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 19 (1999), S. 91-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Mediated internalization of folates is required for cellular macromolecular biosynthesis. Multiple carrier-mediated mechanisms have been identified that can fulfill this role in a variety of mammalian cell types, including neoplastic cells, with and without proliferative potential. The absorption of dietary folates also relies on the function of a carrier-mediated system in mature luminal epithelium of small intestine. The various carrier-mediated systems can be distinguished by their preferences for various folate compounds as permeants as well as by differences in temperature and pH dependence. The widely studied one-carbon, reduced-folate transport system is mediated by a transporter encoded by the newly discovered RFC-1 (reduced-folate carrier) gene. The characteristics of this gene in rodent and human cells are similar, consistent with the close similarity between these species of folate transport mediated by this transporter. However, differences occur in the form of tissue-specific expression, alternate splicing, and 5' end mRNA heterogeneity, as well as in promoter utilization regulating transcription. RFC-1 gene expression also appears to regulate luminal epithelial cell folate absorption in small intestine. However, the properties of RFC-1-mediated folate transport in these cells is anomalous when compared with that seen in nonabsorptive cell types. Detailed mechanisms as to the regulation of RFC-1 transcription are now emerging along with other information on structure and function of the transporter and its alteration following mutation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.19.1.91
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