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  • 101
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 3 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 102
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 103
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 104
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 105
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: At the first residential conference of the Institute for Fiscal Studies, which was held at St. Edmund Hall, Oxford, in September 1983, Mr Stewart Bates, QC, spoke on the implications of the decision of the House of Lords in the case of W. T. Ramsay Ltd v CIR. A report of those proceedings was held over until the decision of the House of Lords in the case of Furniss, v Dawson was known. The following report is based upon Mr Bates' address and the comments of Mr Stephen Oliver, QC, Mr John Avery Jones and Mr Adrian Shipwright who spoke at a lunchtime seminar convened by the IFS on 9 March 1984 to consider the decision in Furniss v Dawson. This report does not reflect the opinions of the IFS, which has no corporate views.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 106
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 107
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 108
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 109
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 110
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 111
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 4 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 112
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 4 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 113
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 4 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 114
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 4 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 115
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 4 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 116
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 4 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 117
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 3 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 118
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 3 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 119
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 3 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 120
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 3 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 121
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 2 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 122
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 2 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 123
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 1 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 124
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 1 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 125
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 1 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 126
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 1 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 127
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 29 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This article discusses methods of integrating the “informal sector” in the national accounts of developing countries. This sector, defined generally as composed of producers who do not keep formal accounts, is difficult to capture by usual statistical collection techniques, and therefore is often neglected. The paper develops the requirements for a direct inquiry approach to obtaining data for this sector, emphasizing the need for national, exhaustive, and periodic coverage. It then proceees to propose methods of analysis for informal sector enterprises with and without fixed locations, tailored to the specific characteristics of each trade. The final section presents some results of application of the proposed methods in Tunisia and Niger.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 128
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 29 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This paper constructs estimates of income and consumption inequality for the world (124 countries), using various measures of inequality. It then goes on to examine the possible effects of various sources of error in the estimates, and attempts to set rough limits to the size of such effects. Among the sources of error examined are purchasing power parities used for currency conversion, systematic errors in estimates of per capita incomes, differences in age structure, government tax and expenditure policy, and lifetime income effects. The paper concludes that, although the level of uncertainty in the estimates is too great to permit conclusions about, for instance, trends over time, it is clear that the level of world inequality is extreme, and that it is primarily due to differences in average incomes across countries rather than to intra-country inequality.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 129
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 29 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: In this study, new estimates are presented of the size distribution of household wealth in the U.S. in 1969. Compared to previous studies, its major advance is the inclusion of all marketable or discretionary household assets and liabilities and their alignment with national balance sheet totals. Household disposable wealth (HDW) is defined as the sum of all marketable or fungible assets held by households less liabilities. The Gini coefficient for HDW is 0.72, the share held by the richest one percent of households is 31 percent, and the share held by the top five percent is 49 percent. There is, however, a large variation in the concentration of different household assets. The Gini coefficient is 0.30 for household durables and inventories, 0.69 for equity in owner-occupied housing, 0.94 for bonds and securities, and 0.98 for corporate stock. HDW is then divided into two mutually exclusive components. The first, called “life-cycle wealth,” is defined as the sum of equity in owner-occupied housing, durables, household inventory, demand deposits and currency, and the cash value of life insurance and pensions less consumer debt. This form of wealth tends to be accumulated over the life-cycle for either consumption, liquidity, or retirement purposes. The second, called “capital wealth,” is the sum of time and savings deposits, bonds and securities, corporate stock, business and investment real estate equity, and trust fund equity. Life-cycle wealth is substantially less concentrated than capital wealth. The Gini coefficient for it is 0.59, while that for capital wealth is 0.88. Moreover, among the lower wealth groups, over 80 percent of household wealth takes the form of life-cycle wealth, whereas among the top wealth groups the proportion is under 20 percent. The results suggest substantially different savings motivations between the two groups.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 130
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 29 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This paper presents a method of estimating U.S. family net wealth across the entire population, utilizing capitalization of several income items available from income tax microdata. Other forms of wealth, and debt, are indirectly estimated using relationships gleaned from estate tax data. Concentration in the distribution of wealth, and assets such as corporate stock, are measured with Gini coefficients and Lorenz curve analysis and compared to similar estimates of concentration in the distribution of income. Comparisons of the results with previous estimates for the United States are made in the latter section of the paper.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 131
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 29 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This paper utilizes Household Expenditure Survey and Consumer Price Index data supplemented by private survey data in an attempt to compare the purchasing power parities of the pound sterling and the Australian dollar for a range of population sub-groups in the United Kingdom and Australia. In spite of the close political, economic, social and cultural ties that exist between these two countries, there have been no attempts to measure differences in living costs and real expenditures. Further, Australia has not been a party to the International Comparisons project of the Statistical Office of the United Nations. This study derives purchasing power parities which explicitly account for variations in expenditure patterns of different population sub-groups. For example, a household living in London intending to move to Sydney will find it useful to have a comparison of cost-of-living between households living in these two cities which takes into account explicitly the general expenditure patterns in these two cities. Due to the nature of the data, it was necessary to employ a new index number method derived by one of the authors.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 132
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 29 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: “As compared with Hicksian, Harrodian measures of the concept of total factor productivity which rigorously take into account the reproducibility of commodity capital inputs and the technological interdependence of modern production economies are advocated. A number of recent measures of total factor productivity are shown to be variants of the Harrodian approach, and certain problems of aggregation associated with the Hicksian measures are shown to be resolved by the Harrodian measures. An examination of the concepts of technical progress and vertically integrated sectors advanced by Professor Luigi L. Pasinetti and their relation to the Harrodian measures of total factor productivity is made.”
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 133
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 29 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 134
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 29 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 135
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 28 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 136
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 28 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The growth of the public sector in the post-war period and the consequences of this development for economic growth is a strongly disputed subject of economic theory and policy. In this paper the development trends of state activities in the case of the Federal Republic of Germany are presented. The structure of public expenditures as well as the tax structure are taken into consideration and possible impacts on real economic growth are analysed. The negative correlations between some kinds of public expenditures (or taxes) and the growth rate of real GNP should not be taken in proof of the growth-retarding effects which might ensue from increasing state activities. It seems to be more likely that state activities have induced shifts of resources from the formal into the informal economy. Politicians should be aware that some measures of economic policy conventionally proposed will strengthen the movement into the informal economy, thus intensifying the current problems within the public budgets as well as in the social security system.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 137
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 28 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This paper uses five valuation methods to derive aggregate and per person estimates of the value of household work in the United States. Two general questions are posed: (1) what is the relationship between the aggregate estimates and the valuation method used, and (2) how do per person estimates vary by sex and earnings?The main observations of the paper are as follows: First, the aggregate value of household work is sizable regardless of the valuation method used. Second, aggregate estimates are extremely sensitive to the method of valuation. For example, the highest estimate is $475 billion greater than the lowest estimate. Third, contrary to earlier findings, opportunity cost valuation methods generally produce significantly higher estimates than market cost valuation methods. Fourth, per person estimates vary significantly by sex and level of earnings across valuation methods. Generally, market cost estimates.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 138
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 28 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Income generating functions are statistical tools used to explain income inequality and other economic outcomes and behavior. These functions are often associated with a strict human capital framework, but they need not be. Instead, they may be viewed as a reduced form equation summarizing the relationship between income and various personal and locational characteristics. Following this latter interpretation, we develop the regression and analysis of variance approaches to income generating functions and estimate them empirically using micro-economic data from one low income country, Colombia. Proceeding to increasingly parsimonious specifications of income generating functions, insights are gained into the structure of incomes in Colombia.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 139
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 26 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This paper deals with the influence of differing methods of deflation on the international terms of trade of the Federal Republic of Germany. The question to be discussed is what indices seem best suited for the deflation of exports and imports in national accounts. It will be shown that the use of alternative price indices for deflating exports and imports leads to considerable differences of the results at constant prices and so in terms of trade. In addition, terms of trade are presented by groups of countries.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 140
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 26 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 141
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Income inequality is examined using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and a consistent decomposition analysis. I only use inequality measures that satisfy the Principle of Transfers, have the property that a ceteris paribus increase in inequality within any subgroup increases overall inequality, and are independent of the scale of income and population. Decompositions are carried out by family size and by age of head for several definitions of income and income recipient. Whilst changing the time unit over which income is measured has a substantial impact on inequality, the effect of removing the between-age-group component of inequality is relatively slight.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 142
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This paper discusses Austria's experiences in connection with the 1980 round of the UN International Comparison Project, in which comparisons were first made within regions and the regions then linked. Austria played a dual role, as (a) the linking country between Group I (the European Community) and Group II (selected middle and eastern European countries), and (b) the base country for Group II. The paper consists of two principal parts. The first part reports, at the 3-digit commodity level, on the success achieved in finding comparable items, both within Group II and between Austria and Group I. The second part discusses a number of methodological problems that were encountered in carrying out the comparison. Chief among these was the treatment of social services that are marketed in some countries and provided free of charge or at nominal prices in others. Other questions touched upon include the treatment of output for own consumption, rents, drugs and medicines, and tourist expenditures.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 143
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Lack of a conceptual basis for measuring human capital investment in health has hampered efforts to expand national accounting systems to include human capital investment. This paper presents a conceptual basis for developing estimates of this health investment, an estimation methodology consistent with the conceptual basis, and preliminary estimates for the United States for 1952-78.While much work remains to be done before comprehensive estimates of investment in health are achieved, it is clear that previous estimates based on answers to the question, “What improves health?” have included some inappropriate expenditures while excluding others that should be included.The conceptual basis presented here leads to a methodology for separating health care costs (not the costs of illness) into maintenance and gross investment. Gross investment can be further separated into net investment and the sum of damages and depreciation but empirical implementation of this step is not attempted here.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 144
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This paper describes the construction of an accounting matrix for the world economy in 1977, cast along similar lines to SNA National Accounts, but one in which trade flows replace inter-industry flows as intermediate demand. The matrix distinguishes ten regions. Institutional accounts are presented for three of these, the European Community, North America and Japan. This matrix is used to provide the basis of a linear model in which average propensities to import and consume are replaced by estimated marginal propensities. Use is made of standard estimates of the income effects of terms of trade changes in order to distinguish substitution from income effects in the model, and a means is suggested for separating the full as well as the impact effects of a terms of trade change into income and substitution effects. The estimated import equations are used to derive estimates of regional growth rates compatible with external balance in each region. Multiplier matrices are calculated from the model showing regional interdependence of the world economy reflecting the pattern of trade which is identified in the marginal propensities to import.The effects of various aid policies are calculated using the model. It is shown that the cost of aid to any region is radically altered by taking into account the feedback effects of changes in demand. A policy of tied aid pursued by EEC, North America and Japan can actually lead to an improvement in Japan's balance of payments position. Finally the effects of movements in relative prices are illustrated by means of two examples.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 145
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 28 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: In this paper a definition of poverty in terms of welfare is given. A method is developed to derive poverty lines from an individual welfare function of income. The model is extended to analyse the effect of several socio-economic characteristics on the level of the poverty line. An empirical application of the method is given based on data from a survey in eight European countries in 1979. Differences in the poverty lines both between countries and between socio-economic groups within each country are considered. Finally the number of people below these poverty lines is estimated for all countries in the group.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 146
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 28 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The Kingdom of Nepal is one of the least developed and least known countries. In order to understand the sometimes non-conventional estimating procedure used, a background section is included, describing the physical, socio-economic and institutional framework. In the second part of the paper some illustrative examples of the approaches used are given, the full description being published in four volumes, National Accounts of Nepal, National Planning Commission, Kathmandu. The last part of the paper considers the usefulness of national accounts based upon the market economy, and in general, the problem of applicability of international concepts to a developing country. What is the significance of international concepts to a developing country? What is the significance of national value aggregates in a country in which the unit of national currency does not serve as a nation-wide standard of value? Can a common denominator be found if the scale of values and the whole outlook of different groups are so different? What do people value, and does the rural population in localized economies put a monetary price on the value? Has the concept of labour force or employment, as used in industrial societies, any meaning in a society where all those capable, including small children, of contributing to daily survival do so? The conceptual problems have not yet been solved. National accounts are a useful first step in providing planners with symbols for telling a complex story in simple terms and as a kind of statistical reconnaissance, but as development planning is moving more and more in the direction of planning from below and into regional and rural development projects, household surveys are becoming essential planning and evaluation tools. Based upon twenty-five years of field experience, the author reflects upon problems and possible solutions, discussing managerial, training, substantive and statistical aspects.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 147
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 28 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This paper describes the composition of the public sector in the United Kingdom and traces the development and contribution to the economy of the three main sub-sectors-central government, local government and public corporations—over the past thirty years. Relevant data for output, employment, fixed capital formation and national wealth set the public sector into perspective with the economy as a whole and illustrate how its share of human and other resources has changed over the years. While all four measures show the public sector share of the total to have been around 30 percent in 1980, historically the changes have moved very differently. The slow, but fairly steady, increase in the share of employment and output contrasts with very marked changes in the other two measures. Although public sector fixed investment nearly doubled in real terms between 1950 and 1980 its share of total investment declined from 48 to 31 percent, a much smaller share being taken by dwellings, electricity supply and the railways. In terms of the share of national wealth the public sector moved from a state of indebtedness to the rest of the economy in the fifties and sixties to a position of holding nearly one third of the value of tangible and financial assets in the late seventies.A small part of the paper considers the international dimension, but because few other countries use the concept of a public sector, this section examines only the relationship between total tax revenue and GDP in a number of countries and employment in general government.The problems of determining the boundary of the public and private sectors occurs most frequently at the interface between public corporations and private enterprises; the rules for deciding classification are set out in so far as they can be specified.The last sections of the paper put the statistics into their policy context and consider the value of public sector aggregates. The conclusion is that a general case cannot be made to justify assembling public sector aggregates for all countries; the need will be determined by the economic policies being pursued in a particular country. Although the United Kingdom gives considerable prominence to a public sector financial aggregate, the Public Sector Borrowing Requirement, the functions of the public corporations and the rest of the public sector are so disparate that consolidated accounts for the public sector are no longer prepared.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 148
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 28 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Has the underground economy caused the increase in United States GNP in recent years to be understated relative to earlier periods? The ratio of employment to population provides powerful evidence that it has not. This ratio’ was as high in the middle 1970s as in previous periods and in 1978–80 rose to its highest level of the postwar era, suggesting that employment growth has not been understated. Employment series based on both establishment reports and household surveys yield exceptionally high ratios in recent years. This article provides a step-by-step explanation of why employment data are pertinent to the question raised about GNP.This explanation may be summarized as follows. GNP measured as the sum of final products is not understated unless GNP measured as the sum of national income and other charges against GNP is also understated. Appreciable understatement of the growth of charges against GNP as a result of growth of the underground economy is highly unlikely in the absence of understatement of the growth of wages and salaries, because of the way the estimates are made. Understatement of the growth of wages and salaries without understatement of the growth of employment based on establishment reports is highly unlikely because of the way data are collected.The article explains briefly the relationship between income tax evasion and errors in measuring the various components of charges against GNP. It also explains how illegal activities are meant to be handled in GNP measurement.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 149
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 28 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 150
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 27 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The United Nations' newly completed study of purchasing power parities covering 34 countries varied in region, income level, and form of economic organization shows the systematic differences between the usual view of the structure of the world economy arising out of international comparisons based upon foreign exchange rate conversions and the structure one sees when actual prices are available.The real per capita GDP of developing countries is understated relative to developed countries when exchange rates are used in converting countries' national income accounts to a common currency, with the degree of understatement for any two countries being inversely related to the per capita income difference between them. The reason for this is that relative prices in the non-traded goods sector are lower relative to traded goods prices in low income countries. The systematic pattern observed in the 1975 data of the 34 countries has been extrapolated over time and space to get estimates of GDP for other years and countries.In the absence of detailed price data, the real shares of final expenditures devoted to particular components of the total can only be estimated as the proportion of own currency total expenditure devoted to the components. The observed differences in the pattern of prices of poor countries relative to rich for different components makes this clearly wrong for international comparisons, and in systematic ways. For example, (i) the relative price of services compared with commodities in poor countries is lower than in rich; so the apparent tendency of the share of services to rise as a country's income rises disappears when real quantities are considered; similarly, (ii) the relative price of capital goods is greater in poor countries compared with rich ones, so the difference in investment ratios out of GDP between rich and poor countries is understated.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 151
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 27 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The change in goods and services available in a national economy brought about by the shifting of external price relationships is referred to as the terms of trade effects. This paper reviews the various methods which have been devised since the war to define and quantify such effects on the Gross National Product. The statistical annex shows that, as far as OECD countries are concerned, the differences between the various measures are not significant. Whereas the effects from terms of trade represented, on average, less than one half of one percent of the GNP of OECD countries during the 1960's the percentage has increased substantially since 1973, due most importantly to the increase in the oil price; by 1977 (on a 1970 price basis), it had reached 5 percent of GNP in Japan and up to 6 percent in Italy. On the other hand, the extreme case of Saudi Arabia where various formulas generate effects amounting to between one half and the whole of GNP, indicates that the measurement of terms of trade effects by various methods may give different results.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 152
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 27 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The concern with income distribution has always mainly existed because of a concern with individuals' economic welfare. In recent years, the question has arisen whether the distribution of annual income—the distribution most often studied—is the best proxy for the distribution of economic welfare. Other measures, such as lifetime income, have been proposed instead.The paper starts with a discussion of how to define and measure the distribution of lifetime income. By using a simulation model, which partly consists of estimated functions and partly of tax functions taken directly from tax laws, distributions of lifetime income, variously defined, are then constructed. These distributions are compared with each other, and with distributions of annual income. The simulations indicate that the distribution of lifetime income is considerably less unequal than the distribution of annual income. Whether inheritances are included or not seems to be of no importance for the inequality of lifetime income. If, on the other hand, we include the value of leisure time in lifetime income, inequality increases by about 10–15 percent. Distributions of income after tax have Gini coefficients which are approximately 25 percent less than the Ginis for the before-tax distributions. We thus find that the picture of inequality we get is very much dependent on which income concept we use.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 153
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 29 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 154
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 29 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The following note is a very concise summary of a paper2 that was presented at the 17th General Conference of the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth at Montvillargenne, August, 1981. As such it may be considered a new paper, although it contains practically all the conceptual issues of the original paper. As in the original paper its intention is only to place these issues before a wider audience, while specific solutions will have to wait for a more detailed treatment. All issues concern certain conceptual dilemmas, arising in particular in the use of national accounts when available concepts do not coincide with those for which data are sought. A decision to change the existing basic concepts would however require not only the support of the scholars in this field but also the co-operation of the users of national accounts. Due to extreme summarizing, certain statements are now fairly compact—compared with the original paper. It is nevertheless hoped that the basic problems still shine through. The following note gives instances in which the traditional national accounts, as established according to existing rules and statistics, may not suffice for actual data requirements, yielding differences in growth rates of several percentage points.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 155
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 29 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 156
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 29 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Empirical research using the opportunity cost approach to estimating the value of non-market work of women tends to focus on the value of actual or potential output produced at home and expected or actual earnings, and assume that a rational decision involves choosing the higher one. Evidence derived from data on young married women suggests that full-time homemakers frequently are unable to provide estimates either of their potential earnings or of the lowest wage they would accept to enter the labor market, and that such estimates as they do provide are not soundly based. We also found that using wages of women in the labor market to estimate the value of the home time of full-time homemakers involves upward bias. We conclude that there are good reasons for caution in using the opportunity cost approach.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 157
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 28 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 158
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 28 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 159
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 28 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: In this paper we deal with the question of which measures of economic well-being are adequate to identify those groups of households in the U.S. whose economic conditions justify public concern and assistance. We derive a utility based measure of economic well-being from the estimation of a complete set of consumer demand equations. The demand system is Lluch's Extended Linear Expenditure System (Lluch, 1973). Household characteristics are incorporated using the scaling method proposed by Barten (1966). Using the welfare indicator derived, we study the composition of the poorest part of the population, using data from the 1972–73 Consumer Expenditure Survey. We compare our results with those obtained using various other welfare indicators, including the official U.S. poverty line. We show that using different family composition adjustments significantly and systematically affects just who are considered to be at the bottom of the welfare distribution. We finally suggest that program designers therefore can improve their target efficiency by carefully selecting from among the acceptable indices of welfare when defining program eligibility.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 160
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 1 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 161
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 1 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 162
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 1 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 163
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 1 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 164
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 165
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 166
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 167
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 168
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 4 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 169
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 3 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 170
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 3 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 171
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 3 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 172
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 173
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 174
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 175
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fiscal studies 5 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 176
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This paper compares the growth accounting approaches to aggregate productivity measurement and analysis of three major researchers: E. F. Denison, D. W. Jorgenson, and J. W. Kendrick. The investigetors are compared in terms of their treatment of a number of crucial elements, including measurement of output and of capital and labor inputs (including composition or quality changes), total factor productivity growth, economies of scale, and intensity of demand (for output). Judged by the standard of the neoclassical economic theory of production-the only generally accepted basis for input aggregation-Denison departs significantly from the production theory framework in his measurement of output and capital input, Kendrick to some degree in his measure of capital input, and Jorgenson not at all. The effects of these departures are illustrated with reference to the recent productivity slowdown. The probable near-term future utility of growth accounting methods for productivity analysis is assessed, and some related econometric modeling issues are noted.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 177
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 178
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This article reviews the problems involved in updating the results of international comparisons, in terms of an analytic framework focusing upon the sources of differences between various forms of extrapolation and direct comparisons. The factors identified as important are conservation of prices of the base period and weight inconsistency. The reliability of updating is undoubtedly affected by the length of the period over which the data are extrapolated. A program of regular benchmark comparisons at approximately five-year intervals with updating for the intervening years is attractive, since it permits checking by forward and backward interpolation. Where there are large deviations, however, averaging is not an acceptable solution.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 179
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Index number accuracy is affected by formula specification and sampling error. The authors argue that an index formula should be “ideal” and “exact” (with reference to the range of economically plausible aggregator functions) to be economically justified. These indices are invariant in the homothetic case, as well as in certain non-homothetic scenarios. Empirically, based on foreign trade data for Egypt from 1885-1961, the set of economically justified indices are virtually identical, supporting the theoretical argument that “instrumental error” or “formula variance” should be a negligible factor contributing to index number error. In a discussion of sampling error, on the other hand, the authors criticize earlier work and propose an upper and lower bound. Using the same data, these limits imply that sampling error may be a serious problem for many indices.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 180
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 29 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 181
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 29 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 182
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 29 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: How have government transfers altered the distribution of income, the level of work effort, and the rate of personal saving? Most scholars approach this question by comparing the current level of government transfers with the unrealistic counterfactual of a zero-transfer situation. This method overlooks the fact that nongovernment transfers existed before government transfers and the possibility that private transfers might have grown more if government transfers had grown less.This paper explores the significance of one private alternative to government transfers-namely, direct interfamily giving of cash, food, and housing. Fragmentary evidence suggests that such interfamily transfer was quantitatively more important than governmental transfer for these purposes thirty years ago, but is now only half as great. If current government transfers are conversions of, or substitutes for, interfamily transfers, then it follows that some of the benefits of government transfer “slide” over to “secondary beneficiaries,” i.e. those who would have made the private transfers. Further, it follows that the effects of government transfers are not much different from those of the private transfers which they replace.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 183
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 28 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: In this article an attempt is made to generate internationally comparable income distribution data for the Federal Republic of Germany (1974), Mexico (1968) and the United Kingdom (1979). To that end, the same income concept and income unit were adopted for each country, i.e. respectively household available income and the household. Moreover, incomes from various sources were adjusted for inconsistency with National Accounts according to Altimir's methodology. The paper finds that the distribution of persons by household income per equivalent unit is probably the best way of looking at the distribution of economic welfare. It further demonstrates that the distribution of persons by household available income per capita is much closer to this ‘ideal’ distribution than the distribution of households by household available income. Finally, the paper discusses some of the problems arising from the fact that one normally works with grouped data. It is found that in the case of the three countries under study, grouping is likely to have had only a small impact on the results.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 184
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 27 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This paper discusses the history of the French development of satellite accounts during the late 1960s and 1970s, noting the circumstances that led to the initiation of work in this area and describing the types of problem encountered. It then goes on to draw, on the basis of the French experiment, more general conclusions and to present a proposed accounting framework. The final section considers the concept of social expenditure, but concludes that, at least for the present, it is not possible to construct a useful global concept.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 185
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 27 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The economy of Liberia is one in which, in spite of past satisfactory growth performance, a high level of income inequality persists. In 1977, for instance, a mere 2 percent of the people accounted for some 33 percent of nation-wide wage income. These people live disproportionately in Montserrado County in which the capital city is located. While each of the other counties are largely rural and poor, each has far lower intra-county inequality than wealthy Montserrado.Intersectoral location of the income-earner, average income levels and the extent of access to human capital formation opportunities are some characteristics of the economy that have been found to explain significant portions of intercounty variations in the levels of household income concentration. Income inequality is reduced with increases in the extent of agricultural activity as the share of the top income group falls and that of the bottom group rises. The reverse happens with growing urban-area activity. Higher income concentration occurs with rising per capita incomes as the top group's income share rises and the bottom income group's share falls. While this appears to be an instance of the Kuznet U-shaped hypothesis, here there are no definite signs of a possible reversal any time soon. The levels of access to educational facilities move inversely with the level of inequality, with expanding elementary facilities benefiting the poorer people at the expense of the wealthy while the reverse happens in the case of expanding secondary educational facilities.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 186
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 27 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 187
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 27 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This article describes what happens to income distribution during intensive changes in gross domestic product due to external market conditions. It deals specifically with an open market petroleum-based economy, Trinidad and Tobago, and reviews changes in national product and income levels and the income distribution pattern over the twenty year period 1957–76.The paper argues that during the period characterized by subperiods of steady growth and rapid growth in GDP (the latter associated with the petroleum price rise), income inequality increased between 1957 and 1972 and then decreased in the post petroleum-price-rise period of rapid growth 1973–76. While the effect of intensive changes in national product did trickle down to the lower income groups, income inequality in 1975–76 was greater than that existing in 1957–58. An examination of the spatial, occupational and temporal aspect of the distribution pattern points towards the elimination of structural dualism in the economy as the surest path towards greater income equality in Trinidad and Tobago.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 188
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 27 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The debate on how to deal with changes of relative prices in national accounts has, so far, remained inconclusive, especially with regard to the question of how to measure gains from changes of terms of trade. Keeping the experiences of the 1970s in mind (i.e. substantial changes of relative prices sparked off by increased oil prices), this state of affairs is not considered tenable.On this background, the paper takes up the old debate on how to deflate figures of domestic product, total as well as by industries. It tries to argue that deflated figures should be presented not only as real product figures by industries (using the double deflation method), but also as real income figures, obtained by deflating the current-prices figures of a certain year by the same general price index. When this is done according to procedures spelled out in detail, gains/losses from changes of the terms of trade in foreign trade will show up as an integral part of the framework.In the paper, special attention is given to the concept of industry terms of trade. On the basis of simplifying assumptions (which are, however, relaxed in the final part of the paper), it is shown how the ratio of real income divided by real product of a certain industry will be proportionate to the terms of trade of the industry concerned, when the latter concept is defined in the appropriate way. Furthermore, the sum of the industry gains/losses from changes of their terms of trade will be equal to the gain/loss of the economy taken as a whole from changes of the terms of trade in foreign trade.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 189
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 27 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: In this paper, I investigate the validity of the Modigliani-Brumberg (M-B) model as an explanation of the variation of wealth holdings among households. The model as such, even with the inclusion of estimates of household lifetime earnings, explains only a minute portion of the variation in household wealth. Indeed, for certain groups such as non-white, rural residents, and the low educated, the coefficients of the regression model are insignificant. Moreover, when the top wealth holders are removed from the sample and when non-cash financial and business assets are eliminated from the household portfolios, the explanatory power of the M-B model increases markedly. Essentially, the validity of life-cycle wealth accumulation models must be restricted to the white, urban, educated middle classes and their accumulation of housing, durables, and cash. The rich have very different motives for saving and very different sources of saving, while the poor do not earn sufficient income over their lifetime to accumulate any non-negligible wealth.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 190
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The United Nations (SNA) and the Canadian (CSNA) Systems of National Accounts treat interest as a factor return to capital. The difficulties arising from the use of this concept cast doubt upon the basic premise. For example if the usual method of measuring value added by the summation of primary inputs is applied to industries mainly engaged in the lending of money, the results show negative production. This has led to the necessity of imputing bank interest in order to avoid negative income originating in the banking industry. Arguments are being put forward to extend this practice to certain other financial non-bank areas as well to offset the negative product emerging with increasing frequency as a result of higher levels of interest transactions.The proposed alternative is based on the contention that interest paid and received for the borrowing and lending of money should be treated in the same manner as the purchase and sale of other services. For the production accounts, for example, this would mean that interest paid by business would be treated as an intermediate expense of the paying industry and as revenue of the receiving industry. The adoption of this approach would therefore eliminate the need for the imputation of banking services and clear up the ambiguities encountered in treating interest on the public and consumer debt, issues which are also not unrelated to the present treatment of interest.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 191
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 192
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: The present investigation is the first attempt to calculate gross capital stocks for 19 industries which together cover the whole Austrian economy. A production-oriented concept of capital formed the basis of the investigation; the estimation procedure follows that of C. Almon et al. In contrast to the traditional perpetual-inventory methods, Almon's modified estimation technique combines the advantages of differentiated cumulation containing a logistical retention function with relatively moderate requirements with respect to investment data. A thorough description of this estimation technique is given in the third section of the paper, combined with a number of comparative model calculations. These demonstrate very clearly that capital stock figures calculated according to the Almon method rarely deviate from those found with the help of the traditional inventory method, which requires considerably more information and uses more complicated calculation procedures. Finally, the sectorally disaggregated capital stock estimates calculated according to the Almon method are presented with some interpretative remarks.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 193
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 30 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 194
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 29 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: In this paper we describe a micro consistent data set for Canada for 1972, assembled with general equilibrium tax policy analysis in mind. We stress the methodology used and in a number of tables report its main features.In the data set the separate detail contained in input-output transactions tables, national accounts, household income and expenditure data, taxation statistics, foreign trade statistics, flow of funds and other sources is adjusted for mutual consistency. The final result is a micro consistent data set in which demands equal supplies for all products, zero profit conditions hold for industries and all agents’ demands satisfy their budget constraints.The motivation for data assembly is the currently widely used practice of calibrating “empirical” general equilibrium models so as to exactly reproduce a base year data observation as an equilibrium model solution. This procedure enables empirically based models to evaluate counterfactual equilibria in a way which corresponds to comparative static analysis in theoretical literature.More detail on the data set is available on request in appendices deleted from the published version of this paper due to space constraints.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 195
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 29 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
    BibTip Andere fanden auch interessant ...
  • 196
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 29 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This article deals with some aspects of the compilation of input-output tables (I.O. tables). A global view is given of the way in which I.O. tables are compiled in The Netherlands. It is indicated that in The Netherlands a number of developments are in progress that have led to an extension of the uses that are made of I.O. tables. The changing demands on I.O. tables that result from these developments can be met in future to an important degree. This has been made possible by extending and improving basic statistics and by increasing the uses made of automation facilities. Some problems remain, however, and one of these problems takes a central place in this article. This is the problem of accuracy and continuity: how can yearly I.O. tables be compiled that combine accuracy with consistency over time. Accuracy means here that the tables should be as complete as possible and in optimal accordance with all available information. Consistency over time means that estimates of details of I.O. tables compared with the same estimates for previous years reflect real economic developments. It is obvious that those two demands may conflict, particularly for years in which new information becomes available. It then must be decided whether accuracy or consistency in time deserves priority. What problems result from this decision and what are the consequences for the yearly I.O. tables? The problems arising from the conflicting demands of accuracy and continuity apply to the Netherlands in the last few years. This led to a revision of I.O. tables and national accounts for 1977. This revision resulted in an increase of estimated national income of more than 6 percent. For some components the adjustments have been much larger; this is particularly true for the services sector. More information on the 1977 revision is given in an annex.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 197
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 28 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This paper provides a description of the annual Input-Output Tables for Canada. It describes the accounting framework and notes its close affinity to the one described in the United Nations report, A System of National Accounts. It demonstrates the ready derivation of GDP and Expenditure on GDP, both in current and constant prices, from the Input-Output Accounts as well as their relationship to the other subsystems of the Canadian System of National Accounts, particularly the Income and Expenditure Accounts and Real Domestic Product by Industry. Compatibility of basic accounting records of the transactors with the rectangular (commodity-industry) format of the Canadian tables is described. The need to have a consistent commodity classification and to develop a consistent valuation of all transactors in the economy is emphasized. The particular formulation of the Input-Output Impact tables is noted. The problem of deflating trade margins and the resolution of this problem is described. A strong plea is made for the economics profession to pay more attention to the problem of aggregation; all economic analysis is approached with blinkers but the aggregation problem isn't even recognized as a blind spot in most analyses.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 198
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 28 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: Cooperation between the Austrian and Hungarian central statistical offices in the field of industrial productivity has a history of two decades. The first comparison, carried out in 1965, was partly experimental in objective and nature. The second full scale survey took place a decade later in 1975. This was followed by a further study of about two years duration of the level of productivity and the factors influencing it in three sectors: food, metallurgy and engineering. For this study the three sectors were broken down into 31 sub-branches and nearly 400 product groups. An important and labour-intensive element of the comparisons was harmonization of the sector and product classification system; UN recommendations were increasingly helpful for this work, and relying upon them will be expedient also in the future.In the decade under review the productivity advantage of Austrian industry increased, from about 40 percent in 1965 to an average 75 percent in 1975. The dispersion of sectoral productivity indices around the average value was significant in both years.The similarity of the 1965 and 1975 comparisons offered an exceptional opportunity to examine the reliability of extrapolation. The investigations unambiguously demonstrated that extrapolation did not give reliable results for a period as long as ten years, primarily because of structural changes in production and changes in price weights.The most important conclusion to be drawn from the investigation of the three selected branches is its extraordinary usefulness from the economic, political and methodological points of view. A further important conclusion is that the method of comparison must be selected in the light of an extensive consideration of the output and technological structure of the branches.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 199
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 27 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: This paper presents an analysis of the distributive impact of government expenditures in the United States. The analysis uses a household-level microdata file drawn from the 1970 U.S. Census of Population, with additional income and tax variables drawn from the Internal Revenue Service 1969—70 Tax File.The results are presented at both federal and local levels and include analyses of the distribution of individual benefits, as well as of overall taxes and net benefits. Since a microdata file was used, distributional effects are examined with respect not only to the “traditional” variables of income class and household size, but also with regard to the number of earners in the household and the sex and race of the household head.In a further paper in a subsequent issue of this review we will present the results of a similar analysis for the United Kingdom, and compare the results for the two countries.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 200
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 27 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Wirtschaftswissenschaften
    Notizen: In an important recent book dealing with the measurement of income inequality with particular reference to poverty,1 Prof. N. Kakwani derives several poverty indices, investigates the effect of negative income tax schemes with the help of those indices and gives a numerical illustration based on Malaysian data.The aim of this note is to point out some logical flaws in his argument. Some of the ideas expressed in the part of his book we are concerned with have been disseminated for some time now2 and referred to in subsequent literature;3 yet their shortcomings do not seem to have attracted anyone's attention. The introductory section gives a concise presentation of the relevant part of Kakwani's contribution. The next two sections deal with some problems with his approach.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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