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  • Articles  (74)
  • Scanning electron microscopy  (74)
  • Springer  (74)
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
  • 2005-2009
  • 1980-1984  (40)
  • 1970-1974  (34)
  • Medicine  (74)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • Articles  (74)
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  • Springer  (74)
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction studies of human bone oxalosis (1980)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 30 (1980), S. 109-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Oxalosis ; Human bone ; Scanning electron microscopy ; X-ray diffraction ; Oxalate titration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Postmortem scanning electron microscopy of human phalanges in a chronic uremic hemodialysis patient with hyperparathyroidism showed the presence of confluent abnormal rounded formations with a radial rosette-like crystalline pattern in the diaphysis as well as in the epiphyseal part of the bones. These fan-shaped configurations were found either as individual formations within bone trabeculae or as numerous aggregated crystalline deposits replacing large parts of the bone structure. The microdissected content of such large areas submitted to X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the predominant presence of calcium oxalate monohydrate or whewellite with some traces of hydroxyapatite. Oxalate titration analysis indicated the presence of 25% of oxalate, corresponding to 45% in weight of whewellite.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02408615
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning electron microscopic studies on the synaptic bodies in the rat retina (1970)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 107 (1970), S. 45-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Rat synaptic bodies ; Synaptic ribbon ; Extracellular material ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the synaptic bodies in the outer and inner plexiform layers of the rat retina was studied with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The synaptic bodies in the outer plexiform layer are pear-shaped and their vitreal pole invaginated by processes from nerve cells. Their surfaces are covered with extracellular material, which is partly dissolved or redistributed during the fixation and rinsing procedure. The internal structure of the synaptic bodies is described. The synaptic bodies in the inner retinal plexiform layer are more difficult to identify with the scanning electron microscope. They are polyhedronal and also covered with extracellular material. The observations are discussed. The value of the application of two different preparation and analyzing methods, i. e. the scanning and the transmission electron microscopy, is stressed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00338957
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die morphologische Differenzierung des visceralen Blattes der Bowmanschen Kapsel (1970)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 346-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney ; Glomerulus ; Development ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Differenzierung der Podocyten wurde an Nieren 10 Tage alter Ratten raster-elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht und mit durchstrahlungs-elektronenmikroskopischen Befunden verglichen. Die Podocytenfortsätze können danach auf dreierlei Wegen gebildet werden: 1. Spalten innerhalb des Cytoplasmas lassen bandartige Cytoplasmabrücken entstehen. Diese gliedern sich weiter auf, bis zahlreiche miteinander verzahnte Fortsätze derselben Zelle entstanden sind. 2. Vom Zellrand her werden dicke Fortsätze weit vorgeschoben, die kleinere Fortsätze bilden. Durch sie können Verzahnungen mit entfernten Deckzellen entstehen. Die kleinen Fortsätze können sich jedoch auch mit anderen Fortsätzen der eigenen Zelle verzahnen. 3. Fingerförmige Fortsätze benachbarter Zellen verzahnen sich während ihrer Entstehung miteinander. Trotz zahlreicher desmosomenartiger Haftstellen zwischen benachbarten Podocyten entwickeln sich ihre Fortsätze und deren Verzahnungen anscheinend weitgehend autonom und nur selten nach den vermuteten Regeln epithelialer Nachbarschaft (Typ 3). Die Befunde sprechen vielmehr dafür, daß durchflutete und wachsende Glomerulumkapillaren die Podocytendifferenzierung induzieren und die Orientierung der Fortsätze beeinflussen.
    Notes: Summary The differentiation of the podocytes was studied by scanning electron microscopy on kidneys of 10 days old rats. The results were compared with transmission electron microscopic pictures from the same kidneys. There are three ways of forming processes by the podocytes: 1. Slits within the cytoplasm give rise to cytoplasmic bridges which further divide themselves and finally build up a meshwork of processes within a cell. 2. Thick and sometimes very long processes originate from the cell border. Their smaller branches may interdigitate with those of distant podocytes or with other processes out of the same cell. 3. Finger-like processes of neighbouring cells interdigitate as soon as they develop. In spite of numerous desmosomal structures between neighbouring podocytes the cell processes and their interdigitations develop mostly independently from each other and only seldom after the expected rules of epithelial vicinity (type 3). These findings are interpreted as indication that flooded and growing capillaries induce the differentiation of podocytes and that they influence the orientation of their processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00342487
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for a sequestration of function within the area postrema based on scanning electron microscopy and the penetration of horseradish peroxidase (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 118 (1971), S. 85-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Area postrema ; Peroxidase penetration ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Scanning electron microscopy and the penetration of horseradish peroxidase, especially from the ventricular surface, has been utilized to determine the distinctive properties of the posterior portion of the area postrema. This part of the organ is characterized by a non-ciliated surface composed of flattened cells, which appear less permeable to cisternally injected peroxidase than the ciliated ependymal cells covering the anterior part of the area postrema. However, more diffuse and rapid penetration of peroxidase into the posterior region is achieved by way of the perivascular spaces which appear in direct communication with the CSF. No such filling is noted in the anterior area postrema. The posterior portion also contains cells which appear to be rapidly penetrated by horseradish peroxidase and which may be important as a sensing mechanism. The chief distinction of the anterior part of the area postrema appears to be the presence of vascular connections with the choroid plexus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00331768
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The surface fine structure of the walls of cerebral ventricles and of choroid plexus in cat (1972)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 123 (1972), S. 82-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Brain ventricles ; Choroid plexus ; Surface ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface of ependymal cells bordering the brain ventricles, and that of the epithelial cells of choroid plexuses of the cat have been investigated by means of the scanning electron microscope. The ventricle walls are entirely covered with very long and numerous cilia and no regional differences have been observed regarding their number and disposition. Among the ciliated cells dome-shaped structures are present, possibly containing nervous elements. The ependymal cells of the third ventricle floor are mainly non ciliated but the surface thereof shows numerous small microvilli. Numerous round formations are present among these cells, their nature being difficult to interpret. Also present on the floor are small cells of triangular shape with long and tortuous protrusions, tentatively identified as small neurons. The choroid plexuses have a typical sinuous structure of long tortuous villi rich in cavities and convolutions. Details of the epithelial cells covering the plexus and their surface organization are also reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00337675
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning electron microscope observation of the dog mesenteric lymph node (1972)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 133 (1972), S. 147-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lymph node (dog) ; Reticulum ; Pulp ; Ultraarchitecture ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The perfused large mesenteric lymph node of the dog was observed under the scanning electron microscope. The lymph sinus contains reticulum cells which mostly are two-dimensionally formed stellate plates oriented in a uniform direction. Large round macrophages are loosely fixed by the reticulum cell processes. No intermediate type between both cells has been observed. Macrophages having a few long tentacle-like projections are densely covered by clubbed cytoplasmic processes. Smaller round cells, probably plasma cells and lymphocytes also remained in the sinus. The pulp of the node is built up by reticulum cells, much smaller than those in the sinus, and by densely packed round cells including a few macrophages. The trabeculae and the reticulum of the nodal parenchyme form a continuous structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307138
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Raster-Elektronenmikroskopie von Spermien des Hausschafs (Ovis ammon aries, L.) (1972)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 134 (1972), S. 105-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatozoon ; Sheep (Ovis ammon aries, L.) ; Surface fine structure ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei der Präparation von Schafspermien für die Beobachtung im Raster-Elektronenmikroskop wurden beigemengte Schleimstoffe durch zahlreiche Waschvorgänge mit schonender Zentrifugation und Behandlung mit Hyaluronidase weitgehend entfernt. Der Kopf des Spermium wird durch zwei bogenförmige Linien in drei Zonen unterteilt. In der vorderen Zone erhebt sich direkt hinter einem schmalen Randwulst symmetrisch die (dem apikalen Akrosomsegment entsprechende) apikale Sichel. Die äquatoriale Zone ist meist geringfügig über das Niveau der vorderen Zone erhaben; in ihrem medialen hinteren Bereich zeichnet sich ein lunulaähnlicher Bezirk mit granulierter Oberfläche ab. Die der hinteren Zone zugrundeliegende postnukleäre Scheide greift mit zahlreichen schmalen Fortsätzen in das äquatoriale Segment des Akrosoms; dazwischen gelegene Einsenkungen geben der Grenze beider Zonen ein sägezahnartiges Aussehen. Die Oberfläche der hinteren Zone weist viele grübchenförmige Einsenkungen auf. Caudal drückt sich der basale Gürtel in einem glatten bandförmigen Bereich aus. An der Kopfbasis umzieht der Ansatzwulst in ovalem Verlauf die Ansatzhöhle sowie die beiden hinteren Knöpfe. Am Schwanz des Spermium sind im Verbindungsstück zwei stärkere laterale Stranggruppen und zwischen ihnen zwei bzw. drei mediale gebänderte Stränge zu erkennen, die in der Tiefe der Ansatzhöhle aus dem Kapitulum entspringen. Das Mittelstück besitzt eine regelmäßige Schrägbänderung als Ausdruck seiner linksgewundenen mitochondrialen Tripelhelix; es schließt mit einem quergestellten Schlußring ab. Am Hauptstück sind neben einer queren Rippung drei längsverlaufende Wülste festzustellen, deren Stärke sich im Verlauf ändert. Das Endstück verjüngt sich in seinem Anfangsteil etwas; sein Durchmesser bleibt dann aber bis zum abgerundeten Schwanzende gleich.
    Notes: Summary This investigation is concerned with the scanning electron microscopic appearance of sheep spermatozoa in comparison with details gained with the transmission electron microscope by earlier authors. The head of the spermatozoon is subdivided into three zones by two curved lines. In the anterior zone the apical sickle protrudes symmetrically behind a narrow marginal roll; the apical sickle corresponds to the apical segment of the acrosome. The equatorial zone is generally slightly elevated above the level of the anterior zone. In the medial posterior part of the equatorial zone a lunulalike area with granular surface is found. The posterior zone shows numerous small pitches; it corresponds to the post-nuclear sheath, which sends small processes into the equatorial segment of the acrosome. The surface view of this border between equatorial and posterior zone exhibits a saw-toothed appearance. A smooth tape-like area corresponds to the basal belt. At the base of the head an inserting-roll surrounds both posterior knobs and the implantation fossa. The connecting-piece of the sperm-tail consists of two lateral, and two or three, respectively, banded medial cords. These cords originate from the capitellum, which lies inside the implantation fossa. The middle-piece shows a periodical oblique pattern, which corresponds to the left-winded mitochondrial tripel-helix inside. The middle-piece reaches to a transverse terminal ring-like structure (annulus). The principal-piece shows periodically arranged transversal ribs as well as three longitudinal elevations. The latter are modified in the course of the principal-piece. The diameter of the end-piece decreases slightly in the anterior part; then it remains constant to the rounded tip.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307238
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning electron microscopy of the human cerebral ventricular system (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 139 (1973), S. 61-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fourth ventricle ; Human ; Ependyma ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Scanning electron microscopy was used to assess the ultrastructural differences exhibited by the varigated ependymal lining of the near-term human fetal 4th ventricle. The central portion of the fourth ventricular floor, including the median sulcus is punctuated by numerous clumps of cilia. The density of cilia here is not as great as that described for other regions of the human cerebral ventricular system; accordingly, underlying substructure can be noted. There are distinct differences between ependymas that line the floor of the fourth ventricle with those of the adjacent area postrema. The latter region possesses not cilia, but instead exhibits a dense knap of microvilli. The ultra-architecture of the choroid plexus is relatively similar to that of other circumventricular organs with the exception that it possesses small isolated groups of cilia as well as microvilli. These findings are discussed with respect to the dynamics of local CSF movement and flow, ependymoabsorption and ependymosecretion
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307461
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The olfactory epithelium of the lantern fish, Tarletonbeania crenularis (myctophidae) (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 31-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Olfaction ; Fishes ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The olfactory rosettes of Tarletonbeania crenularis are contained within paired membranous olfactory chambers opening to the exterior through a pair of nostrils. The margins of the anterior nostril form an infundibulum that may direct a current of water between the lamellae of the olfactory rosette and out of the posterior nostril as the fish swims through the water. The number of lamellae in a rosette is variable, and each consists of an olfactory epithelium containing receptor cells, supporting cells, basal cells, mucus cells and bipolar neurons. The olfactory surface for the most part is nonciliated and appears rugose in scanning electron micrographs. Receptor elements are located along the central axis of the rosette and on the surfaces of the distal margins of the lamellae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307076
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning electron microscopy of the retinal pigment epithelium in chick embryos and chicks (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 146 (1973), S. 543-552 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retinal pigment cells ; Retinal cell differentiation ; Retinal receptor cells ; Chicken ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface of the retinal pigment epithelium in chick embryos and young chicks was studied by scanning electron microscopy. It is demonstrated, that pigment cells not only have fine processes on their retinal surface, but also to a considerable extent on their basal cell membrane. The occurrence of these processes was studied during differentiation of the retina. The appearance of these surface differentiations can no longer be interpreted solely as the result of membrane infoldings but to be mainly the result of membrane sprouting processes. The formation of processes on the retinal surface of pigment cells precedes that of the processes on the choroidal surface. The length of the mature processes on the apical surface is greater than the length of those on the basal surface. The appearance of the fine cell processes is correlated with the functions of pigment epithelium and with the differentiation of retinal receptor cells. This study illustrates that the technique of scanning electron microscopy is not limited to the examination of naturally occurring tissue surfaces, but can be extended to the investigation of tissue fractures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02347182
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The development and fine structure of the ultimobranchial glands in larval Rana temporaria L. (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 69-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultimobranchial glands ; Anuran larvae ; Metamorphosis ; Ultrastructure ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of ultimobranchial (UB) gland cells from Rana temporaria larvae 48 h after hatching until the completion of metamorphosis is described. A single UB cell type is present, believed to be the characteristic C cell, in which secretory granules are first detectable in 8 day post-hatching larvae. These secretory granules show an intimate association with lipid droplets. Unusual membranous and crystalloid inclusions, which may represent yolk platelets, are found in UB glands of very small larvae. The significance of a range of UB organelles is discussed and some scanning electron micrographs presented. This report is believed to be the first published ultrastructural and scanning electron microscope study of larval anuran UB glands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224319
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural analysis of the human cerebral ventricular system (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 389-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Choroid plexus ; Human fetus ; Modifications during development ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural organization of the human fetal choroid plexus was assessed with scanning electron microscopy. The membranous modifications of choroidal ependymal cells differ remarkably between 11 and 20 weeks of intrauterine development and suggest a variable functional capacity at different times of ontogenesis. Based upon existing data coupled with the ultra-architectural organization of cilia, clavate and linear microvilli are seen with scanning electron microscopy, a multiple functional role is hypothesized for choroidal ependymal cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220145
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Taste bud types in fishes (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 153 (1974), S. 151-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Taste buds ; Fishes ; Chemoreceptors and Mechanoreceptors ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Within the epithelium of the head gut of the sword-tail (Xiphophorus helleri Heckel) there are three types of taste buds that can be identified with certainty in the scanning electron microscope. The breathing valves, which are situated behind the mouth region, bear relatively high epidermal papillae in which type I taste buds can be found. The middle region of the head gut is mostly occupied by low epidermal papillae containing type II taste buds. Type III taste buds are present within the metabranchial head gut; they never rise above the normal level of the epithelium. Taste buds of each type show two kinds of receptor villi within their receptor areas: tall villi (about 1,5×0,5 μm) and small villi (about 0.5×0.2 μm). A few tall villi belonging to solitary chemosensory cells are situated between the superficial epithelial cells of the tongue. In addition, the surface of the epidermal cells shows a delicate microridge system.—It is postulated that the taste buds of different types serve different functions: Taste buds within epidermal papillae may act both as chemoreceptors, and mechanoreceptors. Taste buds that never rise above the normal level of the epithelium perhaps act predominantly as chemoreceptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226604
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rasterelektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen an pinealen Sinneszellen der Forelle,Salmo gairdneri (Teleostei) (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 585-589 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Salmo gairdneri (Teleostei) ; Pineal organ ; Photoreceptor cells ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im rasterelektronenmikroskopischen Bild des Pinealorgans vonSalmo gairdneri kann man drei verschiedene Außengliedtypen der Photorezeptoren unterscheiden. Diese Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf die Ultrastrukturkonzepte von Rüdeberg (1969) und Bergmann (1971) diskutiert. Rasterelektronenmikroskopische Studien erleichtern die anatomische Klassifizierung von pinealen Sinneszellen aufgrund ihrer Außengliedform.
    Notes: Summary The outer segments of pineal photoreceptor cells ofSalmo gairdneri were investigated with the scanning electron microscope. The scanning electron micrographs showed three different types of outer segments. These results are discussed with respect to the ultrastructural concepts of Rüdeberg (1969) and Bergmann (1971). Scanning electron microscopy permits better anatomical classification of pineal photoreceptor cells according to the form of their outer segments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00572298
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A scanning electron microscope study of the papilla basilaris of Gekko gecko (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 307-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ductus cochlearis ; Lizard ; Sensory hair cells ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The sensory hair cells of the ventral 2/3 of the papilla basilaris of Gekko gecko are divided into anterior (pre-axial) and posterior (post-axial) portions by a mid-axial gap or hiatus where there are no hair cells. There is no separation of the hair cells in the dorsal third of the papilla. There are three tectorial membrane modifications: an attached thickened membrane covering the pre-axial hair cells, sallets covering the post-axial hair cells, and an attached filamentous membrane covering the dorsal hair cells. The number of hair cells is greatest ventrally and decreases dorsally. There are approximately 2000 to 2100 hair cells. The kinocilia of the hair cells of the anterior halves of both the pre- and the post-axial vertical hair-cell rows are oriented posteriorly, while the kinocilia of the posterior halves are oriented anteriorly. The kinocilia of the hair cells of the dorsal third of the papilla are mostly oriented posteriorly. Thus, kinocilial orientation of the ventral 2/3 of the papilla is doubly bidirectional, and the dorsal 1/3, largely unidirectional.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307037
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The organization and gross mineralization patterns of the collagen fibres in sharpey fibre bone (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 83-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sharpey fibre bone ; Collagen orientation ; Mineralization ; Mammals ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sharpey fibre bone specimens from cranial sutures and muscle attachment sites of rhesus monkeys and rats, and tooth sockets of several mammals (man, rhesus monkey and rat specimens mainly) were fixed, and either dried by critical point drying or freeze drying, or made anorganic with 1,2 ethane diamine or sodium hypochlorite, washed and airdried. The bone was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The packing density of the extrinsic fibres affected their cross sectional shape, the well separated fibres being the most uniform. Long parallel rows and groups of extrinsic fibres were observed. The fibre units that made up the Sharpey fibre bundles were sometimes distinct and mineralized as units. Mineralization was generally similar to the varied patterns encountered in root cementum. The diameters of the extrinsic fibres were similar at all sites and in all species; those in socket bone differed little from those in cementum. The intrinsic fibre orientation, although constant over fairly large areas, showed no consistent relation to the direction of entry of the extrinsic fibres. We would like to thank Mrs. E. Bailey and Mr. P. S. Reynolds for technical assistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224320
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning electron microscopy of isolated peripheral nerve fibres (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 534-551 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Isolated nerve fibres ; Neurokeratin ; Nodes of Ranvier ; Demyelination ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface morphology of normal myelinated nerve fibres prepared in different ways for scanning electron microscopy has been studied and compared with the surface features of similar fibres undergoing retrograde changes. Nodes of Ranvier, paranodal specializations, artefactual fractures of the myelin, and the endoneurial collagen sheaths are described. A regular pattern of elevations, usually with a pitted or depressed surface seen on normal myelinated fibres after certain preparative procedures are thought to be artefacts produced during preparation and to be related to the neurokeratin network. Alterations in the surface structure of fibres central to long-standing nerve transections include irregular protuberances, serial surface corrugations and large swellings, all associated with demyelination. Fibres that have undergone retrograde degeneration consist of endoneurial tubes with focal swellings occupied by macrophages or myelin debris, together with fine unmyelinated and small myelinated regenerating axons. Strict centrifugal progression of myelination of regenerating axons was not observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00455247
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning electron microscopy of olfactory rosette in sea trout (1972)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 336-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Olfactory organ ; Sea trout ; Morphogenesis ; Ecological adaptations ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Scanning electron microscopy has been employed to study the central axis and laminae of the olfactory rosette in adult sea trout (Salmo trutta trutta L.) caught in the River Umeälven when they were homing from sea.—Both flat sides of the primary laminae are secondarily folded all over their surface. In one organ there are about 200 secondary laminae usually arranged in longitudinal, parallel ridges crossing the surface of the primary laminae. Initially they are covered with sensory epithelium, but as the folds grow they become covered with an increasing area of indifferent ciliar epithelium with bushes of cilia separated by microvilli cells and goblet cells. Parts of the central axis and primary laminae have a nonciliar indifferent epithelium. The sensory epithelium has irregularly arranged cilia. Like those of the indifferent epithelium they have uniform thickness and granulated surface. The function of laminae, secretion and cilia is discussed.
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    Rastermikroskopische Untersuchungen der olfaktorischen Rezeptoren im Riechepithel des Goldfisches (Carassius auratus) (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 138 (1973), S. 439-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Olfactory mucosa ; Olfactory receptors ; Fish ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch rastermikroskopische Untersuchungen lassen sich mehrere, morphologisch unterschiedliche Rezeptoren in der Regio olfactoria des Goldfisches (Carassius auratus) unterscheiden. Dabei muß vorläufig offen bleiben, ob den morphologischen Varianten entsprechende funktionelle Unterschiede zuzuordnen sind. Auf den Lamellen der Riechrosette sind Sinneszellareale und in ihnen Flimmerzellgruppierungen zu beobachten. Die wechselnde Dichte der verschiedenen Rezeptoren in einzelnen Sinneszellarealen wird betont. Die Befunde werden zu Riechtheorien und zu der Frage in Beziehung gesetzt, ob es eine räumliche Zuordnung von Zonen des Riechepithels zu bestimmten Anteilen des Bulbus olfactorius gibt.
    Notes: Summary Investigations by scanning electron microscopy demonstrate the existence of several morphologically different types of olfactory receptors in Carassius auratus. The structural differences, however, do not allow a definite classification of sensory cells into functionally different elements. The olfactory organ has a central axis with lamellae emerging at both sides of it. On these lamellae sensory areas with densely packed receptor cells and with groups of ciliated cells exist. The terminals of the receptor cells show a great polymorphism of their surface. The morphologically different receptor cells are not equally distributed over the olfactory organ but differ from each other in quantity and density. The morphological results are discussed in relation to olfactory theories and in relation to the question whether there are topographical projections between the peripheral olfactory organ and the Bulbus olfactorius.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307104
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    Arteriovenous anastomoses in the cat carotid body (1973)
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    Cell & tissue research 142 (1973), S. 515-524 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Arteriovenous anastomoses ; Carotid body ; Cat ; Corrosion casting technique ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In den arteriennahen, peripheren Bereichen des Glomus caroticum der Katze wurden arteriovenöse Verbindungen nachgewiesen, die ihrem Charakter nach unterschiedlich sind. Es ist allerdings noch nicht zu entscheiden, ob derartige Anastomosen regelmäßig vorkommen und wie sie funktionieren. Die beschriebenen Gefäßverbindungen konnten lichtmikroskopisch anhand von histologischen Serienschnitten und mit Hilfe einer weiterentwickelten Korrosionstechnik im Rasterelektronenmikroskop dargestellt werden.
    Notes: Summary In artery surrounding areas in the periphery of the carotid body of the cat we found arteriovenous anastomoses differing in respect to their character. So far, it is not yet to decide the frequency of their occurrence and their functional significance. The anastomoses were demonstrated by light microscopy of serial sections and by scanning electron microscopy with a more developed corrosion casting technique.
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    Scanning electron microscope studies of some internal surfaces in human skin (1970)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 106 (1970), S. 209-219 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skin ; Internal surfaces ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The scanning electron microscope has been used to investigate the surfaces of epidermis, hair follicles, fat cells, glands and blood vessels in sections of human skin. The appearances of structures associated with these surfaces have been described. The results demonstrate that this new instrument can become an important tool in the investigation of surface changes that might accompany the application of loads (extensive, compressive or torsional), or physiological or pathological abnormalities.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335739
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    Scanning electron microscopy of the sensory surface of the tentacles of sea anemones and corals (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 147 (1974), S. 149-156 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sensorysur face ; Tentacles ; Sea anemones ; Corals ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Examination of the sensory surface of the tentacles of sea anemones and corals prepared by the Freon critical-point method has revealed three primary structures: ciliary cones consisting of a cilium surrounded by a cluster of shorter stereocilia, single long cilia, and microvilli. The ciliary cones occur on, and the single cilia and microvilli occur both on and between, the nematocyst- and spirocyst-bearing regions of the tentacles. The similarity of the anthozoan ciliary cones to the ciliary sensory structures in the lateral line, and the auditory and vestibular organs of vertebrates is noted and the possible functional significance of the coelenterate structures is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00582789
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    Scanning electron microscopy of the third ventricle of sheep (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 169-176 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebral ventricles ; Ependyma ; Sheep ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Scanning electron microscopy of the third ventricle of sheep demonstrates areas of ciliated ependymal cells at the dorsal and middle third. The cilia of the dorsal portion of the ventricle have biconcave discs that are attached to each cilium by a slender stalk. The lower third and floor of the ventricular wall, as well as the pineal recess, are largely covered by ependymal cells that possess numerous microvilli with only a few isolated cilia scattered along cell surfaces. The infundibular recess is papillated with apical blebs of the ependymal cells that project into the lumen of the recess. Measurements of these surface elements indicate an average diameter of 0.28 μ for cilia, 0.10 μ for microvilli and 0.50 μ for the apical blebs of the infundibular recess. The functional significance of the regional differences in surface structures is discussed in relation to cerebrospinal fluid movement, ependymoabsorption and ependymosecretion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307437
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    Infrastructure superficielle de la vésicule vitelline et du sac péricardique de l'embryon de Poecilia reticulata (Poisson Téléostéen) (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 141 (1973), S. 235-253 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Teleost yolk sac ; Pericardial sac ; Chloride cell ; Osmoregulation ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le microscope électronique à balayage montre l'existence d'un réseau complexe de microcrêtes à la surface de la vésicule vitelline et du sac péricardique de l'embryon de Poecilia reticulata. Cette étude permet également de préciser la localisation, l'aspect et la répartition des «cellules à chlorure» et de proposer un schéma tridimensionel de l'organisation infrastructurale de la paroi de la vésicule vitelline. Un choc osmotique détermine rapidement un mouvement d'étalement des cellules épithéliales sur la surface apicale libre des «cellules à chlorure». La signification de ces résultats est discutée en rapport avec le problème de l'osmorégulation embryonnaire chez les Poissons, en particulier chez les Cyprinodontes vivipares de la famille des Poeciliidae.
    Notes: Summary A complex network of microridges is revealed by scanning electron microscopical examination of the yolk sac and embryonic pericardial sac surface of Poecilia reticulata. This study also specifies the localization, aspect and distribution of “the chloride cells”. A tridimensional diagram of the ultrastructural organization of the yolk sac wall is suggested. Osmotic stress quickly induces an overlapping of adjacent epithelial cells on the free apical surface of the “chloride cells”. These findings are discussed in relation to the problem of embryonic osmoregulation in fishes and especially in viviparous Poeciliids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00311356
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    Scanning electron microscopy of the bullfrog's retina and pigment epithelium (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 143 (1973), S. 451-463 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Pigment epithelium ; Photoreceptors ; Rana catesbiana ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The retina and pigment epithelium of the bullfrog (Rana catesbiana) were studied with the scanning electron microscope. Fixed-dehydrated tissues were critical point dried with CO2, then cracked in the plane of the long axis of the photoreceptors. The cellular layers of the retina and the lateral surfaces of pigment epithelial cells were visualized. The four major types of frog photoreceptor were identified: red rod, green rod, single cone, and double cone. Cone myoids were observed to be contracted in light-adapted retinas and elongated in more dark adapted retinas.
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    Morphological variations within a given area of articular surface of cartilage (1974)
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    Cell & tissue research 147 (1974), S. 163-167 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Articular cartilage ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Samples of articular cartilage from four different human joints were obtained at surgery. Serial scanning electron micrographs taken at a magnification of 1000× were used to reconstruct an 0.25 mm2 area of articular surface. Within these given areas both normal and degenerated portions were seen. This study supports the concept that the surface morphology of articular cartilage varies from joint to joint and from area to area within a joint. This information should be useful for the interpretation of light and electron micrographs, as well as histochemical and biochemical data.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00582791
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    Morphological changes in ciliary cells due to Heat exposure a scanning electron microscopic study (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 45-56 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ciliated cells ; Mucous membranes ; Trachea ; Heat exposure ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The mucociliary system of the respiratory tract is easily influenced by temperature — and humidity variations in the surrounding air. A series of functional in vitro experiments on heat-exposed rabbit trachea has been performed. The present investigation deals with the corresponding morphological changes of tracheal surface structures after exposure to temperatures between 40°C and 50°C and at a constant humidity of approximately 90 per cent. The following pathological findings were observed at a temperature of 42°C: 1. Fusion of cilia in their distal ends after 20–45 min., 2. appearance of submembranous vesicles without visible matrix after 45–165 min., 3. disappearance of vesicles and a definite deterioration of ciliary structures after 165 min.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224317
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    Experimental and structural analysis of the function of saccus vasculosus in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri (Richardson) (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 27-44 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Saccus vasculosus ; Rainbow trout ; Osmoregulation ; Infundibular recess ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Injection of a saccus vasculosus homogenate from sea water adapted rainbow trout into the third brain ventricle of fresh-water rainbow trout increased the survival time of the latter in sea water of high salinity. This indicated an active role of saccus vasculosus in osmoregulation. Autoradiographic analysis of brains from injected fish that had received a saccus vasculosus homogenate from sea water adapted specimens, in which the coronet cells of saccus vasculosus had previously been labelled with 3H-glucoseamine, revealed actual incorporation of labelled material into brain cells, especially in the hypothalamic region. The intracellular distribution of labelled material in the coronet cells of rainbow trout labelled with 3H-glucoseamine strongly indicates that such material represents a secretory product; it is therefore probable that the observed incorporation of label into brain cells of injected fish actually reflects normal processing of material secreted from the coronet cells. In the scanning electron microscope, the inside wall of the third brain ventricle of the rainbow trout was in many areas found to be covered with cilia. These apparently serve to keep liquor in circulation. The observation, both in injected and control animals, of free globules among these cilia supports the idea of an intra-ventricular transport of detached coronet cell material to the infundibular recess, as indicated by the autoradiographic analysis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224316
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    Structure of rat liver sinusoids and associated tissue spaces as revealed by scanning electron microscopy (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 111-125 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver ; Sinusoids ; Kupffer cells ; Spaces of Disse ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The inner surface of sinusoids and adjacent hepatocytes have been examined by scanning electron microscopy. The endothelial cells lining the sinusoids show large numbers of fenestrations which vary greatly in size and arrangement. Some are very small (0.1 μm) and arranged in clusters; others that are much larger (∼1.0 μm) are subdivided by slender strands of cytoplasm. At sites where the larger fenestrae are present it is evident that the endothelial lining of the sinusoid is double. This may represent a kind of structural assurance against complete breakdown of what seems to be a very thin and fragile endothelial wall. Junctions between adjacent endothelial cells have not been found in these preparations. The open continuity of the sinusoid is occasionally interrupted by slender extensions of cells morphologically distinct from the thin fenestrated endothelial cells. These possess a characteristically textured surface and are thought to represent stellate Kupffer cells. The SEM images describe the subendothelial Spaces of Disse as being larger and as having more extensive ramifications than is generally evident from transmission micrographs. The space, limited on one side by the hepatocyte with numerous microvilli and on the other by endothelial cells, appears actually to be only part of an extensive labyrinth of intercellular channels. These connect the more discrete Spaces of Disse and extend into the narrower spaces between the hepatocytes. The total effect of this system is to expose the greater part of the liver cell surface to the blood filtrate. Microvilli populate the hepatocyte surfaces except for narrow margins which border the bile canaliculi. Whether their presence coincides with the adsorbing surfaces and their absence with secreting surfaces can be decided best by experimental studies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224322
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    Ovulation and the mechanism of follicle rupture (1974)
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    Cell & tissue research 149 (1974), S. 301-312 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Graafian follicle ; Ovulation ; Cytoplasmic granules ; Papilloma ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Changes of rabbit germinal epithelium at different times after an ovulatory dose of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Surface cells far from follicles did not show any consistent changes after HCG. However, germinal cells on growing follicles increased in size, while their microvilli successively decreased in length and number and eventually disappeared. At six hours after HCG, the cells over the apex showed protruding blebs and vesicles. Pour hours later the surface cells at the base had increased from about 7 to 12 μ in diameter and the contours of intracellular round structures were just visible. Half-way up to the apex the surface cells were still larger and contained several prominent intracellular round structures. At the apex the cells were collapsed and occasionally missing just before rupture. As regards the interpretation of these findings and their relation to the mechanism of ovulation, much remains to be done. However, since distinct and consistent changes characteristic of the later stages before rupture were found, the scanning electron microscope appears to be a valuable and convenient tool to evaluate the effect of different substances or procedures on the ovulatory process.
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    The fine structure of the cell surface in Gonyaulax polyedra (dinoflagellata) (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 21-41 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cell surface ; Dinoflagellata ; Gonyaulax ; Theca ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The theca of Gonyaulax polyedra has been studied by light- and scanning electron microscopy. 1. The plates of “old” cells have growth rims in a regular pattern. 2. The growth rims overlap the margins of the adjacent plates. From this observation a rule of plate overlap can be deduced for the whole theca. 3. The degree of sculpture seems to correspond with the age of the plate. 4. For ecdysis, the armour opens along a line, that follows the borders of definite plates. 5. On the surface of the “naked” protoplast the borders of the abandoned plates are indicated by ridges, which are interpreted to be remnants of the sutures, i.e. joined membranes of neighbouring pellicular alveoles. 6. “Naked” cells divide by constriction. 7. During division of armoured cells, the theca ruptures. The line, along which the plates of the ancestral skeleton separate (fission line), is indicated by differences in the degree of sculpture of “old” and “new” plates.
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    Scanning electron microscope studies of some skink papillae basilares (1974)
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    Cell & tissue research 150 (1974), S. 125-141 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ductus cochlearis ; Lizard (Skink) ; Sensory hair cells ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The papilla basilaris of scincid lizards is relatively long, slightly curved or bowed, and characteristically has an apical terminal expansion. A limbus-attached tectorial membrane is present but is apparently not continuous with the tectorial material covering the hair cells of the papilla. The hair cells of the apical expansion are covered by a thick spongy mass of tectorial material, while the hair cells above (dorsal to) the apical region are covered by thickened tectorial material that is in the form of uniquely sculptured, twisted or folded drape-like masses (sallets). The surface of the basal (dorsal) quarter of the papilla is unusual in that it is concave rather than convex. The expanded terminals of the hair cell kinocilia are also unusual in being arrowhead-shaped. Kinocilial orientation of the non-apical papillary hair cells is simply bidirectional; the hair cells on each side of the papillary axial midline are oriented toward the midline. Kinocilial orientation of the hair cells of the apical expansion is more complex with the peripheral neural and abneural rows both being abneurally directed, and the central rows being at first neural in orientation, but becoming abneurally oriented as the apical tip is approached. At the apical tip region, most all hair cells are abneurally oriented.
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    Scanning electron microscopy of the wall of the third ventricle of the brain of Rana temporaria (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 154 (1974), S. 511-518 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Paraventricular organ ; Rana temporaria ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Scanning electron microscopy of the ventricular surface of the paraventricular organ of Rana temporaria shows that it has the aspect of an uneven crest-like structure consisting of numerous tightly-packed bulbs which protrude into the cavity of the third ventricle. From the comparison with transmission electron micrographs it is concluded that these bulbs are the ventricular end-bulbs of the dendrites of the nerve cells of the paraventricular organ. At its apical part, the typical aspect of the ventricular surface of the paraventricular organ sharply contrasts with the surrounding ependymal surface which is covered with numerous cilia.
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    The mature mesonephric nephron of the rabbit embryo (1980)
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    Cell & tissue research 209 (1980), S. 95-109 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mesonephric nephron ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Rabbitembryo ; Wolffian body
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The luminal surface ultrastructure of the mature mesonephric nephron in 18 day rabbit embryos was studied in order to classify the nephron segments and to compare them with their metanephric counterparts. The proximal tubule has two slightly different segments. Its brush-bordered cells, with lateral ridges and basal microvilli (revealed in disjoined cells) exhibit structural principles similar to those of metanephric cells. The short distal tubule, starting with an abrupt border, cannot be subdivided. Its surface differs from one specimen to the next; the various cellular patterns are regarded as different functional states rather than evidence of a true cellular heterogeneity. Cells with leaf-like meandering borders correspond to similar metanephric cells favoring a paracellular transport mechanism. The collecting tubule shares common features with the metanephric collecting duct in spite of its different origin. Among principal cells, clearly demarcated by marginal microvillous rows and studded with sparse apical microvilli, non-ciliated and strongly bulging intercalated cells occur in small numbers. The latter have exaggerated, sometimes branched microvilli, and occasional microplicae. In the Wolffian duct, which has no metanephric counterpart, the single cilia dominate the picture of a homogeneous cell population. Apical globular protrusions of the tubular epithelia, which have been depicted in almost every paper on the mesonephros, are all fixation artefacts that can only be avoided by properly perfusing the living embryo.
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    Cell surface changes during mitosis and cytokinesis of epithelial cells (1984)
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    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 409-417 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mitosis ; Cytokinesis ; Microvilli ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Cell surface
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary PtK2 cells were studied with scanning electron microscopy to record changes on the cell surface during mitosis and cytokinesis. During prophase, prometaphase and metaphase, the cells remain very flat with few microvilli on their surfaces. In anaphase cells, there is a marked increase in the number of microvilli, most of which are clumped over the separating chromosomes and polar regions of the mitotic spindle leaving the surface of the interzonal spindle region relatively smooth. Microvilli appear over the interzonal spindle region in telophase and the cells also increase in height. At the beginning of cleavage, the distribution of microvilli is roughly uniform over the surface but it becomes asymmetric at the completion of cleav-age when the daughter cells begin to spread. At this time most microvilli are over the daughter nuclei and the surfaces that border the former cleavage furrow. The regions of the daughter cells distal to the furrow are the first to spread and their surfaces have very few microvilli. When chromosome movement is inhibited by either Nocodazole or Taxol, microvilli formation is inhibited on the arrested cells. Nevertheless cell rounding still takes place in the normal time period. It is concluded from these observations that the signal for the onset of chromosome movement in anaphase is accompanied by a signal for the formation of microvilli. It is suggested that there is also a separate signal for the cell-rounding event in mitosis and that microvilli do not play a role in this contractile process.
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    A scanning electron microscope study of myoepithelial cells in exocrine glands (1980)
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    Cell & tissue research 209 (1980), S. 1-10 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Myoepithelial cell ; Exocrine gland ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary By removing connective tissue components with enzymatic digestion followed by HCl-hydrolysis, myoepithelial cells (MECs) of the terminal portion in a variety of exocrine glands of the rat were examined with the scanning electron microscope. The profile of MECs varied considerably from gland to gland; MECs in the lactating mammary gland have a few long cytoplasmic processes in close contact with those of adjacent cells forming a continuous network around the terminal portion. Those of the exorbital lacrimal gland are stellate with many thin radiating processes with tapered ends that terminate freely. MECs in the sublingual gland are characterized by a number of broad and extensive cellular processes. MECs in the submandibular gland are similar in appearance to those of the exorbital lacrimal gland, but with more extensive cellular processes that form a more or less continuous network with those of the adjacent cells. No MECs were observed on the terminal portion of the parotid gland where the cells appear to be lodged on the intercalated duct. The relative surface area covered by MECs per terminal portion was also found to vary significantly, being 24% in the lactating mammary, 17% in the exorbital lacrimal, 48% in the sublingual, and 25% in the submandibular glands. The findings are discussed in relation to the physical properties of secretions in different glands.
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    Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of human ejaculate spermatozoa with special reference to their abnormal forms (1970)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 105 (1970), S. 483-497 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatozoa ; Human ejaculate ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Male sterility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Spermatozoa from fertile and infertile human ejaculates were observed under the scanning electron microscope. A parallel study of sections was performed by transmission electron microscope. The normal head shows under the scanning electron microscope vesicular elevations in the region of the acrosome and a smooth and rigid appearance corresponding to the postnuclear cap whose occurrence is confirmed under the transmission electron microscope. Immediately anterior to this cap a shallow furrow transverses the head. Duplicated, unusually large or small and deformed heads are found under the scanning electron microscope. Most of these abnormal heads show no surface structure suggesting an acrosome. The neck and middle piece are occasionally, though frequently in abnormal spermatozoa, covered by a cytoplasmic droplet. Otherwise, the mitochondrial sheath is recognized under the scanning electron microscope as a beaded thickening in the middle piece. The lack of mitochondria is manifested by a smooth middle piece thinner than the principal portion. Transmission electron microscopy of sections reveals various types of anomalies in the number of cores, core filaments and mitochondria embedded in the cytoplasmic droplets. Abnormalities in the principal portion of the tail such as duplication, unusual thickness and length are shown under the scanning electron microscope. The investigation indicates that scanning electron microscopy is suited for the clinical as well as cytological examination of human ejaculate spermatozoa.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335423
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    How cells settle on glass: A study by light and scanning electron microscopy of some properties of normal and stimulated macrophages (1970)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 105 (1970), S. 234-241 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Macrophages ; Movements ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Some properties of normal and stimulated peritoneal macrophages have been studied using light microscopy, cinemicroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. No difference in the overall rate of translational movement was found between normal and stimulated cells. Macrophages were found to settle on glass by a process involving initial protrusion of very fine finger-like processes, followed by veils. Full extension occurred sooner in stimulated cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335473
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    Scanning electron microscopy of stromal cells of human placental villi throughout pregnancy (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 647-655 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Classification of chorionic villi ; Fixed stromal cells ; Macrophages ; Placenta (human) ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Morphological changes in fixed stromal cells and Hofbauer cells were studied throughout pregnancy in different types of placental chorionic villi by scanning electron microscopy. In the mesenchymal villus the fixed stromal cells were characterized by thin cytoplasmic processes. Hofbauer cells exhibited blebs on their surface. Large sail-like processes with a crescent profile which surrounded well developed stromal channels and a small cell body typified the small reticulum cells of the immature intermediate villus. The Hofbauer cells here displayed blebs, microplicae and large lamellipodia. Short cytoplasmic expansions and a large cell body characterized the fibroblasts present inside the stem villus. Hofbauer cells were rare, having blebs or a few short lamellipodia. The mature intermediate villus contained small and large reticulum cells. The latter had a much larger cell body than the small ones and displayed a few short cytoplasmic processes partly delimiting narrow incomplete stromal channels. Occasional Hofbauer cells with small microplicae and/or blebs were present. The small reticulum cells and fibroblasts present in the terminal villus showed similar morphological features as above. However, the former exhibited less developed cytoplasmic extensions and therefore no stromal channels were observed. In the terminal villus, the morphology of the rare Hofbauer cells was similar to that found in the mature intermediate villus.
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    Effects of colchicine and cytochalasin B on hypertonicity-induced changes in toad urinary bladder (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 585-591 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Urinary bladder, toad ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Hypertonicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Coincident with an increase in the water permeability of toad urinary bladder induced by serosal hypertonicity, a transformation of the ridge-like surface structures of the granular cells into individual microvillous structures occurs. This study was initiated to establish whether the transformation is mediated by the cytoskeletal network and, thus, can be prevented by disruption of microtubulemicrofilament function with colchicine or cytochalasin B (CB). Scanning electron microscopy revealed the characteristic branching ridges on granular cells of control bladder incubated with colchicine or CB. In contrast, transformation of ridges to discrete microvilli was observed in experimental bladders exposed to serosal hypertonicity alone or in combination with either colchicine or CB. These results suggest that the mechanism underlying hypertonicity-induced surface changes which are associated with increased water permeability does not involve either microtubules or microfilaments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217226
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  • 41
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    Scanning electron-microscopic study of Reissner's fiber in the caudal spinal cord of the cat and rabbit (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 181-183 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Reissner's fiber ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Spinal cord ; Cat ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The caudal portion of Reissner's fiber was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in the spinal cord of the cat and rabbit. In some preparations of both species the fiber displayed in the sinus terminalis of the central canal either stump-like terminations or structural modifications such as knot-like swellings and convolutions. In the same area homogeneous material could also be found, which obviously originated from the disintegrating fiber.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229214
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  • 42
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    Morphological studies of different mitochondrial populations in monkey myocardial cells (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 577-582 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Heart ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Thin sections ; Freeze-fracturing ; Macaca fuscata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of mitochondria in monkey myocardial cells was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, thin sections and freeze-fracturing. Mitochondria with well-developed cristae were distributed around the nucleus, between the myofibrils and beneath the sarcolemma. Those clustered near the the poles of the nucleus were generally spherical in shape. Interfibrillar mitochondia were arranged in longitudinal rows between the myofibrils, were elongated and usually about the same length as a sarcomere. Subsarcolemmal mitochondria varied in size and shape, being rod-like, spherical, polygonal or horseshoe-like. There were usually two profiles of subsarcolemmal mitochondria in each section of sarcomere, although sometimes one or three occurred, and they were typically oriented perpendicularly to the myofibrils. These morphological differences among mitochondria could reflect functional and/or mechanical properties in the various cellular locations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219874
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    Surface morphology of rat peritoneal mast cells during in vitro regeneration after histamine secretion (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 216 (1981), S. 647-654 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mast cells ; Regeneration ; Exocytosis ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cell-surface morphology of regenerating mast cells was followed over a period of 48 h after histamine release. Control cells (not stimulated to secrete) were characterized by anastomosing folds of membrane of equal depth and width. During exocytosis these folds disappeared and were replaced by deep cup-shaped flaps of membrane evident in cells incubated for 10 min. During the first hours of regeneration these flaps fused mutually or with the plasma membrane. This activity suggests membrane retrieval, maybe specifically recycling the granule-type patches of membrane. Membrane-fusion activity was observed to some degree also after extended incubation. After 48 h of incubation the regeneration process was still not completed, as indicated by the fact that holes leading to intracellular cavities could still be found.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238659
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    Irido-corneal angle of mammalian eyes: Comparative morphology of encapsulated corpuscles in odontocete cetaceans (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 501-515 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mechanoreceptors ; Eye ; Dolphins ; Whales ; Irido-corned angle ; Light microscopy ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A study of the structure and distribution of encapsulated corpuscles (corpuscles of Rochon-Duvigneaud) in the irido-corneal (anterior chamber) angle in 42 adult eyes from nine species of odontocete cetaceans representing each of the five families in this group indicates a diversity of form and function. The corpuscles occur as single features or multiple groupings with each species having a distinct pattern. No definite phylogenic or environmental patterns were seen although sometimes there were similarities among related genera. The neural structure of the angle suggests that these receptors probably respond to a variety of stimuli including intraocular pressure, vitreous displacements, external muscular force applied to the sclera and cornea, and changes in the volume of the massive iris/choroid vascular system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220206
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  • 45
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    Lack of Fc receptors on osteoclasts (1980)
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    Cell & tissue research 212 (1980), S. 509-516 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Osteoclasts ; Macrophages ; Fc receptors ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fc and C3 receptors, which are characteristically present on macrophages, could not be demonstrated on osteoclasts maintained in situ on their normal substrates when assayed for by use of sheep red blood cells coated with immmoglobulin (Shapiro et al. 1979). The present study tested the hypotheses that Fc receptors are present only on the osteoclast surface adjacent to bone and that Fc receptors on osteoclasts can be uncovered by enzymes or stimulated to appear. Freeze-dried, inverted osteoclasts (and osteoblasts) obtained from the endocranium of newborn rats were tested for Fc receptors using the rosette assay and examined by scanning electron microscopy. No rosettes were observed on the surfaces of the osteoclasts that had been approximal to the bone. Bone specimens were cultured for 30 min at 37° C in control medium, or in medium with the addition of 10, 50 or 100 gmg/ml trypsin, 0.5 U/ml parathyroid extract (PTE), or 0.5 or 1U/ml parathyroid hormone 1–34 (PTH). Additionally, two week-old rats were injected intraperitoneally with PTE (1.5 U/g body weight or 1USP/g body weight) or with PTH (1U/g body weight) or with vehicle alone, 6 h before sacrifice. The specimens were assayed for Fc receptors and examined by scanning electron microscopy. Macrophages were always used as controls for the assay. No rosettes were present on osteoclasts subjected to any of these treatments. Accordingly, the hypotheses were not supported.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236514
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    Sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers: Configurational changes during the cardiac cycle (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 232 (1983), S. 97-110 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Purkinje fibers ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Transmission electron microscopy ; Diastole ; Systole ; Myofibrils ; Contraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Previous attempts to study the cytoarchitecture of cardiac Purkinje fibers with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) have been limited by the surrounding dense connective tissue. In this study the connective tissue was removed by treatment with 8N HCl, after adult sheep hearts were fixed in diastole or systole and tissue taken for SEM and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In SEM, Purkinje fibers freely anastomosed in false tendons and formed a subendocardial plexus. In systole, medium and small-sized Purkinje fibers formed deep clefts not observed in diastole. The clefts are thought to be due to sarcolemmal folding and fiber buckling and may therefore affect conduction. The myofibrils beneath the laterally apposed sarcolemmas of adjacent Purkinje cells when fixed in systole were often observed as tightly curved arches in series. Similar configurations with expanded arches were observed in diastole. The formation of arches by myofibrils is unique to Purkinje fibers and is interpreted as the mechanism responsible for their compliance to stretch. The significance of contraction in producing the observed geometric changes in Purkinje fibers and the implications of their cytoarchitecture with respect to conduction are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222376
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    Scanning electron microscopy of the cleft of the rat pituitary (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 139-143 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary cleft ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Cell surface changes ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Scanning electron microscopy of the lining of the pituitary cleft was carried out in normal, lactating, castrated, adrenalectomized, and cyproterone-treated adult rats. Four cell types could be differentiated in the posterior wall in control and experimental animals: (1) cells with a smooth surface, (2) cells with microvilli located at the cellular borders, (3) ciliated cells, and (4) cells with evenly distributed microvilli. The anterior wall showed mainly cells with few microvilli located at their margins, and clusters of ciliated cells. In normal, and more frequently in experimental animals, the anterior wall showed shriveled cells, and variously sized cavities. Colloid appeared either as a network of finely granular material or as compact bodies adhering to the epithelial surface. These observations suggest that a compact component of the colloid is derived at least in part from degraded cells.
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    Formation and morphology of Reissner's fibre in primates (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 207 (1980), S. 43-53 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Reissner's fibre ; Subcommissural organ ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Primates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The subcommissural ependyma of the third ventricle, the rhomboid fossa, and the central canal of the spinal cord were examined in Tupaia, Saimiri, and Cebus by scanning electron microscopy. In all three species studied, fine filaments, granules, and amorphous masses were found at the surface of the subcommissural ependyma representing the original structures of the Reissner's fibre (RF). Bundles of filaments or net-like structures ultimately forming a compact secretory plate develop in the caudal part of the secretory zone. In Tupaia and Saimiri, the secretion collects in a groove-like depression in the centre of the dorsal ventricular wall. In Cebus two secretory pathways occur in the lateral sulci, which eventually merge together in the aqueduct. In the rhomboid fossa and the spinal cord, the RF is in close contact with the ependyma, and its surface is longitudinally grooved and covered with granular material and cells. The present scanning electron microscopic findings speak in favour of a merocrine type of secretion in the apical region of the ependymal cells. Ciliary movement and flow of cerebrospinal fluid are assumed to be the most important factors regulating the formation of the RF.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239328
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    Changes of the caecal villi during postnatal development in rats (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 208 (1980), S. 253-259 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Villus ; Caecum ; Postnatal development ; Rat ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The villi of the caecal mucosa in postnatal rats were studied using both scanning electron and light microscopy. On the day of birth, numerous villi of various sizes and shapes were present on the caecal mucosa. After the 5th day, the villi decreased very rapidly in length and in number. A strong constriction was observed at the basal region of the caecal villi. During postnatal days 5 ∼ 9 the villi probably separated and disappeared from the caecal mucosa. No villi were observed in rats that were over 10 days of age.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234875
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  • 50
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    Scanning electron microscopic observations of early stages of phagocytosis of E. coli by human neutrophils (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 209 (1980), S. 65-70 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Phagocytosis ; Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes ; Neutrophils ; E. coli ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Changes in surface morphology, as observed by scanning electron microscopy, appear rapidly when human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are challenged with bacteria. Monolayers of PMN adhering to glass were incubated with opsonized E. coli from 5 sec to 10 min, and then fixed and prepared for SEM. As early as 5 sec after phagocytic challenge, E. coli are found in contact with PMN and in the process of engulfment into open cavities formed by lamellipodia. The shape of the mouth of the forming phagocytic vacuole is related to the orientation of bacteria during entry. Bacteria engulfed into early forming phagosomes are surrounded by a large open space between the bacteria and the phagosome wall. As phagocytosis proceeds, the space is reduced and the loose fit around the entering bacteria becomes tight. By 30 sec, bacteria may be completely internalized and by 1 min phagocytized E. coli are packed into bulging PMN. The observations reveal the variability and rapidity of the phagocytic response and confirm the presence of sensitive mechanisms for host defense by PMN.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219923
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    A three-dimensional study of the normal human placental villous core (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 235-247 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chorionic villi ; Macrophages ; Placenta (human) ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to study the three-dimensional ultrastructure of the Hofbauer cells, human placentae from the 6th to the 21 st week of gestation and also from the end of pregnancy were cryofractured and observed by scanning electron microscopy. Hofbauer cells were found in the villous core at all the gestation stages examined. Their surface morphology was characterized by lamellipodia, funnel-like structures, blebs and microplicae. This pleomorphic aspect was probably related to functional or environmental conditions. In addition, thin cytoplasmic processes connected the Hofbauer cells with each other and with the components of the villous stroma. Fractured Hofbauer cells revealed large vacuoles in the cytoplasm; the vacuoles were smaller in size both at the beginning and at the end of pregnancy. This study further attests to the macrophagic nature of these cells.
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    Scanning electron microscopy of fused mouse placentas and associated uterine bed (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 349-351 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fused placentas ; Uterine bed ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The decidual surface of two fused placentas and the associated uterine bed were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The compact decidua basalis fits into a uterine depression filled with coarse fibers which is surrounded by a smooth area that gradually becomes folded. Placental fusion due to twinning or crowding is discussed.
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    The morphology of cultured melanophores from tadpoles of Xenopus laevis: Scanning electron microscopical observations (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 179-189 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Melanophores ; Pigment migration ; Xenopus laevis ; Cell culture ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tail-fin melanophores of tadpoles of Xenopus laevis (Daudin) in primary culture were examined scanning electron microscopically in the aggregated and in the dispersed state. After isolation, the melanophores are spherical, but within 24 h they develop thin filopodia for attachment to the substratum. Subsequently, cylinder-like as well as flat sheet-like processes are formed, which adhere to the substratum with terminal pseudopodia and filopodia. The processes of adjacent melanophores contact each other, thus forming an interconnecting network between the melanophores. In the aggregated state the central part of the melanophore is spherical and voluminous. Both the central part and the processes bear microvilli. In melanophores with dispersed melanosomes the central part is much flatter; the distal parts have a thickness that equals a monolayer of melanosomes. The surface of the cell bears only scarce microvilli. These features indicate that melanophores do not have a fixed shape and that pigment migration is accompanied by reciprocal volume transformation between the cell body and its processes.
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    Scanning electron microscopy of human cerebellar cortex (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 212 (1980), S. 363-374 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Scanning electron microscopy ; Cerebellum ; Neuronal connections
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Scanning electron microscopy and cryofracture technique were applied to study neuronal architecture and synaptic connections of the human cerebellum. Samples were processed according to the technique of Humphreys et al. (1975) with minor modifications. The granule cells exhibit unbranched filiform axons and coniform dendritic processes. The latter show typical claw-like endings making “gearing type” synaptic contacts with mossy fiber rosettes. The unattached mossy rosettes appear as solid club-like structures. Some fractographs show individual granule cells, Golgi neurons and glomerular islands. The climbing fibers and their Scheibel's collaterals were also characterized. In the Purkinje layer the surface fracture was produced at the level of the Bergmann glial cells, which are selectively removed, allowing us to visualize the rough surface of Purkinje cells and the supra- and infraganglionic plexuses of basket cell axons which appeared as entangled threads. In the molecular layer the three-dimensional configuration of the Purkinje secondary and tertiary dendritic branches was obtained. The filiform parallel fibers make cruciform synaptic contacts with the Purkinje dendritic spines. The appearance of stellate neuronal somata closely resembled that of the granule cells. The subpial terminals of Bergmann fibers appeared attached to the exterior of the folia forming the rough surfaced external glial limiting membrane.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236503
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    The ependyma of the saccular pineal gland in the non-eutherian mammal Trichosurus vulpecula (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 213 (1980), S. 417-432 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal recess ; Ependyma ; Circumventricular organ ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Marsupial
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pineal gland in the possum is represented by a thickening in the wall of the pineal recess. A superficial pineal body and a pineal stalk are characteristically lacking. The ependyma related to the gland is specialized but differs markedly from the lining in other circumventricular organs in form and in surface morphology. Two distinct topographic zones have been recognized. In the middle is a mass of cells which form a prominent knobby-surfaced central zone. These cells are characterized by the absence of cilia, the paucity of microvilli and blebs and the presence of processes which overlap adjacent cells. A surface pattern formed of cell outlines was lacking. It is suggested that the central zone is lined by pinealocytes, supporting cells and the processes of both cell types. Most of the central zone is surrounded by an intermediate zone of variable width. The latter region has been observed to possess a circumventricular organ-type surface morphology. It is sparsely ciliated, almost totally covered by a carpet of microvilli and it exhibits a variety of surface specializations. Supraependymal cells and various transitory supraependymal cell processes are also present. Outside the specialized ependyma is the peripheral zone which like the regular ventricular lining is densely ciliated. Supraependymal processes are found among the clusters of cilia, or rarely, on the surface of the ciliary bed. Season and sex related differences in surface ultrastructure were not observed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237888
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    A scanning electron microscopic study of larval development in the marine polychaete, Galeolaria caespitosa Lamarck (Serpulidae) (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 215 (1981), S. 171-179 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Polychaeta, Serpulidae ; Gamete ; Larva ; Development ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Gametes and developing larvae of the polychaete Galeolaria caespitosa were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The sperm display a primitive morphology. When treated with 0.33 M CaCl2, they release a branched acrosomal process. At spawning, the polygonal oocytes have a granular surface made up of spherules and the tips of microvilli. The oocyte coat develops a ridged appearance as the oocyte rounds up. At fertilization, the microvilli are withdrawn from the coat surface. Microvilli again appear on the coat surface during the trochophore stage, but the egg coat appears to be retained as the larval cuticle until the demersal stage. The surface of the larva now shows many microvilli. Details of the organization of several ciliary structures are clarified. Moreover, the present study shows rapid, sequential development of paired setal sacs, with the most anterior pair appearing first.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236257
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    A scanning electron microscopic study of the liver of the monkey Macaca speciosa (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 215 (1981), S. 193-205 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Scanning electron microscopy ; Monkey liver ; Sinusoids ; Kupffer cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An der Affenleber wurden die verschiedenen Gefäßabschnitte des Leberläppchens mit dem Raster- und Transmissionselektronenmikroskop untersucht. Die Gefäßwände der portalen und terminalen (Zentral-) Venen werden durch ein geschlossenes Endothel, eine kontinuierliche Basalmembran und eine Bindegewebsschicht gebildet. Dagegen haben Sinusoide ein Endothel mit typischen Fenestrationen, wobei eine Basalmembran fehlt und nur ein schütteres Netz von Bindegewebsfasern im Disse'schen Raum vorkommt. Kupffer-Zellen findet man in den Sinusoiden, den terminalen Lebervenen und den Sublobularvenen; in Portalvenen kommen sie nicht vor. Ihre bezeichnenden Strukturen sind eine Oberflächenfältelung und besondere Zellfortsätze, Filopodien und Lamellipodien, mit denen sie am Endothel anhaften oder mit denen sie untereinander in Verbindung stehen. Im Disseschen Raum kommen flache Zellfortsätze von Fettspeicherzellen vor, die das Endothel umgeben. Es wird angenommen, daß sie eine perizytenähnliche Funktion haben.
    Notes: Summary The vasculature of the hepatic lobule of the monkey was investigated by scanning and transmision electron microscopy. The vessel walls of the portal and terminal hepatic (central) veins consist of a closed endothelium, a continuous basement membrane and a connective tissue layer. Sinusoids, however, show endothelia with typical fenestrations, and connective tissue fibres are only sparsely distributed in the space of Disse. Kupffer cells are present in the sinusoids, and occasionally in the terminal hepatic and sublobular veins, but are never present in the portal veins. They are characterized by a ruffled surface and special processes — filopodia and lamellipodia — which anchor them to the endothelial cells and also connect them with adjacent Kupffer cells. Flat branches of perisinusoidal cells, which encircle the endothelia, occur in the space of Disse, and are presumed to have a pericyte-like function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236259
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    A scanning electron microscopic study of the boundary zone of the human spleen (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 222 (1982), S. 655-665 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spleen (human) ; Boundary zone ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structural characteristics and cellular elements of the boundary zone between the white and red pulp of the human spleen were studied by SEM and TEM. The boundary zone consisted of both the perifollicular region and the region surrounding the periarterial lymphoid sheath. The perifollicular region was further subdivided into two, equally thick layers. The inner half layer of the perifollicular region outside the mantle zone of the lymph follicle was composed of tightly packed medium-sized lymphocytes, interspersed by a small number of reticular cells. The outer half layer was composed of a reticular cell meshwork containing blood cells in vessels, which communicated with the splenic cords of the red pulp. Intermittent rows of reticular cells distinguished the outer from the inner half layer. The region surrounding the periarterial lymphoid sheath revealed the same type of reticular cell meshwork as the outer half layer of the perifollicular region. Capillary ends opened into the reticular cell meshwork, which suggested the presence of an open circulation in the human spleen. A deep lymphatic vessel which communicated with the periarterial lymphoid sheath was noted.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213863
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    The brush cells of the common bile duct of the rat (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 218 (1981), S. 403-420 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Brush cells ; Common bile duct ; Thin section ; Freeze-fracture ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two different fixative procedures (immersion and perfusion) and four different fixative solutions were used in order to obtain the best preservation of the brush cells of the common bile duct of the rat. The results indicate that only perfusion fixation through the common bile duct is suitable, independent of the fixative solutions and their osmolarity. Numerous brush cells were seen in the proximal and distal regions of the common bile duct. In these locations, they could be implicated in a registration and/or regulation of intraluminal pressure variations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00210353
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    Scanning electron-microscopic study of lens fibers of the pig (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 224 (1982), S. 225-232 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Scanning electron microscopy ; Lens fibers ; Junctions ; Pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Whole pig lenses were fixed, critical-point dried and fractured, and the internal surfaces examined with a scanning electron microscope. At various locations from the equator to the center of the lens four types of fibers can be distinguished. The superficial fibers have small interdigitations. Cortical lens fibers, which are hexagonal in shape exhibit well developed “ball-and-socket” junctions. Other cortical fibers appear slightly undulated and show fine granulations. The core lens fibers are characterized by microplicae on the cell surfaces and by a more rounded or rectangular form. Results are discussed in relation to previous electron-microscopic studies of other species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217281
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    The development of the diencephalic choroid plexus in the chick (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 219 (1981), S. 297-311 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Choroid plexus (chick) ; Third ventricle ; Ependyma ; Development ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface morphology of the diencephalic choroid plexus (Pl. ch. v. III) was investigated by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy in chicks from the 7th embryonic day (ED) to the 8th week after hatching. Pl. ch. v. III develops on the anterior ventricular roof from a sagittally oriented fold and a few posteriorly located transverse folds. On the 7th ED no significant differences in the cell surface morphology between Pl. ch. v. III and the surrounding ependyma are observed: both are covered with cilia. During the next four days, long cell prolongations (one per cell) covered with microvilli develop first on the surface of the posterior ventricular roof and then on the posterior part of Pl. ch. v. III. These structures are transitory. On the 11th ED, round cell prolongations (one per cell) appear progressively on the entire plexus, also replacing the long ones. Now the plexus surface is distinct from the surface of the surrounding ependyma. During the last week before hatching and also after hatching, the round cell prolongations become less prominent. Simultaneously, the number of cilia per unit surface area diminishes. With consideration of earlier reports, this study suggests that the following factors are involved in the increase of the surface area of Pl. ch. v. III: (I) The pseudostratified epithelium changes into columnar epithelium. (2) Ependymal elements of the posterior roof of the 3rd ventricle contribute to the anlage of Pl. ch. v. III. In later stages, however, Pl. ch. v. III grows only by mitoses.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00210150
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    Scanning electron-microscopic study of sperm retention and migration in the vagino-cervical region of the rabbit (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 227 (1982), S. 387-399 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sperm transport ; Vagina ; Cervix ; Reproduction ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pattern of sperm retention and migration in the vagino-cervical region of rabbit was studied by means of scanning electron microscopy. The following phenomena were observed: 1) Spermatozoa located in the vagina and at the orifice of the ectocervix are usually distributed diffusely. They appear to be resting on the epithelial surface; many are structurally abnormal or decapitated. 2) The great majority of spermatozoa, however, seems to be anchored or retained in narrow epithelial channels with their heads in close file formations. This phenomenon was observed particularly in the fornix vaginae as late as 24 h post coitum. 3) A great number of spermatozoa invading the cervix evidently migrates in groups along the mucosal surface. Their heads are oriented toward the uterus and contact the epithelial cells. Spermatozoa that migrate beyond the cervico-uterine junction are distributed in the same manner. 4) Spermatozoa colonizing the cervical crypts appear to be attached via the anterior margins of their heads to the epithelial cells or to the tips of kinocilia. Their tails project into the crypt lumen. It is suggested that mainly three factors may be responsible for these phenomena: (i) the fact that only motile spermatozoa overcome the vagino-cervical barrier; (ii) the tendency of spermatozoa to move along the mucosa in close vicinity to the epithelial cells; and (iii) the inability to recognize mechanical barriers on the migration route (e.g., cervical crypts) and to overcome them quickly. This may be one of many possible causes leading to sperm retention in the vagino-cervical region.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00210893
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    Regional surface changes during the development of the telencephalic choroid plexus in the chick (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 231 (1983), S. 251-263 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Choroid plexus (chick) ; Lateral ventricle development ; Epiplexus cells ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface morphology of the developing chick telencephalic choroid plexus (TCP) was examined by scanning electron and light microscopy. A blunt evagination develops rostro-cranially to the foramen of Monro on the medial telencephalic septum. The pseudostratified TCP epithelium differs in its surface morphology from that of the surrounding ependyma. Subsequently the TCP becomes elongated and branches. On the 9th embryonic day (ED) the pseudostratified epithelium progressively becomes high columnar epithelium in a distal to proximal direction along the branches of the TCP. The apical poles of the high columnar epithelial cells protrude into the ventricular lumen. Later, additional branches sprout at the base of the TCP, which then resembles a tree with a bush growing at its roots. Before the time of hatching, the high columnar epithelium changes to low columnar epithelium again in a distal to proximal direction. The surface of the TCP becomes flatter, in the process of which the number of cilia per unit surface area is reduced. On the developing TCP the epiplexus cells vary in shape, depending upon their functional state. It is proposed that not only the morphological but also the functional differentiation of the TCP proceeds in a distal to proximal direction along the branches of the choroid plexus. The surface differentiation of the TCP has a more regular character than that of the diencephalic CP (DCP), described previously, which seems to be influenced in its development by other anatomical structures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222178
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    Myofibrillogenesis in vitro as seen with the scanning electron microscope (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 231 (1983), S. 481-494 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Myofibrillogenesis ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Skeletal muscle ; Chick embryo ; Culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study describes an experimental approach whereby myofibrillogenesis and the three-dimensional arrangement of myofibrils present within cultured skeletal muscle cells can be examined using the scanning electron microscope. This procedure uses cells that have been cultured on gold-coated coverslips, and treated with Triton X-100 to extract the cell membrane and the soluble cytoplasm. Subsequent electroconductive staining by treatment with thiocarbohydrazide and osmium allows the myofibrils to be visualized. The images of myofibrils in various states of development observed by this method generally accords to those previously reported by transmission electron microscopy. Cell elongation and adhesion to the substrate causes mechanical stress from different directions which meet at branchings of the cultured myotubes. Many myofibrils are observed to run in the direction of the inferred stress lines.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00218107
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    Morphology of canine gallbladder (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 233 (1983), S. 161-174 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Scanning electron microscopy ; Canine ; Gallbladder ; Epithelium ; Transmission electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Examination of the surface topography of canine gallbladder epithelium using the scanning electron microscope reveals subtle changes in the morphology of the cellular components between the full and empty states. In the full state large bays exist between relatively low, ridge-like crests or folds of mucosa which gradually increase in height as the gallbladder empties causing a subsequent reduction in size and volume of the bays. The relaxed gallbladder exhibits an irregular arrangement of tall, closely apposed mucosal folds with intervening deep valleys. The degree of apical convexity of individual epithelial cells will increase as the mucosal folds begin to relax. Other mucosal features most easily observed in the full state were small pit-like intraepithelial glands. The apical surfaces of the epithelial cells exhibit a densely uniform microvillus border and occasional membrane-bounded cytoplasmic protrusions (apical bullae) extending out into the lumen of the organ. The lateral cell membranes and basal lamina were also examined. Correlative methacrylate and transmission electron microscopic findings are included. The functional aspects of these morphological alterations and apical protrusions are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222240
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    Fine structural aspects of phagocytotic activity in inverted follicle cells of cultured porcine thyroids (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 232 (1983), S. 327-334 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Inverted thyroid follicle ; Phagocytosis ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Inversion of thyroid follicles took place when they were isolated by collagenase and trypsin and cultured in suspension in Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum without TSH. The apical surface facing the culture medium contained numerous microvilli and a central cilium, while the luminal surface became flattened. Phagocytotic activity by pseudopods was promoted after addition of TSH to the culture medium. When the inverted follicles were incubated in culture medium containing TSH (50 mU/ml) and human red blood cells, or TSH and polystyrene latex beads (2.02 μm in diameter) for 1–3 h, numerous red blood cells or latex beads respectively were observed to be taken up by the epithelial follicle cells by scanning electron microscopy, as well as conventional thin-section electron microscopy. These results show that the apical surface (culture medium side) of the epithelial cell of the cultured thyroid follicle whose polarity is reversed phagocytoses red blood cells and latex beads.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213790
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    The rat pituitary cleft: A correlated study by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 215 (1981), S. 515-529 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Rathke's cleft ; Ultrastructure ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary SEM reveals that the inner surface of the pituitary cleft is lined by a continuous layer of marginal cells possessing microvillous and ciliated apical surfaces. The ciliated cells are more numerous on the posterior side (toward the pars intermedia) than on the anterior side of the cleft (toward the pars distalis). In contrast small infoldings (crypts) were occasionally noted only on the marginal layer covering the distal part of the hypophysis. In some areas of the cleft the surface features of the marginal cells are rather similar to the epithelial cells populating the upper parts of the respiratory tract in their topography and distribution. In other regions they also show striking similarities with the ependymal cells (tanycytes) lining the lateral recesses of the 3rd ventricle and the infundibular process with which the pituitary cleft has a very close topographical relationship. The parenchymal cells of the pars distalis are closely related to the flattened marginal cells of the cleft. The intercellular spaces of the pars distalis form a three-dimensional labyrinthic series of cavities continuous with the submarginal spaces of the cleft. Further SEM and TEM results demonstrate that the majority of the microvillous marginal cells lining both sides of the cleft possess surface features such as bulbous protrusions, laminar evaginations and large cytoplasmatic vacuoles, which are very likely the expression of an active transport of fluids. On the basis of these results it is concluded that the fluid-like material (colloid) present in the pituitary cleft is mainly derived from the fluids contained in the lacunar spaces of the pars distalis. Thus, marginal cells by absorbing fluids from the cleft by active endocytosis, may transport to the pars intermedia material (or hormones) produced in the distal part of the gland and vice versa. The cilia present on many marginal cells, based on their 9+2 tubular pattern, possess a kynetic role. This is very similar to that shown by the ciliated cells of the ependyma lining the brain ventricles. The occurrence of ciliated cells within the pituitary parenchyma (mainly in the follicles) suggests that they probably arise from the ciliated cells populating the marginal layer of the cleft and with which the parenchyma cells are closely related.
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    Structure and function of ciliated peritoneal funnels in the toad kidney (Bufo marinus) (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 217 (1981), S. 599-610 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ciliated peritoneal funnels ; Toad ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Scanning electron microscopy revealed 600–800 ciliated peritoneal funnels opening onto the ventral surface of each kidney in Bufo marinus. The size and configuration of funnel apertures vary greatly, but individual funnels do not appear to change their dimensions. The peritoneal funnels course beneath the kidney surface before opening into peritubular blood vessels. Injections of India ink into the peritoneal cavity demonstrate that cilia lining the peritoneal funnels create a current carrying peritoneal fluid into the renal vasculature. Clearance of fluid by the funnels was dependent on pressure in the peritubular vessels, and was increased by arginine vasotocin. Ciliated peritoneal funnels may provide an important route for return of lymphatic fluid from the peritoneal cavity to the vasculature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00219367
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    Vascular pattern in the pancreas of the cat (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 223 (1982), S. 231-234 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreas (cat) ; Islet of Langerhans ; Vascularization ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pathways of microcirculation in the pancreas of the cat were investigated by scanning electron microscopy of Mercox preparations of the vascular bed. A portal system from islet to exocrine vessels as well as a direct arterial flow to the exocrine pancreas have been observed. Sphincters appear to exist in portal capillaries at the border between the endocrine and exocrine portions of the pancreas. Islets possess an independent venous drainage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221512
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    Scanning electron microscopy of echinoid podia (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 224 (1982), S. 543-551 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Podium ; Sea urchin ; Structure ; Nerve plexus ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tube feet of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus franciscanus were studied with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). By use of fractured preparations it was possible to obtain views of all components of the layered tube-foot wall. The outer epithelium was found to bear tufts of cilia possibly belonging to sensory cells. The nerve plexus was clearly revealed as being composed of bundles of varicose axons. The basal lamina, which covers the outer and inner surfaces of the connective tissue layer, was found to be a mechanically resistant and elastic membrane. The connective tissue appears as dense bundles of (collagen) fibers. The luminal epithelium (coelothelium) is a single layer of flagellated collar cells. There is no indication that the muscle fibers, which insert on the inner basal lamina of the connective tissue layer are innervated by axons from the basiepithelial nerve plexus. The results agree with previous conclusions concerning tube-foot structure based on transmission electron microscopy, and provide additional information, particularly with regard to the outer and inner epithelia.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213751
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    Scanning electron microscopic study of spermatozoa from gossypol-treated rats (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 219 (1981), S. 659-663 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gossypol ; Spermatozoa ; Contraception ; Cytoplasmic droplet ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Spermatozoa from the cauda epididymidis of gossypol-treated rats exhibit distinctive departures from the morphology of spermatozoa from control rats: wrinkled and disorganized cell membrane in the head and tail regions, cell membrane missing from segments of the tail midpiece and principal piece regions, malformed heads, decapitate spermatozoa, retention of a cytoplasmic droplet at variable loci along tail midpieces, and looped tails. The observations suggest that gossypol exerts its contraceptive effect during spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis, including the posttesticular development and maturation of spermatozoa in the epididymis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00210003
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    Antennal hygroreceptors of the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 226 (1982), S. 63-73 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hygroreceptor ; Thermoreceptor ; Coelocapitular sensillum ; Honey bee ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antennal hygroreceptors of the honey bee, Apis mellifera L., have been investigated electrophysiologically and the sensillum containing these receptors with SEM. Moist and dry hygroreceptors have been identified along with a thermal receptor in a specialized coeloconic sensillum. This sensillum comprises a cuticular, shallow depression (diameter; 4 μ) having a central opening (1.4–1.5 μm) and a mushroom-shaped protrusion (1.4–1.5 μm) from the opening. The head of the protrusion is irregular in shape and is not perforated. This sensillum has been thus far referred to as a “sensillum campaniformium” (Dietz and Humphreys 1971), henceforth, it is referred to as a coelocapitular sensillum. The responses of both moist and dry hygroreceptors are of a phasic-tonic manner. Both receptors are antagonistic with respect to their responses to humidity; one responds with an increase in impulse frequency to rising humidity, the other to falling humidity. The humidity-response relationship is independent of stimulus flux.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217082
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    The demonstration of close nerve-Purkinje fibre contacts in false tendons of sheep heart (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 230 (1983), S. 105-111 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart ; Purkinje fibre ; Innervation ; Ultrastructure ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Transmission electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An observation of intimate nerve-Purkinje fibre associations in false tendons of sheep heart is reported. Nerve bundles were observed in deep clefts of Purkinje fibres, in channels running between coupled Purkinje cells and embedded within Purkinje cells, as well as in the outer connective tissue sheath. Most nerve terminals in these areas were filled with small clear vesicles and a few large dense-cored vesicles. Only a few axons with many small dense-cored vesicles were observed. Intimate associations (separation, 60 to 90 nm) between the Purkinje cell and nerve varicosity were observed in the deep clefts. Similar close appositions were also present where nerves were embedded in Purkinje cells. In these cases the Purkinje cell enclosing the nerve bundle formed intercellular junctions with its own sarcolemma. Elaborate sarcolemmal folds with multi-vesicular bodies were also frequently observed near nerve bundles and varicosities. The identity of the transmitter is unknown although the nerves forming intimate associations with Purkinje cells have a morphology typical of cholinergic nerves.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216031
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    Scanning electron microscopy of pure Kurloff cell suspensions (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 231 (1983), S. 457-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kurloff cell ; Guinea pig ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Spleen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Scanning electron microscopy has been used to examine suspensions of Kurloff cells, which are present only in guinea pig. The cells are round with a surface characterized by uniformly distributed short stubby microvilli and some ridges. Some cells show one or more pores surrounded by a smooth margin, others a smooth globular expansion about 10 μm in diameter which may correspond to a Kurloff body undergoing exocytosis. The Kurloff body is released into the medium where it can exist freely. The surface of the free body and of the expansion display the same smooth appearance. Although the nature of the Kurloff cell remains unknown, this study provides further information concerning its morphology and describes an extrusion process not observed previously.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222195
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