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  • Articles  (16)
  • 03. Hydrosphere::03.03. Physical::03.03.03. Interannual-to-decadal ocean variability
  • Salinity
  • Instituto Oceanográfico de la Armada, Guayaquil, Ecuador  (8)
  • Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution  (5)
  • American Meteorological Society  (3)
  • MDPI Publishing
  • 2005-2009  (16)
Collection
  • Articles  (16)
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Keywords
Publisher
Years
Year
  • 1
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    Aegean Sea Water Masses during the Early Stages of the Eastern Mediterranean Climatic Transient (2007)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-08
    Description: The Aegean water masses and circulation structure are studied via two large-scale surveys performed during the late winters of 1988 and 1990 by the R/V Yakov Gakkel of the former Soviet Union. The analysis of these data sheds light on the mechanisms of water mass formation in the Aegean Sea that triggered the outflow of Cretan Deep Water (CDW) from the Cretan Sea into the abyssal basins of the eastern Mediterranean Sea (the so-called Eastern Mediterranean Transient). It is found that the central Aegean Basin is the site of the formation of Aegean Intermediate Water, which slides southward and, depending on their density, renews either the intermediate or the deep water of the Cretan Sea. During the winter of 1988, the Cretan Sea waters were renewed mainly at intermediate levels, while during the winter of 1990 it was mainly the volume of CDW that increased. This Aegean water mass redistribution and formation process in 1990 differed from that in 1988 in two major aspects: (i) during the winter of 1990 the position of the front between the Black Sea Water and the Levantine Surface Water was displaced farther north than during the winter of 1988 and (ii) heavier waters were formed in 1990 as a result of enhanced lateral advection of salty Levantine Surface Water that enriched the intermediate waters with salt. In 1990 the 29.2 isopycnal rose to the surface of the central basin and a large volume of CDW filled the Cretan Basin. It is found that, already in 1988, the 29.2 isopycnal surface, which we assume is the lowest density of the CDW, was shallower than the Kassos Strait sill and thus CDW egressed into the Eastern Mediterranean.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1841-1859
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Aegean Sea ; Water Masses ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.03. Physical::03.03.03. Interannual-to-decadal ocean variability
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Using Temperature–Salinity Relations in a Global Ocean Implementation of a Multivariate Data Assimilation Scheme (2008)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In this paper results from the application of an ocean data assimilation (ODA) system, combining a multivariate reduced-order optimal interpolator (OI) scheme with a global ocean general circulation model (OGCM), are described. The present ODA system, designed to assimilate in situ temperature and salinity observations, has been used to produce ocean reanalyses for the 1962–2001 period. The impact of assimilating observed hydrographic data on the ocean mean state and temporal variability is evaluated. A special focus of this work is on the ODA system skill in reproducing a realistic ocean salinity state. Results from a hierarchy of different salinity reanalyses, using varying combinations of assimilated data and background error covariance structures, are described. The impact of the space and time resolution of the background error covariance parameterization on salinity is addressed.
    Description: This work has been funded by the ENACT Project (Contract EVK2-CT2001-00117) for A. Bellucci and P. Di Pietro, and partially by the ENSEMBLES Project (Contract GOCE-CT-2003-505539) for A. Bellucci.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3785-3807
    Description: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: ocean modelling ; data assimilation ; reanalysis ; upper ocean variability ; temperature ; Salinity ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.04. Ocean data assimilation and reanalysis
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
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    Interannual to Decadal Climate Predictability in the North Atlantic: A Multi-Model-Ensemble Study (2007)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Ensemble experiments are performed with five coupled atmosphere–ocean models to investigate the potential for initial-value climate forecasts on interannual to decadal time scales. Experiments are started from similar model-generated initial states, and common diagnostics of predictability are used. We find that variations in the ocean meridional overturning circulation (MOC) are potentially predictable on interannual to decadal time scales, a more consistent picture of the surface temperature impact of decadal variations in the MOC is now apparent, and variations of surface air temperatures in the North Atlantic Ocean are also potentially predictable on interannual to decadal time scales, albeit with potential skill levels that are less than those seen for MOC variations. This intercomparison represents a step forward in assessing the robustness of model estimates of potential skill and is a prerequisite for the development of any operational forecasting system.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1195-1203
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Decadal Climate ; North Atlantic ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.03. Global climate models ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.05. Models and Forecasts ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.03. Physical::03.03.03. Interannual-to-decadal ocean variability
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 4
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    Estudio químico de las masas de aguas del Pacífico Sudeste (Ruta Guayaquil-Valparaíso), durante un período del evento "El Niño" 1997-1998 (2008)
    Instituto Oceanográfico de la Armada, Guayaquil, Ecuador
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Durante la séptima expedición Ecuatoriana a la Antártida (diciembre, 1997 y Marzo, 1998), a bordo del B/I ORION, se realizó investigación oceanográfica en el trayecto Guayaquil-Valparaíso, los días 11 al 19 de diciembre, se colectaron muestras de agua en 14 estaciones para el análisis de nutrientes, oxígeno, temperatura, salinidad, y parámetros biológicos además se recolectó información meteorológica. La información química obtenida de nutriente (Nitrato, silicato y fosfato) y oxígeno disuelto fue relacionada con la temperatura y correlacionada con los diagramas T/S en el ámbito de estudio. Se elaboraron gráficos de nutriente y oxígeno con las masas de agua, estableciendo rangos asociados a cada masa de agua previamente identificada en los diagramas T/S. Estas masas de agua fueron fueron: Superficial (Aguas Tropicales Superficiales- ATS, Aguas Subtropicales Superficiales-ASS y Aguas Costera Peruana-ACP) y subsuperficiales (Agua Subantártica-ASA, Agua Ecuatorial Subsuperficial-AESS y Agua Antártica Intermedia-AAI). El estudio permite determinar que: las aguas subtropicales superficiales, caracterizada por valores altos de nutrientes y oxígeno, experimenta valores bajos asociados probablemente al debilitamiento de los afloramientos frente a las costas peruanas. Las aguas tropicales superficiales encontradas en el área de estudio mostraron valores inusualmente altos de nutrientes que evidencian influencia de río y escorrentías provocadas por los excesos de precipitaciones en la faja costera, más definida aún en las inmediaciones del área del Golfo de Guayaquil. Las Aguas costeras peruanas mostraron un descenso en los valores de nutriente que estarían relacionados con el debilitamiento de los afloramientos de esta región como consecuencia del evento ENSO de características muy fuerte como el presente y por la intrusión de aguas provenientes del Pacífico Central. La base de la oxiclína y nutriclína en el área de estudio se profundizaron respecto a sus valores normales en respuesta probablemente a la intrusión de aguas cálidas del Pacífico Central. Por debajo de los 175 metros, la distribución de los parámetros químicos no experimentó con el evento ENSO 1997-1998 variabilidad significativa. Los parámetros químicos más apropiados para identificar este tipo de masa de agua en la región de estudio fueron el nitrato, silicato y el oxígeno disuelto.
    Description: During the seventh Antarctic Ecuadorian Expedition from december 10, 1997 to March 20, 1998, aboard of B/I ORION, oceanographic investigation was carried out along track Guayaquil- Valparaíso, between December 11th to 19th. Water samples from 14 stations for the analysis of nutrients, oxygen, temperature, salinity, biological parameters and meteorological data were gotten. The chemical information obtained from nutrients (Nitrate, silicate and fosfate) and dissolved oxygen were related with the temperature and co-related wich T/S diagrams in the research area. Nutrient and oxygen graphics with water masses were elaborated, establishing associated ranges for each water mass. those waters were: Surface (Tropical Surface water - TSW, Subtropical surface Water -SSW and Perú Coastal water -PCW) and Subsurface (Subantarctic Water -SAW, Ecuatorial Subsurface Water-ESSW and Antarctic Intermediate Water-AIW). This work determines that subtropical surface water characterized by high concentration of nutrients and oxygen, presents low concentrations, probably associated with decreased upwelling of peruvian regions. The Tropical Surface water found in the research area showed inusual high concentrations of nutrients, presenting river influence and scorrentias due to the precipitations in the coast, more definited in the inmediations of the Gulf of Guayaquil. The Peru Coastal Water showed decreased nutrient concentrations, that may be related with the decreased upwelling in this region as a result of the Niño Soudth Oscollation (ENSO), of strong characteristics as the present one. The base of the oxycline and nutricline were deeper than the normal values as result of the presence of warm waters from the Central Pacific. Under 175 meters, the distribution of chemical parameters didn't show variability with the ENSO event 1997-1998. The chemical parameter to identify this kind of water masses in the research region were nitrate, silicate and disolved oxygen.
    Description: Incluye ref.bibl., grafs., ilus., tbls.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Water temperature ; Dissolved oxygen ; Chemical oceanography ; Salinity ; Meteorological data ; Chemical oceanography ; Water masses ; El Nino phenomena ; Nutrients (mineral) ; T/S diagrams ; Water temperature ; Salinity ; Meteorological data ; Dissolved oxygen ; Cruises
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution , Non-Refereed , Article
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  • 5
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    Variaciones verticales y su relación con algunos parámetros físico-químicos en una estación fija en el área externa del Golfo de Guayaquil (2008)
    Instituto Oceanográfico de la Armada, Guayaquil, Ecuador
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Las variaciones hidroquímicas (oxígeno disuelto, nitrato, fosfato y silicato) fueron estudiadas durante 12 horas con intervalos de aproximadamente 3 horas en una estación fija situada frente al Golfo de Guayaquil entre las coordenadas 02° 59' 42 S-81° 40' 92 W. La máxima profundidad en la que se efectuó dicho análisis fue hasta los 50 metros. Se ha detectado una posible relación entre las variaciones verticales (Ondas Internas) y los parámetros físico-químicos, ya que las fluctuaciones de ascensos y descensos fueron observadas en las concentraciones de oxígeno y nutrientes, siendo las ondas internas un factor preponderante en los movimientos verticales de éstos. Estas fluctuaciones también fueron encontradas en el comportamiento de la temperatura, salinidad y densidad en función de tiempo y profundidad. En forma general se observó que los mayores valores de nutrientes fueron encontrados en condiciones de luz, no así el oxígeno cuyas mayores concentraciones se ubicaron en la noche. Además se evidenció en el área externa del Golfo de Guayaquil la influencia de la Corriente de Humboldt que para ésta época se intensifica, presentando rangos físicos-químicos característicos.
    Description: Incluye ref.bibl., grafs., tbls.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Chemical oceanography ; Temperature ; Salinity ; Chemical oceanography ; Temperature ; Salinity ; Vertical distribution
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 6
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    Estudio de la calidad de las aguas costeras insulares en la Provincia de Galápagos (2008)
    Instituto Oceanográfico de la Armada, Guayaquil, Ecuador
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: El presente trabajo se orienta para conocer la calidad actual de las aguas costeras insulares de cinco Bahías del Archipiélago: Naufragio, Academia, Darwin, Puerto Velasco Ibarra y Puerto Villamil.
    Description: The evaluation of the obtained results about a water quality study performed on five bays of Galapagos Islands, Naufragio Bay (San Cristóbal Island), Academia Bay (Santa Cruz island), Velasco Ibarra Port (Santa María island), General Villamil Port ( Santa Isabela Island) and Darwin Bay (Genovesa island), during September and October, 1999; considering the behavior and distribution of different parameters on surface and ten meters depth waters is presented. The obtained results show the presence of relatively cold waters uniformly distributed on the research area, on surface and ten meters depth waters; except on Darwin bay where the temperature raised up to 23°C. Salinity shows 35UPS as a maximun value on Naufragio Bay and lower values on Santa María island, Isabela island,and Darwin Bay, with values between 34 and 34.7 UPS; while on Academia Bay, the lowest value (32.5 UPS), was detected. These lower values were probably due to the rain experimented at the sampling time. Well oxigenated surface waters were detected, with values between 4.0 and 5.5 ml/l with the maximum concentration on the Isabela Island area. The inorganic nutrients (fosfate, silicate, nitrate and nitrite), showed characteristic values of the season and the studied area, with values between (0.05-0.26, 4.0 - 17, 2.0 - 23 and 0.2 - 1.4 ug-at/l), respectively. The highest concentrations were observed on ten meters depth and near the coast waters, while the lower values were detected far from the coastal waters. Low concentrations of dissolved and dispersed oil hydrocarbons 1.14 - 2.43 ug/l u. Crisene), with a maximum located on Academia Bay, were detected. It's important to point out that the detected concentrations are under permissible levels for free contamination waters and for marine life. About microbiological research, the higher concentrations of both, total and fecal coliforms (240 - 15 NMP/100ml, at Las Ninfas area (Academia bay), followed by Naufragio bay (16 - 8.8 NMP/100ml) were detected, while the lower concentrations (2 - 5 NMP/100ml) on Santa María Island, Isabela Island and Darwin Bay, were observed.
    Description: Incluye ref.bibl.,grafs., tbls.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Water quality ; Chemical composition ; Water temperature ; Salinity ; Coastal waters ; Water quality ; Chemical composition ; Salinity ; Water temperature ; Coastal waters ; Oceanic islands
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 7
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    Variación mensual del plancton en una estación fija La Libertad (Salinas), Ecuador. Período: 1988 - 1989 (2008)
    Instituto Oceanográfico de la Armada, Guayaquil, Ecuador
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: El presente trabajo es el resultado del estudio cuali-cuantitativo de análisis de plancton colectado mediante muestreos mensuales en aguas superficiales costeras en una estación fija en La Libertad (Salinas) entre diciembre 1988 y diciembre 1989. Se dan a conocer 29 grupos de organismos del zooplancton, determinándose que los dominantes en orden decreciente fueron: larvas de eufáusidos, quetognatos, apendicularios, larvas de decápodos, huevos de peces, foraminíferos, cladóceros, huevos de decápodos y los más frecuentes: copépodos, apendicularios, quetognatos, larvas de decápodos y huevos de peces. Se presentan las especies más abundantes y dominantes de copépodos en orden decreciente: Acartia levequei, Centropages furcatus y Temora discaudata. Se determina que el zooplancton fue poco homogéneo durante el período de estudio en esta localidad, registrándose bajas concentraciones en los primeros meses del año (época de invierno), altas concentraciones en el mes de mayo y medianas concentraciones a partir de junio en adelante. Se presentan valores superficiales de temperatura y salinidad. La temperatura superficial del mar (TSM) más alta se observó en marzo 1989 con 28°C y la más baja en julio 1989 con 21.5°C.
    Description: Incluye ref.bibl., grafs.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Plankton ; Zooplankton ; Salinity ; Temperature ; Plankton ; Zooplankton ; Seasonal distribution ; Geological distribution ; Salinity ; Temperature
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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  • 8
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    Presencia de Limnoria sp., perforador marino de maderas en los principales puertos del Ecuador (Crustacea: Isopoda: Flabellifera) (2008)
    Instituto Oceanográfico de la Armada, Guayaquil, Ecuador
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: El propósito de estas investigaciones, es contribuir al conocimiento sobre la presencia de Limnorias en los principales puertos del Ecuador, además evaluar el daño que ocasionan.
    Description: Incluye ref.bibl., ilus.
    Description: Published
    Description: wood-boring organisms, harbors
    Keywords: Geographical distribution ; Environmental factors ; Salinity ; Temperature ; Marine molluscs ; Marine organisms ; Geographical distribution ; Oceanographic data ; Environmental factors ; Salinity ; Temperature
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  • 9
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    La subcorriente ecuatorial: características oceanográficas alrededor de las Islas Galápagos (2008)
    Instituto Oceanográfico de la Armada, Guayaquil, Ecuador
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: El propósito de este trabajo consiste en presentar nuevas evidencias de la presencia de esta subcorriente, que pasa a través de las Islas Galápagos y que sus aguas han sido observadas hasta los 82°W (frente al Golfo de Guayaquil), este trabajo esta basado en mediciones directas de corrientes efectuadas a bordo del BAE ORION, en un crucero oceanográfico desarrollado entre abril y mayo del 2002.
    Description: During the oceanographic cruise on board of the BAE ORION, between may and june of the 2002, they were carried out measurements of profiles of current, temperature and salinity, in three longitudinal sections 92°, 90° 89°W, whose outputs mark the existence of a surface high-salinity core were found north and south of the islands, zones that coincide with the areas of upwelling and surface flows toward the east. A correlation of these three parameters manifest the physical characteristics of the Equatorial Undercurrent or Cromwell Current, who is introduced to the west of the islands with a thickness of approximately 50 meters, with eastward velocity of 60 cm/s, temperatures between 20-15°C and salinities between 35-32.5 ups. Observations east of the Galápagos Islands, its forks in two branchs, with eastward velocities don't of up to 50 cm/s, weakening in accordance direct toward the east, without discarding the possibility of that the same approaches until our coast.
    Description: Incluye ref.bibl., grafs.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Temperature ; Salinity ; Temperature ; Salinity ; Surface salinity ; Upwelling ; Equatorial undercurrents ; Cruises
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  • 10
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    Zooplancton en el estuario interior del Golfo de Guayaquil, durante mayo del 2001 (2008)
    Instituto Oceanográfico de la Armada, Guayaquil, Ecuador
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Los objetivos del estudio son conocer la situación actual del zooplancton con la finalidad de conocer la composición, distribución y abundancia de las comunidades del zooplancton, resaltando las áreas de mayor productividad en el segundo eslabón de la cadena alimentaria. Establecer especies dominantes en la comunidad de quetognatos y su relación con los parámetros físicos en el estuario interior del Golfo de Guayaquil.
    Description: The present study reports in detail the distribution and composition of the zooplankton biomass in diferent places of the Gulf of Guayaquil and the main goal it is to know the areas of most productivity in the zooplankton. The most biomass of zooplankton was observed in the area of estuary Salado than in other areas in the study. The biomass was represented by microcrustacea the dominant group was Infra orden Brachiuran and it was observed the most at the station located in front of Quiñonez Island. The low zooplankton biomass was registered at the station located the area of the bridge ways around of Guayaquil city. The zooplankton community was represented by 17 taxa and 10 represented the Crustacea kind and it registered the most diversity at the estuary Salado and low diversity was observed at the bridge of ways around Guayaquil. The phylum Arthropoda showed a broad distribution and observed the abundance of insect larvae at Miraflores bridge it is not usually observed in the examples of zooplankton. The chaetognaths phylum showed that Sagitta bedoti was dominant and it may be considered a indicative changes on saltiness rate, in the area where the blend process between the Guayas River and Salado estuary happens.
    Description: Incluye ref.bibl., grafs.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Biological production ; Estuaries ; Distribution ; Biomass ; Zooplankton ; Salinity ; Composition ; Distribution ; Biomass ; Zooplankton ; Salinity ; Abundance ; Biological production ; Estuaries ; Estuarine organisms
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  • 11
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    Comunidades del zooplankton en los ríos Teaone, Esmeraldas, Terminal Petrolero y el balneario Las Palmas de Esmeraldas, durante el 2004 (2008)
    Instituto Oceanográfico de la Armada, Guayaquil, Ecuador
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Los estudios del zooplancton en diferentes áreas principalmente en el río Teaone, Esmeraldas y la zona marino costera frente a la ciudad que incluye, el área del balneario Las Palmas, en el último año se ha intensificado con el objetivo de obtener un conocimiento detallado de la presencia de estos organismos y las características físico-químicas que condicionan su abundancia y distribución.
    Description: The present study was carried out during the wet and dry seasons in the rivers Teaone, Esmeraldas, Petrolero Terminal and Palmas, for which stablished that a variability exists temporary space as for the abundance and composition of the communities zooplankton, especially the species of the taxa Chaetognatha, Cladocera, Caridea. The area of major productivity zooplanctónica associated with a high diversity was in the zone of Petrolero Terminal of Esmeraldas during the wet season. In the area Petrolero Terminal there was high abundance of Quetognatos's species represented by the dominancia of S. bedoti and S. neglecta in the wet season and during the dry season the dominancia was od S. enflata and S. minim which con be related principally by the seasonal variation of the parameter salinity, whereas the temperature was kept in a range of 25.9° to 28.4 °C during 2 season in study. The low zooplankton abundance and diversity registered in the river Teaone, there being registered the presence of scanty specimens of Macrobranchium rathbunae in the wet season. In the river Teaone were observed high values of potential of hydrogen in comparison with other areas in study, for what, it might catalogue that this area is in conditions of a deterioration of the quality of the waters, by light indications towards a pollution product of the antropogénica activities.
    Description: Incluye ref.bibl., grafs.
    Description: Published
    Description: freshwater environment
    Keywords: Zooplankton ; Biological production ; Water quality ; Salinity ; Hydrogen ; Species diversity ; Community composition ; Zooplankton ; Biological production ; Salinity ; Hydrogen ; Water quality ; Temporal variations ; Species diversity
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  • 12
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    Studies of the waters on the continental shelf, Cape Cod to Chesapeake Bay. I. The cycle of temperature (2006)
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: When the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, in cooperation with the Museum of Comparative Zoology, commenced the oceanographic survey of the Gulf of Maine in the summer of 1912 (Bigelow, 1925-1927), it was in the hope that this might later be extended to the coastal waters thence southward; eventually even as far as the Gulf of Mexico. Cruises carried out in connection with investigations of the biology of the mackerel, by the Fisheries' steamer "Albatross II" from 1927 to 1932, supplemented by those of the research ship "Atlantis" of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, have made it possible to extend the detailed examination of the physical oceanography of the continental shelf as far as the offing of Chesapeake Bay, and to the offing of Cape Hatteras for some of the months. The present account of the temperature of the region will, it is hoped, be followed shortly by corresponding accounts of salinity, of circulation and of the dominant planktonic communities.
    Keywords: Ocean temperature ; Salinity ; Plankton ; Atlantic Ocean
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Book
    Format: 7687065 bytes
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  • 13
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    Temperature and salinity variability in thermohaline staircase layers (2007)
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Master of Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution September 2005
    Description: A moored profiler record from the western tropical North Atlantic provides the first continuous time series of temperature, salinity and velocity profiles in a thermohaline staircase. Variations in the intensity of layering and the evolution of layer properties are well documented during the 4.3 month record. Such staircases are the result of strong salt fingering at the interfaces between the mixed layers, and these data provide unique insights into the dynamics of salt fingers. In particular, a striking linear correlation between the temperature and salinity of the layers may be interpreted as resulting from vertical salt finger flux divergences. Data from this record allow new interpretations of previous work on this topic by McDougall (1991).
    Description: This research was supported by the National Science Foundation under grants OCE-0081502 and OCE-0350743
    Keywords: Ocean temperature ; Salinity
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Thesis
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  • 14
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    Mixing processes and hydraulic control in a highly stratified estuary (2008)
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution February 2003
    Description: This thesis utilizes field data from the Fraser River Estuary, a highly stratified system located in southwestern British Columbia, Canada, to investigate the nature of mixing processes in a highly stratified environment, and to extend two-dimensional hydraulic theory to a three dimensional environment. During the late ebb, a stationary front exists at the Fraser mouth. Although densimetric Froude numbers in the vicinity of the front are supercritical in a frame of reference parallel to the local streamlines, the front itself is oriented such that the value of the Froude number is equal to the critical value of unity when taken in a frame of reference perpendicular to the front. This observation presents a robust extension of established two-dimensional, two-layer hydraulic theory to thee dimensions, and implies similarity with trans-sonic flows, in that a Froude angle can be used to identify critical conditions in a manner similar to the Mach angle. Mixing processes were evaluated at the mouth during the late ebb using a control volume approach to isolate mean vertical entrainment processes from turbulent processes, and quantify the vertical turbulent salt and momentum fluxes. Observed turbulent dissipation rates are high, on the order of 10-3 m2s.3, with vertical entrainment velocities on the order of 2x10-3 m's'l. Mixing efficiencies, expressed as flux Richardson numbers, are confined within a range from 0.15 to 0.2, at gradient Richardson number values between 0.2 and 0.25. These results are consistent with previous laboratory studies, but represent energetic conditions that are several orders of magnitude higher. In the estuarine channel, the variability of mixing processes was investigated through the tidal cycle using control volume and overturn scale methods. Spatially, mixing was observed to be more intense near a width constriction on the order of25%. Temporally, more dominant mixing was observed during ebbs, due to increases in both vertical shear and stratification. Mixing is active and important throughout the tidal cycle, and was found to be the dominant process responsible for removing salt from the estuarine channel during the ebb.
    Description: This research was funded by Office of Naval Research grants N000-14-97-10134 and N000-14-97-10566, National Science Foundation grant OCE-9906787, a National Science Foundation graduate fellowship, and the WHOI Academic Programs Office.
    Keywords: Tidal currents ; Salinity ; Hydrodynamics ; Clifford A. Barnes (Ship) Cruise
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Thesis
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  • 15
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    Studies of the waters on the continental shelf, Cape Cod to Chesapeake Bay. II. Salinity (2006)
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: The present paper forms a sequel to the account of the temperature of the same region (Bigelow, 1933)... the continental shelf between the offings of Cape Cod (longitude about 70°) and Chesapeake Bay;-extended southward, for occasional months, to the offing of Cape Hatteras; and with such discussion of conditions along the continental slope as is justified by occasional profiles.
    Keywords: Ocean temperature ; Salinity ; Plankton ; Atlantic Ocean
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Book
    Format: 5286358 bytes
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  • 16
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    Mechanisms and variability of salt transport in partially-stratified estuaries (2008)
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution February 2000
    Description: The variability of salt transport determines the variation of the length of the salinity intrusion and the large-scale density gradient in an estuary. This thesis contains three studies that address salt transport and the salt balance. The variation of salt transport with the depth, the along-channel salinity gradient, and the amplitude of the tidal velocity is investigated with analytic and numerical models. The results indicate that salt transport increases dramatically during stratified periods when vertical mixing is weak. Analysis of salt transport from observations in the Hudson Estuary show that stratified periods with elevated estuarine salt transport occur in five-day intervals once a month during apogean neap tides. Oscillatory salt transport, which is hypothesized to be primarily caused by lateral exchange and mixing of salt, appears to play a more minor role in the salt balance of the estuary. The salt balance of the estuary adjusts very little to the spring-neap modulation of salt transport but adjusts rapidly to pulses of freshwater flow. A simple model is used to investigate the process and time scales of adjustment of the salt balance by connecting variations of salt transport to the variations of freshwater flow and vertical mixing. The results show the length of the salinity intrusion adjust via advection to rapid and large increases in freshwater flow. The salinity intrusion adjusts more rapidly to the spring-neap cycle of tidal mixing the higher the freshwater flow.
    Description: The National Science Foundation provided support through a National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship and NSF Grant OCE94-15617. Grants from the Hudson River Foundation (HRF Grant 006j96A) and the Office of Naval Research (Grant Number N00014-97-1-0134) have also contributed towards the work in this thesis. This work is also partially the result of research sponsored by NOAA National Sea Grant College Program Office, Department of Commerce, under Grant No. NA46RG0470, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Sea Grant project no. R/O-30.
    Keywords: Saltwater encroachment ; Salinity ; Measurement ; Mathematical models
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Thesis
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