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  • Articles  (15,828)
  • Springer  (15,828)
  • 2005-2009  (9,064)
  • 1980-1984  (4,555)
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  • Articles  (15,828)
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  • 101
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    OR spectrum 4 (1982), S. 47-51 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für das WartemodellE k /D/r wird über die „steady state Gleichungen“ die erzeugende Funktion der Verteilung der Warte Schlangenlänge hergeleitet. Die mittlere Zahl der Einheiten im System und verwandte Größen werden in geschlossener Form mit Hilfe der Wurzeln einer transzendenten Gleichung dargestellt. Diese Wurzeln können leicht mit numerischen Standard-verfahren bestimmt werden. Ein Algorithmus zur Bestimmung der stationären Verteilung der Zahl der Einheiten im System wird entwickelt. Numerische Ergebnisse für die mittleren Wartezeiten werden fürk=2,r=1, 2, ..., 10, und variable Verkehrsintensität angegeben.
    Notes: Summary In this paper we study theE k /D/r queueing system. The steady state equations are derived and the queue lenth probability generating function is determined. The average number of customers in the system and other related quantities are determined in closed form in terms of the roots of an equation, which can be easily obtained by standard numerical techniques. Also a computational procedure for evaluating the steady state probability distribution of the number of customers in the system is developed. Numerical results of the average queueing times are given fork=2,r=1, 2, ..., 10 and the whole range of utilization factors.
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  • 102
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    OR spectrum 4 (1982), S. 79-89 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir betrachten ein periodisch kontrolliertes dynamisches Mehrprodukt-Lagerhaltungsmodell mit stochastischem Bedarf, bei dem sich die Bestellkosten aus einem linearen und einem nichtlinearen Anteil zusammensetzen. Der nichtlineare Anteil kann z. B. davon abhängen, welche Produkte bestellt werden. Es wird die Existenz einer optimalen Bestellpolitik gezeigt. Außerdem werden Eigenschaften einer solchen Politik nachgewiesen. Wir zeigen, daß bei Spezialisierung der nichtlinearen Bestellkosten eine optimale Politik eine (σ, S)-Politik ist. Die Ergebnisse beziehen sich auf den endlichen Planungshorizont.
    Notes: Summary We consider a period review, dynamic multiproduct inventory model with stochastic demand, in which the cost of ordering consists of linear portions for each product as well as a nonlinear term. This nonlinear term depends for example, on the products we order. We prove the existence of an optimal policy and characterize such a policy. We show that an optimal policy reduces to the well-known (σ, S)-policy, if we spezialise the nonlinear ordering cost in a proper way. Finite horizon results are given.
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  • 103
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    OR spectrum 4 (1982), S. 105-112 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The paper has two purposes. First, it is shown that for many cases of practical interest the optimal selection of the depreciation method can be made independently from the selection of the financing-mix. Second, a mixed-integer linear programming for a simplified dynamic version of the problem is developed for the determination of the optimal financing-mix and — if necessary — the simultaneous selection of the depreciation method.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Dieser Artikel verfolgt zwei Absichten: zum einen wird gezeigt, daß in bestimmten Fällen die Wahl der optimalen Abschreibungsmethode für Ein- und Zweifamilienhäuser unabhängig von der Festlegung des Finanzierungsmixes erfolgen kann, zum zweiten wird ein dynamisches gemischt-ganzzahliges lineares Programm vorgestellt, welches den Finanzierungsmix optimiert unter gleichzeitiger Festlegung der Abschreibungsmethode.
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  • 104
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    OR spectrum 4 (1982), S. 129-134 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Minimale Kostenflußprobleme mit nichtlinearen parametrischen Bewertungsfunktionenc(t) T x mitt aus dem Intervall [t min,t max] werden untersucht. Es wird eine endliche Folge zuläs siger Basen (B k ¦k =1, 2,...,r) bestimmt, die inI k := [t k , tk+1] optimal sind (k=1, 2, ...,r;t min=t 1 〈t 2 〈 ... 〈t r+1=t max). Die Teilintervalle Ik werden durch die Berechnung von Nullstellen bestimmter nichtlinearer Funktionen ermittelt. Numerische Ergebnisse werden für den Spezialfall polynomialer parametrischer Kostenfunktionen diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Minimal cost network flow problems with nonlinear parametric objective functionsc(t) T x fortε[t min,t max] are studied. A finite sequence of feasible bases (B k ¦k =1, 2, ...,r) optimal in [t k , tk+1] fork=1, 2,...,r witht min=t 1〈t 2〈...〈t r+1=t max is determined using the zeroes of a set of nonlinear functions. Computional experience is discussed in the special case of polynomial parametric objective functions.
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  • 105
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    OR spectrum 6 (1984), S. 52-52 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
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  • 106
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    OR spectrum 6 (1984), S. 53-57 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Zustand eines Systems werde bis zu seinem Ausfall durch einen Markov Prozeß beschrieben. Eine vorsorgliche Wartungserneuerung kann zu einer Stoppzeit durchgeführt werden. Ist die Ausfallrate nicht monoton, so wird die optimale Erneuerungsstrategie nach dem Durchschnittskostenprinzip i. a. keine “control limit rule” sein. Es werden Bedingungen angegeben, unter denen eine optimale Politik bestimmt werden kann.
    Notes: Summary The state of a system, which is subject to random failure, is described by a Markov process. Preventive replacements are possible at any stopping time. If the failure rate is not a monotone function, the optimal replacement policy that minimizes long run cost per unit time is in general no control limit rule. Conditions are given, under which the optimal policy can be determined.
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  • 107
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  • 108
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    OR spectrum 6 (1984), S. 85-91 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Most of the raw material feed for a lead smelter is purchased from outside. These raw materials have a wide bracket of both kind and composition and are used in the various stages of the production process. Owing to the many material circuits, raw material evaluation, aiming at an optimized operating result, is only possible by means of operations research methods. A linear programming model has been developed, comprising both the conditions for costs and proceeds and all technical relations. Besides the calculation of optimum supply and mixing schedules, the model also permits to take decisions regarding any improvements of process engineering.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Bleihütte wird vorwiegend mit gekauften Vorstoffen versorgt, die sich erheblich nach Art und Zusammensetzung unterscheiden und in verschiedenen Produktionsstufen eingesetzt werden. Die Vorstoffbewertung mit dem Ziel eines optimalen Betriebsergebnisses ist wegen der umfangreichen Materialkreisläufe nur durch Anwendung von OR-Verfahren möglich. Es wurde ein Linear-Programming-Modell entwickelt, das die Bedingungen zur Ermittlung von Kosten und Erlösen sowie alle technischen Zusammenhänge umfaßt. Das Modell ermöglicht neben der Berechnung optimaler Beschaffungs- und Mischungspläne auch Entscheidungen über Verbesserungen der Verfahrenstechnik.
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  • 109
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    OR spectrum 6 (1984), S. 118-118 
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  • 110
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    OR spectrum 6 (1984), S. 125-130 
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  • 111
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    OR spectrum 6 (1984), S. 133-140 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
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  • 112
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    OR spectrum 6 (1984), S. 161-165 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein allgemeiner Rahmen wird gegeben, in dem man Kriterien zur Modellauswahl herleiten kann. Zuerst werden Bedingungen angeführt, unter denen man die asymptotische Verteilung von Minimum-Diskrepanz-Schätzern angeben kann. Mit den Resultaten wird dann eine Annäherung an die erwartete Gesamtdiskrepanz berechnet. Schätzer dieser Erwartung, also Kriterien zur Modellauswahl, werden vorgeschlagen.
    Notes: Summary A general frame is given in which model selection criteria can be derived. At first conditions are stated under which the asymptotic distribution of minimum discrepancy estimators can be given. The results are used to derive an approximation to the expected discrepancy. Estimators of this expectation, i.e. model selection criteria, are proposed.
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  • 113
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    OR spectrum 6 (1984), S. 187-190 
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  • 114
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    OR spectrum 6 (1984), S. 191-191 
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  • 115
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    OR spectrum 6 (1984), S. 193-194 
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  • 116
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    OR spectrum 6 (1984), S. 93-107 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The paper studies the optimal intertemporal price and employment policy for a profit-maximizing firm. In addition to production costs, the firm has to bear inventory costs and labour adjustment costs (recruitment and firing costs). The framework is a nonlinear optimal control model with two state variables (inventory stock and employment level) and a pure state constraint (nonnegativity of the inventory). By using the computer program COLSYS, a numerical phase portrait analysis is carried out providing insight in the structure of the optimal recruitment, firing and price strategies in dependence of the firm's initial endowment.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag untersucht die optimale intertemporale Preis- und Beschäftigungspolitik einer profitmaximierenden Firma, die zusätzlich zu den Produktionskosten Lagerhaltungskosten und Anpassungskosten für die Arbeitskräfte (Rekrutierungs- und Entlassungskosten) zu tragen hat. Unterstellt wird dabei ein nichtlineares Kontrollmodell mit zwei Zustandsvariablen (Lagerbestand und Arbeitskräfte) und einer reinen Zustandsnebenbedingung (Nichtnegativität des Lagers). Eine numerische Ermittlung der Phasenporträts mittels des Programmpaketes COLSYS liefert Einsichten in die Struktur der optimalen Rekrutierungs-, Entlassuns- und Preisstrategien in Abhängigkeit von der Anfangsausstattung der Firma.
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  • 117
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    OR spectrum 3 (1981), S. 21-28 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In this paper by the means of duality-correspondences it is proved that the optimal value of the linear and linear-convex program is a lower semi-continuous function of the data (i.e. the matrix, the right side and the objective function), if the rank of certain matrices is constant. No conditions about boundedness or compactness of the constrained set and the set of optimal solutions are needed. It follows for a wide class of linear programs easily, that the set of optimal solutions depends continuously on the data.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit wird für das lineare und linear-konvexe Optimierungsproblem mit Hilfe von Dualitätsbeziehungen nachgewiesen, daß der Minimalwert eine unterhalbstetige Funktion der Anfangsdaten (der Matrix, der „rechten Seite“ und der Zielfunktion) ist, sofern der Rang gewisser Matrizen konstant bleibt. Dabei sind Voraussetzungen über die Beschränktheit bzw. Kompaktheit der Restriktions- oder Optimalmengen nicht nötig. Aus diesem Ergebnis folgt für eine große Klasse von linearen Problemen leicht die stetige Abhängigkeit der Minimalmenge von den Anfangsdaten.
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  • 118
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    OR spectrum 3 (1981), S. 37-47 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit werden die Möglichkeiten untersucht, den Energiebedarf der westlichen Welt auf der Basis der heute eingesetzten Primärenergieformen Öl-, Gas-, Kohle-, Kern-, Hydro- und geothermische Energien zu decken. Hierzu wird die Nachfrageseite in 4, die Angebotsseite in 5 Regionen aufgeteilt. Als Planungszeitraum wird die Zeitspanne von 1973–2000, unterteilt in 16 Perioden, gewählt. In jeder Periode werden auf der Basis der aktuellen Kapazitätsausstattung der Produzenten und Verbraucher mit Hilfe eines LP-Modells für jede Region Preisgleichgewichte für Primärenergien und Endprodukte zusammen mit den optimalen Angebots- und Nachfragemengen ermittelt. Diese Ergebnisse bestimmen zusammen mit mehreren exogenen Variablen die Kapazitätsausstattungen der Produzenten und Konsumenten für die folgende Periode und die Eingabedaten für den nächsten Optimierungsschritt.
    Notes: Summary This paper describes the competition between oil, gas, coal, nuclear, hydro and geothermal energy, using today's technologies to satisfy Western world demand. This world is divided into 4 regions. The 1973–2000 time interval is broken down into 16 periods. At each period, producer and consumer equipments serve as constraints of a LP model which optimizes supply and demand in each region. The resulting equilibrium prices of primary resources and end-products induce modifications in the producer and consumer equipments of the following periods and the optimization process begins again.
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  • 119
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    OR spectrum 3 (1981), S. 61-61 
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  • 120
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    OR spectrum 3 (1981), S. 65-90 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The paper describes the application of numerical methods and OR models in the design, implementation and control of hardware configurations, computer networks and software projects for the use of data processing managers. Besides well known models like queuing network models of computer systems or the round robin model for time sharing systems models for actual questions like accounting and price policy, program and file allocation, software reliability or data security budgeting are discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Aufsatz gibt eine Übersicht über quantitative Verfahren und OR-Modelle, die dem DV-Management für den Entwurf, die Entwicklung, die Einführung sowie die Steuerung und Kontrolle von Hardware-Konfigurationen, Computer-Verbundsystemen und Software-Projekten zur Verfügung stehen. Neben den seit langem bekannten Warteschlangen-Modellen für den Betrieb der Hardware, beispielsweise dem Round Robin Modell für Time Sharing-Systeme, werden Modelle für aktuelle Fragen des DV-Managements wie Kostenverrechnung und Preispolitik für DV-Leistungen, optimale Programm- und Datenorganisation, Software-Zuverlässigkeit oder Wirtschaftlichkeit von Datensicherungsmaßnahmen zur Diskussion gestellt.
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  • 121
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    OR spectrum 3 (1981), S. 116-116 
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  • 122
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    OR spectrum 3 (1981), S. 116-117 
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  • 123
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    OR spectrum 3 (1981), S. 145-152 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit betrachten wir mehrere Varianten der Methode der sukzessiven Approximation bei (semi-) Markoffschen Enscheidungsprozessen mit unbeschränkten Erträgen. Wessels und van Nunen haben gezeigt, daß man eine Klasse von Verfahren mit Hilfe von randomisierten Stoppzeiten erzeugen kann, wobei die Wahrscheinlichkeit, den Prozeß zur Zeitn zu stoppen, unabhängig von den Aktionen bis zur Zeitn ist. In der vorliegenden Arbeit dürfen die Stoppzeiten von den Aktionen und den Zuständen abhängen. Dadurch ist es möglich, die Klasse der Lösungsverfahren so zu erweitern, daß Eigenschaften der Erträge und der Übergangsstruktur, die von den Aktionen abhängen, bei der Entwicklung von Verfahren der sukzessiven Approximation berücksichtigt werden können. Für eine spezielle aktions-abhängige Stoppzeit besitzt der zugehörige Algorithmus die sogenannte “equal-row-sum” Eigenschaft, die beispielsweise Anwendung findet bei der Transformation eines semi-markoffschen Entscheidungsprozesses in einen gewöhnlichen Markoffschen Entscheidungsprozeß. Darüberhinaus gestattet die equal-row-sum Eigenschaft die Konstruktion guter unterer und oberer Schranken der Wertfunktion, sowie die Elimination nicht optimaler Aktionen.
    Notes: Summary In this paper we consider several variants of the standard successive-approximation method for (semi) Markov decision processes with unbounded rewards. Wessels and van Nunen have shown that a class of variants can be generated by randomized stopping times, where the probability of “stopping” the process at timen is independent of the actions taken up to timen. In this paper we allow the stopping time to depend on the actions as well as the states. This makes it possible to extend the class of solution techniques in such a way that properties of the reward and transition structure depending on the actions can be exploited in the development of appropriate successive-approximation methods. For a special actions-dependent stopping time the corresponding algorithm possesses the so-called “equal-row-sum” property, which can be used, for example, to transform semi-Markov decision processes into ordinary Markov decision processes. Moreover, the equal-row-sum transformation allows for good extrapolation to upper and lower bounds and elimination of non-optimal actions.
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  • 124
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    OR spectrum 3 (1981), S. 175-186 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Calculating the net interest of bonds with fixed rate of interest is usually done by approximation. With the definition of “net interest” in mind, a method of determining the exact value by iteration with proven good convergence is described in this paper. Beginning with the simple case of a bond with a single date of maturity, payment of interest once a year and a running period of an integer number of years, the examination is extended to cover more than one payments of interest a year, non integer number of years until maturity and the particulars of serial bonds. The commonly used approximations are used because of their simple application, but it is shown that these sometimes cause markable errors. Therefore it is recommended to use the described alternative approximation with much less deviation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Effektivverzinsung festverzinslicher Wertpapiere wird üblicherweise über Näherungsformeln ermittelt. Ausgehend von der Definition der Effektivverzinsung werden hier exakte Iterationsbeziehungen abgeleitet unter dem Aspekt guten Konvergenzverhaltens, das nachgewiesen wird. Aufbauend auf dem einfachen Fall einer gesamtfälligen Anleihe mit ganzjähriger Laufzeit und einmaliger Zinszahlung pro Jahr werden auch mehrere Zinszahlungen pro Jahr, in Zinsperioden nicht ganzzahlige Laufzeiten und Besonderheiten bei Serien-Anleihen einbezogen. Für die wegen der einfachen Handhabung sehr verbreiteten Näherungsformeln werden die Fehler betrachtet mit dem Ergebnis, daß diese einen nennenswerten Umfang annehmen können. Daraus resultiert der Vorschlag einer anderen Näherungsformel mit erheblich geringeren Fehlern.
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    OR spectrum 3 (1981), S. 190-192 
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  • 126
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    OR spectrum 3 (1982), S. 205-219 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In this article a mode of inventory taking is presented, which connects the system of perpetual inventory taking with sampling methods. Details of this mode are analyzed and a precise and economic procedure is developed. For special mathematical problems occurring with modifications of the sample solutions are presented.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Inventurform behandelt, die das System der permanenten Inventur mit dem Verfahren der stichprobenartigen Erfassung verbindet. Details dieser Inventurform werden analysiert und ein korrektes und wirtschaftliches Vorgehen wird entwickelt. Für spezielle bei einer Stichprobenmodifikation auftretende mathematische Probleme werden Lösungen vorgestellt.
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    OR spectrum 3 (1982), S. 244-244 
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    OR spectrum 3 (1982), S. 233-237 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Subject of this paper is the determination of a distance function defined on the set of observed characteristics of objects (individuals, goods, enterprises etc.). In contrast to the usual approach, where a dissimilarity coefficient exhibiting some more or less desirable properties is chosen, at first conditions to be met by the dissimilarity coefficient are set. Then the class of dissimilarity coefficients that meets these conditions is determined. It is shown, that four such conditions imply the weighted Lr-metric.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Gegenstand dieses Beitrages ist die Ermittlung von Distanzindizes, die als Maß für die Ähnlichkeit von durch quantitative Merkmalsausprägungen charakterisierbaren Objekten verwandt werden können. Im Gegensatz zu dem üblichen Vorgehen, bei dem ein Distanzindex gewählt wird, der mehr oder weniger wünschenswerte Eigenschaften besitzt, werden zunächst Bedingungen formuliert, die als sinnvoll für den gesuchten Distanzindex angesehen werden. Anschließend wird die Klasse derjenigen Distanzindizes ermittelt, die diesen Bedingungen genügt. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Forderung von vier derartigen Bedingungen die gewichtete Lr-Distanz impliziert.
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    OR spectrum 3 (1982), S. 246-246 
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  • 130
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    OR spectrum 4 (1982), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 1436-6304
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    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Dieses Manuskript gibt einen Über-blick über den Stand der Forschung zur Anwendung der Kontrolltheorie bei der Analyse der Unternehmens-dynamik. Drei Modellarten werden betrachtet: ein Unternehmen in einer gewissen Umwelt, ein Unternehmen in einer stochastischen Umwelt mit der Möglichkeit des Bankrotts und Modelle, bei denen das Unternehmen in Konkurrenz zu einem anderen steht. Trotz der Grenzen dieser kontrolltheoretischen Modelle sind sie nützlich bei der Verbesserung des Verständnisses von bedeutenden mikroökonomischen Phänomena und wenn man Studenten oder Jungmanagern erklären will, wie man Politiken im Verlauf der Zeit kombiniert um eine wirksame Strategie zu entwickeln.
    Notes: Summary This paper gives an overview to the state-of-art of applying control theory to the analysis of the dynamics of the firm. Three types of models are considered: one firm facing a certain environment, one firm facing a stochastic environment and with a risk of bankruptcy, and models of duopolies. In spite of the limits of these control theory models, they are useful to improve the understanding of important microeconomic phenomena and to explain to students or to junior managers how to combine policies through time to define an efficient strategy. An extended bibliography is given.
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    OR spectrum 4 (1982), S. 27-33 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The author's thesis is that strategic decisions are usually madeoutside the formal strategic planning process, and that the latter largely consolidates at the corporate level the strategic decisions already made at lower levels. Hence there is little scope for quantitative decision models in this process, but considerable scope at the actual strategic decision making level. However, if the corporate process is changed to go beyond consolidation so that explicit choices from alternate corporate strategies are considered, an important new potential for quantitative modelling is opened up.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Quantitative Modellierung möchte zur Entscheidungsfindung beitragen. Bevor untersucht wird, ob sie dies im strategischen Bereich tut, wird die Frage gestellt, ob die tatsächlichen strategischen Entscheidungen, die die Zukunft einer Unternehmung gestalten, innerhalb des formalen Prozesses der strategischen Unternehmensplanung fallen. Die Frage wird überwiegend verneint. Solange die Dinge so stehen, ist es nicht verwunderlich, daß quantitative Entscheidungsmodelle nichts beitragen können. Dagegen ist die modellgestützte Planung dort kräftig im Vordringen und hat in den letzten Jahren erheblich an Terrain gewonnen, wo derzeit die meisten strategischen Optionen getroffen werden, nämlich bei den fallweisen strategischen Entscheidungen in Teilbereichen, die später in den strategischen Plan der Unternehmung integriert werden. Doch finden sich auch erste fruchtbare Ansätze innerhalb der formalen strategischen Planung auf Unternehmensebene, nämlich dort, wo diese sich explizit mit Alternativstrategien beschäftigt. In dem Maße, in dem sich der formale Prozeß der strategischen Unternehmensplanung zu einem Entscheidungs-prozeß zwischen explizit zur Wahl gestellten Unternehmensstrategien entwickelt — eine Entwicklung, die bereits begonnen hat — wird sich der modellgestützten Planung auch auf der Unternehmensebene ein weites Feld eröffnen.
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    OR spectrum 4 (1982), S. 53-54 
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    OR spectrum 4 (1982), S. 63-77 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The paper gives a survey of stock holding models being employed in practice. In particular it stresses the whole process which leads to a selection of a special model. Main attention is given to a discussion of the value of cost parameters and safety stocks.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über die in der Praxis verwandten Lagerhaltungsmodelle und arbeitet besonders den gesamten Prozeß heraus, der zum Einsatz eines bestimmten Modells führt. Besonderer Wert wird dabei auf die Diskussion der zu verwendenden Kostenparameter und Sicherheitsbestände gelegt.
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    OR spectrum 4 (1982), S. 91-104 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In this paper a 0/1 linear programming model is proposed to solve the following problem: Given a certain budget, which diagnostic strategies should be applied to which groups of a population in order to maximize the effectiveness of early detection of hypertension. The ideas underlying the LP-model originated in the critique of a method described in the literature. A simplified example of the model is solved and some remarks are made concerning data collection and computing time requirements. Also the problem of individual vs. collective effectiveness is briefly dealt with.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit entwickelt ein auf der linearen 0/1 Programmierung basierendes Verfahren zur gruppenspezifischen Auswahl von Diagnosestrategien bei beschränkten Ressourcen im Bereich der Hypertoniefrüherkennung. Ausgangspunkt ist dabei die Kritik an einer in der Literatur zu diesem Thema angegebenen Methode. Ein vereinfachtes Beispiel verdeutlicht die Ideen, die zur Entwicklung des LP-Modells geführt haben. Anschließend wird der Einfluß des zugrundeliegenden Kollektivnutzenkonzepts und des Gleichheitsprinzips auf das Modell diskutiert. Die Arbeit geht ferner auf Fragen bezüglich der benötigten Daten und des zu erwartenden Rechenaufwands ein.
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    OR spectrum 4 (1982), S. 117-117 
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    OR spectrum 4 (1982), S. 149-160 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The main point of Personal Finance is the financing of proprietor's own used single-unit or doubleunit dwellings respectively owner-occupied apartments. In the following examination a mixed-integer programme for the determination of the optimum financing-mix for home construction is being developed shortly. By means of numeruous simulation tests the influence of varying capital resources of the home owner and the surplus resulting out of private life insurances upon the optimum financing structure is being analysed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein Schwerpunkt privater Finanzierungsprobleme ist die Finanzierung von Wohnungseigentum. In der folgenden Untersuchung wird zunächst ein gemischt-ganzzahliges Modell zur Ermittlung der optimalen Finanzierung von Ein- und Zweifamilienhäusern bzw. Eigentumswohnungen kurz beschrieben. Anhand zahlreicher Simulationsläufe wird der Einfluß der Variation des Eigenkapitaleinsatzes und der Überschußbeteiligung auf die optimale Finanzierungsstruktur analysiert.
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    OR spectrum 4 (1982), S. 191-191 
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    OR spectrum 4 (1982), S. 171-190 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Optimal control theory treats the steering ofdynamical systems with the aim to reach a desired target. The problem of dynamic system optimization is to find the functions which will optimize a given objective functional subject to certain constraints. The purpose of the present paper is to provide an elementary approch to themaximum principle as well as to its economic interpretation. The calculation of optimal control trajectories is illustrated by some simple examples in cash management, production and investment planning, advertising and pricing, and science policy. Moreover, without claiming completeness some further applications of thedeterministic maximum principle in operations research are reviewed. The use of the maximum principle provides a significant advantage compared with dynamic programming, namely the possibility to gainqualitative insights into the structure of solution paths and thus to draw interesting economic conclusions without performing a complete analysis of the control problem.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Kontrolltheorie beschäftigt sich mit der Steuerungdynamischer Systeme im Hinblick auf die Erreichung gewünschter Ziele. Das Problem der Optimierung dynamischer Systeme besteht darin, Funktionen zu finden, welche ein gegebenes Zielfunktional unter gewissen Nebenbedingungen optimieren. Zweck des vorliegenden Beitrages ist es, einen elementaren Zugang zumMaximumprinzip sowie dessen ökonomischer Interpretation zu bieten. Die Ermittlung optimaler Kontrolltrajektorien wird anhand einiger einfacher Beispiele illustriert (Kassenhaltung, Produktionsund Investitionsplanung, Werbe- und Preispolitik, Wissenschafts-Management). Ohne Vollständigkeit anzustreben, wird daneben eine Reihe weiterer Anwendungen desdeterministischen Maximumprinzips im Operations Research skizziert. Einen wesentlichen Vorteil, den das Maximumprinzip etwa im Vergleich zur dynamischen Programmierung aufweist, stellt die Möglichkeitqualitativer Einsichten in die Struktur der Lösungspfade dar, die häufig schon ohne komplette Lösung des Kontrollproblems zur Aufdeckung interessanter ökonomischer Zusammenhänge führen.
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    OR spectrum 4 (1982), S. 195-212 
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    OR spectrum 4 (1982), S. 245-245 
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    OR spectrum 4 (1982), S. 247-247 
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    OR spectrum 4 (1982), S. 246-246 
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    OR spectrum 5 (1983), S. 44-44 
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    OR spectrum 5 (1983), S. 76-76 
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    OR spectrum 5 (1983), S. 77-85 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Diese Arbeit befaßt sich mit einer Variante des Fahrzeugroutenproblems, bei der jeder zu besuchenden Stadt ein nichtnegatives Gewicht zugeordnet ist und bei der alle Fahrzeuge gleich sind und die gleiche KapazitätD haben. Das Problem wird als ganzzahliges lineares Programm formuliert: Ganzzahligkeit wird über ein Branch und Bound-Verfahren erreicht. Dabei werden die Kapazitätsbeschränkungen zunächst relaxiert und nur dann wieder einbezogen, wenn sie verletzt werden. Drei Varianten dieses Basisverfahrens werden untersucht. Exakte Lösungen werden für Probleme mit 15 bis 50 Städten erhalten.
    Notes: Summary This paper considers a version of the vehicle routing problem in which a non-negative weight is assigned to each city to be visited and where all vehicles are identical and have the same capacityD. The weight assigned to a vehicle on a given route may not exceed this capacity. The problem is formulated as an integer program: integrality is obtained by means of a branch and bound procedure; capacity constraints are first relaxed, and introduced only when they are found to be violated. Three variants of this basic algorithm are examined. Exact solutions are obtained for problems ranging from 15 to 50 cities.
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    Papers in regional science 14 (1965), S. 147-173 
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    Papers in regional science 14 (1965), S. 175-181 
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    Papers in regional science 14 (1965), S. 183-196 
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    Papers in regional science 15 (1965), S. 29-44 
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    Papers in regional science 17 (1966), S. 105-125 
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    Notes: Summary There are three major criteria which determine whether or not an economic development program or any of its elements (such as a new plant) can make a positive contribution to the economic development and welfare of a city or region. These criteria, relating to income, public finance, and environmental quality, can be presented symbolically in terms of the model presented. The necessary conditions are: (1) $$\frac{{X_{H_{t - 1} } }}{{P_t }} 〉 \frac{{X_{H_{t - 1} } }}{{P_{t - 1} }},$$ (2) $$\frac{{G_t - T_t }}{{P_t }}〈 \frac{{G_{t - 1} - T_{t - 1} }}{{P_{t - 1} }}.$$ $$Q_t - C_t 〉 Q_{t - 1} - C_{t - 1} or Q_t - B_t 〉 Q_{t - 1} - B_{t - 1} .$$ Where:X H =regional personal incomes,G=regional government expenditures,T=regional government revenues,P=regional population,Q=environmental benefits,C=environmental costs,B=cost of environmental restoration, andt=time period. The values for these variables are determined after all of the direct, indirect, and induced effects have been worked out through the general equilibrium model for any proposed development program or project.
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    Papers in regional science 17 (1966), S. 129-141 
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    Papers in regional science 17 (1966), S. 143-159 
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    Notes: Conclusions The over-all conclusion of this paper is that the effec of delivery cost on the price policy of a monopolist depends systematically upon the shape of the demand curves of the consumers in his market area. In drawing the specific conclusions of propositions I–IV, we have used the simplifying assumptions of constant marginal production costs and identity of all consumer demand schedules. Our results are also dependent upon conditions that the convexity of the individual demand curve nowhere varies beyond well defined limits. Therefore, the results of our analysis are not as general as those which might be derived at the cost of a more involved analysis.
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    Papers in regional science 17 (1966), S. 205-224 
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    Papers in regional science 18 (1967), S. 87-90 
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    Papers in regional science 17 (1966), S. 179-194 
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    Notes: Conclusion With all this, what can be said about the future of land use information collection, storage, and retrieval by governmental agencies? One thing is clear: there is not now enough information to justify an immediate attempt to establish a central land use data collection system almost anywhere. On the other hand, there do appear to be advantages to be gained from the crossutilization of information among agencies. If enough agencies can be persuaded or motivated to take part, the result may be a net social saving in the cost of information or the provision of more and better information for the same cost. In the pattern of increasing demands by agencies for data that we may expect during the coming years, either of these would be desirable. Clearly, in the realm of analysis of government decisions about information collection we are data poor. We do not now have accurate data on the relative costs and effectiveness of collection of land use information by different units of government, even where they are collecting data along the same qualitative dimension. Little is known about the ways in which compatibility between differing information requirements may be brought about, or how changes in the scale of operations affect information costs. It may be that in fact the entire expenditure on information is so marginal as not to justify the cost of finding out. But if it is not, then the formalization in this paper may provide some first clues to what it is that we ought to be looking for.
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    Notes: Conclusion According to the transition theory, the transformation of an agricultural society into an industrial urbanized society is associated with a decline of the death rate and with a lagged decline of the birth rate. A variety of mathematical formulations of these trends are conceivable. In this paper, the following assumptions were adopted: (1) that the rate of change of the death rate is a maximum when the death rate is midway between an upper and a lower equilibrium level, and that it is the closer to zero, the closer the death rate is to the equilibrium levels, and (2) that the birth rate follows the death rate after a time lag. This formulation of the transition theory yields a doubly asymptotic population trend corresponding to a modified logistic curve.
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