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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
    Description: Marine Organismen sind einem ständigen Besiedlungsdruck durch Mikroorganismen, Algensporen und Larvenstadien sessiler Invertebraten ausgesetzt. Weil die Gegenwart von Epibionten die Interaktionen zwischen Substratorganismus (Basibiont) und Umwelt stark beeinflusst, müssen Basibionten auf den Besiedlungsdruck reagieren. Natürliche Verteidigungssysteme mariner Organismen gegen Aufwuchs müssen auf die verschiedensten Taxa potentieller Besiedler, die eine große Bandbreite an Empfindlichkeiten besitzen, abzielen. Aus diesem Grunde sind diese Abwehrsysteme hoch komplex, und bestehen meist aus einer Kombination mechanischer, chemischer, physikalischer und ökologischer Mechanismen, die gleichzeitig oder abwechselnd die Anheftung und das Wachstum von Bakterien, Algen und Wirbellosen beeinflussen. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die natürlichen Antifoulingmechanismen der Mytiliden generell und speziell von Mytilus edulis durch die Entkopplung potentieller mechanischer und chemischer Verteidigungsmechanismen. Des Weiteren wurde untersucht, ob eine dieser Verteidigungskomponenten, die Mikrotopographie, sich durch regionale Optimierung auszeichnet. Letztere wurde im Hinblick auf die hochinvasiven Mytiliden ausgewählt, da ein universeller, in den verschiedensten biogeographischen Regionen wirksamer Verteidigungsmechanismus die Invasion in neue Habitate erleichtern würde. Die Ergebnisse aller Experimente unterstützen nachdrücklich das Konzept eines multiplen Ver-teidigungssystems bei der Miesmuschel Mytilus edulis. Ich konnte zeigen, dass die Oberflächenmikrostruktur Besiedlung durch Makrofouler abwehrt, während die Oberflächenchemie die Besiedlung durch Mikrofouler behindert. Daher stehen mindestens zwei Verteidigungsmechanismen mit dem Periostracum in Zusammenhang. Diese beiden Mechanismen könnten durch kumulative Filtration im Muschelbett und säubernde Bewegungen des Muschelfußes an der Schalenoberfläche noch unterstützt werden. Eine regionale Optimierung der Oberflächenmikrostruktur konnte jedoch nicht nachgewiesen werden.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
    Description: Within the framework of this thesis the investigation of methanogenesis and secondary degradation processes of methane in two distinctly different marine environments has been carried out. These two environments were (i) the gassy shallow-marine sediments of the Arkona Basin, western Baltic Sea and (ii) the hydrothermal submarine fluid/gas exhalations at hotspot volcanoes of the central South Pacific. Based on the results of geochemical, sedimentological and seismic investigations as well as geochemical modelling it was possible to reconstruct the occurrence, distribution, genesis and degradation processes of methane in these two environments. Particularly, the analyses of the molecular composition of the hydrocarbons extracted from the fluid/pore water in combination with the stable carbon and hydrogen isotopic signal enabled deductions regarding the methane formation processes in the respective working areas. In the central Arkona Basin an area of about 1500 km2 shows acoustic turbidity of the seismic signal in ~1.5 m depth in the surface sediments. This acoustic turbidity is an indication of free gas in post-glacial surface sediments which may reach about 12 m thickness in the basin centre. These sediments are characterised by a conspicuously high organic carbon content (ca. 5-8 %) and a clayey-silty structure. The degradation of organic matter produces anaerobic conditions in near surface sediments and in about 1 m sediment depth, below the sulphate reduction zone, it results in the accumulation of methane. The stable carbon and hydrogen isotopic results of all gas samples from the post-glacial sediment layer confirm bacterial methane production via CO2 reduction. Solely, the d13C-CH4 values of ~-40‰ of the upper few centimetres of the surface sediments indicate oxidised methane. The late- and post-glacial clay (reddish/brown and grey) that is located beneath the organic-rich sediments, however, shows rather low methane concentrations within the pore-water and the concentration profile as well as the d13C-CH4 values point to diffusion of gas from the surface sediments in to the clay. Overall, the measured methane concentrations in pore-water show distinct differences in methane concentration from trace concentrations at the northern rim of the basin to the point of methane saturation in the central basin. The increase in CH4 concentration is generally accompanied by an increasing thickness of organic-rich surface sediments. Based on the concentrations of organic carbon, methane, and sulphate and the average sedimentation rate a numerical model was developed to characterise sulphate reduction, anaerobic oxidationof methane and methane production. The model results show that a sediment thickness of 3.5 m has to be achieved to obtain CH4 production rates that enable the accumulation of methane in the sediments. Furthermore, it could be shown that a sufficient amount of methane required to cause oversaturation and gas bubble formation can not be generated until a sediment thickness of 5-6 m is reached. This minimum sediment thickness established by the geochemical model correlates nicely with the sediment thickness at which the seismic readings show acoustic turbidity. During research cruises Sonne 65 (1989) and Polynaut (1999) methane analyses were conducted on water column and fluid samples above submarine volcanoes of the Pitcairn, Austral, and Society island chains, central South Pacific. Weak hydrothermal activity was determined at hotspot volcanoes Bounty and Teahitia in 1999. The 1999 results, in comparison with methane results from 1998, point to a rather calm exhalation activity of the hotspot volcanoes. The higher methane concentrations determined in the water column in 1998 could be attributed to the eruption of the Macdonald seamount that occurred at that time. The importance of bacterial methane production by CO2 reduction, also for hot exhalations of submarine volcanoes, could be described the first time by means of the 13C/12C and D/H isotope ratios of methane. At the Bounty seamount the stable isotopic values of methane from the fluids refer to an almost 100% bacterial production of methane at about 88°C. An amount of about 50% bacterially produced methane besides the abiogenic produced methane could be determined at Macdonald seamount.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
    Description: The results of this study show that close boats (〈100 m) affect the behaviour of bottlenose dolphins more strongly than boats further away (〉100 m). Close boats induced a decrease of feeding, resting and social behaviour. The proportions of high-speed swimming and slow swimming increased. In the presence of close boats, dolphins were observed 6 times more frequently to leap and 3.6 times more frequently to tail-slap than under control conditions – an indication of disturbance. Dolphins responded to close boats with evasive manoeuvres similar to techniques used for avoiding predators. With more than two close boats, animals swam approx. 37% faster than without close boats. An energy consumption of 2.93 W kg-1 was calculated. This corresponds to a daily energy demand of 50.6 MJ per dolphin with 200 kg body weight. With boats at close range, the mean power requirement of dolphins was around 15.4% higher than during controls. With close boats, dolphins used a third of their energy budget to avoid boats by swimming at high speed. In the light of these findings, recommendations for dolphin-watching guidelines are given.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
    Description: Three stand-alone geochemical box models have been developed to simulate globally coupled biogeochemical cycles. These models reflect the evolution of the participating biotic and abiotic constituents in marine and terrestrial environments, including the lower atmosphere. The single models focus on the calculation of: 1) the chemical evolution of seawater, 2) the atmospheric methane concentration, and 3) the concentration of oxygen in surface and deep ocean water over the entire Phanerozoic (570 Ma). The models are driven by geological and evolutionary forcings and are controlled by proxy data. Internal feedback is provided by model outputs serving as input to other model components. The Phanerozoic biogeochemical evolution of seawater (dissolved inorganic carbon, alkalinity, nutrients, and oxygen), its isotope sulfur and carbon composition, as well as the atmospheric partial pressures of oxygen (pO2), carbon dioxide (pCO2), and methane (pCH4) are calculated by standard runs of the individual models.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
    Description: Die kombinierte molekularbiologische und morphometrische Analyse der benthischen rotaliiden Foraminiferen-Art Planulina wuellerstorfi in der östlichen Grönlandsee war Ziel der Untersuchung. Es handelt sich bei dieser Foraminiferen-Spezies um eine für paläozeanographische Rekonstruktionen wichtige Art; daher ist es von zentraler Bedeutung, die Phylogenie dieser Art aufzuklären. Die östliche Grönlandsee ist durch ihre besonderen hydrographischen Verhältnisse als geeignetes Untersuchungsgebiet anzusehen, da Planulina wuellerstorfi als epibenthischer Suspensionsfiltrierer angepasst an erhöhte laterale Bodenströmungen lebt. Es konnte erstmals ein zusammenhängender Datensatz von SSU rDNA Sequenzen von Planulina wuellerstorfi von verschiedenen Stationen in der östlichen Grönlandsee erhalten werden. Auch wurden erstmalig SSU rDNA Sequenzen anderer benthischer rotaliider Tiefsee-Foraminiferen (Cribrostomoides sp., Oridorsalis umbonatus, Triloculina sp.) erhalten. Es zeigten sich Sequenzvariabilitäten innerhalb der Cibicides/Cibicidoides/Planulina-Gruppe. Zwei verschiedene Sequenz-Typen konnten identifiziert werden. Die morphometrische Analyse klassifizierte beide Sequenz-Typen als Planulina wuellerstorfi, zeigte aber signifikante Unterschiede zwischen Typ 1 und Typ 2. Der kombinierte molekularbiologische und morphometrische Ansatz liefert somit Hinweise auf das Vorliegen kryptischer Speziation innerhalb von Planulina wuellerstorfi.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
    Description: Large volumes of mainly felsic volcanic ashes have been repeatedly released during explosive volcanic eruptions along the Central American Volcanic Arc. These ashes are found as up to several centimetres thick ash layers in marine sediments offshore Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Since volcanic ashes constitute such a major fraction of slope sediments and subducted deep sea sediments off Nicaragua and Costa Rica its alteration is significantly affecting the chemical signatures of sediments and pore waters. New results of mafic and felsic glass alteration were derived from extensive field investigations of marine tephra. deposits and diagenetic processes in related pore waters as well as laboratory dissolution experiments.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
    Description: Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Veränderung der Sturmtätigkeit über den Weltmeeren im Zeitraum von 1889 bis 1997. Hierfür wurden Luftdruckbeobachtungen aus Schiffsmessungen des Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) verwendet. Untersuchungen deuten darauf hin, dass die Bestimmung von langfristigen Trends in Beobachtungsdaten durch die geringe Anzahl von Beobachtungen vor 1950 erschwert wird. Ein Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit lag deshalb darauf, mit Hilfe von Monte-Carlo-Rechnungen die Fehler abzuschätzen, mit denen aufgrund der Schwankungen in den Beobachtungszahlen zu rechnen ist. Aufgrund der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse unter Einbeziehung der abgeschätzten Fehler kann nur davon ausgegangen werden, dass es im nördlichen Bereich des Nordatlantiks zu einer Intensivierung der Sturmtätigkeit in der Zeit von 1889 bis 1997 gekommen ist. Die Größe der abgeschätzten Fehler deutet darauf hin, dass es unbedingt erforderlich ist, diese Fehler zu berücksichtigen, um sichere Aussagen über langfristige Trends von Beobachtungsdaten mit stark veränderlicher Datendichte treffen zu können.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
    Description: Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Prozesse der Sedimentveränderung an konvergenten Plattenrändern zu charakterisieren. Dafür wurde ein Profil vor der Küste des südlichen Costa Ricas gewählt. Entlang dieses Profils wurden seismische Reflexionen sowohl für den Steilwinkel- als auch für den Weitwinkelbereich aufgezeichnet. Durch Modellierung der Reflexionsamplituden konnten die seismischen Geschwindigkeiten entlang dieser Plattengrenze ermittelt werden. Es zeigt sich, daß die Kompressionswellengeschwindigkeit unterhalb des Decollements um ca. 15% entlang des Profils variiert, während die Scherwellengeschwindigkeit im gleichen Bereich eine Variation von 50% zeigt. Variationen dieser Größenordnung können nur durch Unterschiede in den Porendrücken des Sediments erklärt werden. Ein Vergleich mit Labormessungen zeigt, daß der effektive Druck im subduzierten Sediment Werte zwischen 1 und 7 MPa erreicht. Der Grund für diese räumlich sehr kleinen Druckunterschiede ist eine lokal stattfindende Tonmineralumwandlung.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
    Description: Untersucht wurden Korallenkerne aus dem "Western Pacific Warm Pool" (Timor, Indonesien) und dem zentralen Pazifik (Tahiti, Französisch Polynesien).
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
    Description: The connections between the winter wind stress field and the ice conditions in the Barents Sea are examined on interannual time scales between 1970 and 2004. A hindcast data set of wind stress from the Norwegian Meteorological Institute (DNMI) and several ice indices are used. Special attention is given to Storfjorden, a fjord located in the east of the Svalbard, which contains frequently a latent heat polynya. Therefore it is an important source of brine-enriched shelf water. The ice extent in the Barents Sea turns out to be governed mainly by the meridional wind stress component and to some extent also by the wind stress curl and divergence. Especially in the western and central Barents Sea the wind stress field is influenced by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), while in the easten Barents Sea local processes might be more important. In Storfjorden a polynya model is used to model the polynya width and total ice production for the winters 2002/2003 and 2003/2004. The polynya width is adjusted to the width estimated from satellite images with factors which are controlling the ability of the polynya to open and close. An attampt is done to explain the interannual variations of these factors with the help of the wind stress field and ice extent in the areas surrounding Storfjorden.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
    Description: This thesis examines the closure history of the Central American Seaway (CAS) and its effect on changes in ocean circulation and climate during the time interval from ~6 – 2.5 Ma. It was accomplished within the DFG Research Unit "Impact of Gateways on Ocean Circulation, Climate and Evolution" at the University of Kiel. Proxy records from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Sites 999 and 1000 (Caribbean), and from ODP Sites 1237, 1239 and 1241 (low-latitude east Pacific) are developed and examined. In addition, previously established proxy data from Atlantic Sites 925/926 (Ceara Rise) and 1006 (western Great Bahama Bank) and from two east Pacific sites (851, 1236) are included for interpretations. The main objectives of this study are (1) to acquire a consistent stratigraphic framework for all sites, (2) to reconstruct Pliocene changes in Caribbean and tropical east Pacific upper ocean water masses (i.e. temperature, salinity, thermocline depth), and (3) to identify potential underlying forcing mechanisms. The stratigraphic framework was established by tuning benthic stable isotope records to orbitally tuned reference records (Sites 1241, 925/926). The orbital tuning procedure (Sites 1241, 1237) is based on matching cyclic variations in proxy records like benthic stable isotopes, percentage sand of the carbonate fraction, and shipboard logging data to the orbital solution of Laskar et al. (1993). The tuning results add up to one consistent benthic δ18 O stratigraphy for all Pliocene Caribbean and tropical east Pacific sediment sections. Accordingly, they provide an excellent opportunity for comparisons of Pliocene proxy records from different oceanic areas. The assessment of Pliocene changes in Caribbean and tropical east Pacific upper ocean water mass signatures is achieved by a comparison of δ18 O records from shallow- and deep-dwelling planktonic foraminifers, indicative of salinity and temperature changes. These δ18 O records are partly combined with Mg/Ca-derived temperature records from the same foraminiferal species. Pronounced sea surface salinity (SSS) gradients between the two Caribbean sites (999, 1000) after 4.7 – 4.2 Ma with lower salinities closer to the final gateway region indicate that the lateral expansion of the Pacific low salinity tongue into the Caribbean was strongly reduced. Besides, the inner-Caribbean SSS gradients reveal a strong variability on precessional time scales after 4.4 Ma, with higher SSS gradients during northern hemisphere summer insolation maxima. This suggests that the volume transport through the CAS varied on precession cycles, implying higher contributions of low-salinity Pacific inflow during northern hemisphere summer insolation minima, and a stronger influence of high-salinity Atlantic water masses during northern hemisphere summer insolation maxima. With δ18 O G. sacculifer values being significantly lower in the equatorial western Atlantic (Site 925, Ceara Rise) than at the Caribbean sites after 4.4 Ma, the possibility of a transfer of high-salinity water masses from the South Atlantic to the Caribbean can be excluded. Similar δ18 O G. sacculifer values in the central Caribbean (Site 1000) and the Caribbean outflow region (Site 1006) indicate that high-salinity water masses left the Caribbean via the Florida Current, thereafter feeding the Gulf Stream. The combination of both results suggests the North Atlantic subtropical gyre as a possible source for Caribbean high-salinity surface waters during the Pliocene. A warming and/or deepening of the Caribbean thermocline after 4.5 Ma indicates a strengthening of the Caribbean/West Atlantic Warm Pool. Concomitant to the thermocline-deepening in the Caribbean, the tropical east Pacific thermocline shoaled with a major subsurface cooling step between 4.5 and 4.0 Ma (Site 1241). Temperatures within the thermocline, though, remained relatively stable throughout the Pliocene, as indicated by Mg/Ca temperature reconstructions from Site 1241. The observed changes are in good agreement with numerical modeling results adressing the closure of the CAS that were carried out within the framework of the Research Unit "Ocean Gateways". Strong mixed-layer temperature and/or salinity (δ18O) and nutrient (δ13C) gradients between the equatorial east Pacific (Site 1239) and the east Pacific North Equatorial Counter Current region (Site 1241), especially after 4.5 Ma, do not support the scenario of a "permanent El Niño-like state" during the Pliocene.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
    Description: In the eastern equatorial oceans upwelling regions are found. The cold upwelling waters not only interact with the atmospheric circulation via changing the sea surface temperatures (SSTs) but also influence the biological activity via affecting the nutrient and oxygen contents. However, the sources of the upwelling waters are well known only for the sources of the equatorial upwelling but remained unclear for the off-equatorial upwelling regions. A main aspect of this work is to contribute to the understanding of the mean pathways into the Guinea and Angola Dome. The analysis bases on a high resolution model (1/12±) of the Atlantic and will focus on a discussion of the role of the various zonal current bands in supplying the offequatorial upwelling. Longer term variability of the equatorial currents and their possible influence on the equatorial upwelling will be discussed in a second part of this work. In the first part of the work trajectory calculations were used to investigate the sources of the equatorial zonal currents. It could be shown that they belong almost exclusively to the southern hemisphere and additionally, strong interaction between the different zonal currents has been found. This interaction is caused by tropical instability waves which are created by the shear between the zonal currents. The waves produce also eddies which cause a watermass transfer between the different currents. It was shown, that this eddy-transport is the main watermass pathway supplying the southern equatorial undercurrent (SEUC) and it was also found to play a major role for the sources of the northern equatorial undercurrent (NEUC). The analysis of the pathways between NEUC, SEUC and the eastern upwelling regions revealed that the NEUC feds into the Guinea Dome, into the equatorial upwelling (via retroflection into the equatorial undercurrent (EUC)) as well as into the upwelling along the African coast, while most of the SEUC waters recirculate in the equatorial zonal currents. The second part of this work focused on interannual to decadal variability of the equatorial currents related to fluctuations of the subtropical-tropical cell (STC) and the conveyor belt (MOC) return flow. For the discussion of these phenomena different sensitivity experiments have been performed using lower resolution models as a FLAME 1/3± Atlantic model and the 1/2± global ORCA configuration. The results from both models were found to be very similar and showed that the STC is not varying coherently, thus there is no obvious interaction between subtropical and tropical variability. In fact, the STCs are driven mainly by the local zonal wind stress. Despite the overriding importance of the wind-forced variability on interannual timescales, all model results showed also decadal variability signals. They were found to belong to variations of the deep water export across equator which is influenced by the formation rate of Labrador Sea Water. These MOC anomalies revealed a basin-wide structure and were found to modulate the shallow transports in the tropical Atlantic on decadal timescales. However, the main signal of the MOC anomalies was found to be confined to the deep and intermediate waters and the amplitudes in vicinity of the surface are negligible.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 15
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    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
    Description: For simple analysis of stochastic climate models the ocean is often forced with a statistical atmosphere model. The atmosphere model mimics the observed statistics of the atmospheric forcing, e.g. the heat fluxes and the wind stress. This study serves as the beginning of the development of such a global statistical atmosphere model. The starting point of the development is a Monte-Carlo-like model written by Dietmar Dommenget, which is coupled to an one-dimensional model of the upper ocean. An important question in this context is how good the existing model simulates the atmospheric forcing. For that purpose the probability distribution functions of the net heat flux and the wind stress (respectively the surface fricion velocity u* ) derived from observations and a coupled run of the GCM ECHAM5 with the above mentioned ocean model are examined. The results are compared to the output of the statistical atmosphere model. The spatial and temporal patterns of the statistical moments mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis are considered particularly. The investigation of the moments shows considerable differences between the model data and the observations. Especially the wind speed and thereby the friction velocity of the observations differs from that calculated by ECHAM5. The distributions of the friction velocity simulated by the statistical model deviate from both the observations and the ECHAM5 model data. By performing sensitivity studies it is shown that the deviations between the probability distribution functions have a non-negligible influence on the evolution of the sea surface temperature. The results of this analysis lead to possible modifcations of the statistical atmosphere model. Two different atmosphere models including these modifcations are presented. Another approach for the development of a statistical model, the usage of spatial correlation patterns is elucidated. Because of the enormous number of EOF modes needed to reach 90 percent of explained variance, even in the coupled EOF analysis between u* and the netflux, it is refrained from developing a statistical atmosphere based on these EOF modes. Finally an atmosphere model based on the bulk formulas is formulated as a result of a cross spectral analysis, which indicates an underrepresentation of the low-frequency variability in the SST time series caused by the direct forcing of the ocean with the surface fluxes. The SST time series simulated by this model exhibit a much higher coherency with the SST of the ECHAM5 model run.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
    Description: To assess the impacts of climate change on phytoplankton autumn successions, an experimental analysis using Baltic Sea plankton was undertaken in eight 1400 l indoor mesocosms situated in four climate chambers, running for 40 days in November/December 2005. The temperature baseline was defined according to the average local conditions in the past eight years. In two mesocosms, the temperature was regulated according to this baseline. For two mesocosms respectively, a warming of 2, 4, and 6°C was simulated in three different climate chambers. A light regime simulating natural daylength, dim phases at dawn and dusk, and randomized cloud cover was established. Phytoplankton was sampled three times per week, fixed by Lugol's iodine, counted and identified, and chlorophyll a values were measured. In parallel, a sample from the Kiel Fjord was taken on each sampling day and treated accordingly. Abundance, mean specific cell volume, total biovolume and biomass were calculated for each taxon in the respective treatments. Taxonomie richness and biodiversity measured as Shannon Wiener Index were determined. Biomass and chlorophyll a peaks and timing of these peaks were correlated with temperature, as were decrease in species richness and lass in biodiversity. Microphytoplankton was the dominating size class, diatoms (up to 500 cells/ml) were clearly predominant over dinoflagellates (never more than 5 cells/ml). Within the Bacillariophyceans, the genus Coscinodiscus contributed more than 75 % biovolume in the start of the experiment, and its proportion increased throughout the experiment in all mesocosms. In warmer treatments, biomass as well as chlorophyll a peaks tended to occur earlier and were lower than in colder treatments. A post bloom biomass minimum only developed in the four warmer treatments within time of experimentation, indicating that this phase was even more strongly accelerated by temperature than were the peak conditions. Numbers of taxa and biodiversity steadily decreased in all treatments, yet more steeply so in warmer treatments. Hence it was derived that species lass was also slightly accelerated by temperature. Through match-mismatch events these temperature dependent alterations in phytoplankton abundance and composition may affect higher trophic levels and thus have an impact on the whole food-web. Temperature enhanced lass in biodiversity may have impacts on invasion resilience of a phytoplankton succession or on its capacity to sustain a divers grazer community.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
    Description: The goal of the here presented study was to elucidate the effect of temperature on the production and lass mechanisms of dissolved organic matter in a microalgal culture. For this purpose, an axenic diatom culture was grown in North Sea water containing a natural bacterial community and exposed to three different temperatures (17°C, 21°C and 26°C). During the following 25 days the development of algal growth and bacterial activities as weil as changes in the concentration of DOC, carbohydrates and TEP were closely followed. The here obtained results show a clear dependence of the autotrophic and heterotrophic processes on temperature. At the highest temperature, algae grew about two times faster than those incubated at the lowest temperature. The overall produced amount of algal biomass did not differ between the three temperature incubations as indicated by the concentration of POC. Contrary to this, algae growing at the lowest temperature produced considerably less Chi a than those at the highest temperature. lt is suggested that cells growing at their lower temperature limit cannot efficiently use large amounts of light energy captured by photosynthesis, because their intracellular processes are considerably slowed down. Thus, by producing less Chi a they absorbed less light energy at a time, but used it efficiently to build up biomass over a langer period of time. All cultures reached a situation of nutrient depletion in the course of the experiment. The ratio of C: N rase up to values of ~20:1. Thus, the extracellular release of carbon-rich dissolved organic compounds was highly probable. Astonishingly, no effect of temperature on the pools of DOC and carbohydrates could be observed. Interestingly, the production of TEP was influenced by temperature. An increase by 9°C led to a more than two-fold increase in the amount of TEP produced. Based on this finding it is suggested that the production of TEP exhibits a temperature-sensitivity that is on the same scale as heterotrophic processes. Thus, the hypothesis that the production of TEP could be reduced at elevated temperatures due to a faster uptake of DOM by bacterial processes, has to be rejected. A decrease in POC and TEP at the highest temperature was observed in the second half of the experiment, whereas bacterial activities increased. High activities of bacterial a-Dglucosidase and ß-D-glucosidase suggest that a considerable amount of carbon-rich DOM was exuded in the course of the experiment. In summary, the data of DOC cannot be explained to this point of time. An increase in temperature clearly affected the dynamics in the autotrophic and the heterotrophic processes. Since even the pool of TEP was positively influenced, it seems likely that temperature has an effect on the pool of DOM.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
    Description: Der Einfluss der Temperatur auf die Mortalitäten zeigt sich im zeitlichen Verlauf. Bei höheren Temperaturen erreichen die Mortalitäten schneller ein Maximum als bei niedrigen Temperaturen. Die Dottersacklarven des Hungerexperimentes zeigten bei Temperaturen von 11,7°C bis 15,5°C den schnellsten Verbrauch der Dotterreserven, bei 3,5°C und 5,7°C war bei 12 Tage alten Larven noch Dotter vorhanden. Anhand der Mortalitäten und der RNA/DNA-Verhältnisse konnte bei 13,6°C und 15,5°C nach acht Tagen ein deutliches Hungern bestätigt werden, bei 9,7°C und 11,7°C nach elf Tagen. Dies zeigte sich auch anhand des immer stärker abnehmenden Trockengewichtes. Bei 7,7°C konnte nach 11 Tagen der Beginn eines Hungereffektes beobachtet werden, bei 3,5°C und 5,7°C war nach 11 Tagen noch kein Hungereffekt sichtbar. Bei 10,5°C und 13,6°C zeigten jüngere Heringslarven sowohl das beste Längenwachstum als auch das höchste Trockengewichtswachstum. Bis zu einem Alter der jüngeren Heringslarven von 10 Tagen, ähnelte das RNA/DNA-Verhältnis dem von hungernden Bei Temperaturen von 11,5°C und 12,6°C konnte für jüngere Heringslarven die beste Kondition in der Kleinen Temperaturorgel ermittelt werden. Die Hungerparallele zeigte das schlechteste RNA/DNA-Verhältnis und die geringste Trockengewichtswachstumsraten. Die jüngeren Heringslarven in der grünen Tonne zeigten die höchsten RNA/DNA-Verhältnisse und das höchste Wachstum. Das Längenwachstum der älteren Heringslarven des Futterexperimentes zeigte große Streuungen. Bei Temperaturen zwischen 10,5°C und 13,6°C konnte das höchste Trockengewichtswachstum ermittelt werden. Eine Temperatur von 16,3°C erwies sich als kritische Temperatur für heranwachsende Heringslarven. Das beste RNA/DNA-Verhältnis und das höchste Trockengewicht zeigten ältere Heringslarven, die bei 11,5°C gehältert wurden. Die Hungerparallele zeigte auch bei den älteren Heringslarven die geringsten RNA/DNA-Verhältnisse. Es wurden bei beiden Futterexperimenten sowohl hungernde, schlecht fressende und gut fressende Heringslarven beprobt. Es konnte bei den Selektionsexperimenten bei den jüngeren und älteren Heringslarven keine Abhängigkeit der Nahrungsaufnahme vom Alter festgestellt werden. Sowohl die jüngeren als auch die älteren Heringslarven zeigten keine Bevorzugung eines bestimmten Nahrungsorganismus. In den untersuchten Därmen der Heringslarven stellten Nauplien, Rotatorien und Bivalvia-Larven die wichtigsten Organismen dar. Das Wachstumsmodell zeigte eine lineare Abhängigkeit zwischen dem RNA/DNA-Verhältnis, dem Wachstum und der Temperatur.
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
    Description: Fontana Tephra has been generated by a large basaltic-andesitic plinian eruption in the Late-Pleistocene in the Masaya area, west-central Nicaragua, at the Central American subduction zone. The eruption evolved through several plinian fallout phases, alternating with phreatomagmatically-affected plinian fallout activity. The minimum estimate of the total erupted tephra volume amounts to 1.4 to 1.8 km3. Comparisons of tephra dispersal parameters with theoretical modelling results suggest eruption column heights between 24 and 30 km. The eruption was powered by exsolution of magmatic water. The gas chemistry of melt inclusions and matrix glasses as determined by SIMS, supported by petrographic observations, indicate a retarded degassing process in disequilibrium with the pressure release during magma ascent in the conduit, associated with a substantial volatile supersaturation. This sudden vesiculation process, combined with the high temperature and rapid ascent of the magma is considered to be responsible for the unusual plinian eruptive style of the mafic Fontana magma. High magmatic bromine and iodine contents, positively correlating with high Ba-La ratios, indicate strong sediment recycling through the subduction zone.
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
    Description: In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde eine kultivierungsunabhängige molekularbiologische Methode zum Nachweis der funktionellen Gene nosZ (und norCB) etabliert und angewendet. Es konnte nosZ im atlantischen Auftriebsgebiet vor Mauretanien (mittels PCR, Klonierung und Sequenzierung) nachgewiesen werden. In der Wassersäule des tropischen Atlantiks jedoch wurden keine Gene der N20-Reduktase nachgewiesen. Die Gene nosZ und norCB kodieren für die an der Denitrifikation beteiligten Enzyme N20-Reduktase (N207N2) bzw. NO-Reduktase (N07N20). Die Denitrifikation ist ein Schlüsselprozess im Stickstoffkreislauf, in dem Nitrat (N03-) schrittweise zu molekularem Stickstoff (N2) reduziert wird. Ein Zwischenprodukt dieses Prozesses ist das klimarelevante Treibhausgas N20 (Lachgas). Im atlantischen Ozean wurden in verschieden Gebieten (tropischer Nordatlantik und Küstenauftriebsgebiet vor Mauretanien) erhöhte Konzentrationen an N20 gemessen. Eine mögliche Ursache dafür können Denitrifikationsprozesse sein. Für den Nachweis von NosZ-Genen in der atlantischen Wassersäule konnten PCR, Klonierung und Sequenzierung erfolgreich etabliert werden. Für die vollständige Etablierung der Methoden für norCB sind weitere Arbeiten notwendig. Es wurden Atlantikwasserproben der Meteorreise M55 (tropischer Nordatlantik) und der Poseidonfahrt P320/ l (Küstenauftriebgebiet vor Mauretanien) auf das Vorkommen von NosZ-Genen untersucht. Im Auftriebgebiet vor Mauretanien konnten NosZ-Gene nachgewiesen werden. Die Länge des amplifizierten Fragmentes betrug 865bp. Die phylogenetischen Stammbaumanalysen auf DNA- und Aminosäureebene zeigen, dass ein Großteil der gefundenen nosZ-Sequenzen ein eigenes neues Cluster bilden. Es konnten keine nennenswerten Sequenzunterschiede zwischen den untersuchten Stationen, weder in Abhängigkeit von der Position noch der Tiefe, nachgewiesen werden. Nächste verwandte Sequenzen sind nosZ-Sequenzen von Ralstonia eutropha (ß-Proteobakterium). Obwohl die Sauerstoffkonzentrationen in diesem Gebiet mit ca. 50μmol/l für eine klassische Denitrifikation etwa um das 1Ofache zu hoch sind, liefert dieses Ergebnis dennoch einen ersten Hinweis für eine Beteiligung denitrifizierender Bakterien an der Bildung von N20 in diesem Gebiet. Vor allem ist dies unter Berücksichtigung von aerober Denitrifikation oder klassischer Denitrifikation an oder innerhalb von Partikeln möglich. In den Proben der M55-Reise konnten keine NosZ-Gene nachgewiesen werden. Eine andere Möglichkeit zur Bildung von N20 ist die Nitrifikation. Jedoch konnten in diesen Proben ebenfalls keine Gene (amoA) für die an der Nitrifikation beteiligten Enzyme nachgewiesen werden. Auch andere Prokaryonten wie z.B. Crenarchaeoten können für die erhöhten N20-Konzentrationen verantwortlich sein. Mit einer PCR von 16S rDNA-Fragmenten mittels Archaen spezifischer Primer konnten Crenarchaeoten-DNA-Abschnitte nachgewiesen werden.
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
    Description: Die Prozesse, die nach der Verfrachtung einer einzelnen Art in ein neues Habitat ablaufen sind weitestgehend bekannt. Dies gilt nicht für die Prozesse von verfrachteten Artengemeinschaften. Hierzu wurden Freilanduntersuchungen an natürlichen Hartsubstraten in der westlichen Ostsee und der südlichen Nordsee durchgeführt. Gemeinschaften, die sich in der Artenzahl und dem Bedeckungsgrad unterscheiden wurden zusammengestellt und in ein neues Habitat transferiert. Die Strukturänderungen der transferierten und einheimischer Gemeinschaften wurden über einen Zeitraum von neun Monaten untersucht. Hierzu wurde die weitere Entwicklung der Gemeinschaften mit der Gemeinschaftsstruktur zum Zeitpunkt des Transfers verglichen. Als Maß der Veränderung diente die Bedeckung jeder einzelnen auf dem verwendeten Substrat. Dies umfasste sowohl Zu- und Abnahme des Bedeckungsgrades der ursprünglichen Siedler (Wachstum, Recruitment, Prädation, Grazing und Besiedlung neuer Arten). An allen Standorten Entwickelten sich sowohl die autochthonen, wie auch die allochthonen Gemeinschaften von ihrem Ausgangszustand fort. Der Transfer der Gemeinschaften übte einen hoch signifikanten Effekt auf die weitere Entwicklung aus. Weder die Artenzahl, noch der Bedeckungsgrad haben einen signifikanten Einfluss darauf, wie sich die Gemeinschaften entwickeln. Weiterhin hat die Transferrichtung einen signifikanten Effekt. Artengemeinschaften, die aus Arten bestehen, die einen breiteren Toleranzbereich gegenüber abiotischen Faktoren haben, werden weniger stark durch den Transfer beeinflusst. Die weitere Besiedlung durch Arten, die für das neue Habitat typisch sind, führte dazu, dass die zusammengestellten Gemeinschaften konvergierten.
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
    Description: In beiden Habitaten konnten Heringslarven Ober einen Zeitraum von beinahe drei Monaten beprobt werden. Die Qualitat des Zooplanktons war Ober den gesamten Zeitraum gut. Dies konnte anhand der Ergebnisse der Nährstoff- und Chlorophyllmessungen gezeigt werden. Bezüglich der Zusammensetzung des Zooplanktons insbesondere der Copepoden unterschieden sich die Kieler Forde und der Nord-Ostsee-Kanal deutlich voneinander. Eurytemora affinis dominierte das Zooplankton im Nord-Ostsee-Kanal über mehrere Wochen, wohingegen in der Kieler Förde Pseudocalanus elongatus und Oithona similis die dominanten Arten waren. Die gefundenen Langenwachstumsraten liegen deutlich unter den Literaturwerten für die beiden beprobten Habitate. Die Heringe in der Kieler Förde wuchsen täglich um 0,23 mm und im Nord-Ostsee-Kanal um 0,24 mm. Die Heringslarven aus dem Nord-Ostsee-Kanal, die hauptsächlich Eurytemora affinis gefressen hatten, hatten eine signifikant bessere Kondition als Heringslarven in der Kieler Förde, die sich von Pseudocalanus elongatus und Oithona similis ernährt haben. Die beiden Stationen zeigten einen gegensätzlichen Trend in den RNA/DNA Verhältnissen. In der Kieler Förde nahm die Kondition der Heringslarven während des Probenahmezeitraumes zu beziehungsweise blieb konstant, wohingegen die Kondition der Heringslarven im Nord-Ostsee-Kanal stark abnahm. Dies lässt sich mit einer anfänglichen Prägung auf Eurytemora affinis und einem Anpassungsproblem an andere Futterorganismen erklären. Die Heringslarven im Nord-Ostsee-Kanal zeigten im Sommer eine Präferenz für Cirripedier-Larven, obwohl dadurch ihre Kondition abnahm und vermieden Acartia sp., welcher in hohen Abundanzen im Kanal vorkam. Das Wachstumsmodell bestätigte den gegenläufigen Trend der Kondition der Heringe aus der Kieler Förde und dem Nord-Ostsee-Kanal. Das Wachstum der Heringslarven in der Kieler Förde konnte mit dem Wachstumsmodell zu 78,4% durch das Trockengewicht und die Temperatur erklärt werden.
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
    Description: Species are lost with accelerating speed all over the world. (Edwards and Abivardi 1998). Each species that is lost reduces the diversity of the global ecosystem. However, diversity is known to be important for the functioning of ecosystems (Giller and O'Donovan 2002). The IDH (intermediate disturbance hypothesis) and a model developed by Kondoh (2001) predict the influence of disturbance on diversity (IDH) and of the interactive effect of disturbance and productivity on diversity (Kondoh 2001). Although the IDH is one of the most frequently used models to explain the disturbance-diversity-relationship, there has been little evidence for its validity (Mackey and Currie 2000). In order to test the validity of both models, the influence of disturbance and productivity on the diversity of marine hard-bottom communities was investigated at two sites at the north-west coast of Italy in an experimental in-situ approach. Seven levels of disturbance frequency, i.e. removal of biomass, were fully crossed with three levels of nutrient concentration in an orthogonal design. Species richness was significantly influenced by the interaction between the two factors, but the disturbance-productivity-diversity-relationship that is predicted by Kondoh (2001) was not observed. Neither productivity, nor disturbance, nor their interaction influenced total cover or evenness of the communities. Separately analysed taxa proved that disturbance influenced their abundance, while productivity had no measurable influence. In conclusion, due to the results of this study and to the results of eight twin experiments conducted all over the world, neither the IDH, nor the model developed by Kondoh (2001) are sufficient to explain the ecological processes that influence diversity.
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
    Description: Biologische Arteninvasionen können weitreichende Auswirkungen auf ganze Ökosysteme haben und stehen daher oft im Mittelpunkt heutiger Untersuchungen. Dabei liegt das Augenmerk allerdings zumeist auf ihren Vektoren oder dem invasiven Potential einzelner Arten. Oft aber werden ganze Gemeinschaften transportiert, so beispielsweise Aufwuchsgemeinschaften auf driftendem Material. Über deren Entwicklung in den neuen Ökosystemen, in die sie gelangen, ist bislang noch wenig bekannt. Sicher ist jedoch, dass die einzelnen Individuen dieser Gemeinschaften eine ganze Weile am neuen Ort überleben müssen, um sich dort fortpflanzen und ausbreiten zu können. Dies sind Voraussetzungen für jede erfolgreiche Arteninvasion. Da Individuen im ursprünglichen Gemeinschaftsverband meistens bessere Überlebenschancen haben als alleine oder in einer sehr verschieden strukturierten Gemeinschaft, spielt die strukturelle Resistenz einer verdrifteten Gemeinschaft unter den neuen Umweltbedingungen eine große Rolle für ihr invasives Potential. Dieses sollte daher in der folgenden Arbeit untersucht werden. Zu diesem Zweck wurde von September 2005 bis April 2006 ein Freilandexperiment im Sublitoral vor der Südostküste Tasmaniens (Australien) durchgeführt. Dabei wurden frühsukzessionale marine Aufwuchsgemeinschaften zweier Alterstufen und Ursprungsorte von ihrem jeweiligen Ursprungsort entfernt und an den entsprechend anderen Ort verbracht. Dort wurde ihre Entwicklung dann mit jener der lokalen Gemeinschaften des Versuchsortes verglichen. Aus ihren strukturellen Änderungen im Hinblick auf die lokalen Gemeinschaften wurden Konvergenzraten kalkuliert, die dann als Messgrößen für ihre Resistenz dienten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen im Trend eine höhere Resistenz älterer Gemeinschaften, wobei nicht eindeutig gesagt werden kann, ob diese Tatsache der unterschiedlichen Artenzahl einzelner Alterstufen oder anderer Faktoren wie dem freien Substratraum zugeschrieben werden kann. Dennoch unterstützen sie die Vermutung, dass von älteren Aufwuchsgemeinschaften ein größeres Invasionsrisiko ausgeht als von jüngeren. Somit sollte man sich bei der Durchsetzung einer regelmäßigen Entfernung des Aufwuchses auf Schiffen oder ähnlichen Vektoren zunächst auf den älteren Aufwuchs konzentrieren.
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
    Description: This work constrains the structure of the active margin off Nicaragua and Costa Rica through the analysis of two coincident seismic reflection and refraction profiles. The modelling of the combined seismic datasets verified the structure and the P-wave velocities of the subducted oceanic Cocos Plate and the caribbean continental margin for an area ranging from central Nicaragua to neighboring Costa Rica. The existence of a shallow mantle sliver lying under the nicaraguan shelf is confirmed. Comparing the data presented in this study with gravity data and magnetic anomalies serves as a strong indication of an accreted terrain stretching as far as Guatemala. The imaging of deep cutting faults into the mantle, the modelling of low P-wave velocities of 7.2-7.8 km/s and a high Poisson ratio of 0.3 in the mantle, and gravity modelling support the assumption of a partially serpentinised mantle at the outer rise. Refraction data indicate a thickness of 3-13 km for this layer.
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
    Description: In den letzten Jahren haben paläoklimatologische Informationen aus Korallenkernen an Bedeutung gewonnen. Im Korallenskelett lagern sich unter anderem Sauerstoffisotope nach der isotopischen Zusammensetzung und der Temperatur des umgebenden Meerwassers ein. Die isotopische Zusammensetzung schwankt mit dem Salzgehalt, der sich wiederum durch das Verhältnis von Niederschlag zu Verdunstung und/oder durch die Advektion anderer Wassermassen ändert. Man kann daher anhand von Sauerstoffisotopen klimatische Informationen aus Korallen gewinnen. Die meisten Untersuchungen an Korallenkernen wurden bisher im Indik und Pazifik durchgeführt. Daher widmet sich diese Arbeit einem Korallenkern aus dem Atlantik, der vor der Küste von Guadeloupe entnommen wurde. Zur Untersuchung der gemessenen Korallendaten wurden Oberflächentemperatur und -salzgehalt aus dem SODA-Datensatz sowie die Oberflächentemperatur aus den Daten von SMITH UND REYNOLDS (2003) am Gitterpunkt 16,5°N 6l,5°W (nähe Guadeloupe) verwendet. Die Korrelation beider Temperaturdatensätze ohne Jahresgang von demselben Gitterpunkt ergibt jedoch nur einen mittleren Wert von 0,54. Es wurde versucht aus den Temperatur- und Salzgehaltsdaten die Einlagerung der Isotope rechnerisch nachzuvollziehen, zur besseren Interpretation der aus Korallenkernen abgeleiteten paläoklimatologischen Daten. Es ist möglich den mittleren Jahresgang des gemessenen Sauerstoffisotopenverhältnisses durch den mittleren Jahresgang des berechneten Isotopenverhältnisses annähernd darzustellen, aber der Vergleich der gemessenen und berechneten Zeitreihe lässt nur einen geringen bis mittleren Zusammenhang erkennen, der einerseits durch Fehler in der Messung und Datierung der Sauerstoffisotope und andererseits durch fehlerhafte Daten aus den zur Berechnung verwendeten Analysen zu ergründen ist. Da die isotopische Zusammensetzung sich auch durch die Advektion von Wassermassen ändern kann, wurde zusätzlich der Zusammenhang der gemessenen Korallendaten mit dem Abfluss des Orinoco untersucht. Der Vergleich beider Zeitreihen wie auch der Vergleich von zeitlichen Extremereignissen hat bisher keinen Einfluss des Orinoco auf den Salzgehalt und damit auf die Einlagerung der Sauerstoffisotope erkennen lassen.
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
    Description: In dieser Arbeit wurde eine Analyse des sukzessiven mikrobiellen Bewuchses von Oberflächen (Rohre, Fischtank, Filtrationsmodule und Fische) in einer geschlossenen Kreislaufanlage der Aquakultur über einen Zeitraum von 15 Wochen, durchgeführt. Neben den Oberflächen wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit zusätzlich Wasserproben untersucht. Die Kreislaufanlage fasst bei einer Durchflussrate von 300 1 / h ein Volumen von 3,6 m3 Wasser. Sie ist mit Goldbrassen bestückt. Die Fische werden in zwei Tanks gehalten. Die biologische Filterung erfolgt mit einem Biofilter und einem Denitrifikationsfilter. Außerdem wurden hier verschiedene Aktivitätsparameter ( BSP, BSB, BMP, EEA) des mikrobiellen Bewuchses bestimmt. Darüber hinaus wurden die Bakterienzahlen quantitativ (CFU, GBZ) erfasst. Zusätzlich wurde die bakterielle Diversität (DGGE, CFU) in einem kleinen Rahmen erfasst. Die Analysen ergaben, dass die Bakterienaktivitäten und - anzahlen zuerst anstiegen. Dies lag an einem anfänglichen Überangebot von Nährstoffen. Nachdem die Bakterienaktivitäten und -anzahlen ein Maximum erreicht hatten, sanken die Messwerte wieder. Es ist anzunehmen, dass sich die Bakterienanzahlen und -aktivitäten auf einem Niveau einpendeln, dieser Zeitpunkt wurde in dieser Arbeit jedoch nicht erfasst, da der zeitliche Rahmen beschränkt war. Des Weiteren stand die Reinigungsleistung der Filtrationsmodule der Kreislaufanlage im Fokus. Die Reinigungsleistung wurde mit Hilfe der oben genannten Methoden fast durchgehend bestätigt. Ein Vergleich zwischen der Fischhaut und den anderen Oberflächen im System bestätigte das Vorkommen von antipathogenen Substanzen im Fischschleim.
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
    Description: Simulations of the last glacial maximum (LGM) were carried out using the atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM5. Glacial boundary conditions are prescribed, such as lower atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations and changes in orbital parameters as well as the increased topography and albedo of the ice sheets over North America and Europe. The boundary conditions are set to glacial values first separately and then in combination. The atmospheric response is analysed for model simulations at three different horizontal resolutions. The greatest influence originates from the ice sheets. In the Northern Hemisphere winter season, the glacial topography is the main cause for the decrease in the global mean air temperature. In summer, the largest part of the cooling is due to the higher albedo. In particular in the boreal summer season, topography and albedo are producing opposite anomalies. The meridional temperature gradient in the LGM is much stronger than in the control simulation. Temperature anomalies are nevertheless generally lower than in former studies because present sea surface ternperatures have been prescribed. The anornalies due to LGM greenhouse gas concentrations and orbital parameters are negligible. If all four boundary conditions are set to ice age values, the winter response largely reflects the response to the ice sheet topography, whereas in summer the glacial albedo is most important. The total response is approximately a linear combination of the responses to the individual forcings. The atmospheric circulation also changes in response to the different boundary conditions, in particular to the presence of the continental ice sheets. Over the North American (Laurentide) ice sheet a glacial anticyclone develops, as well as a stronger wave pattern in the 500 hPa geopotential height field. The North Atlantic jet stream is strengthened due to a higher gradient in the isohypse field over the North Atlantic. The model's horizontal resolution has a strong effect on the topography response. Especially above the ice sheets, the temperature response is stronger at higher horizontal resolution. The boreal winter transient eddies are most sensitive to the model resolution. The T21 response pattern is significantly different from those simulated in higher resolution experiments. At T42, the Atlantic storm track is further extends further eastward, causing positive precipitation anomalies over western Europe. The higher importance of the stationary waves compared to the transient eddies during the LGM found in earlier model simulations has also been simulated. Temperature, wind and precipitation do not exhibit a significant response in the Indian Summer Monsoon region and thus do not suggest a weakening of the Indian Summer Monsoon.
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
    Description: During four field campaigns (2001-2003), fumarolic gases from the two Nicaraguan volcanoes Mombacho and Momotombo were repeatedly sampled with the objective of gaining a better understanding of processes occurring within their volcano-magma-systems. Mombacho is a highly dissected stratocone volcano that is generally considered extinct. The combined chemical and isotopic composition of the gases provide evidence for high-temperature conditions in the shallow subsurface. This suggests that Mombacho volcano should not be considered extinct, and could re-awaken and erupt in the future. Momotombo is an active volcano in persistent state of fumarolic activity since its last eruption in 1905 and discharges gases at high temperatures. The chemistry, isotopic compositions and trace element contents of the gases have changed considerably over the last 20 years. These changes appear to be related to degassing of different magma batches and major changes in the interaction between the magmatic and hydrothermal systems. Flux estimates for some highly volatile and potentially harmful trace elements of magmatic origin (e.g. Tl, Bi, As, Se, Sb, Hg, Cd) show that Momotombo is only a minor source of pollutants in the atmosphere.
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
    Description: In this study is the representation of tropical storms in the general circulation model ECHAM5 was investigated. An established automatic search algorithm was used to scan an ensemble of five different model runs covering 130 years between 1870 and 2000. Although the ECHAM5 model shows good capabilities to represent storm tracks, the global distribution and structure compared to observed ones, the ECHAM5 model generally underestimates the total number of tropical stormes. Therefore tropical storm relevant parameters such as wind velocity, vorticity and vertical shear of the ECHAM5 dataset and the NCEP /NCAR-Reanalysis-1 dataset were compared. Except for 'easterly waves' in the North Atlantic, no major differences between both datasets coulde be found to explain the small number of tropical storms in ECHAM5.
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
    Description: After the closure of the Central American Seaway around 3.6 Ma, the benthic carbonate ecosystems developed differently in the Caribbean and on the Pacific side of the Isthmus of Panama. In this thesis, fossil and recent carbonate systems were studied and a comparison was made between fossil and present-day carbonate ecosystems from the same paleolatitude. This opens up the possibility to document the evolution of these sedimentation systems through time.
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
    Description: Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Reaktion von Nahrungsquantität und -�qualität sowie Umweltfaktoren wie Temperatur und Salzgehalt auf die Reproduktion, das Überleben und die Verbreitung von calanoiden Copepoden. Diese Experimente wurden mit Organismen aus der Nord- und Ostsee sowie unter Labor- also auch unter Freilandbedingungen durchgeführt. Hierbei waren die calanoiden Copepoden Acartia clausii, A. tonsa, A. longiremis und Temora longicornis in Kombination mit Rhodomonas sp.(Chrypthophycea), Thalassiosira weissflogii (Bacillariophycea), dem heterotrophen Dinoflagellaten Oxyrrhis marina, sowie einem oligotrichen Ciliaten Strombidium conicum untersucht worden. Rhodomonas sp. verändert seine Nahrungsqualität unter Stickstoffmangel. Copepoden wie Acartia clausii und A. tonsa reagieren darauf mit einer Erhöhung der Eiproduktion. Wenn heterotrophen Protisten wie O. marina (Dinoflagellat) bzw. S. conicum (Ciliat) im Vergleich zu nur Rhodomonas sp. gefüttert wurden, dann war die Eiproduktion signifikant höher. Aber zwischen den beiden Versuchsansätzen mit den heterotrophen Protisten gab es keinen Unterschied. Durch Versuche mit Freilandtieren an verschiedenen Orten in der Ostsee lässt sich schlussfolgern, dass der Salzgehalt, die Temperatur und die Nahrungskonzentration einen großen Einfluss auf die Populationsdynamik dieser Art haben. Die Messung der Reproduktion von Freilandtieren auch in der Nordsee haben gezeigt, dass die Temperatur nicht der einzige Kontrollfaktor bei der Reproduktion von marinen Copepoden ist. Stattdessen lässt sich schlussfolgern, dass die Quantität der Nahrung und die Qualität der Nahrung ein dominierender Faktor im saisonalen Verlauf bei der Reproduktion von Temora longicornis eine Rolle spielen kann.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
    Description: In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die Interaktionen zwischen dem gastrointestinalen Hormon Cholecystokinin und der Aktivität des pankreatischen Enzyms Trypsin in larvalen Stadien mariner Fischarten untersucht. Die Möglichkeit der Manipulation der larvalen Trypsinaktivität wurde direkt durch die Applikation des Hormons CCK-8s und indirekt durch die Verabreichung des pflanzlichen Proteins phytohemagglutinin (PHA), dass als Stimulans für die CCK Ausschüttung bekannt ist, getestet. Die Behandlung erfolgte durch zwei Verabreichungsmethoden. Larven von Heilbutt und Hering erfuhren einmalige Behandlungen durch in vivo Mikroinjektionen („micro-tube feeding“) in den larvalen Darm. Eine längere Behandlung wurde an Dorschlarven angewandt, welche täglich in CCK-8s Lösungen verschiedener Konzentrationen gebadet wurden. Daten von Standardlänge, Trockengewicht, CCK Konzentration und Trypsinaktivität wurden von jeder einzelnen Fischlarve erhoben. Der „micro-tube feeding“ Applikationstyp wurde als eine geeignete Methode zur Simulation von Einzelfütterungsereignissen in Fischlarven evaluiert. Für Langzeituntersuchungen eignet sich die Behandlung durch wiederholtes Baden in einer Lösung mit dem gewünschten Verabreichungsstoff besser. Zwischen der Entwicklung der CCK Konzentration und der Trypsinaktivität konnte ein Feedback Mechanismus an marinen Fischlarven erstmalig gezeigt werden. Eine einzelne Hormonbehandlung mit CCK-8s reicht aus, um die endogene Trypsinaktivität zu manipulieren. Durch einzelne Mikroinjektionen mit PHA wurde ein stimulierender Effekt auf die CCK Konzentration erreicht, doch möglicherweise bedarf es wiederholter Behandlungen mit diesem Protein, um auch eine erhöhte Trypsinsekretion zu erzielen.
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
    Description: In dieser Arbeit wird der Einfluß durchbrochener Bewölkung auf die solaren Einstrahlung am Boden untersucht. Die zugrundeliegende Messkampanie wurden im Rahmen einer interdisziplinären Zusammenarbeit des Leibniz-Instituts für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR) mit dem Institut für Medizinische Klimatologie der Universität Kiel im Sommer 2004 (18. Juni - 16. September) auf der Nordseeinsel Sylt durchgeführt. Dabei wurde die Wolkenkamera des IFM-GEOMAR zur Erfassung der Wolken im kompletten Halbraum über der Kamera verwendet. Die notwendigen Bedeckungsgraddaten wurden mithilfe eines FORTRAN77 Programms aus den Bildern der Wolkenkamera, die alle 15 Sekunden vorliegen, bestimmt. Aufgrund von Streulichteinflüßen durch die verwendete Acrylkuppel und der relativ geringen Auflösung der Helligkeitswerte sind die Kameradaten fehlerbehaftet und bedurften einer genauen Nachbetrachtung. Dank der hochaufgelösten 2-sekündlichen Strahlungsmessungen konnten Strahlungserhöhungen von bis zu 481 W/m2 gegenüber der theoretischen Referenzstrahlung bei wolkenfreiem Himmel festgestellt werden. Die maximalen Werte traten bei recht unterschiedlichen Bedeckungssituationen auf, wobei eine Korrelation von 0,4 zwischen Strahlungserhöhungen und Bedeckungsgrad bestimmt wurde. Im Mittel wurden die stärksten Strahlungserhöhungen bei etwa 84 % Bedeckung erreicht, was mit den Ergebnissen von Estupinan et al. (1996) übereinstimmt. Die Bestimmung der Wolkenstruktur aus den Kameradaten wurde mithilfe einer Fläche/Umfang-Beschreibung der Wolken, dem Homogenitätsgrad 'HG', und der fraktalen Box-Dimension 'D' versucht. Die Ergebnisse scheinen den von Sabburg und Wong (2000) gefundenen Zusammenhang zwischen Strahlungserhöhung und Wolkentyp zu stützen. Hiernach treten die maximalen Werte bevorzugt bei cumulusartiger Bewölkung in den unteren und Cirren in den hohen Schichten auf. Die Cirruswolken führen dabei zu einer erhöhten diffusen Strahlung und somit auch zu einer erhöhten Reflexion and den Wolkenseiten der tieferen Cumuluswolken. Die Korrelation zwischen Strahlungserhöhungen ≥ 300 W/m2 und HG sind allerdings mit Werten von 0.2 nicht aussagekräftig. Die Berechnungen der fraktalen Box-Dimension scheinen zudem noch fehlerbehaftet und bedürfen näheren Untersuchungen. Weiterführende Untersuchungen am IFM-GEOMAR mit einer verbesserten Kamera sollten künftig deutlichere Ergebnisse liefern.
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2024-07-04
    Description: In dieser Arbeit wurde fur einen Zeitraum von 49 Jahren das Auftreten von Starkniederschlagsereignissen untersucht. Einerseits wurde für diesen Zeitraum eine Analyse der Haufigkeiten der Großwetterlagen durchgeführt und andererseits wurden einzelne Starkniederschlagsereignisse anhand von Fallbeispielen untersucht. Desweiteren wurde an ausgewählten Starkniederschlagsereignissen ein Vergleich von beobachteten Niederschlagswerten mit vorhergesagten Niederschlägen des Lokal Modells des DWD durchgeführt um eventuelle orografische Verstärkungsfaktoren zu bestimmen. Dafür wurden Verteilungskarten des Niederschlags, der Niederschlagsquotienten u.a. für beide Datensätze angefertigt. Es ließ sich feststellen, dass zum Großteil die räumliche Verteilung der Niederschläge von dem Lokal Modell recht gut vorhergesagt wurde. Allerdings gibt es bei der Stärke der Niederschläge größere Defizite. Als letzte Betrachtung wurde mit den gemessenen Niederschlägen eine Höhenregression durchgeführt. Mit Hilfe dessen konnte die Höhenabhangigkeit des Niederschlags auf die Topografie des Lokal Modells übertragen werden. Es wurde deutlich, dass allein eine Beachtung der Höhenabhängigkeit nicht ausreicht um eine orografische Verstärkung durch die Mittelgebirge zu beschreiben. Es müssen zusätzlich die Abhängigkeiten von dem Luv-Lee-Effekt und der herrschenden Wetterlage sowie die Jahreszeit mit berücksichtigt werden.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2024-07-04
    Description: In dieser Arbeit wurde der Einfluss unterschiedlicher CO2-Konzentrationen, hergestellt durch Manipulation am Karbonatsystem des Meerwassers, auf die Kalzifizierung der Coccolithophoride Calcidiscus leptoporus untersucht. Die dabei entstandenen Rasterelektronenmikroskopaufnahmen zeigten deutlich, dass Calcidiscus leptoporus mit einem unterschiedlichen Grad an Missbildung und im Grad des Wachstums der Coccolithen auf den veränderten CO2-Gehalt in den Kulturflaschen reagiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Coccolithophoride Calcidiscus leptoporus in der Lage war, sich an die verandernden CO2-Bedingungen des Ozeans vom Glazial bis heute anzupassen, was sich an dem zunehmenden Anteil an normalen Coccolithen von 180 bis 280 ppm C02 erkennen lasst. Weiterhin wird durch die Ergebnisse deutlich, dass Calcidiscus leptoporus wahrend der Dauer des Laborkulturexperiments nicht in der Lage war, sich an hohe CO2-Bedingungen, also an die Verschiebung der Meerwasserkarbonatchemie zum Sauren hin, anzupassen. Dies wird durch einen hohen Anteil an nicht komplett gewachsenen und missgebildeten Coccolithen von 320 bis 700 ppm C02 deutlich. Leider konnte nicht die Frage beantwortet werden, ob sich die Morphologieveränderungen auf eine Anderung in der Kalzifizierungsrate zuruckführen lassen, da die im Versuch erhaltenen Daten fur die partikulare anorganische Kohlenstoffproduktion (PIC) nicht verwendet werden konnten.
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2024-07-04
    Description: Marine Makroalgen stehen schon seit mehreren Jahrzehnten im Interesse der Wirkstoffund Antifoulingsuche, da sie verglichen mit amorphen Substraten, relativ frei von Aufwuchs sind. Trotz intensiver Forschung ist es bisher nur unzureichend gelungen, die Antifoulingfähigkeiten von Algen aufzuklären. Ein Grund dafür ist wahrscheinlich der überwiegend pharmakologisch geprägte Ansatz der Forschung, bei dem Algenextrakte meist in unnatürlichen Konzentrationen gegen Organismen getestet worden sind, mit denen sie normalerweise nie in Kontakt kommen würden. Um das Antifoulingpotential von Algen aufklären zu können, muss die Ökologie von Alge und Biofilm verstanden werden, denn Algen besitzen einen überwiegend bakteriellen Biofilm. Ich vermute, dass Algen sich negativ auswirkende Arten am Aufwachsen hindem und neutrale bzw. positive Arten tolerieren oder so gar anlocken und so ihren Aufwuchs steuem. Da jede Biofilmbildung nach der Entstehung des Konditionierten-Films, der durch die Anlagerung von Makromolekiilen entsteht, mit der Festsetzung von Bakterien beginnt, wird im Rahmen dieser Diplomarbeit die Zusammensetzung des bakteriellen Aufwuchses von Makroalgen mittels molekularbiologischer Methoden untersucht. Unterschiede in der bakteriellen Zusammensetzung verschiedener Algenarten konnten Hinweise auf eine differentielle Verteidigung sein. Hierbei kann es sich um Antifouling (bestimmte Bakterien werden abgehalten) oder Profouling (bestimmte Bakterien werden angelockt) handeln.
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2024-07-04
    Description: In Experimenten zum Thema Biodiversität in Gemeinschaften wurde Variabilität in unabhän-gigen Variablen lange Zeit als Störfaktor betrachtet. Heute ist diese Variabilität jedoch immer mehr von Bedeutung, da ein vermehrtes Wissen in diesem Bereich bessere Vorhersagen über die Konsequenzen der globalen Erwärmung zulassen würde. In früheren Studien (Benedetti- Checchi 2003) wurde vorhergesagt gesagt, dass die Variabilität in Störungsregimen einen Effekt auf die Struktur und Diversität von Gemeinschaften hat. Diese These sollte in dieser Studie experimentell untersucht werden. Als Modellsysteme dienten makrobenthische Auf-wuchsgemeinschaften, die vor dem Start des Experimentes drei Monate Zeit hatten, sich na-türlich zu etablieren. Platz war in diesen Gemeinschaften der einzige limitierende Faktor. Als künstliche Besiedlungsflächen dienten mit Schleifpapier angeraute PVC- Platten. Jeweils zehn dieser Platten wurden in PVC- Ringen (den experimentellen Blöcken) befestigt. An je-dem der beiden Studienorte wurden fünf solcher Blöcke ausgebracht. Die Platten wurden, abgesehen von den Kontrollen, in 150 Tagen zehn Mal mit einer Intensität von 100% gestört, wobei jeweils 20% des Bewuchses, der zu störenden Gemeinschaften, entfernt wurden. Dabei wurden die Intervalle zwischen den Störungsereignissen so variiert, dass verschiedene Variab-litätslevel durch unterschiedliche Sequenzen gegeben waren. Am Ende des Experimentes (nach 150 Tagen) wurde, für die mit dem bloßen Auge erkennbaren Organismen (〉 1 mm), die Prozent Bedeckung geschätzt, wobei dieser Auswertung eine 15tägige störungsfreie Zeit voraus ging. Abgesehen von einem Aus einem Vergleich aller teilnehmenden Länder wurde deutlich, dass der Effekt von Variabi-lität in Störungsregimen systemabhängig ist.
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2024-07-04
    Description: Natural heterogeneity in ecological parameters, like population abundance, is widely recognized and investigated, while variability in the processes that control these parameters has been underappreciated. Experimental ecologists have focused mainly on the mean intensity of predictor variables and ignored the potential of manipulating levels of variance as a treatment, which ought to be considered explicitly in experimental designs to explore linkages between process and pattern. To understand the extent to which the diversity and structure of marine fouling assemblages are influenced by a temporally variable disturbance regime, I conducted a field experiment at two sites at the north-east coast of New Zealand from September 2004 to April 2005. PVC-settlement panels, grouped in blocks, were submerged for 3 months to allow for colonization before the disturbance treatment started. Within an experimental duration of 150 days the communities on the panels were disturbed 10 times, while the intensity, the size of disturbed area and the frequency of disturbance events were kept constant. Two levels of temporal variability were defined by the deviation of the lengths of time intervals between disturbance events from the mean time interval, i.e. 15 days. A disturbance regime with constant time intervals of 15 days between disturbance events served as a control. Additionally, different sequences of time intervals were nested in the two levels of variability. Undisturbed settlement panels provided reference communities. Species density, evenness and abundances were analysed by a univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA), community composition and structure by the multivariate analysis of similarities (ANOSIM). Contrarily to expectations of increasing diversity and heterogeneity of communities with increasing variability and of differences among communities that experienced different sequences, no consistent effect of variability and sequence on the fouling communities was observed. Disturbance only affected species abundances but not diversity. The results of this study were confirmed by the outcomes of 6 identical, concomitant experiments carried out in three different regions on the southern hemisphere. Possible explanations for the absence of effects, implications of this finding, advantages and disadvantages of this novel experimental approach are discussed.
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2024-07-04
    Description: Unimodal patterns of diversity along gradients of both disturbance and productivity rank amongst the most celebrated generalizations in ecology, known as the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis (IDH) and Productivity-Diversity Hypothesis. However, doubt about their generality has arisen from studies that have failed to confirm the predicted patterns. Models suggest the interactive effects of disturbance and productivity on diversity to be responsible for the variability of diversity patterns. I conducted a 2-factorial field experiment (7 disturbance frequencies, 3 nutrient levels) on a sub-tropical intertidal rocky shore to test the dependence of the IDH on productivity (i.e. nutrient level). Treatment responses varied between three distinct community types found at the two study sites. At one site, the turf-dominated communities showed no effect of disturbance on species richness, evenness, dry mass, biotic cover or community composition. Nutrient additions statistically decreased evenness, yielded trends of increased dry mass and biotic cover, and affected community structure. At the other site, where encrusting algae dominated, disturbance increased evenness and decreased biotic cover. Nutrient enrichment produced increased species richness and dry mass, a trend of increased evenness, and changed community structure. Under high enrichment, a third type of community of mixed turf-forming and encrusting algae was formed and disturbance and productivity interacted to produce the decreasing portion of the IDH curve. Background disturbances exerted by sand, waves and intertidal stress may have interfered with the disturbance treatment. Different mechanisms controlled species coexistence in different community types, some failing to fulfill all assumptions of the IDH. Generalizations about factors that affect diversity should therefore be based on mechanisms rather than patterns.
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2024-07-04
    Description: Basalts from intraplate or hotspot ocean islands are found to have distinct geochemical signatures. In particular, at strong plumes like Hawaii, Iceland or Galapagos, there is evidence for at least three geochemically distinct components. This diversity in composition is generally believed to result from the upwelling plume entraining shallow mantle material during ascent, while potentially also entraining other deep regions of the mantle. In order to understand the geochemical message brought to the surface by plumes, this thesis presents a comprehensive study on the dynamics of plume entrainment using analogue laboratory experiments and 30 numerical modelling, with the focus on the following three questions: • Which regions of the mantle arc most efficiently sampled by mantle plumes? • Is the heterogeneous nature of mantle plumes inherited at the source, or does it develop through entrainment during plume ascent? • How are the plume and plume entrainment affected by mantle discontinuities? The analogue laboratory experiments are conducted using glucose syrup contaminated with glass beads to visualize fluid flow and origin. The plume is initiated by heating from below or by injecting hot uncontaminated syrup. Results from the laboratory experiments indicate the presence of a sheath of mostly unheated ma.t〈'riA.l Pnveloping the core thermal plume structure and rising along with the plume. This 'plume sheath' is chiefly made up from material of the lowermost plume source region. All entrainment into the plume head has its origin in the plume sheath, and all entrainment of ambient material happens between plume sheath and surrounding material. The plume sheath itself is too viscous and too cold to rise under its own thermal buoyancy, which suggests that it owes its rise to drag/pull of the fast ascending plume core material. Investigating the plume sheath model inferred from the laboratory experiments via numerical modelling, it is found that the numerical models readily reproduce plume sheath behaviour in the ascending plume. Furthermore, it is observed that there is little to no vorticity within the ascending plume core, and hence no lateral transport of material found within. Numerical models for mantle conditions introduce depth-dependent viscosity, which dramatically changes the dynamics of plume ascent and plume dynamics. Most notably, the passage of an ascending plume through sharp viscosity interfaces (attributed to mineral phase changes) lead to massive distortion and deformation of the plume head. This results in a remarkably complex compositional structure of the plume, and in increased sampling of specific regions in the mantle through entrainment. Still, despite the massive disturbance of plume shape and structure, there is little to no indication of lateral transport in either plume sheath or plume core. Applying a simple melting model to the numerical calculations, it is seen that deformation of the plume head during plume ascent may result in deep source and mid-source material being entrained into the plume head and ending up in the melting portion of the plume head, thus adding to the heterogeneity of the plume head melts. Lastly, the effects of plume deflection by a moving plate is investigated. It is found that a plume rising from a zonated source region exhibits characteristic patterns in the plume swell, thus potentially allowing for the drawing of conclusions on the composition and layout of the source region from the zonation of the plume track.
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2024-07-04
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2024-07-04
    Description: Der Niederschlag ist einer der wichtigsten Komponnenten im hydrologischen Kreislauf. Durch Verdunstung wird der Atmosphäre Wasserdampf von der Erdoberfläche zugeführt. Dieser Wasserdampf gilt als Transportmittel von latenter Wärme,welche beim Kondensationsprozess wieder freigesetzt wird. Durch den Niederschlag erreicht das Wasser wieder die Erdoberfläche und somit den Boden, der es zum Teil als Grundwasser speichert. Unterirdisch oder durch Flüsse fließt das Wasser dann ab. Von allen meteorologischen Größen ist der Niederschlag am schwierigsten zu modellieren, weil er auf den kleinsten räumlichen und zeitlichen Skalen stattfindet. Aufgeteilt wird der Niederschlag in konvektivenm, stratiformen und orographisch bedingten Niederschlag. Konvektiver Niederschlag ist gebunden an starke vertikale Winde und weist im Allgemeinen hohe Intensitäten während eines kurzen Zeitraums auf. Das Niederschlagsgebiet ist lokal sehr begrenzt, entsprechend hoch ist die räumliche und zeitliche Variabilität des Niederschlages. Stratiformer Niederschlag ist gebunden an Warmfronten, wo warme Luft auf kalte Luft gleitet. Orographisch bedingter Niederschlag entsteht beim Überströmen eines Hindernisses. An der Luvseite kommt es zu Hebungsvorgängen, und bei ausreichender Hebung wird Niederschlag erzeugt, während es auf der Leeseite auf Grund des Absinkens zu einer Auflösung der Wolken kommt. Olbrück (1967) fand heraus, dass Häufigkeit und Verteilung des Niederschlages in hohem Grade vom Relief abhängig sind. Das ist selbst in Landschaften der Fall, deren Relief relativ flach ist. So wurde anhand eines dichten Netzes von Stationen in Schleswig-Holstein gezeigt, das selbst Hügel mit einer Höhe von einigen Zehn Metern die Niederschlagsmenge derart beeinflussen, dass es in einzelnen Fällen bis zur doppelten Niederschlagsmenge gegenüber einer vollends flachen Landschaft kam.
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2024-07-04
    Description: The study presented here examines which factors directly or indirectly connected to eutrophication, are relevant to the deterioration of seagrass populations in the Baltic Sea/Greifswalder Bodden. More particularly it is a study of the interaction effects of seagrass autotrophic competitors (epiphytic algae, drifting macroalgae and phytoplankton) on seagrass. These are interesting yet largely studied and were, in this study, investigated through the field observations and experiments of a seagrass population in the Greifswalder Bodden, Germany. Additionally to get a better understanding of the current state of the seagrass meadows and the light conditions in the Bodden, the historical development of the macrophyte populations under the influence of the eutrophication and the changing light climate were analysed over the last 25 year and discussed according to the model of "ecosystem shifts".
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2024-07-04
    Description: In dieser Arbeit werden die mikrophysikalischen Prozesse innerhalb einer Wolke spektral betrachtet. Zusätzlich wird der Einfluss der Variabilität der Atmosphäre auf das Tropfenwachstum untersucht. Dazu werden den Umgebungsparametern auf verschiedene Art und Weise Störungen überlagert. Den Ausgangspunkt für sämtliche Betrachtungen der zeitlichen Entwicklung bildet ein bereits aktiviertes Tropfenspektrum. Um die Umgebungsbedingungen möglichst realistisch zu halten, wird auf eine gemessene Tropfengrößenverteilung und einen Radiosondenaufstieg zurückgegriffen. Anhand dieser Vorgaben kann gezeigt werden, dass alleine durch Kondensation größere Tropfen erzeugt werden. Allerdings braucht es dafür eine Übersättigung innerhalb der Atmosphäre. Außerdem erfolgt das Wachstum in diesem Fall auf sehr langen Zeitskalen. Da zusätzlich das komplette Tropfenspektrum deutlich schmaler wird, ist diese Art des Wachstums alleine zur Niederschlagsbildung ungeeignet. Ein Einfluss auf das Tropfenwachstum wird lediglich durch eine Variabilität der Umgebungstemperatur hervorgerufen. So wird durch leichte Schwankungen in der Umgebungstemperatur das Tropfenwachstum deutlich verlangsamt. Kleine Änderungen in der spezifischen Feuchte und im Aufwind haben keine Auswirkungen auf den Wachstumsprozess. Innerhalb einer Wolke tritt allerdings auch noch Tropfenwachstum durch Koaleszenz auf. Dabei verschmelzen die großen Tropfen mit den kleineren. Diese Wachstumsform ist von den Umgebungsbedingungen unabhängig, da sie alleine die Wechselwirkungen zwischen zwei Tropfen berücksichtigt. In diesem Fall kommt es sehr schnell zur Bildung sehr großer Tropfen. D.h. die Entstehung von Niederschlag ist somit gewährleistet. Da in einer realistischen Wolke keine Beschränkung auf eine einzelne Wachstumsform gegeben ist, wurden zum Schluss Kondensations- und Koaleszenzwachstum miteinander kombiniert. Dabei entstehen die großen Tropfen noch einmal auf deutlich kürzeren Zeitskalen. Es erfolgt sehr schnell eine Verlagerung des gesamten Tropfenspektrums zu Tropfen mit größeren Radien. D.h. hier kann Niederschlag entstehen. Diesmal wird ein starker Einfluss auf das Tropfenwachstum durch eine Variabilität des Aufwindes hervorgerufen. Eine Variation der Umgebungstemperatur erzeugt identische Auswirkungen wie bei reinem Kondensationswachstum und leichte Änderungen in der spezifischen Feuchte zeigen keine Effekte. Durch die hier untersuchten Prozesse kann das Tropfenwachstum innerhalb einer Wolke gut beschrieben werden.
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2024-07-04
    Description: The purpose of this study was to investigate volcanic rocks in Panama (17-115 Ma) to understand the long-term evolution of the Galápagos hotspot, the input into the Panamanian subduction zone and the tectonic interplay with the Central American landbridge. The second focus of this study was the subduction output along the Panamanian subduction zone over the last 65 Ma. Furthermore the growth, paleotectonic and geochemical evolution of the Panamanian island arc.
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2024-07-04
    Description: Comparative analyses of sugar catabolism in archaea revealed that degradation of glucose and hexose polymers proceeds via modified glycolytic pathways, mainly via modified Embden-Meyerhof pathways. The utilization of sugars by Archaeoglobus fulgidus species, which represent the first isolated archaeal sulfat reducer, has not unequivocally been demonstrated so far. Thus, in this thesis it was found that Archaeoglobus fulgidus strain 7324, rather than the type strain VC16, was able to grow on starch and sulfate as energy and carbon source. Starch was degraded to acetate via an unusual starch degradation pathway. Some key enzymes were purified and characterized. Furthermore, starch degrading and modifying enzymes from geothermal habitats were characterized to find properties useful for biotechnological applications. 2.1 Starch degradation in A. fulgidus strain 7324 A. fulgidus strain 7324 was found to grow on starch (1 g/l) and sulfate (30 mM) in presence of yeast extract (0.5 g/l) as energy and carbon source. During exponential growth on starch, 1 mol of glucose-equivalent was incompletely oxidized with sulfate to approximately 2 mol acetate, 2 mol CO2 and 1 mol H2S. Beside starch, amylose and β-cyclodextrin were used as substrates. Other sugars, e.g. glucose, fructose and maltose were not utilized. This is the first report of growth of a sulfate reducer on starch, i.e. on a polymeric sugar. Extracts of starch-grown cells of A. fulgidus Stamm 7324 contained all activites of an unusual starch degradation pathway to acetate, which includes the conversion of starch to glucose 6-phosphate as well as the conversion of glucose to pyruvate via a modified Embden-Meyerhof pathway. Specific activities of the key enzymes of the starch conversion to acetate were significantly higher in starch-grown cells than in lactate-grown cells, indicating induction of these enzymes during starch catabolism. In A. fulgidus strain VC16 neither enzyme activities of starch degradation nor the corresponding homologous genes were detected. Starch degradation to glucose 6-phosphate. Extracts of starch-grown A. fulgidus strain 7324 contained all enzymes of a starch degradation pathway so far only described for Klebsiella oxytoca and Thermococcus sp. B1001. In this pathway starch is converted to cyclodextrins by means of a cyclodextrin glucanotransferase. After transport into the cell cyclodextrins are linearised via a cyclodextrinase. By means of a maltodextrin phosphorylase the resulting maltooligodextrins are cleaved by phosporylation. The resulting glucose 1-phosphat is converted via phosphoglucomutase to glucose 6-phosphat, an intermediate of glycolysis. These four enzymes were purified and characterized. The N-terminal amino acid sequences and the molecular and catalytic properties of the enzymes were very similar to their homologs of the Thermococcales. The classical enzymes of starch degradation, α-amylase and pullulanase, could not be detected in A. fulgidus strain 7324 Glucose degradation to pyruvate via a modified Embden-Meyerhof pathway. In extracts of starch-grown cells the following enzymes of a modified Embden-Meyerhof pathway were detected: ADP-dependent glucokinase, phosphoglucose isomerase, ADP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase, fructose-1,6-phosphate aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase, phosphoglycerate mutase, enolase, and pyruvate kinase. So far, this pathway was only described for Thermococcales. The first enzyme of this modified Embden-Meyerhof pathway, ADP-dependent glucokinase, was purified and characterized. The properties of the glucokinase were similar to the glucokinases from Thermococcales. So far, formation of glucose as substrate of the ADP-dependent glucokinase can not be explained by the described starch degradation pathway. Pyruvate conversion to acetate. Pyruvate conversion to acetate involved pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase and ADP-forming acetyl-CoA synthetase. Activities of phosphotransacetylase and acetate kinase could not be detected. The findings indicate that the archaeal sulfate reducer A. fulgidus strain 7324 converts starch to acetate via an unsual starch degradation pathway, a modified Embden-Meyerhof pathway and acetyl-CoA synthetase (ADP-forming). This is the first report of a starch degradation pathway in a sulfate reducer. 2.2 Characterization of starch degrading enzymes from geothermal habitats Furthermore, starch degrading and modifying enzymes from geothermal habitats were characterized within the EC project �Thermogenes�. The genes of these enzymes were isolated from environmental DNA and organisms, respectively, originating from geothermal habitats in Iceland. The intention of these experiments was the characterization of enzymes from the glycosylhydrolase family 13 in respect to their substrate specificity, cation dependence and stability in order to find properties of biotechnological interest. Starting from seven different isolated, sequenced and cloned. Seven different genes of starch degrading enzymes were expressed in E. coli, purified and characterized. One protein showed pullulanase activity and one neopullulanase activity, respectively; five proteins exhibited cyclodextrinase activity. The characterized proteins were highly stable at moderate thermophilic conditions and showed a broad substrate spectrum, useful properties for biotechnological applications. Differences in substrate specificity can be explained by differences in amino acid sequences, e.g. the existence of a N-terminal domain correlated with cyclodextrinase activity.
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2024-07-04
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2024-07-04
    Description: Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, das Tauchverhalten, Wanderungen und die Habitatnutzung von Grauwalen in der Lagune San Ignacio zu untersuchen, einem der wichtigsten Fortpflanzungs- und Aufzuchtgebiete in den mexikanischen Wintergründen. Im Vordergrund stand, die potentiellen Auswirkungen von Industrieansiedlungen im Reproduktionsgebiet jetzt und in Zukunft besser einschätzen zu können. Es sollten neue Erkenntnisse über die mögliche Beeinträchtigung des Habitats der Grauwale durch die geplante Errichtung einer Salzgewinnungsanlage gewonnen werden. Es galt anhand der Wanderbewegungen die für die Grauwale wichtigen Zonen im Lagunenareal mit telemetrischen Methoden herauszufinden und einzuschätzen, inwieweit auch angrenzende Ozeanbereiche neben der Fortpflanzung auch als Teil des Aufzuchtgebiets wichtig sind. Der Fokus lag auf den Mutter-Kalb Paaren, die als besonders sensibel gegenüber möglichen Veränderungen einzuschätzen sind. Es wurden bisher unerforschte Aspekte des Tauchverhaltens in einem Winterverbreitungsgebiet untersucht sowie das saisonale Vorkommen der Wale und der Einfluss von El Niño 1997/98.
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2024-07-03
    Description: At present days the biosphere is experiencing a rapid diversity decline. Disturbance and prductivity are often cited as main factors determinig patterns of species diversity. Connell's intermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH) postulates that diversity peaks at an intermediate level of disturbance intensity. Kondoh proposes a further model where the peak in th diversity-disturbance relationship is shifting to higher levels of disturbance with increasing productivity. To test the validity of Connell's concept and Kondoh's model for the hard-bottom communities of the south coast of Madeira Island, Portugal, an in situ experimental approach was chosen. Macrobenthic sessile communities were surveyed on artifical settlement substrate (PVC-panels, 15x15 cm). During 6 months, a total of seven disturbances frequencies and three nutrient treatment were applied. A single disturbance event comprised biomass removal of 20% of the panel area. Species richness, Pielou's evenness, Shannon index and total percent cover were recorded to measure the effects of productivity and disturbance treatments on diversity and community structure. Kondoh's model and the IDH were not supported by this study.
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2024-07-03
    Description: In this work the impact of microphysics of ice crystals on the polarization behaviour of solar radiation is studied. For this purpose the single scattering model of Macke (1994) is used. The main focus is on the examination of characteristical properties of the backscattering area to draw conclusions on the microphysical consistence of the cloud. Two different types of crystals are examined, hexagonal columns and plates. If an isotropic distribution of the crystal orientation is given, the typical halos are generated. The polarization properties of both crystals are similar, conclusions on the crystal geometry are difficult to draw. The limitation of the crystal orientation to one plane shows the possible ray paths. The comparison of the two crystals displays clear differences. Choosing a maximum tilt angle to simulate the preferred horizontal orientation of atmospheric ice crystals affects the polarization properties of the two crystal geometries. The presetting of realistic parameters permits the conclusion that an inference on the microphysics of a cirrus cloud by dint of polarization properties in the backscattering area could be possible. Consideration of absorption doesn't change the polarization behaviour in a decisive manner.
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2024-07-03
    Description: Durch Herbivorenfraß induzierte Verteidigung ist bei Pflanzen terrestrischer Systeme häufig nachgewiesen worden. Hierbei beruht die chemische Verteidigung auf einer Veränderung der Sek:undärmetabolite und eine mechanische Verteidigung auf physikalisch höherer Widerstandsfähigkeit der Pflanzen. Die Beispiele induzierter Verteidigung bei Makroalgen mariner Habitate sind noch relativ selten. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden eine Braun-, eme Grün- und drei Rotalgenarten der südafrikanischen Küste auf induzierbare Verteidigung durch Herbivorenfraß untersucht. Dabei wurde durch Herstellung von Algenhomogenat die rein chemische Verteidigung von der mechanisch-chemischen in intakten Algenstücken getrennt untersucht. Die Braunalge Dictyopteris ligulata wurde zusätzlichen Nährstoffen ausgesetzt, um einen effekt erhöhter Nährstoffzufuhr auf die Fraßverteidigung zu überprüfen. Des weiteren sollten Wachstumsraten der Algen zeigen, ob die Verteidigung metabolische Kosten beim Primärmetabolismus verursacht. Bei Fraßversuchen mit der Rotalge Galaxaura diessingiana wurden zudem die Verhaltensweisen der verwendeten Herbivoren als Ethogramme dokumentiert. Die Konsumptionsraten der Herbivoren auf der Braunalge Dictyopteris ligulata ließen zwar keine induzierte Verteidigung erkennen, allerdings bewirkten zusätzliche Nährstoffe offenbar eine erhöhte Nahrungsqualität der Algen für die Herbivoren. Metabolische Kosten konnten in den behandelten Algen nicht nachgewiesen werden. Bei der Rotalge Galaxaura diessingiana konnte mechanische Verteidigung induziert werden. Chemische Verteidigung in dieser Alge scheint unwahrscheinlich, nicht zuletzt aufgrund der beobachteten Verhaltensweisen der Herbivoren auf Algenhomogenat. Bei einer zweiten Rotalge, Gracilaria capensis, wurde festgestellt, dass der Fraß der Herbivoren an induzierten Algen stärker war, möglicherweise durch auslaufende Stimulanzien. Chemische Verteidigungsmechanismen waren in keiner der getesteten Algen nachzuweisen. Aufgrund dieser vielfältigen Ergebnisse muss davon ausgegangen werden, dass es sich bei der Interaktion von marinen Produzenten und Konsumenten um komplexe Vorgänge handelt, die nicht nur von den Organismen autonom bestimmt werden, sondern von abiotischen Faktoren, wie z.B. Licht und Nährstoffverhältnissen, in starkem Masse abhängen und auf komplexe Art und Weise die Struktur der benthischen Habitate beeinflussen.
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2024-07-03
    Description: Störungen treten in der Natur mit hoher zeitlicher und räumlicher Variabilität und Stochastizität auf. Da der Fokus der ökologischen Forschung in diesem Bereich bisher auf der Intensität und Frequenz von Störungen lag, ist über die Auswirkungen der Variabilität dieser Prozesse auf die Zusammensetzung von Artengemeinschaften wenig bekannt. Gerade in Ökosystemen, in denen eine saisonale Dynamik von Ausbreitungsstadien verbreitet ist, sollte die zeitliche Variabilität der Bereitstellung von Ansiedlungsraum durch Störungen jedoch von hoher Bedeutung sein. Im Rahmen dieser Diplomarbeit wurde der Einfluss von Störungen und der zeitlichen Variabilität ihres Auftretens auf makrobenthische Aufwuchsgemeinschaften experimentell untersucht. Das Experiment war ein Teilprojekt eines internationalen Programms (Global Approach by Modular Experiments, GAME) und wurde in dem Zeitraum von November 2004 bis April 2005 an der Südostküste Brasiliens in der Bucht von Guanabara durchgeführt. Auf künstlichen Besiedlungssubstraten wurden zunächst zwei Gruppen von verschieden alten Aufwuchsgemeinschaften etabliert und anschließend über einen Zeitraum von 150 Tagen standardisiert gestört. Dabei wurden neben ungestörten Kontrollen verschiedene Störungsbehandlungen angewendet, wobei die Störungsintensität und die Frequenz der Störungen bei allen Behandlungen gleich war. Diese Störungsbehandlungen umfassten zeitlich regelmäßige Störungen, Sequenzen zeitlich gering variabler Störungen und Sequenzen zeitlich höher variabler Störungen (nested design). Die experimentellen Einheiten waren dabei in randomisierten Blöcken angeordnet. Mit Hilfe von Kontrast-, Varianzanalysen und multivariaten Verfahren wurden die Effekte der Störung, der zeitlichen Variabilität der Störung sowie der in der Variabilitätsstufe genesteten Sequenzen auf verschiedene Variablen untersucht. Dies waren die Biomasse, die Zusammensetzung und Stuktur, α- und γ-Diversität, die Bedeckungsgrade durch die häufigsten Taxa sowie die Evenness der Gemeinschaften untersucht. Dabei konnte lediglich signifikante Effekte der Störung auf die Biomasse, Bedeckungsgrade durch einzelne Taxa und die Struktur der Artengemeinschaften festgestellt werden, weder die zeitliche Variabilität der Störungen noch die in den Variabilitätsstufen genesteten Sequenzen wiesen signifikante Effekte auf die untersuchten Variablen auf. Die zeitliche Variabilität der Störungen spielte demnach im betrachteten System keine nachweisbare Rolle. Diese Ergebnisse widersprachen zwar den Erwartungen, ließen sich jedoch mit Besonderheiten des Untersuchungsgebietes gut erklären. In der stark eutrophierten Bucht von Guanabara unterliegt die Verfügbarkeit von Ausbreitungsstadien keiner ausgeprägten zeitlichen Dynamik, die makrobenthischen Gemeinschaften waren zudem stark durch flächige Absterbeereignisse in Folge von Sauerstoffzehrung betroffen. Alternativ könnte auch die relativ kurze zeitliche Dauer der experimentellen Laufzeit von 150 Tagen die fehlenden Effekte der zeitlichen Variabilität von Störungen erklären, da diese möglicherweise zu kurz war, um Unterschiede in der saisonalen Verfügbarkeit von Ausbreitungsstadien zu erfassen. Die Resultate dieser Arbeit werden von den Ergebnissen aller anderen Teilprojekte in Chile, Neuseeland und Australien auf einer globalen Skala unterstützt Um gesicherte Aussagen über die Effekte der zeitlichen Variabilität von Störungen treffen zu können, sollten zukünftige Studien in einer dem System angepassten zeitlichen Skala durchgeführt werden. Ein mit dieser Arbeit vergleichbarer experimenteller Ansatz erscheint zu diesem Zweck gut geeignet.
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2024-07-03
    Description: Juvenile Pacific white shrimps, Litopenaeus vannamei, were exposed to different light rhythms (6 h dark, 6 h light; 12 h dark, 12 h light; 24 h light; and 24 h dark) over a period of 110 days in a re-circulation system to optimise moulting frequency in terms of growth efficiency and synchronization of individual moulting. No significant varieties occurred between the different light regimes. Neither moult frequency nor growth rate differed between different light treatments. The animals increased their total weight at about 0,9 g (± 0,01) per day on average. A synchronized moult rhythm could not be identified. Feeding experiments were conducted to compare growth efficiency by means of a commercially available aquafeed on the one hand and bacterial mud on the other, which deposited in the sediment tank of the re-circulation system and was found to be repeatedly ingested by the shrimps. Investigations on the nutrient content identified the mud as inappropriate for shrimp feeding. Protein content and therefore nutrition quality of the mud was extremely low, explaining the very poor growth rate of the mud fed Litopenaeus. Moult frequency was not affected by food quality. A third experiment was accomplished to determine the individual duration of the intermoult period and the weight gain per moult. The mean duration of the intermoult period lasted 12,6 days (± 2,85). The animals increased their weight at about 1,01 g (± 0,25) per moult in average. The duration of the intermoult period did not increase with increasing age of the shrimp, but rather varied all the time.
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2024-07-03
    Description: In der vorliegenden Arbeit sollte die hydrothermal Mikrobengemeinschaft des Logatchev-Hydrothermalfeldes 91 beeinflusste (LHF) am Mittelatlantischen Rücken charakterisiert werden. Von verschiedenen Standorten des LHF wurden auf den Meteorausfahrten M60/3 (2004) und M64/2 (2005) Fluid-, Sediment-, Wasser- und Makrofaunaproben genommen und mittels kulturabhängiger und molekularbiologischer Methoden untersucht und verglichen. Aus Kultivierungsversuchen mit verschiedenen Medien wurden 14 Vertreter der Vibrionales sowie je ein Vertreter von Marinobacter und Bacillus isoliert. Bei einer näheren Charakterisierung der Vibrio-Isolate zeigte sich, dass diese ein Temperaturoptimum zwischen 20°C und 33 °C hatten, sowohl aerob als auch anaerob wachsen konnten, antimikrobielle Aktivitäten gegen E. coli, Bacillus subtilis und Staphylococcus lentus besaßen und starke Variationen ihrer Zellmorphologie aufwiesen. Eine temperaturabhängige Untersuchung der Zellmorphologien zeigte, dass nach dreitägiger Inkubation in TSB-Flüssigmedium unterhalb von 14 °C nur wenige, stäbchenförmige Zellen vorlagen. Zwischen 16°C und 33°C war dagegen das Medium stark getrübt und eine Vielzahl an schwärmenden Zellen vorhanden. Oberhalb von 40°C traten ausschließlich unbewegliche Makrokokken auf. Die molekularbiologischen Methoden beruhten auf Analysen der 16S rDNA von Bakterien und Archaeen. Mit Hilfe der Denaturierenden GradientenGelelektrophorese (DGGE) wurden verschiedene Sediment- und Fluidproben beider Ausfahrten untereinander verglichen und Diversitätsunterschiede zwischen den Proben gleicher Standorte der Jahre 2004 und 2005 beobachtet. Außerdem wurden Genbanken von einer diffusen Fluidprobe und von einer, mit einer Bakterienmatte bedeckten, Sedimentprobe erstellt. Als Referenz für die in der Wassersäule vorkommenden und nicht hydrothermal beeinflussten Bakterien, diente eine weitere Genbank aus der Wassersäule 100 km außerhalb des LHF. Die Klonsequenzen aus der diffusen Fluidprobe stellten ein an Gammaproteobakterien dominiertes Gemisch aus mikrobiellen Vertretern der Wassersäule und der unterliegenden Sedimentprobe dar. Die Sedimentprobe wies dagegen eine hohe Diversität aus hauptsächlich Epsilonproteobakterien, Deltaproteobakterien und einer Gruppe an Sequenzen ohne nähere Verwandtschaft zu bislang kultivierten Vertretern auf. Viele Klonsequenzen der Sedimentprobe waren verwandt zu Bakterien aus verschiedenen phylogenetischen Gruppen, die in den Schwefelmetabolismus involviert sind. Der Schwefelmetabolismus scheint daher eine zentrale Rolle in der Mikrobengemeinschaft des untersuchten Standortes einzunehmen.
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2024-07-03
    Description: Obwohl Tintenfische im marinen Nahrungsnetz eine hohe trophische Position einnehmen und sie bereits seit vielen Jahren für wisschenschaftliche und wirtschaftliche Interessen gehalten werden, sind Untersuchungen an den kritischen juvenilen Phasen äußerst selten. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersuchte im ersten Teil wissenschaftlich erstmalig das Juvenilwachstum der tropischen Stumpfdornsepie Sepia bandensis unter kontrollierten Bedingungen in einer geschlossenen Tropenkreislaufanlage. Ein enorm hoher - allerdings vermutlich auf Selektion beim Einsammeln der Eier zurückzuführender - Schlupferfog (95,5%) wurde in den ersten Wochen nach dem Schlüpfendurch eine Wachstumsrate der Paralarven von 2,23% DML/Tag abgelöst. Während der 28 tägigen Versuchsphase fand allerdings nur noch ein mäßiges Wachstum mit durchschnittlich 1,12% DML/Tag statt. Anhaltend hohe Mortalitäten führten am 28. Versuchstag zum Abbruch der Haltung unter konstanten Bedingungen. Das älteste Tier wurde 100 Tage alt und hatte eine Dorsale Mantellänge von 23 mm (Totallänge: ca. 30 mm) erreicht. In einem Teilversuch wurden 45 Sepien bei 28°C unter sonst annähernd gleichen Bedingungen wie die Tiere im Hauptversuch bei 24°C gehalten. Sowohl in den Wachstumsraten, als auch bei den Überlebensraten blieben die bei 28°C gehaltenen Tiere deutlich hinter jenen der unter 24°C gehaltenen Sepien zurück. Hungernde Sepia bandensis wiesen oft eine dunkle Pigmentierung im Kopfbereich auf ("Hungerfleck"). Zwischen dem Augenabstand und der Dorsalen Mantellänge konnte eine gute Beziehung mit einem Bestimmtheitsmaß von r2 = 0,66 entdeckt werden...
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2024-07-03
    Description: Der Ausgangspunkt dieser Arbeit war die Betrachtung, inwieweit sich das mesoskalige Atmosphärenmodell GESIMA zur Simulation von kleinskaligen Wolken eignet, wobei mit „kleinskalig" eine horizontale Auflösung von 200m oder weniger ins Auge gefasst war. Die Untersuchung der Arbeitsmodi des Modells führten zu der theoretischen Erkenntnis, dass der von GESIMA unterstützte zufallsgesteuerte Störmechanismus für die in dieser Arbeit benötigten Zeitschritte nicht mehr geeignet ist, da sich die Störung einem hochfrequenten Rauschen annähert, auf das die Atmosphäre nicht mehr angemessen reagieren kann. Erste Schritte zur Untersuchung des Modellverhaltens bei kleiner werdenden Zeitschritten führten zu der Entdeckung, dass GESIMA auf kleiner werdende Zeitschritte mit einer starken Zunahme des im System vorhandenen Wassers reagiert, trotz ansonsten gleichbleibender Eingangsparameter. Dies wurde auf numerische Ungenauigkeiten bei der modellinternen Umrechnung der Stördaten zurückgeführt und führte im weiteren Verlauf der Arbeit dazu, dass zum Zwecke der Vergleichbarkeit alle Simulationen mit einheitlichen Zeitschritten durchgeführt werden mussten. Die Untersuchung des Wasserhaushalts bei verschiedenen horizontalen Auflösungen ergab ebenfalls eine Abhängigkeit der verschiedenen Wasserphasen (Wolkenwasser, Wasserdampf, Regen) von den gewählten Dimensionen, jedoch war diese Abhängigkeit bei weitem nicht so stark wie im zeitlichen Falle. Die beobachteten Änderungen wurden auf eine verbesserte Simulation kleinskaliger Turbulenzereignisse bei kleineren Skalen zurückgeführt. Die anschließenden Untersuchungen verschiedener Wolkenereignisse unter wechselnden Eingangs- und Störbedingungen zeigten, dass GESIMA, trotz seiner Auslegung auf mesoskalige Simulation, durchaus in der Lage ist, realistische, kleinskalige Wolkenereignisse zu simulieren. Dies zeigte sich sowohl an der untersuchten Mikrophysik als auch an Stabilitätsuntersuchungen in der Simulationsatmosphäre. Eine Untersuchung des Lebenszyklus' der Wolken in einem Phasenraum aus Strahlungstemperatur und Reflektivität zeigte zwar keine unbedingt überzeugend zu nennenden Ergebnisse, enttäuschte aber auch nicht vollständig. Trotz der allgemein als positiv zu betrachtenden Ergebnislage gab es auch bis zum Ende der Arbeit ungelöste Probleme mit dem Modell. Zum einen neigt das Modell dazu, in durch den eigentlichen Störvorgang unbeeinflusst gebliebenen Bereichen Schwingungen aufzubauen, die sich nicht mit zu erwartenden atmosphärischen Phänomenen erklären lassen, sondern wohl vielmehr auf numerische Reflektionen und Übertragungen durch die Simulationsränder zurückzuführen sind. Dies kann sowohl zu unerwünschter Wolkenbildung führen als auch zu einem Simulationsabbruch durch zu starke Schwingungen. Auch in anderen Situationen kam es zu nicht geklärten „Hängern" des Modells, die nur durch den Abbruch der Simulation zu beheben waren. Hier lagen aber nach Durchsicht der bis zum Abbruch berechneten Daten keine Auffälligkeiten im Modellverhalten vor und es gab keine besonderen Schwingungen oder unrealistische Feuchtigkeits- oder Windwerte, die einen Abbruch erklären würden. Des Weiteren ist es nicht gelungen, den in GESIMA vorhandenen Störmodus für Temperatur zur Arbeit zu bewegen, was eine Untersuchung von Wolkenbildung durch direkt temperaturgesteuerte Konvektion (im Gegensatz zu Konvektion, die erst durch die bei Ausfall von Wasser entstehende Temperaturstörung ausgelöst wird) ermöglicht hätte. Eine weitere Untersuchung, warum dies nicht gelungen ist, wäre daher zu begrüßen. Weitere Untersuchungen sind auch zu den schon erwähnten modellinternen Schwingungen und Abbrüchen notwendig, um die Ursache dieser Fehler zu erkennen und gegebenenfalls beseitigen zu können. Ein grundlegendes Hindernis bei der Problembehebung in GESIMA ist in der Tatsache zu suchen, dass der Code, auf dem GESIMA beruht, schon etwas älter ist und von mehreren Benutzern mit unterschiedlichen Stilvorstellungen geändert wurde. Der Code selbst ist in der Programmiersprache FORTRAN verfasst, die ihrerseits schon etwas betagt ist und einige Einschränkungen mit sich bringt. Diese beiden Punkte führen dazu, dass der Code für Außenstehende und Personen, die sich in seine Funktionsweise einarbeiten wollen oder müssen, nur schwer verständlich ist, was das Nachvollziehen der Vorgänge zwischen den verschiedenen Modulen und die Implementation der Modellgleichungen sehr erschwert. Insgesamt ist die Dokumentation des Codes selbst und die Anleitung zur Benutzung des Modells eher schlecht. Abschließend ist jedoch zu sagen, dass GESIMA trotz seines Alters und seiner teilweise kryptischen Bedienung durchaus geeignet scheint, auch heute noch nützliche und verwertbare Ergebnisse zu liefern.
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2024-07-03
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2024-07-03
    Description: Mittels MSSA wurden Bojendaten des TAO-Messnetzes im tropischen Pazifik für den Zeitraum 1990-2004 analysiert. Klimavariabilität könnte dabei auf drei unterschiedlich langen Zeitskalennachgewiesen werden. Identifiziert wurden der ENSO-Mode, der Jahregang und der Sub-ENSO-Mode, der durch Merkmale der beiden anderen Moden charakterisiert wird. Der ENSO-Mode und der Jahregang stimmen mit bisherigen Arbeiten überein. Aus den Analysen geht hervor, dass sich der Sub-ENSO-Mode innrehalb des untersuchten Zeitraumes stark in Periode und Amplitude geändert hat. Es zeigten sich aber auch Veränderungen der Propagationsrichtungendes zonalen Windes und der Meeresoberflächentemperatur. Für die Übergangsphasen des Sub-ENSO-Modes sind anders als beim ENSO-Mode oder Jahresgang im Ostpazifik zonale Meereströmungen verantwortlich. Im Westpazifik findet man hingegen eine Störung in der Thermokline während der Zwischenphase des Sub-ENSO-Zyklus.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2024-07-03
    Description: Most studies on the fatty acid composition of phytoplankton are based on laboratory experiments, and numerous studies using fatty acids as food web traces were conducted with monoalgal cultures. However, fatty acid studies with natural phytoplankton communities (food quality) and the passage of these to the next food web levels (biomarkers) are not abundant. It is important to consider the differences between analyses of fatty acids from natural plankton and laboratory studies. Seston does not only contain phytoplankton, but also some portion of bacteria, protozoa and non-living particles (detritus), especially in regions with high nutrient contents. Because it is almost impossible to quantitatively separate algae from the other particles, the fatty acid composition of phytoplankton can be disguised in natural waters. The aim of this studies was to describe and compare the composition of fatty acids in natural phytoplankton and their transfer to the mesozooplankton community under different nutrient availability and grazing pressure. Furthermore the viability of using phytoplankton fatty acid biomarkers found in monoalgal culture studies was tested. The fatty acid composition of planktonic particulate matter (seston and zooplankton) was examined during summer and spring experiments carried out in Lake Schöhsee (Germany), the Hopavågen lagoon (Norway) and the Kiel Fjord (Germany). At all study sites, mesocosm experiments were carried out in polyethylene bags (volume ~1.5 or 3.4 m3) suspended in several floats. Each treatment consisted of a logarithmically scaled gradient of copedod or Daphnia densities. The copepods originated from natural assemblages, the Daphnia were laboratory-reared. In all experiments the nutrient availability influenced the fatty acid contents in seston. These results supported the idea that the ratio between SAFA, MUFA and PUFA change with variable nutrient limitation and may be used as an indicator of the physiological status of the algae. Increasing nutrient limitation lead to reduced food quality of phytoplankton because of the decrease in essential PUFA. Therefore nutrient limitation of phytoplankton can alter trophic interactions. The low food quality can inhibit zooplankton growth, because most zooplankton species are not able to synthesize de novo these fatty acids essential for growth and reproduction. However the results of the Kiel fjord experiment suggested that the lacking quality of seston can partially be compensated by seston quantity.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2024-07-03
    Description: In dieser Arbeit wird der Einfluss der Mikrophysik auf den solaren Strahlungstransport untersucht. Es werden mikrophysikalische Flugzeugmessungen von Wolkentropfengrößenverteilungen verwendet, aus denen die optischen Eigenschaften bestimmt werden. Unter Verwendung eines Monte-Carlo Strahlungstransportmodells wurden die Unterschiede in der Absorption, Reflexion und Transmission zwischen der Annahme vertikal und horizontal homogen und inhomogen verteilter Mikrophysik spektral aufgeschlüsselt und breitbandig herausgestellt. Die Untersuchungen der vertikal-variablen Mikrophysik anhand einer 1D-Säule haben gezeigt, dass die Absorptivität der Säule größer ist, wenn die Wolkentropfengrößenverteilungen mit größeren Effektivradien in den höheren Schichten liegen. Umgekehrt gilt dies für Verteilungen mit kleineren Effektivradien, die eine höhere Reflexivität aufweisen. Außerdem ist eine starke Abhängigkeit vom Sonnenzenitwinkel zu verzeichenen. In der Fallstudie der horizontal-variablen Mikrophysik ist anhand eines 2D-Wolken-Modells demonstriert worden, dass das nicht-lineare Verhalten der Absorptivität mit der optischen Dicke dazuführt, dass im mikrophysikalisch-homogenen Fall die Absorption mit zunehmender Wellenlänge überschätzt wird, obwohl der Horizontaltransport die Absorption im mikrophysikalischinhomogenen Fall erhöht. In dem Vergleich zwischen einem 3D-homogenenWolkenfeld und der korrekten 3D-Lösung wird die Absorptivität vor allem in optisch dicken Regionen spektral aufgeschlüsselt und breitbandig unterschätzt.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2024-07-03
    Description: Air bubbles in the ocean, naturally induced by breaking waves or artificially entrained by ships, remain in the water for different periods of time. Knowledge of the factors accounting for the differences in air bubble residence time (BRT) is essential for understanding processes of air sea-gas exchange as well as for the detection of underwater ship wakes in defence applications. Reasons for the differences in BRT have been found mainly with respect to physical and chemical properties of seawater, such as temperature, salinity and gas saturation level. The impact of biological factors on the behaviour of air bubbles in seawater has not previously been investigated. It is hypothesised that phytoplankton influence BRT through the production of dissolved organic material (DOM) and oxygen. Laboratory experiments were carried out in a seawater mesocosm tank system to investigate the influence of phytoplankton growth on the BRT of artificially injected air bubbles of a wide size range (10-1000 µm diameter) using both natural phytoplankton populations from Kiel Firth and phytoplankton monocultures. BRT was determined acoustically and several phytoplankton growth-related parameters (chlorophyll concentration, dissolved inorganic nutrients, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), oxygen saturation, bacteria numbers) as well as physico-chemical parameters (surface tension and viscosity) were monitored. BRT showed statistically significant covariation with oxygen saturation and chlorophyll a concentration during phytoplankton growth periods in the tank. Increases in BRT of a factor of 〉 2 were found during the chlorophyll maxima, provided that the water was sufficiently supersaturated with oxygen (~〉110%). When the seawater was undersaturated with oxygen, BRT changed only marginally regardless of the chlorophyll a concentration. No clear relationship was evident between BRT and measurements of DOC, surface tension and viscosity. Investigations of the influence of dissolved oxygen on BRT through variation of oxygen saturation of deionised water showed that oxygen saturation alone has no apparent effect on BRT. The influence of phytoplankton on the rheological properties of an air/water interface was investigated in small scale experiments using different phytoplankton monocultures. An increase in surface shear viscosity was detected for only one of the four species of microalgae tested, Nitzschia closterium. Dependency of BRT on the combination of oxygen supersaturation and other phytoplankton growth-related parameters are discussed.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2024-07-03
    Description: The aim of this thesis is to improve the mechanistic understanding of nitrogen fixation by the marine non-heterocystous cyanobacterium Trichodesmium. This diazotroph is a major contributor to the marine nitrogen cycle and thus is important for parameterizations for nitrogen fixation in Ocean Biogeochemical Circulation Models. A wide-ranging amount of information on ecophysiological characteristics of Trichodesmium has been published and is summarized in a literature review (chapter I). This review stresses that Trichodesmium abundance in the open ocean can be limited by the nutrients iron and/or phosphorus and is constrained by the physical parameters temperature and light. Nevertheless, chapter I also identifies that the effects of temperature and light availability on diazotrophic growth of Trichodesmium were not fully understood and required further investigation. Laboratory results (chapter III) demonstrate that Trichodesmium N2 fixation is confined to water temperatures of 20 – 34 °C with an optimum range of 24 – 30 °C. These findings are of particular interest with respect to global warming, considering the important role of Trichodesmium in the marine nitrogen cycle. Combining these data with climate models (HadCM3 and GFDL R30) chapter III predicts a future decline in the fixed nitrogen input by Trichodesmium that could significantly affect marine nitrogen cycling within this century. Chapters IV and V address the role of light for diazotrophic growth of Trichodesmium. Results show that Trichodesmium is well adapted to the light regimes throughout the euphotic zone of tropical and subtropical oceans. The carbon specific growth rate increases up to an irradiance of 180 μmol quanta m-2 s-1, and is constant (0.26 d-1) thereafter up to 1100 μmol quanta m-2 s-1, where light inhibition sets in. The maximum nitrogen fixation rate measured was 350 nmol N2 fixed l-1 h-1. Chapter IV further provides a simple numerical model to describe nitrogen input into seawater by Trichodesmium as a function of light intensity. This outcome is complemented by a conceptual model of nitrogen and carbon fixation of Trichodesmium presented in Chapter V. Additionally, a reassessment of a commonly applied method to measure nitrogen fixation (Acetylene Reduction Assay) was conducted (chapter II). This method was improved by providing newly derived ethylene gas solubility coefficients that are required to accurately calculate nitrogen fixation rates. These were previously unavailable from published literature and thus the presented publication contributes to a standardization of nitrogen fixation measurements. Further methodological approaches to assess nitrogen fixation and release of fixed nitrogen by diazotrophs are provided in an outlook for future work in chapter V.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2024-07-03
    Description: The Labrador Sea is one of a few sites of the world ocean where open ocean deep convection occurs. Previous ocean general circulation models of the North Atlantic tend to show large deficits in simulating observed characteristics of deep water formation in the Labrador Sea. It is shown that three key processes lead to significant improvements: 1) an adequate representation of the freshwater exchange with the Nordic Seas; 2) an efficient representation of eddy fluxes between the boundary currents and the interior of the Labrador Sea; 3) low (numerical) diapycnal mixing. Based on these results, a refined eddy resolving model of the North Atlantic is developed and analyzed with respect to the important aspects of the deep water formation and its variability in the Labrador Sea. The dominant eddy kinetic energy signal is associated with the generation of well stratified ”Cape Desolation Eddies” which are not a direct result of the deep water formation process. These eddies are able to suppress deep convection in the interior of the Labrador Sea. A second type of rather unstratified ”rim current eddies” are formed during the deep convection process. Both types contribute to the restratification after convection and are important for this process to occur on observed timescales. Beside the well known correlation between surface heat flux changes and Labrador Sea Water formation, the model suggests two novel mechanisms of convection variability related to wind stress: 1) in case of enhanced wind stress the eddy kinetic energy at Cape Desolation increases. The resulting higher generation of well stratified Cape Desolation eddies leads to significantly lower Labrador Sea Water formation; 2) wind stresses parallel to the coast west of Greenland causes Ekman transports of relatively fresh and cold water off the coast towards the interior. This buoyant water at the surface stratifies the water column on the Greenland side of the Labrador Sea and suppresses deep convection.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 69
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    [Dordrecht [u.a.]] : Springer
    Call number: M 24.95741
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XVIII, 831 Seiten , Illustrationen, Karten , 193 x 260 mm
    Edition: Second edition 2. rev. and enl. ed. of the 1. ed. publ. by Chapman and Hall, 1994
    ISBN: 9789402404470 , 9402404473
    Language: English
    Location: Upper compact magazine
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2024-07-01
    Description: Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is cytotoxic and as a reactive oxygen species (ROS) elicits oxidative stress in marine organisms (Viarengo et al. 1998). There are several sources of (H2O2) to the surface layers of the oceans and Antarctic diatoms do have the ability to decompose H202 in seawater. They decompose certain amounts of H202 in the dark and in the light and bacteria have a minor effect on the decomposition. All species of marine diatoms tested (F. cylindrus, F kerguelensis, C. dichaeta, C. debilis, and Actinocyclus sp.) were able to decompose H202 at first order. The rate constants (k) for these species of phytoplankton ranged between ~-2.0 - -5.0*10-03 μg chl-a-1 l-1 h-1. Actinocyclus sp. was the most efficient, while C. dichaeta was the least efficient decomposer. The decomposition is mediated through catalase and peroxidase enzymes inside the cell and efficiency is dependent on the permeability of the cell wall for H202 of one cell. One marine diatom (C. debilis) used in the experiments was a producer of H202 in the dark but at negligible concentrations regarding other sources of H202 like photoproduction or precipitation to the oceans.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 71
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    IFM-GEOMAR, Kiel
    Publication Date: 2024-06-13
    Description: The cruise took place from 14.8.2005 (Akureyri) – 22.8.2005 (Akureyri) Research subject: ROV studies, mapping and sampling of the Tjörnes Offset (Storagrunn, Hollinn, Nafir) Chief Scientist: Prof. Dr. Colin W. Devey, IFM-GEOMAR, Kiel Number of Scientists: 10 Project: DFG De572/13-1 Fracture Zone
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 72
    Call number: AWI Bio-24-95729
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XIV, 354 Seiten , Illustrationen
    ISBN: 0195154312 , 9780195154313 , 978-0-19-515431-3
    Series Statement: Long-Term Ecological Research Network Series
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Contributors Part I. Alaska's Past and Present Environment 1. The Conceptual Basis of LTER Studies in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / F. Stuart Chapin III, john Yarie, Keith Van Cleve, and Leslie A. Viereck 2. Regional Overview of Interior Alaska / James E. Beget, David Stone, and David L Verbyla 3. State Factor Control of Soil Formation in Interior Alaska / Chien-Lu Ping, Richard D. Boone, Marcus H. Clark, Edmond C. Packee, and David K. Swanson 4. Climate and Permafrost Dynamics of the Alaskan Boreal Forest / Larry D. Hinzman, Leslie A. Viereck, Phyllis C. Adams, Vladimir E. Romanovsky, and Kenji Yoshikawa 5. Holocene Development of the Alaskan Boreal Forest / Andrea H. Lloyd, Mary E. Edwards, Bruce P. Finney, Jason A. Lynch, Valerie Barber, and Nancy H. Bigelow Part II. Forest Dynamics 6. Floristic Diversity and Vegetation Distribution in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / F. Stuart Chapin III, Teresa Hollingsworth, David F. Murray, Leslie A. Viereck, and Marilyn D. Walker 7. Successional Processes in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / F. Stuart Chapin III, Leslie A. Viereck, Phyllis C. Adams, Keith Van Cleve, Christopher L. Fastie, Robert A. Ott, Daniel Mann, and Jill F. Johnstone 8. Mammalian Herbivore Population Dynamics in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / Eric Rexstad and Knut Kielland 9. Dynamics of Phytophagous Insects and Their Pathogens in Alaskan Boreal Forests / Richard A. Werner, Kenneth F. Raffa, and Barbara L. Illman 10. Running Waters of the Alaskan Boreal Forest / Mark W. Oswood, Nicholas F. Hughes, and Alexander M. Milner Part III. Ecosystem Dynamics 11. Controls over Forest Production in Interior Alaska / John Yarie and Keith Van Cleve 12. The Role of Fine Roots in the Functioning of Alaskan Boreal Forests / Roger W. Ruess, Ronald L. Hendrick, Jason C. Vogel, and Bjartmar Sveinbjornsson 13. Mammalian Herbivory, Ecosystem Engineering, and Ecological Cascades in Alaskan Boreal Forests / Knut Kielland, John P. Bryant, and Roger W. Ruess 14. Microbial Processes in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / Joshua P. Schimel and F. Stuart Chapin III 15. Patterns of Biogeochemistry in Alaskan Boreal Forests / David W. Valentine, Knut Kielland, F. Stuart Chapin III, A. David McCuire, and Keith Van Cleve Part IV. Changing Regional Processes 16. Watershed Hydrology and Chemistry in the Alaskan Boreal Forest: The Central Role of Permafrost / Larry D. Hinzman, W. Robert Bolton, Kevin C. Petrone, Jeremy B. Jones, and Phyllis C. Adams 17. Fire Trends in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / Eric S. Kasischke, T. Scott Rupp, and David L. Verbyla 18. Timber Harvest in Interior Alaska / Tricia L. Wurtz, Robert A. Ott, and John C. Maisch 19. Climate Feedbacks in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / A. David McCuire and F. Stuart Chapin III 20. Communication of Alaskan Boreal Science with Broader Communities / Elena B. Sparrow, Janice C. Dawe, and F. Stuart Chapin III 21. Summary and Synthesis: Past and Future Changes in the Alaskan Boreal Forest / F. Stuart Chapin III, A. David McCuire, Roger W. Ruess, Marilyn W. Walker, Richard D. Boone, Mary E. Edwards, Bruce P. Finney, Larry D. Hinzman, Jeremy B. Jones, Clenn P. Juday, Eric S. Kasischke, Knut Kielland, Andrea H. Lloyd, Mark W. Oswood, Chien-Lu Ping, Eric Rexstad, Vladimir E. Romanovsky, Joshua P. Schimel, Elena B. Sparrow, Bjartmar Sveinbjornsson, David W. Valentine, Keith Van Cleve, David L. Verbyla, Leslie A. Viereck, Richard A. Werner, Tricia L. Wurtz, and John Yarie Index
    Location: AWI Reading room
    Branch Library: AWI Library
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2024-05-23
    Description: Eine erste taxonomische Übersicht der bisher unbeschriebenen Taphoflora aus dem Unterrotliegend (Oberkarbon – Unterperm) von Niedermoschel bei Alsenz (Saar-Becken-Becken, SW-Deutschland) wird vorgestellt. Die Flora umfasst nach aktuellem Kenntnisstand folgende Taxa: Lepidostrobophyllum sp., Sphenophyllum thoniiMAHR, Sphenophyllum cf. oblongifolium (GERMAR & KAULFUSS) UNGER, Sphenophyllum spp. (unbest. Achsen), Annularia spinulosa STERNBERG, Annularia spicata (GUTBIER) SCHIMPER, Asterophyllites equisetiformis (SCHLOTHEIM ex STERNBERG) BRONGNIART, Asterophyllites longifolius (STERNBERG) BRONGNIART, cf. Palaeostachya sp., Calamites spp., Scolecopteris cf. arborescens (SCHLOTHEIM ex BRONGNIART) STUR, Pecopteris (Scolecopteris) cf. oreopteridia (SCHLOTHEIM) BRONGNIART, Pecopteris (Scolecopteris) candolleana BRONGNIART, Pecopteris (Scolecopteris) cf. densifolia GÖPPERT, Pecopteris monyi ZEILLER, Pecopteris spp. indet, Remia pinnatifida (GUTBIER) KNIGHT, Asterotheca sternbergii (GÖPPERT) STUR, Crossotheca sp., Autunia conferta (STERNBERG) KERP, Rhachiphyllum schenkii (HEYER) KERP, Dicksonites pluckenetii (SCHLOTHEIM ex STERNBERG) STERZEL, cf. Neurodontopteris auriculata (BRONGNIART) POTONIÉ, Cordaites sp., Coniferae indet., Gomphostrobus bifidus (GEINITZ) POTONIÉ, cf. Dicranophyllum gallicum GRAND´EURY sowie verschiedene, nicht näher bestimmbare karpologische Reste, Wurzeln und Problematika. Die Flora repräsentiert damit eine der diversesten, bisher bekannt gewordenen Floren aus dem Unteren Rotliegend des Saar-Nahe-Beckens. Basierend auf der taxonomischen Zusammensetzung und der autökologischen Interpretation der nachgewiesenen Taxa wird die Taphoflora als eine allochthone Vermischung mindestens zweier Vegetationseinheiten gedeutet: der ufernahen, feuchtigkeitsliebenden Vegetation (deren Reste die Taphoflora dominieren) und der Vegetation des eher trockeneren Hinterlandes.
    Description: Abstract: A first taxonomic survey of the so far undescribed taphoflora from the Lower Rotliegend (Upper Carboniferous – Lower Permian) of Niedermoschel near Alsenz (Saar-Nahe basin, Southwest Germany) is presented. The following taxa have been identified so far: Lepidostrobophyllum sp., Sphenophyllum thoniiMAHR, Sphenophyllum cf. oblongifolium (GERMAR & KAULFUSS) UNGER, Sphenophyllum spp., Annularia spinulosa STERNBERG, Annularia spicata (GUTBIER) SCHIMPER, Asterophyllites equisetiformis (SCHLOTHEIM ex STERNBERG) BRONGNIART, Asterophyllites longifolius (STERNBERG) BRONGNIART , cf. Palaeostachya sp., Calamites spp., Scolecopteris cf. arborescens (SCHLOTHEIM ex BRONGNIART) STUR, Pecopteris (Scolecopteris) cf. oreopteridia (SCHLOTHEIM) BRONGNIART, Pecopteris (Scolecopteris) candolleana BRONGNIART, Pecopteris (Scolecopteris) cf. densifolia GÖPPERT, Pecopteris monyi ZEILLER, Pecopteris spp. indet, Remia pinnatifida (GUTBIER) KNIGHT, Asterotheca sternbergii (GÖPPERT) STUR, Crossotheca sp., Autunia conferta (STERNBERG) KERP, Rhachiphyllum schenkii (HEYER) KERP, Dicksonites pluckenetii (SCHLOTHEIM ex STERNBERG) STERZEL, cf. Neurodontopteris auriculata (BRONGNIART) POTONIÉ, Cordaites sp., Coniferae indet., Gomphostrobus bifidus (GEINITZ) POTONIÉ, cf. Dicranophyllum gallicum GRAND´EURY, as well as several unidentified carpological remains, roots and problematics. Thus this flora represents one of the most diverse (in terms of species richness) floras from the Lower Rotliegend of the Saar-Nahe basin. Based on the taxonomic composition and autecological interpretations of the taxa this flora is interpretated to represent an allochthonous mix of at least two different source vegetation types: i.e. from the vegetation of wet environments (dominating the assemblage) and the vegetation of the more dry Hinterland.
    Description: 1. Einleitung 2. Geologie und Material 3. Die Flora 3.1. Lycopsiden 3.2. Sphenopsiden 3.2.1. Calamiten 3.2.2. Sphenophyllen 3.3. Farne 3.4. Pteridospermen 3.4.1. Peltaspermaceen 3.4.2. Callistophytaceen 3.4.3. Medullosaceen 3.5. Cordaiten 3.6. Koniferen 3.7. „Koniferophyten“ 3.8. Incertae sedis und Problematika 4. Taphonomie und Ökologie Schriften
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:561 ; Saar-Nahe-Becken ; Rotliegend ; Paläobotanik
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:article , publishedVersion
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  • 74
    facet.materialart.12
    Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press
    Call number: 9781420073072 (e-book)
    Description / Table of Contents: As we discover more about the role of the ocean in global changes and identify the effects of global change on the ocean, understanding its chemical composition and processes becomes increasingly paramount. However, understanding these processes requires a wide range of measurements in the vast ocean, from the sea surface to deep-ocean trenches, from the tropics to the poles. Practical Guidelines for the Analysis of Seawater provides a common analytical basis for generating quality-assured and reliable data on chemical parameters in the ocean. A source of practical know-how, the book covers sampling and storage, analytical methodology, and guidelines and procedures for quality assurance. It presents analytical methods with the step-by-step procedures that help practitioners implement these methods successfully into the laboratory, making them instantly applicable without consulting further literature. The book also contains essential information for developing or improving quality control and quality assurance programs in the laboratory. It includes the availability and measurement of standard reference materials, blank estimation and correction, control of recoveries, and statistical evaluation of quality assurance data. Analytical chemistry is a very active and fast moving area. Despite the development of innovative new analytical techniques for chemical trace element research, obtaining reliable data at ultra-trace levels remains a formidable challenge. A complete and practical guide, this book delineates proven methods that consistently yield reproducible data in routine work.
    Type of Medium: 12
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xii, 401 Seiten) , Illustrationen, Diagramme
    ISBN: 978-1-4200-7307-2 , 9781420073072
    Series Statement: Environmental science and technology
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Preface Editor Contributors Chapter 1 Sampling and Sample Treatments / Oliver Wurl Chapter 2 Analysis of Dissolved and Particulate Organic Carbon with the HTCO Technique / Oliver Wurl and Tsai Min Sin Chapter 3 Spectrophotometric and Chromatographic Analysis of Carbohydrates in Marine Samples / Christos Panagiotopoulos and Oliver Wurl Chapter 4 The Analysis of Amino Acids in Seawater / Thorsten Dittmar, Jennifer Cherrier, and Kai-Uwe Ludwichowski Chapter 5 Optical Analysis of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter / Norman B. Nelson and Paula G. Coble Chapter 6 Isotope Composition of Organic Matter in Seawater / Laodong Guo and Ming-Yi Sun Chapter 7 Determination of Marine Gel Particles / Anja Engel Chapter 8 Nutrients in Seawater Using Segmented Flow Analysis / Alain Aminot, Roger Kérouel, and Stephen C. Coverly Chapter 9 Dissolved Organic and Particulate Nitrogen and Phosphorous / Gerhard Kattner Chapter 10 Pigment Applications in Aquatic Systems / Karen Helen Wiltshire Chapter 11 Determination of DMS, DMSP, and DMSO in Seawater / Jacqueline Stefels Chapter 12 Determination of Iron in Seawater / Andrew R. Bowie and Maeve C. Lohan Chapter 13 Radionuclide Analysis in Seawater / Mark Baskaran, Gi-Hoon Hong, and Peter H. Santschi Chapter 14 Sampling and Measurements of Trace Metals in Seawater / Sylvia G. Sander, Keith Hunter, and Russell Frew Chapter 15 Trace Analysis of Selected Persistent Organic Pollutants in Seawater / Oliver Wurl Chapter 16 Pharmaceutical Compounds in Estuarine and Coastal Waters / John L. Zhou and Zulin Zhang Appendix A: First Aid for Common Problems with Typical Analytical Instruments Appendix B: Chemical Compatibilities and Physical Properties of Various Materials Appendix C: Water Purification Technologies
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2024-04-10
    Description: This study investigated effects of small-scale turbulence on growth and other selected characteristics of autotrophic planktonic flagellates. Under turbulent conditions generated in the laboratory, experiments in pure batch culture were conducted with Prymnesium parvum (Prymnesiophyceae), Pyrenomonas helgolandii (Cryptophyceae), Prorocentrum redfieldii, Alexandrium minutum, A. fundyense and A. tamarense (Dinoflagellata). Net growth rate of two species were affected by small-scale turbulence, i. e. enhancement in P. parvum, impairment in A. tamarense. In P. redfieldii aggregation and mortality of the cells was enhanced. Except for a slight effect towards smaller cell size in A. tamarense turbulence showed no effect on the size in the six species examined. Carbon and nitrogen content of the cells and their relation were not affected by small-scale turbulence in P. helgolandii and P. redfieldii. The content of chlorophyll a and some accessory pigments was also not affected in the four dinoflagellate species examined. In the three Alexandrium species the cellular contents of mean toxins causing paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) were not influenced during the exponential growth stage, but during stagnation and decline, gonyautoxin in A. fundyense increased with increasing turbulence. The effects of small-scale turbulence might also depend on the growth stage of the organisms. Experiments in chemostat cultures instead of batch cultures might be more suitable for investigating the effect of small-scale turbulence in discrete growth stages and are recommended for future experiments.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 76
    Call number: M 24.95704
    Description / Table of Contents: 32 Modellbaubögen ermöglichen, Kristalle sämtlicher Klassen selbst zusammenzubauen. Eine kurze Einführung, eine übersichtliche Tabelle der 32 Kristallklassen sowie ein Lernkartensystem komplettieren das Heft. ""Kristallmodelle"" ist im Set mit weiteren Titeln zum Sonderpreis erhältlich (s. S. 28f.)
    Description / Table of Contents: 32 Modellbaubögen ermöglichen, Kristalle sämtlicher Klassen selbst zusammenzubauen. Eine kurze Einführung, eine übersichtliche Tabelle der 32 Kristallklassen sowie ein Lernkartensystem komplettieren das Heft. "Kristallmodelle" ist im Set mit weiteren Titeln zum Sonderpreis erhältlich (s. S. 28f.)
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 12 Seiten, 32 [Blatt] , Illustrationen
    ISBN: 978-3-486-58449-3
    URL: Cover
    URL: Cover
    Language: German
    Location: Upper compact magazine
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: The newly developed Kiel Climate Model (KCM) is used to study the influence of global warming on the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The global warming scenario used in this study involves increasing the C02 concentration by 1 % per annum until the concentration has doubled and thereafter stabilised. An ensemble of eight global warming simulations were performed. They were compared against a 330 year stable simulation for current climate conditions. In the first step, the simulation of the tropical climate, mean state, ENSO and its dynamics in the control run are assessed by comparing them against observations. In the second step, the changes induced by the global warming scenario in the mean state of tropical Pacific, the simulation of ENSO, and three major ENSO feedbacks are examined. KCM simulates global climate relatively well in terms of mean state, annual cycle, variability, and ENSO. However, like many models, KCM exhibits a 1 °C cold bias in the cold tongue of the equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature (SST), overestimates the variability, underestimates the non-linear effects and is also lacking the typical phase locking to the annual cycle. The simulated global warming scenario is well inside the range of other coupled general circulation models and shows a linear increase in the surface air temperature during the increase of the C02 concentration. The major findings are near uniform warming of the sea surface temperature combined with a deepening and sharpening of the thermocline. These changes in the mean state result in a doubling of the amplitude and an increase in the extreme El Nino events. These changes in the mean state were shown to strengthen feedbacks between thermocline depth and SST and between SST and zonal wind stress, both of these contribute to the increased ENSO variability.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 78
    Call number: AWI E2-24-95714
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 216 Seiten , Illustrationen , 300 mm x 215 mm
    ISBN: 3865682855 , 9783865682857 , 978-3-86568-285-7
    Series Statement: Schriften des Historischen Museums Frankfurt am Main 26
    Language: German
    Note: Inhalt Vorwort und Dank Widmung Frühes Wissen um den Nordpol Der Globus des Johannes Schöner von 1515 Theodor de Bry als Verleger von Barentsz und Hudsons Polarfahrten Die Globen von Andreae (1717), Doppelmayr (1730 und 1792) und Klinger (1792) in der Frankfurter Stadtbibliothek »Zwei Grönländer« im Prehn'schen Kabinett Die Nordfahrt des Georg Berna 1861 Das Personal Die Reise Der Beginn deutscher Polarforschung Das offene Polarmeer? Die erste Versammlung Deutscher Meister und Freunde der Erdkunde am 23. und 24. Juli 1865 in Frankfurt am Main Die Erste Deutsche Nordpolar-Expedition von 1868 Die Zweite Deutsche Nordpolar-Expedition von 1869/1870 Die Österreich-Ungarische Nordpolar-Expedition von 1872-1874 Julius Payer vor 1871 Carl Weyprecht vor 1871 Die Vorexpedition von 1871 Die Österreich-Ungarische Nordpolar-Expedition von 1872 bis 1874 Carl Weyprecht nach 1874: Die Begründung der Internationalen Polarjahre Julius Payer nach 1874 Nachruhm Erstes Internationales Polarjahr und Kontinentalverschiebung Das Erste Internationale Polarjahr Der Frankfurter Verein für Geographie und Statistik Die Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft Theodor Lerner, Polarfahrer Andrée, »Fauna Árctica« und die Bäreninsel Eine Überwinterung auf Spitzbergen Die Rettungsexpedition von 1913 Forschen für Senckenberg Auf nach Grönland! Die Erste Hessische Grönlandexpedition von Hans Krüger und Fritz Klute 1925 Waldemar Coste und der Film »Milak der Grönlandjäger« 1926 Die Zweite Hessische Grönlandexpedition 1929/1930 und das Verschwinden Hans Krügers Friedrich Sieburg und Anne Schmücker als Propagandisten Grönlands Johannes Georgi »im Eis vergraben« 1930/1931 Die Internationalen Polarjahre Und der Südpol? Georg von Neumayers unermüdliche Agitation Die drei deutschen Expeditionen in antarktische Gewässer Anhang Literaturverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Impressum
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2024-03-26
    Description: Seismic and volcanic activity in Central Java, Indonesia, is related to the subduction of the Indo-Australian plate beneath the Sunda plate. The MERAMEX project (MERapi AMphibious EXperiments) studied the relationship between subduction zone processes and arc volcanism in Central Java. In 2004, a temporary seismological network was installed and seismic refraction and reflection profiles, bathymetric, gravimetric, and magnetic data was acquired. The airgun signals of the three profiles were recorded both at OBH stations deployed along the seismic profiles and within the onshore receiver array. The reflection and refraction data of the three seismic profiles were forward modelled and the P-wave velocity information was used to generate background velocity models for the tomographic calculations. Tomographic inversions of the active onshore data were performed using the 3DTH (Hole 1992) and LOTOS-06 (Koulakov et al. 2007) codes. The onshore active data and local earthquakes were also jointly inverted using LOTOS-06. The tomographic models show a low-velocity structure aligned in a NNE-SSW direction that separates the rigid forearc into two blocks. The hypocenter of the May 26, 2006 Java magnitude Mw=6.4 earthquake and its aftershocks are concentrated along the eastern edge of this elongated low-velocity zone. An anomalously-strong low-velocity anomaly is located in the backarc crust just north of the volcanoes Sumbing, Merapi and Lawu. The velocity perturbations, the attenuation of P- and S- waves, the high Poisson’s ratio of 0.3, its correlation with a gravity low and the location in the active Sunda Arc, all suggest that the low-velocity anomaly is caused by multiple magma reservoirs and ascending feeder systems below the volcanoes of Central Java.
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2024-03-26
    Description: Detailed bathymetric mapping of the area of 15°N (MAR) as well as geological mapping of the Logatchev hydrothermal field at 14°45´N (MAR) leads to a very well description of the Logatchev hydrothermal field and adjacent areas. Main parts of the Logatchev hydrothermal field are located in a depression filled with talus material and pelagic sediment this causes an increase in porosity and permeability in the subseafloor influencing fluid pathways importantly and provide aquifers wherein fluids can spread out laterally in layers of mafic/ultramafic talus. The ‚smoking craters‛ of the Logatchev hydrothermal field are rare structures which have only been identified at Logatchev and the, in 2005 newly discovered, Nibelungen-Field at the southern MAR (Koschinsky at al., 2006). Bathymetric maping of the seafloor reveal that the hydrothermal activity at Logatchev mainly is fault controlled. The Logatchev hydrothermal field is characterized by five smoking craters, two hydrothermal mounds with black smokers and a couple of diffuse vent sites. The smoking craters emanate fluids with temperatures up to ~350°C. Host Rocks of the field are mainly serpentinites (〉70%) and gabbroic rocks (〉20%) with subordinately basalt. Serpentinites, gabbroic rocks, and altered sediments were sampled from the active ultramafic hosted Logatchev hydrothermal field (LHF) by ROV deployments and TV-guided grab. In this study we present new data of clay-size separates and whole rock chemistry as well as strontium and oxygen isotopic compositions in order to investigate the alteration processes, water-rock reactions and associated elemental exchanges. The samples of mantle peridotites are mostly serpentinized (〉95 vol%) whereas some gabbroic samples are moderately to completely altered. Changes in geochemical compositions, especially trace element compositions, of the altered rocks indicate a highly heterogeneous distribution of alteration styles. Light rare earth elements are enriched in all serpentinites and suggest a strong influence of Logatchev vent fluids during some stages of serpentinization. Oxygen isotopic data of lizardites reveal formation temperatures of 130-150°C whereas chlorite formation in altered gabbroic samples occurred between 150° and 200°C in the LHF. Negative as well as positive Eu anomalies in serpentinites suggest varying alteration processes: (1) high temperature alteration in acidic, reducing conditions as well as (2) low temperature alteration in neutral, oxidizing environments. The absence of brucite and the formation of talc indicate high concentrations of aquatic silica in the Logatchev area. Petrographic investigations, high field strength element data and elevated rare earth elements indicate that melt–rock interaction is also an important factor affecting mantle peridotite prior to serpentinization processes at LHF. Therefore gabbroic intrusions are the most probable source for aquatic silica. Strontium isotopic data suggest high water/rock ratios in the range of 2.6-27 and alteration fluids which are characterized by high contents of heated seawater.Calculations of relative gains and losses of major and trace elements as well as mineralogical observations reveal that a large variety of alteration styles take place at the Logatchev hydrothermal field. A combination of serpentinization, hydrothermal fluids, melt-rock interaction and low-temperature seafloor weathering lead to significant gains and losses of major and trace elements. We found that serpentinization at Logatchev was isochemical for the most major elements (excepting a loss of TiO2 and CaO). However, the concentration of trace elements e.g., Cu, Nb, Ba, La, Sm, Eu, Th or U increases strongly in the serpentinites. In addition, gabbroic intrusions are a sink for MgO during the formation of chlorite and serpentine after clinopyroxene and play a major role as distributors of SiO2, TiO2, CaO, and Na2O as well as numerous trace elements in the circulating fluids.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2024-03-26
    Description: Within the framework of this thesis investigations on formation and dissolution processes of Mg-calcites have been carried out. Based on the results of mineralogical and isotope geochemical investigations it was possible to reconstruct the formation processes of authigenic high Mg-calcite concretions sampled from mud mounds of the Costa Rica forearc. Furthermore, based on laboratory work, the oxygen isotope fractionation of high Mg-calcite in aqueous media was examined. Finally, dissolution experiments on CaMg-carbonates were performed and theoretic kinetic parameters could be defined for the dissolution processes. Chapter I presents a short introduction describing the natural occurrence of Mg-calcites and their formation processes. Furthermore, different experimental techniques, which are applied to investigate precipitation- and dissolution processes of carbonates, are introduced. Formation processes of authigenic carbonates in Mounds 11 and 12 (Costa Rica forearc) are discussed in Chapter II. The pore water geochemical profiles from sediment cores collected in the study area show the active diagenetic processes leading to carbonate mineral precipitation. Investigation of the stable carbon and oxygen isotope composition of the collected authigenic concretions indicates a complex formation scenario, possibly controlled by sediment erosion, varying fluxes of methane-rich fluid, and thus migration zones of carbonate formation. Based on the stable isotope composition of the authigenic concretions and the respected geochemical pore fluid composition a common deep fluid source is postulated for the two mud mounds. The third chapter investigates the effect of Mg2+ incorporation on the oxygen isotope fractionation of high Mg-calcite in the temperature range between 25 and 80oC. Synthetic high Mg-calcites with various MgCO3 content are prepared in the laboratory from oversaturated solutions with respect to calcite. A new technique for the separation of crystalline from amorphous carbonate was developed. The results, including a new expression for the Mg-calcite-water oxygen isotope fractionation, imply that the incorporation of Mg2+ in the calcite crystal lattice has a much bigger effect on the Mg-calcite - water oxygen isotope fractionation, than it was previously defined by laboratory precipitation experiments at 25°C. The new isotope fractionation factor (this study) rather fits to recently published thermodynamic calculations, and will help to improve our knowledge about the environmental conditions during natural Mg-calcite formation. The investigation of CaMg-carbonate dissolution in aqueous media is presented in the fourth chapter. The run of the concentration vs. time curves could be fitted by a simple kinetic equation. Kinetic constants controlling the equation were determined and are comparable to previously published data. Furthermore, experiments performed in distilled water showed that dissolution rates of authigenic (13%)Mg-calcite are comparable to dissolution rates of calcite, when the geometric surface is used in the kinetic equation. In the case of dissolution experiments in NaCl solutions (0.6M), with ionic strength similar to seawater, the solvent obviously strongly determines the reaction order and dissolution rate of Mg-calcite. It is believed that the presented results could be used to improve the existing diagenetic models describing diagenetic dissolution/precipitation processes of CaMg-carbonates in e.g. cold seep areas.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2024-03-22
    Description: The focus of this study is to explore the long term Plio-Pleistocene variability of coastal and open ocean upwelling systems by reconstructing for the last ~3.5 Ma, sea surface temperature (SST), primary productivity and nutrient cycling in the Benguela Upwelling System (BUS) and the Eastern Equatorial Pacific (EEP), two areas particularly sensible and influential to climate change.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2024-03-22
    Description: Planktonic foraminifera from tropical Atlantic and Caribbean sediment-surface samples (0-1 cm) show general westward-directed increasing calcification depths depending on the east-west increase in thermocline depth. Positively related planktonic foraminiferal Mg/Ca and carbonate ion concentration in the Caribbean show well preserved Mg/Ca down to depths about 1.5 km above the lysocline, which equals a carbonate ion concentration of 26-18 µmol/kg. Species-specific calibrations of Mg/Ca with d18O-derived calcification temperatures reveal similar exponential and differing preexponential constants for shallow- and thermocline-dwelling compared to deep-dwelling species. For multispecies, a "warm water" and a "cold water" calibration was derived. Alteration of deep-sea sediments in the vicinity of the Bahama platform results in micro-scale inorganic crystallites on planktonic foraminiferal tests, which synchronize the absence of high Mg-calcite from the sediments. Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca of the crystallites are 4-6 times elevated and 2-3 times depleted, respectively, compared to the original foraminiferal test.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2024-03-18
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: Most active marine electromagnetic surveys use an array of transmitting and receiving electric dipoles located on the sea-floor. There are many reports of successful detections of buried resistors with these arrays. Nevertheless, the concept has a significant drawback: Large offsets between the transmitter and receiver with respect to the target depth are needed. A logical alternative is the use of a vertical electric-dipole transmitter in a borehole deeper than the target, combined with receivers located at the seafloor. Because current must pass through the target, even data recorded at short offsets with respect to target depth should be sensitive to the target. We derived the equations for the electric and magnetic field components produced by the vertical electric dipole in a 1D layered medium. The equations are used to model the fields for resistive layers. An eigenparameter analysisis applied to the different field components, and the resolution is compared with the standard seafloor inline array. The analyses show that data for the downhole transmitter are more sensitive to the resistance between the source and the receiver than the sea-floor array. However, model geometry such as depth to the target is resolved less easily. The resolution of the model geometry is improved significantly when a long bipole transmitter is used, extended from below the target layer to a level above it. We carried out 3D modeling for the downhole transmitter through the use of a finite-difference algorithm. Results indicate that these data are very sensitive to lateral changes within the target layer. Differences between electric fields simulated at the seafloor for 3D models and a reference model show a correlation to lateral resistivity differences. This finding suggests that the array is suitable for mapping and monitoring resistivity anomalies outward from the borehole.
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2024-02-28
    Description: Dieser Artikel diskutiert den Charakter von Pollentypen. Wir argumentieren, dass Pollentypen und Pflanzentaxa komplett unterschiedliche Entitäten (morphologische bzw. taxonomische) sind, und deswegen unterschiedlich behandelt und dargestellt werden sollten. Allgemeine Probleme der konventionellen Nomenklatur von Pollentypen werden anhand von Beispielen aus der europäischen palynologischen Praxis illustriert. Wir plädieren für Deutlichkeit in der Nomenklatur von Pollentypen und für die wissenschaftliche Freiheit, ‘unkonventionelle‘ Methoden zu benutzen, um Verwirrung zu vermeiden.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:551.7 ; palynological methods ; pollen morphology ; pollen type nomenclature
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article , publishedVersion
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  • 87
    Call number: AWI A2-24-95687
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 97 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Edition: 2nd edition
    ISBN: 9782880853051 , 978-2-940443-00-0
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Executive summary Overview Arctic climate change Key findings of this assessment 1. Atmospheric circulation feedbacks 2. Ocean circulation feedbacks 3. Ice sheets and sea-level rise feedbacks 4. Marine carbon cycle feedbacks 5. Land carbon cycle feedbacks 6. Methane hydrate feedbacks Author team
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2024-02-09
    Description: International students travel in many ways. First of all geographically: they move from one country to another. Secondly, they travel through their own identities: they have to find a new place in a new context by familiarizing themselves with new values and customs, while making sure they meet the requirements their studies ask of them. Writing an academic text is almost always one of these requirements. Faculty assign their (international) students to write academic texts because they want to know whether or not they comprehend the content of the course they have offered. Some faculty also want to know whether or not students have familiarized themselves with academic genres and conventions, which may vary according to country or discipline. Consequently, when faculty ask international students to write an academic text, they are requiring them to undertake yet a third journey. In the process, international students may travel through a variety of genre conventions, exploring the conventions of their host country in combination with the conventions in their (new) discipline. In addition to these travels, they also have to find their own voices and their own identities while writing a text. Often, when they receive papers that they consider unsatisfactory, faculty assume that international students' capacities in academic writing are deficient. In this article, we will show how the design of two academic writing workshops for an international and interdisciplinary masters' program helped students in their interdisciplinary and international writing processes, not by working from a deficiency model, but by working from a contextual model. We will present the results in the conclusion by way of a pedagogical rough guide for teaching academic writing to international students.
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  • 89
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Call number: PIK 24-95567
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XVI, 558 S , graph. Darst
    Edition: Repr.
    ISBN: 0521588707 , 9780521588706 , 9780521380430
    Language: English
    Location: A 18 - must be ordered
    Branch Library: PIK Library
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: In recent years it has become increasingly apparent that the microbial loop and microbial production play an important role in many aquatic ecosystems. Microorganisms decompose and thereby recycle organic material in the water column and the sediment, which would otherwise be lost from the food web. Decomposition of organic matter takes place in aerobic and anaerobic sediments of lakes and wetlands, with anaerobic regions representing the sites for methane production. It is estimated that methane oxidising bacteria (MOB, methanotrophs) consume more than 90% of the methane available. Thus, MOB represent a significant pathway for the recycling of methane carbon back into aquatic food webs. Possible sites of trophic transfer are the oxic-anoxic boundary layers in the sediment or the water-sediment interfaces. The results presented in this thesis looked at this specific habitat in lakes. I particularly focused on interactions between sediment-dwelling chironomid larvae and the methane carbon cycle. For the first time I showed experimentally that chironomid larvae can feed directly on MOB biomass and thus include high amounts of methane-derived carbon into their diet. This thesis also emphasises that the contribution of methane carbon to larval diet can vary during the year and is strongly influenced by lake characteristics, specifically by depth. Moreover I applied a multiple stable isotope approach to unravel complexities in benthic food webs. The results of this thesis show that methane is not only an important carbon and energy source for aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates but could also substantially fuel terrestrial and riparian food webs.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2024-01-07
    Description: Drift is a prominent parameter characterizing the Arctic sea ice cover that has a deep impact on the climate system. Hence it is a key issue to both the remote sensing as well as the modeling community, to provide reliable sea ice drift fields. This study focuses on the comparison of sea ice drift results from different sea ice‐ocean coupled models and the validation with observational data in the period 1979–2001. The models all take part in the Arctic Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (AOMIP) and the observations are mainly based on satellite imagery. According to speed distributions, one class of models has a mode at drift speeds around 3 cm s −1 and a short tail toward higher speeds. Another class shows a more even frequency distribution with large probability of drift speeds of 10 to 20 cm s −1 . Observations clearly agree better with the first class of model results. Reasons for these differences are manifold and lie in discrepancies of wind stress forcing as well as sea ice model characteristics and sea ice‐ocean coupling. Moreover, we investigated the drift patterns of anticyclonic and cyclonic wind‐driven regimes. The models are capable of producing realistic drift pattern variability. The winter of 1994/1995 stands out because of its maximum in Fram Strait ice export. Although export estimates of some models agree with observations, the corresponding inner Arctic drift pattern is not reproduced. The reason for this is found in the wind‐forcing as well as in differences in ocean velocities.
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  • 92
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    International Glaciological Society | Cambridge University Press
    Publication Date: 2024-01-07
    Description: Sea ice deforms under convergent and Shear motion, causing rafting and ridging. This results in thicker ice than could be formed by thermodynamic growth only. Three different approaches to Simulating the formation of pressure ridges in a dynamic–thermodynamic continuum model are considered. They are compared with and evaluated by airborne laser profiles of the Sea-ice Surface roughness. The respective characteristic of each of the three ridging Schemes is (1) a prognostic equation for deformation energy from which ridge parameters are derived; (2) a redistribution function, Shifting ice between two categories, level and ridged, combined with a Monte Carlo Simulation for ridge parameters; and (3) prognostic equations for ridge density and height, resulting in the formation of ridged-ice volume. The model results Show that the ridge density is typically related to the State of ice motion, whereas the mean Sail height is related to the parent ice thickness. In general, all of the three models produce realistic distributions of ridges. Finally, the Second ridging Scheme is regarded as the most appropriate for climate modelling, while the third Scheme has advantages in Short-term Sea-ice forecasting.
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Die "Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis" (IDH) sagt maximale Diversität bei mittlerer Störungshäufigkeit voraus. Das Kondoh Modell erweitert diese Hypothese um den Faktor Produktivität und prognostiziert die Verschiebung der maximal möglichen Diversität, mit erhöhter Störungshäufigkeit, bei steigender Produktivität. Um diese beiden, zum Teil umstrittenen, Modelle weiter zu verifizieren, wurde ein Feldexperiment an zwei Orten vor der südaustralischen Küste durchgeführt. Dafür wurden Organismen des Makrobenthos, welche sich innerhalb von 3 Monaten auf künstlichem Substrat (aufgeraute PVC Platten) angesiedelt hatten, für eine Dauer von 6 Monaten, mit 7 verschiedenen Störungsfrequenzen, in Verbindung mit 3 verschiedenen Nährstoffniveaus ausgesetzt. Störung wurde simuliert durch das Entfernen von Biomasse von 20 % der zur Verfügung stehenden Besiedlungsfläche. Der Deckungsgrad jeder Art wurde 4-mal im laufe des Experiments bestimmt. Es zeigte sich, dass der Faktor Störung einen starken Effekt auf die Zusammensetzung der angesiedelten Gemeinschaft hat. Ebenso konnte ein Effekt des Faktors Produktivität auf die Gemeinschaftsstruktur nachgewiesen werden. Die Anwendbarkeit der beiden Hypothesen in den überprüften Lebensräumen konnte dagegen nicht belegt werden.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: The process of succession is usually driven by a combination of species interactions, disturbances and recruitment patterns. As these factors can be highly variable on a temporal and spatial scale, only local studies can reveal information helping to improve ecosystem management and conservation. The present diploma thesis comprises two studies, which focus on the succession of fouling communities from the north-central Chilean coast. In the first study, the influence of temporal and spatial variability of recruitment on the succession of fouling communities in the Bahia La Herradura was explored. For this purpose, settlement panels were deployed at different points in time of the annual growth season and at two different study sites within the bay and their succession was monitored. In the second study, the effect of the colonial ascidian Diplosoma sp. on recruitment and early community succession was evaluated. In this experiment, colonies of Diplosoma sp. were cut into sub-colonies and transplanted in different densities onto settlement panels, which were then submerged at two different study sites within the Bahia La Herradura. Recruitment on the artificial substrata was quantified and community development was observed. In the first study, temporally variable recuitment resulted in communities which initially differed strongly in structure and composition. However, during the course of succession, all communities were more and more dominated by the colonial ascidian Pyura chilensis, which monopolized the primary substratum. Pyura chilensis recruited into communities of all ages and expanded by crushing and smothering all other individuals, and thus, other species could only coexist by growing epibiotic on the ascidian. In the second study, I found that in presence of the colonial ascidian Diplosoma sp., recruitment of some early colonizers (such as Ulvales and Obelia sp.) was enhanced.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: With this experiment the effects of disturbance and nutrient availability on the diversity of marine hard-bottom communities were tested. The Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis by Connell (1978) predicts a maximum diversity at intermediate levels of disturbance. Later Kondoh (2001) unified the factors disturbance and productivity into one model. Maximum diversity will be generated at an intermediate level of both factors. Nutrient availability was used to increase the productivity level of communities, and biomass reduction was performed to act as a disturbance. Artificial settlement substratum was exposed to colonization by marine organisms and communities were manipulated by disturbance frequency and nutrients in a two factorial design. The experiment was set up in the Pacific Ocean in a bay at the North East Coast of Japan. Regularly, species richness and percent cover of all species in a community were recorded. At the end of the cxpeiiment, after 24 weeks, community biomass was also measured. Initially, communities were dominated by a green alga ( Ulva arasakii), and a Didemnidae species. At the end of the experiment after 24 weeks, a bryozoan (Tricellaria occidentalis) dominated all communities. Disturbance and nutrient availability influenced species richness of the communities. In general disturbance reduced and nutrient availability increased species richness. The two factors did not show an interaction. Evenness of species distribution in the communities was not affected.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2023-12-19
    Description: It has recently been suggested that temporal patterns of variability around the mean intensity of causal processes can have important implications for the response of communities. The study at hand addressed the effects of temporal variability in a physical, non-selective disturbance regime on diversity and structure of marine macrobenthic communities in the southern Baltic Sea (Poland). Effects of temporal variability in the mean time interval between disturbance events and the specific timing of disturbances therein were investigated in a multi-factorial experiment. The communities subjected to the manipulations were grown on artificial settlement panels. Although disturbance exerted significantly positive effects on the diversity of the communities, neither temporal variability in the disturbance regime nor the timing of events within levels of variability affected the diversity or community composition. In conclusion, despite recent implications to the contrary, temporal variability in the disturbance regime was not a structuring force in the sessile macrobenthic communities investigated, while the disturbances themselves affected the structuring process of the communities. However, global replication of the experiment indicated that the importance of temporal variability in disturbances for the structuring process of communities depends on the following factors: 1) the competition situation in the communities affected, 2) the temporal patterns in recruitment and growth of species present, and 3) the colonisation strategies of the organisms with regard to the occupation of space.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 97
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Durham : Duke University Press
    Call number: RIFS 23.95610
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 223 Seiten , 24 cm
    ISBN: 0822338610 , 0822339145 , 9780822338611 , 9780822339144
    Language: English
    Branch Library: RIFS Library
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2023-12-18
    Description: Macrophytes of different aquatic environments house a large variety of invertebrates. Due to a far branched food web these invertebrates form an important link between primary producers and final consumers. However, this food web is influenced by many abiotic and biotic factors. Networking between the macrophytes as well as their associated epiphytes and the invertebrate grazers is both in marine and freshwater systems well described. The interactions between the invertebrates of both systems are examined only scantily. During a two-year monitoring program the community of the macroinvertebrates of a marine (Zostera marina, Baltic Sea) and one freshwater (Potamogeton perfoliatus, Schluensee) macrophyte systems was examined monthly. Clear differences turned out in the seasonal structure of both habitats. While the marine eelgrass community is characterized by the sessile mussel Mytilus edulis, the mobile snails Radix ovata and Potamopyrgus antipodarum dominate in the freshwater environment. The omnivorous invertebrates (without decapods) are predominating in the shoot area in both systems. These data from the field investigations formed the basis for extensive laboratory examinations. In marine and freshwater mesocosm experiments intra- and interspecific interactions of amphipods, isopods and gastropods were examined. It turned out that strong effects occur in the marine environment while there weren't any effects in the freshwater approaches. As the biomasses of isopods in the marine mesocosms decreased in the presence of the amphipods while no effect was observed in the freshwater. Feeding preference tests with three crustacean species each from the two examined habitats showed seasonal differences among the decapods and amphipods of both systems. While the marine amphipods and isopods preferred predominately the vegetable food source, the freshwater representatives gave an average preference to animal food sources. The quality of the food source had strong effects on the biomass growth and the survival rates of the animals in marine and freshwater amphipods and isopods. The presence or the density combination of the two crustacean groups also affected the two factors mentioned before. It became evident that more isopods survived on animal food in the two environments if the gammarid crustaceans were excluded. The biocoenosis in marine and freshwater macrophyte systems are subject to strong seasonal changes. In both systems macrophytes were quite different in their seasonal availability as habitats for invertebrates. Factors like the food quality, density composition and availability of the food can perform a strong influence on the macroinvertebrate fauna. Both examined environments were different in there structure and the distribution of the food related ecological groups.
    Type: Thesis , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2023-12-14
    Description: Diversity refers to all aspects of variety on the living world. Several models exist explaining diversity and the coexistence of species. One of the most controversial discussed models is the IDH (Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis) which identifies disturbance as the source of diversity. Disturbance has an effect on community compositions. Disturbance can be applied on a certain frequency, meaning a distinct number of disturbance events take place in a defined period of time. The following study tested the effects of the temporal order of disturbance events on community composition. This temporal order was called the sequence of disturbance events. Artificial settlement substrata were exposed to colonisation by marine organisms and communities were manipulated by disturbance frequency in a multi-factorial design. The experiment was set up in the Pacific Ocean in Wollongong Harbour, an artificial wave sheltered bay at the East Cost of Australia. After 150 days of manipulation species richness, total abundance and percent cover of all species in a community were recorded and wet and dry weight measured. Communities were dominated by algae, especially red algae. Disturbance influenced species richness, evenness, total abundance and biomass of the communities. In general disturbance reduced the number of species. Single species reacted differently to the disturbance treatments. Weak competitors were enhanced trough disturbance and dominant species were reduced. Contrarily to expectations of increasing diversity and heterogeneity of communities with increasing variability and of differences among communities that experienced different sequences, no unimodal effect of variability could be observed.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2023-12-14
    Description: Pinnipeds show huge inter-specific variability in the lengths of time that they spend on land and at sea over the year and consequently in the range over which they forage. The reasons for the inter- and intra-specific variability are not immediately obvious although each species-specific strategy presumably represents an idealized solution which integrates maximized energy acquisition at sea with optimized time spent at the haul-out site. Foraging behaviour, divided into transit time spent commuting between the haul-out site and foraging zone, as well as the transit between the water surface and the hunting depths once the animals are in the foraging zone, is liable to play a key role in this. This thesis examines the foraging behaviour of two pinniped species, the harbour seal Phoca vitulina and the Weddell seal Leptonychotes weddellii in order to tease out the precise factors that modulate the length and duration of foraging trips compared to haul-out periods. Methodological advances in technology are developed and tested to achieve this. Dead-reckoning principles contained within an archival tag were used to examine the fine-scale movement of animals underwater and, via consideration of the logged parameters, to determine how animals divided their time into various activities and how these were related to locality. The location of feeding behaviour was determined by using the dead-reckoner in conjunction with an inter-mandibular angle sensor (IMASEN). Consideration of time allocated to various phases of the dives conducted, together with the data on animal speed, pitch and roll indicated that harbour seals have specific travelling dives, prospecting dives, prey-searching dives and sleeping dives. Apart from the sleeping dives, these are also mirrored by Weddell seals. Track tortuosity, which is believed to correlate with prey searching behaviour, was highest in water deeper than 10 m and starting at distances of 15 km from the haul-out site for harbour seals. This concurred with seal density and allowed identification of the most important foraging sites for this species in the study area. Weddell seals foraged directly beneath their haul-out sites on the ice and therefore had no variable tortuosity in their tracks that could be allocated to horizontal travel between foraging and haul-out sites. Based on these parameters, the total time spent in a single foraging plus haul-out cycle could be subdivided into time allocated to active prey searching (which only occurs during the bottom phase of the dives) and 'other' time, which comprises time at the haul-out site plus time associated with travel between the foraging site and the haul-out site. A measure for foraging efficiency is proposed consisting of the total time allocated to searching for prey divided by the total time spent in one foraging plus haul-out cycle. Pinnipeds that are very efficient presumably need high prey densities at their foraging site so that the inverse of this efficiency gives a rough measure of a time-based 'prey- acquisition ration' (PAR). This index was modelled using data gained from the two seal species to examine how the extent of horizontal and vertical travel (representing proximity to prey and depth distribution of prey, respectively) modulates the PAR so that, ultimately, consideration of real prey density coupled with variation in PAR as a function of prey proximity determines where seals can feed. The trends illustrate why far-ranging pinnipeds need to have a large body mass and how this tends to make them highly proficient divers.
    Type: Thesis , NonPeerReviewed
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