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  • Articles  (62)
  • North Atlantic
  • Salinity
  • 2005-2009  (62)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In this paper results from the application of an ocean data assimilation (ODA) system, combining a multivariate reduced-order optimal interpolator (OI) scheme with a global ocean general circulation model (OGCM), are described. The present ODA system, designed to assimilate in situ temperature and salinity observations, has been used to produce ocean reanalyses for the 1962–2001 period. The impact of assimilating observed hydrographic data on the ocean mean state and temporal variability is evaluated. A special focus of this work is on the ODA system skill in reproducing a realistic ocean salinity state. Results from a hierarchy of different salinity reanalyses, using varying combinations of assimilated data and background error covariance structures, are described. The impact of the space and time resolution of the background error covariance parameterization on salinity is addressed.
    Description: This work has been funded by the ENACT Project (Contract EVK2-CT2001-00117) for A. Bellucci and P. Di Pietro, and partially by the ENSEMBLES Project (Contract GOCE-CT-2003-505539) for A. Bellucci.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3785-3807
    Description: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: ocean modelling ; data assimilation ; reanalysis ; upper ocean variability ; temperature ; Salinity ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.04. Ocean data assimilation and reanalysis
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Ensemble experiments are performed with five coupled atmosphere–ocean models to investigate the potential for initial-value climate forecasts on interannual to decadal time scales. Experiments are started from similar model-generated initial states, and common diagnostics of predictability are used. We find that variations in the ocean meridional overturning circulation (MOC) are potentially predictable on interannual to decadal time scales, a more consistent picture of the surface temperature impact of decadal variations in the MOC is now apparent, and variations of surface air temperatures in the North Atlantic Ocean are also potentially predictable on interannual to decadal time scales, albeit with potential skill levels that are less than those seen for MOC variations. This intercomparison represents a step forward in assessing the robustness of model estimates of potential skill and is a prerequisite for the development of any operational forecasting system.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1195-1203
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Decadal Climate ; North Atlantic ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.03. Global climate models ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.05. Models and Forecasts ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.03. Physical::03.03.03. Interannual-to-decadal ocean variability
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: An analysis of observations from 1948-1998 suggests that the atmosphere in the North Atlantic region does respond to North Atlantic Sea-Surface Temperatures (SSTs) throughout the annual cycle. In the subtropics, high geopotential heights are seen to be a local response to warm SSTs. In winter, the North Atlantic Oscillation responds to a «tripole» pattern in North Atlantic SSTs. In summer, anticyclonicity over the U.K. is seen downstream of warm SST anomalies off Newfoundland and is possibly also related to warm subtropical SSTs. Such responses imply a degree of seasonal predictability and help quantify the strength of natural ocean-atmosphere coupled modes of variability. The average of an ensemble of 10 simulations of the HadAM3 atmospheric model forced with observed SSTs for the same period produces robust ocean-forced responses which agree well with those identifi ed in the observations and with a previous model. The agreement is encouraging as it confi rms the physical signifi cance of the observational results and suggests that the model responds with the correct patterns to SST forcing. In the subtropics, the magnitude of the ensemble mean response is comparable with the observational response. In the extratropics, the magnitude of the model response is about half that of the observations. Although atmospheric internal variability may have affected the observed atmospheric patterns and there are considerations regarding the lack of two-way air-sea interaction with an atmospheric model, it is suggested that the models extratropical response may be too weak. The 10 individual simulations of HadAM3 and 28 50-year periods of the ocean-atmosphere model, HadCM3, display similar results to each other with generally weaker ocean-forced links than observed. Seasonal predictability may, therefore, be too low in HadCM3 and low-frequency coupled modes under-represented. A moderate increase in the extratropics in the sensitivity of surface heat fl uxes to surface temperatures is one possibility for improving these model deficiencies.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: North Atlantic ; predictability ; interaction ; validation ; NAO ; anticyclonicity ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.01. Analytical and numerical modeling ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.03. Physical::03.03.01. Air/water/earth interactions
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
    Format: 2103430 bytes
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: The North-West of Urabá Gulf in the Southern Caribbean supports a variety of coral reef zones in conditions of high turbulence and fluctuating turbidity and salinity. Sponge composition and density were surveyed and their relationship with physical and structural features of the reef zones were analyzed. In total, 65 demosponges and 1 calcareous sponge species were encountered along belt transects (20 m2) on 11 stations between 1 and 17 m in depth. Sponge density in Urabá tended to be higher than in other areas with water conditions optimal for coral reef development (i.e. Roncador, Serrana and Quitasueño remote oceanic atolls in the SW Caribbean, Colombia) due possibly to higher concentrations of organic suspended materials discharged from rivers. Nevertheless, this effect was not reflected in the Urabá‘s species richness as just a limited number of species (Niphates erecta, Iotrochota birotulata and Mycale laevis) had high densities. Multivariate analyses showed that sponge community composition varies along a depth gradient and across habitats (coral and geomorphological zones), similar to the patterns observed in other Caribbean areas. However, marked taxonomic differences between shallow (〈4 m) and deeper (〉6 m) zones and the great increase of the sponge density below just 6 m, seem to be a unique feature of Urabá. The absence of many species and the low abundance of sponges in shallow zones (〈 6 m) may be due, not only to the variables associated to low depth, like turbulence, which is periodically very strong, but also to great fluctuations in surface salinity due to discharges of the Atrato and other local rivers. The shallow and deep stations that had low sponge richness and density, showed the greatest urchin densities (especially Echinometra viridis); therefore, it is possible that these urchins may be playing an additional controlling role on sponge populations.
    Description: El costado noroccidental del Golfo de Urabá en el sur del Mar Caribe alberga variadas zonas coralinas sometidas a condiciones de alta turbulencia y salinidad y turbidez fluctuantes. Allí se estudió la composición y densidad de esponjas marinas (Porifera) y se analizó su relación con factores físicos y características estructurales de las zonas coralinas. En total, 65 especies de la clase Demospongiae y una especie de la clase Calcarea fueron registradas dentro de transectos de banda (20 m2) dispuestos en 11 estaciones entre 1 y 17 m de profundidad. La densidad de esponjas en el Urabá tendió a ser superior a la encontrada en otras áreas de condiciones óptimas para el desarrollo arrecifal (ej. Atolones remotos como Roncador, Serrana y Quitasueño, Caribe insular colombiano), posiblemente por un mayor volumen material orgánico en suspensión proveniente de los ríos. No obstante, tal efecto no se reflejó en la riqueza de especies del Golfo de Urabá, ya que solo un número limitado de especies (Niphates erecta, Iotrochota birotulata y Mycale laevis) tuvo densidades elevadas. Análisis multivariados permitieron establecer que la composición de la comunidad de esponjas varía a lo largo del gradiente de profundidad y entre hábitats (zonas coralinas y unidades geomorfológicas) de manera similar a otras áreas coralinas del Caribe. Empero, la existencia de diferencias marcadas en composición taxonómica entre zonas someras (〈4 m) y más profundas (〉6 m), y el aumento brusco de la densidad a sólo 6 m de profundidad, parecen ser características únicas de Urabá. La ausencia de muchas especies y la baja densidad de esponjas en las zonas someras se pueden deber no sólo a las variables asociadas con la baja profundidad, especialmente la turbulencia, periódicamente muy alta en el área, sino también a grandes fluctuaciones de la salinidad en la superficie por descargas del río Atrato y otros ríos locales. En las estaciones someras y profundas en que la riqueza y densidad de esponjas fue baja, se encontraron las mayores densidades de erizos (especialmente Echinometra viridis), por lo que es posible que estos erizos estén jugando un papel controlador adicional sobre las poblaciones de esponjas.
    Description: Published
    Description: Porifera
    Keywords: Distribution ; Turbidity ; Sponges ; Salinity ; Sponges ; Distribution ; Salinity ; Turbidity
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
    Format: pp.37-56
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Durante la séptima expedición Ecuatoriana a la Antártida (diciembre, 1997 y Marzo, 1998), a bordo del B/I ORION, se realizó investigación oceanográfica en el trayecto Guayaquil-Valparaíso, los días 11 al 19 de diciembre, se colectaron muestras de agua en 14 estaciones para el análisis de nutrientes, oxígeno, temperatura, salinidad, y parámetros biológicos además se recolectó información meteorológica. La información química obtenida de nutriente (Nitrato, silicato y fosfato) y oxígeno disuelto fue relacionada con la temperatura y correlacionada con los diagramas T/S en el ámbito de estudio. Se elaboraron gráficos de nutriente y oxígeno con las masas de agua, estableciendo rangos asociados a cada masa de agua previamente identificada en los diagramas T/S. Estas masas de agua fueron fueron: Superficial (Aguas Tropicales Superficiales- ATS, Aguas Subtropicales Superficiales-ASS y Aguas Costera Peruana-ACP) y subsuperficiales (Agua Subantártica-ASA, Agua Ecuatorial Subsuperficial-AESS y Agua Antártica Intermedia-AAI). El estudio permite determinar que: las aguas subtropicales superficiales, caracterizada por valores altos de nutrientes y oxígeno, experimenta valores bajos asociados probablemente al debilitamiento de los afloramientos frente a las costas peruanas. Las aguas tropicales superficiales encontradas en el área de estudio mostraron valores inusualmente altos de nutrientes que evidencian influencia de río y escorrentías provocadas por los excesos de precipitaciones en la faja costera, más definida aún en las inmediaciones del área del Golfo de Guayaquil. Las Aguas costeras peruanas mostraron un descenso en los valores de nutriente que estarían relacionados con el debilitamiento de los afloramientos de esta región como consecuencia del evento ENSO de características muy fuerte como el presente y por la intrusión de aguas provenientes del Pacífico Central. La base de la oxiclína y nutriclína en el área de estudio se profundizaron respecto a sus valores normales en respuesta probablemente a la intrusión de aguas cálidas del Pacífico Central. Por debajo de los 175 metros, la distribución de los parámetros químicos no experimentó con el evento ENSO 1997-1998 variabilidad significativa. Los parámetros químicos más apropiados para identificar este tipo de masa de agua en la región de estudio fueron el nitrato, silicato y el oxígeno disuelto.
    Description: During the seventh Antarctic Ecuadorian Expedition from december 10, 1997 to March 20, 1998, aboard of B/I ORION, oceanographic investigation was carried out along track Guayaquil- Valparaíso, between December 11th to 19th. Water samples from 14 stations for the analysis of nutrients, oxygen, temperature, salinity, biological parameters and meteorological data were gotten. The chemical information obtained from nutrients (Nitrate, silicate and fosfate) and dissolved oxygen were related with the temperature and co-related wich T/S diagrams in the research area. Nutrient and oxygen graphics with water masses were elaborated, establishing associated ranges for each water mass. those waters were: Surface (Tropical Surface water - TSW, Subtropical surface Water -SSW and Perú Coastal water -PCW) and Subsurface (Subantarctic Water -SAW, Ecuatorial Subsurface Water-ESSW and Antarctic Intermediate Water-AIW). This work determines that subtropical surface water characterized by high concentration of nutrients and oxygen, presents low concentrations, probably associated with decreased upwelling of peruvian regions. The Tropical Surface water found in the research area showed inusual high concentrations of nutrients, presenting river influence and scorrentias due to the precipitations in the coast, more definited in the inmediations of the Gulf of Guayaquil. The Peru Coastal Water showed decreased nutrient concentrations, that may be related with the decreased upwelling in this region as a result of the Niño Soudth Oscollation (ENSO), of strong characteristics as the present one. The base of the oxycline and nutricline were deeper than the normal values as result of the presence of warm waters from the Central Pacific. Under 175 meters, the distribution of chemical parameters didn't show variability with the ENSO event 1997-1998. The chemical parameter to identify this kind of water masses in the research region were nitrate, silicate and disolved oxygen.
    Description: Incluye ref.bibl., grafs., ilus., tbls.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Water temperature ; Dissolved oxygen ; Chemical oceanography ; Salinity ; Meteorological data ; Chemical oceanography ; Water masses ; El Nino phenomena ; Nutrients (mineral) ; T/S diagrams ; Water temperature ; Salinity ; Meteorological data ; Dissolved oxygen ; Cruises
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Non-Refereed , Article
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Las variaciones hidroquímicas (oxígeno disuelto, nitrato, fosfato y silicato) fueron estudiadas durante 12 horas con intervalos de aproximadamente 3 horas en una estación fija situada frente al Golfo de Guayaquil entre las coordenadas 02° 59' 42 S-81° 40' 92 W. La máxima profundidad en la que se efectuó dicho análisis fue hasta los 50 metros. Se ha detectado una posible relación entre las variaciones verticales (Ondas Internas) y los parámetros físico-químicos, ya que las fluctuaciones de ascensos y descensos fueron observadas en las concentraciones de oxígeno y nutrientes, siendo las ondas internas un factor preponderante en los movimientos verticales de éstos. Estas fluctuaciones también fueron encontradas en el comportamiento de la temperatura, salinidad y densidad en función de tiempo y profundidad. En forma general se observó que los mayores valores de nutrientes fueron encontrados en condiciones de luz, no así el oxígeno cuyas mayores concentraciones se ubicaron en la noche. Además se evidenció en el área externa del Golfo de Guayaquil la influencia de la Corriente de Humboldt que para ésta época se intensifica, presentando rangos físicos-químicos característicos.
    Description: Incluye ref.bibl., grafs., tbls.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Chemical oceanography ; Temperature ; Salinity ; Chemical oceanography ; Temperature ; Salinity ; Vertical distribution
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: El presente documento corresponde al pre-informe final del Proyecto FIP 2002-01 Monitoreo de las condiciones bio-oceanográficas fisico-químicas; la distribución geográfica y abundancia de huevos y larvas de los recursos anchoveta, sardina, jurel y caballa y su variabilidad estacional; y la distribución de los recursos detectados por medio de técnicas hidroacústicas en la I y II Regiones, registradas durante los cruceros estacionales de monitoreo MOBIO 0205, MOBIO 0209, MOBIO 0212 y MOBIO 301, realizados en otoño, invierno y primavera de 2002 y verano de 2003 respectivamente. Entrega además la serie de tiempo mensual generada producto de la ocupación de las estaciones costeras de vigilancia localizadas frente a los puertos de Mejillones, Iquique y Arica para el período mayo 2002-mayo 2003 y la abundancia y distribución mensual y estacional de los principales grupos constituyentes del zooplancton.
    Description: Fondo de Investigación Pesquera (FIP)
    Description: Published
    Description: B/I Carlos Porter, B/I Abate Molina
    Keywords: Physical oceanography ; Water temperature ; Dissolved oxygen ; Geographical distribution ; Zooplankton ; Salinity ; Marine ecology ; Physical oceanography ; Water temperature ; Salinity ; Dissolved oxygen ; Marine ecology ; Seasonal variations ; Echo surveys ; Geographical distribution ; Zooplankton
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report
    Format: 337pp.
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Microalgae are important for the restoration of coastal lagoon ecosystems affected by human activities because they are useful indicators of variations of salinity and levels of nutrients such as silicate and phosphate in the water column. With the centric diatom Actinocyclus normanii from Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta (Colombian Caribbean) we conducted several experiments to evaluate the responses of this species at three levels of salinity (0, 15 and 25) and two initial densities (100 and 800 cells·ml-1) to nine treatments combining several concentrations of phosphate (0, 1,5 and 3,0 µmol·l-1) and silicate (10, 150 and 300 µmol·l-1). All treatments were maintained with light intensity of 57,9 mE-2·seg-1, photoperiod of 12:12 hrs, temperature between 22 and 24 ºC and constant aeration. Results show that A. normanii grows in function of silicate, phosphate and salinity but silicate exerts a more important effect than phosphate while high salinity reduced the density of cells. The treatment that combined concentrations of 300 µmol·l-1 silicate and 3 µmol·l-1 phosphate achieved the highest density (11.700 cells·ml-1) at salinity 0. This density is 12 fold than the obtained with the lowest silicate and phosphate concentrations in non-saline medium. Growth of A. normanii decreases with salinity, despite that the species exhibit certain degree of halotolerance, thus this species can be considered as indicator of non saline and (at least) silicate enriched conditions.
    Description: Es de interés el estudio de especies de microalgas bioindicadoras en lagunas costeras en proceso de reestauración, en función de la salinidad, silicato y fosfato. La respuesta de la diatomea centrica Actinocyclus normanii, proveniente de la Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, laguna del Caribe colombiano, fue evaluada en condiciones de laboratorio. Se realizaron dos grupos de bioensayos a una densidad celular inicial de 100 y de 800 cel·ml-1. En ambos experimentos se estudió el efecto combinado de la salinidad (0, 15 y 25), fosfato (0,03, 1,5 y 3,0 µmol·l-1 ) y silicato (10, 150 y 300 µmol·l-1). Todos los cultivos se mantuvieron a una intensidad luminosa de 3 Klux (57,9 mE-2seg-1), fotoperiodo 12:12h, 22- 24 ºC y aireación constante. Se confirmó que el crecimiento de la diatomea estaba en función de la concentración del silicato, fosfato y salinidad. El silicato ejerció el efecto más estimulante, secundado por el fosfato; mientras que la salinidad disminuye la densidad celular. El tratamiento en el cual se produjo la mayor densidad 11.700 cel·ml-1, contenía la combinación de silicato 300 µmol·l-1, fosfato 3 µmol·l-1 y salinidad 0; la densidad obtenida es 12 veces mayor, con relación a la obtenida a la menor concentración de silicato y fosfato en medio de salinidad cero. Aunque, el crecimiento disminuye con la salinidad, la diatomea mostró cierto grado de halotolerancia. Se sugiere que Actinocyclus constituye una especie indicadora de aguas dulces y al menos, ricas en silicato.
    Description: Published
    Description: Actinocyclus, Bioindicator
    Keywords: Phosphates ; Salinity ; Silicates ; Phosphates ; Salinity ; Silicates
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
    Format: pp.169-181
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  • 9
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    Instituto Oceanográfico de la Armada, Guayaquil, Ecuador
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: El presente trabajo se orienta para conocer la calidad actual de las aguas costeras insulares de cinco Bahías del Archipiélago: Naufragio, Academia, Darwin, Puerto Velasco Ibarra y Puerto Villamil.
    Description: The evaluation of the obtained results about a water quality study performed on five bays of Galapagos Islands, Naufragio Bay (San Cristóbal Island), Academia Bay (Santa Cruz island), Velasco Ibarra Port (Santa María island), General Villamil Port ( Santa Isabela Island) and Darwin Bay (Genovesa island), during September and October, 1999; considering the behavior and distribution of different parameters on surface and ten meters depth waters is presented. The obtained results show the presence of relatively cold waters uniformly distributed on the research area, on surface and ten meters depth waters; except on Darwin bay where the temperature raised up to 23°C. Salinity shows 35UPS as a maximun value on Naufragio Bay and lower values on Santa María island, Isabela island,and Darwin Bay, with values between 34 and 34.7 UPS; while on Academia Bay, the lowest value (32.5 UPS), was detected. These lower values were probably due to the rain experimented at the sampling time. Well oxigenated surface waters were detected, with values between 4.0 and 5.5 ml/l with the maximum concentration on the Isabela Island area. The inorganic nutrients (fosfate, silicate, nitrate and nitrite), showed characteristic values of the season and the studied area, with values between (0.05-0.26, 4.0 - 17, 2.0 - 23 and 0.2 - 1.4 ug-at/l), respectively. The highest concentrations were observed on ten meters depth and near the coast waters, while the lower values were detected far from the coastal waters. Low concentrations of dissolved and dispersed oil hydrocarbons 1.14 - 2.43 ug/l u. Crisene), with a maximum located on Academia Bay, were detected. It's important to point out that the detected concentrations are under permissible levels for free contamination waters and for marine life. About microbiological research, the higher concentrations of both, total and fecal coliforms (240 - 15 NMP/100ml, at Las Ninfas area (Academia bay), followed by Naufragio bay (16 - 8.8 NMP/100ml) were detected, while the lower concentrations (2 - 5 NMP/100ml) on Santa María Island, Isabela Island and Darwin Bay, were observed.
    Description: Incluye ref.bibl.,grafs., tbls.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Water quality ; Chemical composition ; Water temperature ; Salinity ; Coastal waters ; Water quality ; Chemical composition ; Salinity ; Water temperature ; Coastal waters ; Oceanic islands
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
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  • 10
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    Instituto Oceanográfico de la Armada, Guayaquil, Ecuador
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: El presente trabajo es el resultado del estudio cuali-cuantitativo de análisis de plancton colectado mediante muestreos mensuales en aguas superficiales costeras en una estación fija en La Libertad (Salinas) entre diciembre 1988 y diciembre 1989. Se dan a conocer 29 grupos de organismos del zooplancton, determinándose que los dominantes en orden decreciente fueron: larvas de eufáusidos, quetognatos, apendicularios, larvas de decápodos, huevos de peces, foraminíferos, cladóceros, huevos de decápodos y los más frecuentes: copépodos, apendicularios, quetognatos, larvas de decápodos y huevos de peces. Se presentan las especies más abundantes y dominantes de copépodos en orden decreciente: Acartia levequei, Centropages furcatus y Temora discaudata. Se determina que el zooplancton fue poco homogéneo durante el período de estudio en esta localidad, registrándose bajas concentraciones en los primeros meses del año (época de invierno), altas concentraciones en el mes de mayo y medianas concentraciones a partir de junio en adelante. Se presentan valores superficiales de temperatura y salinidad. La temperatura superficial del mar (TSM) más alta se observó en marzo 1989 con 28°C y la más baja en julio 1989 con 21.5°C.
    Description: Incluye ref.bibl., grafs.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Plankton ; Zooplankton ; Salinity ; Temperature ; Plankton ; Zooplankton ; Seasonal distribution ; Geological distribution ; Salinity ; Temperature
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
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