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  • 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques  (13)
  • INGV  (11)
  • Springer  (2)
  • American Chemical Society
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Molecular Diversity Preservation International
  • 2005-2009  (13)
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Keywords
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Year
  • 1
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    Lava effusion rate definition and measurement: a review (2007)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Measurement of effusion rate is a primary objective for studies that model lava flow and magma system dynamics, as well as for monitoring efforts during on-going eruptions. However, its exact definition remains a source of confusion, and problems occur when comparing volume flux values that are averaged over different time periods or spatial scales, or measured using different approaches. Thus our aims are to: (1) define effusion rate terminology; and (2) assess the various measurement methods and their results. We first distinguish between instantaneous effusion rate, and time-averaged discharge rate. Eruption rate is next defined as the total volume of lava emplaced since the beginning of the eruption divided by the time since the eruption began. The ultimate extension of this is mean output rate, this being the final volume of erupted lava divided by total eruption duration. Whether these values are total values, i.e. the flux feeding all flow units across the entire flow field, or local, i.e. the flux feeding a single active unit within a flow field across which many units are active, also needs to be specified. No approach is without its problems, and all can have large error (up to ∼50%). However, good agreement between diverse approaches shows that reliable estimates can be made if each approach is applied carefully and takes into account the caveats we detail here. There are three important factors to consider and state when measuring, giving or using an effusion rate. First, the time-period over which the value was averaged; second, whether the measurement applies to the entire active flow field, or a single lava flow within that field; and third, the measurement technique and its accompanying assumptions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-22
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Lava ; Instantaneous effusion rate ; Time-averaged discharge rate ; Eruption rate ; Monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Application of differential SAR interferometry for studying eruptive event of 22July 1998 at Mt.Etna (2007)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: One of the main objectives of the project “Development and application of remote sensing methods for the monitoring of active Italian volcanoes” is directed to an operational use of differential interferometry as a tool for volcano monitoring. A first step to achieve this goal is to test commercial software in order to evaluate the most suitable for the project purposes. For testing software, SAR images collected by ERS2 from May 98 to August 98, before and after the strong eruptive event occurred on 22 July 98 at Voragine crater of Etna, have been selected. The explosive event was classified sub-plinian producing a 12 km high eruptive column and lapilli fell on land as far as 70 km south-eastward along the dispersal axis. Pre, post and across event image pairs have been processed. In particular the pair 13 May 98-22 July 98, 22 July 98-26 August 98, 13 May 98-26 August 98 are used for testing respectively pre, post and across event. In first analysis, the fringes in the differential products show a positive elevation trend in the summit area of the volcano. In particular, an increased of about 1,5 fringes in the period pre-event, and a decrement of 1 fringe in the period post-event is observed. This result is agreement whit field of deformation expected in such kind of event, confirming that the interferometric processing tool used id suitable for the purpose of the project.
    Description: Published
    Description: 15-20
    Description: open
    Keywords: SAR interferometry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
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    Modelling ground deformations in volcanic areas by using SAR interferograms (2007)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The inversion problem dealt with is the identification of the parameters of a magma-filled dike which causes observable changes in ground deformation data. It is supposed that ground deformation data are measured by using the SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) Interferometry technique. The inversion approach, which is carried out by a systematic search technique based on the Simulated Annealing (SA) optimization algorithm, guarantees a high degree of accuracy. The results given in the paper are supported by experiments carried out using an interactive software tool developed ad hoc, which allows both direct and inverse modeling of SAR interferometric data related to the opening of a crack at the beginning and throughout a volcanic activity episode.
    Description: Published
    Description: 30-35
    Description: open
    Keywords: ground deformations ; volcanic areas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    The morphology and evolution of the Stromboli 2002–2003 lava flow field: an example of a basaltic flow field emplaced on a steep slope (2007)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The use of a hand-held thermal camera during the 2002–2003 Stromboli effusive eruption proved essential in tracking the development of flow field structures and in measuring related eruption parameters, such as the number of active vents and flow lengths. The steep underlying slope on which the flow field was emplaced resulted in a characteristic flow field morphology. This comprised a proximal shield, where flow stacking and inflation caused piling up of lava on the relatively flat ground of the vent zone, that fed a medial–distal lava flow field. This zone was characterized by the formation of lava tubes and tumuli forming a complex network of tumuli and flows linked by tubes. Most of the flow field was emplaced on extremely steep slopes and this had two effects. It caused flows to slide, as well as flow, and flow fronts to fail frequently, persistent flow front crumbling resulted in the production of an extensive debris field. Channel-fed flows were also characterized by development of excavated debris levees in this zone (Calvari et al. 2005). Collapse of lava flow fronts and inflation of the upper proximal lava shield made volume calculation very difficult. Comparison of the final field volume with that expecta by integrating the lava effusion rates through time suggests a loss of ~70% erupted lava by flow front crumbling and accumulation as debris flows below sea level. Derived relationships between effusion rate, flow length, and number of active vents showed systematic and correlated variations with time where spreading of volume between numerous flows caused an otherwise good correlation between effusion rate, flow length to break down. Observations collected during this eruption are useful in helping to understand lava flow processes on steep slopes, as well as in interpreting old lava–debris sequences found in other steep-sided volcanoes subject to effusive activity.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Lava flow field ; Morphology ; Tumuli ; Lava tubes ; Effusion rate ; Rheology ; Stromboli volcano ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    Aerosol optical thickness of Mt. Etna volcanic plume retrieved by means of the Airborne Multispectral Imaging Spectrometer (MIVIS) (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: Within the framework of the European MVRRS project (Mitigation of Volcanic Risk by Remote Sensing Techniques), in June 1997 an airborne campaign was organised on Mt. Etna to study different characteristics of the volcanic plume emitted by the summit craters in quiescent conditions. Digital images were collected with the Airborne Multispectral Imaging Spectrometer (MIVIS), together with ground-based measurements. MIVIS images were used to calculate the aerosol optical thickness of the volcanic plume. For this purpose, an inversion algorithm was developed based on radiative transfer equations and applied to the upwelling radiance data measured by the sensor. This article presents the preliminary results from this inversion method. One image was selected following the criteria of concomitant atmospheric ground-based measurements necessary to model the atmosphere, plume centrality in the scene to analyse the largest plume area and cloudless conditions. The selected image was calibrated in radiance and geometrically corrected. The 6S (Second Simulation of the Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum) radiative transfer model was used to invert the radiative transfer equation and derive the aerosol optical thickness. The inversion procedure takes into account both the spectral albedo of the surface under the plume and the topographic effects on the refl ected radiance, due to the surface orientation and elevation. The result of the inversion procedure is the spatial distribution of the plume optical depth. An average value of 0.1 in the wavelength range 454-474 nm was found for the selected measurement day.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: aerosol optical thickness ; volcanic plume ; MIVIS ; DEM ; radiative transfer model 6S ; inversion technique ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.08. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    A model of sulphur solubility for hydrous mafic melts: application to the determination of magmatic fluid compositions of Italian volcanoes (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: We present an empirical model of sulphur solubility that allows us to calculate f S2 if P, T, fO2 and the melt composition, including H2O and S, are known. The model is calibrated against three main experimental data bases consisting in both dry and hydrous silicate melts. Its prime goal is to calculate the f S2 of hydrous basalts that currently lack experimental constraints of their sulphur solubility behaviour. Application of the model to Stromboli, Vesuvius, Vulcano and Etna eruptive products shows that the primitive magmas found at these volcanoes record f S2 in the range 0.1-1 bar. In contrast, at all volcanoes the magmatic evolution is marked by dramatic variations in f S2 that spreads over up to 9 orders of magnitude. The f S2 can either increase during differentiation or decrease during decompression to shallow reservoirs, and seems to be related to closed versus open conduit conditions, respectively. The calculated f S2 shows that the Italian magmas are undersaturated in a FeS melt, except during closed conduit conditions, in which case differentiation may eventually reach conditions of sulphide melt saturation. The knowledge of f S2, fO2 and fH2O allows us to calculate the fluid phase composition coexisting with magmas at depth in the C-O-H-S system. Calculated fluids show a wide range in composition, with CO2 mole fractions of up to 0.97. Except at shallow levels, the fluid phase is generally dominated by CO2 and H2O species, the mole fractions of SO2 and H2S rarely exceeding 0.05 each. The comparison between calculated fluid compositions and volcanic gases shows that such an approach should provide constraints on both the depth and mode of degassing, as well as on the amount of free fluid in magma reservoirs. Under the assumption of a single step separation of the gas phase in a closed-system condition, the application to Stromboli and Etna suggests that the main reservoirs feeding the eruptions and persistent volcanic plumes at these volcanoes might contain as much as 5 wt% of a free fluid phase. Consideration of the magma budget needed to balance the amounts of volatiles emitted in the light of these results shows that the amount of nonerupted magma could be overestimated by as much as one order of magnitude.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: sulphur ; hydrous basalts ; volcanic gas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 7
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    Constraining the dynamics of volcanic eruptions by characterization of pumice textures (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: We have characterized the textures of pumice clasts from Phlegraean Fields to gain insights into the conduit flow-dynamics of alkaline explosive eruptions. Vesicularities, vesicle number densities, and vesicle sizes and shapes were measured to obtain the bulk and groundmass properties of the juvenile fraction of Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) and Agnano Monte Spina (AMS) eruptions. The results report the coexistence of three end-member pumice types in the deposits of both eruptions, 1) microvesicular, 2) tube and 3) expanded, which differ according to clast morphology and the macro- to microscopic vesicle texture. Vesicularities (0.85-0.94 for CI, 0.51-0.91 for AMS) and vesicle number densities (2-4×105 cm-2 in CI, 3×105-106 cm-2 in AMS) span quite a wide range in all the three pumice types. Overall, tube pumices exhibit the highest bulk (0.89) and groundmass (CI 0.85, AMS 0.82) average vesicle volume fractions but the lowest average vesicle number densities (CI 2×105, AMS 4×105 cm-2). Comparison with textures of calc-alkaline pumices has revealed many similarities and points to a common origin and distribution of the products from both magma compositions within the volcanic conduit. In addition, the results of the textural analysis were interpreted in the light of the conduit flow modeling of Phlegraean Fields eruptions. The comparison of textural observations with results from simulations of conduit magma ascent has exhibited a good agreement between measured and numerically calculated vesicularities for both compositions, helping to constrain the overall dynamics of alkaline versus calc-alkaline eruptions.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Phlegraean Fields ; Plinian eruptions ; vesicle textures ; magma ascent dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    Novel laser-based techniques for monitoring of volcanoes (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: An overview of novel laser techniques suitable for volcanic monitoring, based on different kinds of infrared laser sources, is presented. Their main advantages and drawbacks are discussed focusing on the achievable sensitivity and precision levels in analysis of gaseous species. Some of the most recent experimental results obtained in laboratory development as well as in field tests of home-built laser spectrometers are reported. New perspectives in optical devices aimed at geochemical and geophysical applications are also considered.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: diode laser ; absorption spectroscopy ; optical fiber ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    Temperature distribution analysis of July 2001 Mt. Etna eruption observed by the airborne hyperspectral sensor MIVIS (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: On 17th and 18th July 2001, several fractures opened on Mt. Etna southern flank generating different lava flows spreading both in Valle del Bove and towards Nicolosi. On 29th July the image spectrometer MIVIS was flown over Mt. Etna to acquire high-resolution images of the eruption. The MIVIS airborne campaign was planned simultaneously with TERRA, EO-1 and Landsat 7 satellite acquisitions, in order to compare hyperspectral and multispectral data referred to active lavas. This work focuses on the thermal mapping of lava flows, taking advantage of MIVIS sensor high technical performances. The MIVIS high spatial resolution allows a detailed analysis of the lava flow topographic distribution. Its 12 bit dynamic range consents an estimate of the temperature even for the «hottest» pixels. The main target of this work is the evaluation of the energy flux by means of remote-sensing techniques. Surface temperature analysis was performed on distinct lava flows using the dualband technique. These quantities were compared with the integrated temperatures retrieved using the MIVIS thermal infrared bands. The influence of topography was also considered in the flux calculation using a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of Mt. Etna.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: remote-sensing ; volcano monitoring ; thermal infrared ; dual-band technique ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.05. Downhole, radioactivity, remote sensing, and other methods ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
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    Estimates of fluid pressure and tectonic stress in hydrothermal/volcanic areas:a methodological approach (2006)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-04
    Description: An analytical approach to estimate the relative contribution of the fluid pressure and tectonic stress in hydrothermal/ volcanic areas is proposed assuming a Coulomb criterion of failure. The analytical procedure requires the coefficient of internal friction, cohesion, rock density, and thickness of overburden to be known from geological data. In addition, the orientation of the principal stress axes and the stress ratio must be determined from the inversion of fault-slip or seismic data (focal mechanisms). At first, the stress magnitude is calculated assuming that faulting occurs in 'dry' conditions (fluid pressure=0). In a second step, the fluid pressure is introduced performing a grid search over the orientation of 1) fault planes that slip by shear failure or 2) cracks that open under different values of fluid pressure and calculating the consistency with the observed fault planes (i.e. strike and dip of faults, cracks, nodal planes from focal mechanisms). The analytical method is applied using fault-slip data from the Solfatara volcano (Campi Flegrei, Italy) and seismic data (focal mechanisms) from the Vesuvius volcano (Italy). In these areas, the fluid pressure required to activate faults (shear fractures) and cracks (open fractures) is calculated. At Solfatara, the ratio between the fluid pressure and the vertical stress ?is very low for faults ( ?=0.16) and relatively high for cracks ( ?=0.5). At Vesuvius, ?=0.6. Limits and uncertainties of the method are also discussed.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: hydrothermal fluids ; faults ; cracks ; fluid pressure ; volcanic/hydrothermal areas ; seismicity ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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