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  • Articles  (15)
  • artificial intelligence  (9)
  • drug testing  (6)
  • 2005-2009
  • 1985-1989  (15)
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  • Economics  (15)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An analysis of the drug testing decision (1989)
    Springer
    Employee responsibilities and rights journal 2 (1989), S. 27-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3378
    Keywords: drug testing ; cost-benefit analysis ; job search ; policy capturing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Two separate investigations were undertaken to better understand the factors that should be considered in the drug testing decision. In the first study, organizations were surveyed by telephone and were asked to identify the factors considered when making their decision. Safety seemed to be the most important reason for favoring a drug testing program, while employee rights was one of many reasons for not implementing a testing program. In the second study, the interest was in determining the impact of drug testing on the applicants' willingness to join the organization. It was found that salary was the most important factor, but that the drug testing policy did affect the job choice of about 20% of the students.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01385026
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Drug testing in the workplace: An overview of legal and philosophical issues (1989)
    Springer
    Employee responsibilities and rights journal 2 (1989), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3378
    Keywords: drug testing ; legal and philosophical aspects of drug testing ; arbitration and drug testing ; accuracy and costs of drug testing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article examines a range of legal and philosophical issues related to the drug-testing debate. The discussion of legal issues includes potential litigation on constitutional grounds (for public employees), statutory and tort grounds, or on the basis of civil rights legislation. Arbitration standards are also examined for situations involving unionized employees. The article further highlights pragmatic issues including the accuracy and costs (economic and noneconomic) of drug tests as well as the distinction between a positive drug test and impaired performance. Finally, the article addresses the delicate balance between an employer's right to unimpaired performance and an employee's right to privacy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01385024
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cognition and uncertainty (1989)
    Springer
    Theory and decision 27 (1989), S. 93-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7187
    Keywords: cognition ; decision ; graphs ; artificial intelligence ; risk ; uncertainty ; expert systems ; expected utility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In the first part, we try to give a representation of the process by which man endeavours to grasp uncertainty. We propose a backward exploration which we will modelize through an influence diagram and then we can draw a few conclusions from that representation for the axiomatics of Decision. In the second part, we deal with the processing of the information formatted in such a way, regarding both its temporal complexity and its elective complexity. The first part as the second one dealing with representation and the consequences for information processing of uncertainty cognition lead to a severe criticism of the expected utility hypothesis. To conclude, we suggest a few remarks on expert systems of decision aid under uncertainty.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00133989
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The union response to employer-initiated drug testing programs (1989)
    Springer
    Employee responsibilities and rights journal 2 (1989), S. 39-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3378
    Keywords: drug testing ; arbitration ; labor-management relations ; union policy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The testing of employees for drugs has become a major workplace issue in the late 1980s. By all accounts, many firms have implemented, or at least considered, some sort of drug screening program. While various experts have debated the importance and necessity of initiating such programs, there has been only limited investigation of the differences between union and nonunion workplaces in how such programs are initiated and administered. This article investigates some questions related to those differences. The first part examines the differences between union and nonunion workplaces and their implementation of drug screening programs. We present differences derived primarily from the fact that nonunion employers are constrained only by constitutional and statutory law in their introduction and implementation of drug screening programs. Unionized employers, on the other hand, are constrained by collective bargaining and the grievance resolution process. The second part of the article examines union responses to employer-initiated drug testing programs. The third part examines arbitration decisions on drug testing provisions in unionized workplaces. We outline the major areas in which arbitrators have rendered decisions, including definitions of behavior that could trigger reasonable suspicion testing and whether the employer has the right to unilaterally institute or expand drug testing programs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01385027
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Drug testing and the law (1989)
    Springer
    Employee responsibilities and rights journal 2 (1989), S. 11-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3378
    Keywords: drug testing ; worker screening ; testing ; privacy rights ; Fourth Amendment ; search and seizure ; employment-at-will ; wrongful discharge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This article examines judicial and administrative rulings and legislation involving or related to the issue of drug testing in the workplace. It discusses the rights of employees in the public and private sector: constitutional rights; federal, state, and local statutory rights; rights of unionized employees; and common law rights. It analyzes both the current state of the law and future directions the law may take, as courts and administrative agencies decide more cases and governmental bodies continue to pass drug testing legislation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01385025
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Attitudes toward employee and employer rights in the workplace (1989)
    Springer
    Employee responsibilities and rights journal 2 (1989), S. 49-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3378
    Keywords: employee rights ; drug testing ; polygraph testing ; employee privacy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract A large sample (N=692) of undergraduate business majors were surveyed in order to assess their attitudes toward 54 different employer activities that might impact on employee rights in the workplace. Demographic and lifestyle measures as well as one personality variable, authoritarianism, were also included in the survey. A factor analysis on attitudes toward employer activities revealed three distinct factors, which we labeled private, polydrug (i.e., polygraphs and drug tests), and normative activities. Mean levels of agreement with employer actions were highest for normative and lowest for private activities, with polydrug activities falling in between. All mean differences were highly significant. Authoritarianism proved to be the strongest predictor of attitudes toward both private and polydrug activities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01385028
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A model of employee responses to drug-testing programs (1989)
    Springer
    Employee responsibilities and rights journal 2 (1989), S. 173-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3378
    Keywords: drug testing ; procedural justice ; control systems ; human resource management policies ; employee responses to drug testing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Testing employees for drug use is an increasingly widespread organizational response to the problem of employee drug abuse. Despite this, little attention has been given to its effects on employee attitudes and behavior. This paper reviews the issue of drug testing in industry, provides a theoretical model of employee perceptions of and responses to drug-testing programs, and offers an agenda for future research directions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01423476
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    A prolog-based decision support system for computer capacity planning (1988)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 12 (1988), S. 337-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Decision support systems ; logic programming ; prolog ; artificial intelligence ; computer capacity planning ; planning for resource acquisition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a project to implement a decision support system for computer capacity planning. The system provides an intelligent interface to the various models needed for this type of planning by assisting the user in model formulation, data manipulation, model execution, interpretation and manipulation of results. The implementation strategy is based on the integration of relational model and database management with logic. A modified version of a Prolog interpreter is utilized as the vehicle for this integrated strategy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02186375
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A knowledge-based approach to scheduling in an F.M.S. (1988)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 12 (1988), S. 109-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Flexible manufacturing system ; production scheduling ; artificial intelligence ; predicate calculus ; state-operator framework ; knowledge-based system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports the development of a computer-based system for production scheduling in a dedicated FMS. The system is based on the state-operator framework commonly used in artificial intelligence. Such a system consists of three components: (i) a knowledge base of states, which describes both the current task domain situation and the goal to be achieved; (ii) a set of operators that are used to manipulate the knowledge base; and (iii) a control strategy to decide which operators to apply next and to resolve conflicts. Some of the interesting features of the scheduling system include: (i) the ability to detect resource conflicts; (ii) the ability to determine alternate routes for a given part in the event of a resource conflict; and (iii) the ability to amend plans if an alternate route is found. These features allow the system to take advantage of the flexible routing for parts that an FMS allows. The system has been implemented using the XLISP programming language. Implementation considerations are discussed. A small but comprehensive example is presented. Further research directions are suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02186363
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Generalized resolution and cutting planes (1988)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 12 (1988), S. 217-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Propositional logic ; resolution ; integer programming ; theorem proving ; artificial intelligence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper illustrates how the application of integer programming to logic can reveal parallels between logic and mathematics and lead to new algorithms for inference in knowledge-based systems. If logical clauses (stating that at least one of a set of literals is true) are written as inequalities, then the resolvent of two clauses corresponds to a certain cutting plane in integer programming. By properly enlarging the class of cutting planes to cover clauses that state that at least a specified number of literals are true, we obtain a generalization of resolution that involves both cancellation-type and circulant-type sums. We show its completeness by proving that it generates all prime implications, generalizing an early result by Quine. This leads to a cutting-plane algorithm as well as a generalized resolution algorithm for checking whether a set of propositions, perhaps representing a knowledge base, logically implies a given proposition. The paper is intended to be readable by persons with either an operations research or an artificial intelligence background.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02186368
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    A knowledge-based system for tactical situation assessment (1988)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 12 (1988), S. 285-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Situation assessment ; human-machine interface ; intelligent assistant ; intelligent interface ; human-machine system ; artificial intelligence ; operations research ; knowledge-based systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract To perform tactical situation assessment effectively, a system must be capable of performing tactical information integration, interpretation, and threat evaluation. This paper describes a prototype system for naval surface warfare which incorporates a human operator for integration, an artificial intelligence-based subsystem for interpretation, and an operations research-based system for evaluation. The system provides the operator with an interactive environment for displaying and managing tactical information and tools for interpreting and evaluating it.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02186371
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    User-model interaction in decision support systems for risk management (1988)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 16 (1988), S. 185-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: risk management ; decision analysis ; expert systems ; artificial intelligence ; operations research
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes and evaluates three different approaches to building decision support systems: the Operations Research/Management Science approach, the Decision Analysis/Multiattribute Utility approach, and the Artificial Intelligence/Expert Systems approach. It evaluates the usefulness of the three approaches for risk management. In particular, it defines evaluation objectives of risk analysts, risk managers, and laypeople and provides a subjective assessment how the three approaches stack up against their objectives. The paper concludes that for most risk management applications a combination of the three approaches would be most desirable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02283744
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  • 13
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    Alternative formulations of mixed integer programs (1988)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 12 (1988), S. 241-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Mixed-integer programming ; logic ; representability ; artificial intelligence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract We study the formation of mixed-integer programming (MIP) constraints through the development of constructions which syntactically parallel the set operations of union, intersection, Cartesian product, and linear affine transformation. In this manner, we are able to both modularize the work of constructing representations (as the representations for base sets of a composite construction need not be disjunctively derived) and to make connections to certain of the logic-based approaches to artificial intelligence which utilize the intersection (“and”) and union (“or”) operations. We provide results which allow one to “calculate” the linear relaxation of a composite construction, in terms of set operations on the relaxation of the base sets. We are also able to compare the size of the relaxations for different formulations of the same MIP set, when these different formulations arise from one another through distributive laws. Utilizing these results, we generalize the Davis-Putnam algorithm of propositional logic to an MIP form, and answer a question regarding the relative efficiency of two versions of this algorithm. In this context, the subroutines of the logic algorithm correspond to list processing subroutines for MIP to be used prior to running linear programs. They are similar in nature to preprocessing routines, wherein entire MIP constraint sets are manipulated as formal symbols of logic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02186369
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  • 14
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    Expert systems and economic policy analysis: An application to OCS auction leasing (1988)
    Springer
    Computational economics 1 (1988), S. 113-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9974
    Keywords: Expert systems ; economics ; auction bidding markets ; artificial intelligence ; economic modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we argue that expert systems can be powerful tools for modelling microeconomic systems, including both individual decision making and the coordination of individual agents in a resource allocation mechanism. Using the fact that expert systems are essentially computerized versions of decision processes, we illustrate how they can be viewed as generalized process models of decision-making. We argue that the expert system approach is beneficial because it allows a policy analyst to explore the implication of policy alternatives without having to incur the generally prohibitive cost of field implementation studies. Further, enables the incorporation and updating of decision strategies and qualitative information, which human experts typically use but which is not amenable to pure mathematical modelling. One particular microeconomic system we suggest could be modelled as an expert system is the OCS offshore oil lease auction process. Moreover, we argue that constructing such an expert system model would require the development of two integrated expert systems: one for the auction process and subsequent resource allocation and the other to model the individual bidding behavior of the auction participants. We set out the structure of the auction expert system in some detail and discuss rules of thumb used by bidders inferred from our empirical research on past OCS auctions. Such an expert system of an auction leasing process could provide benefits to both bidders (e.g., oil companies) and the auctioneer (e.g., the Department of the Interior) as well. Bidders, by trying different strategies against different hypothesized strategies by their opponents could use such an integrated expert system to improve their bidding performances. The auctioneer, on the other hand, could test the efficiency of various proposed auction institutions under different assumptions about bidding behavior. In some circumstances, it might be desirable to even automate the auction process with a network coordinating the expert systems used by the individual firms and a computerized auctioneer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427159
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  • 15
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    A logic programming approach to revealed preference theory (1988)
    Springer
    Computational economics 1 (1988), S. 97-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9974
    Keywords: Revealed preference ; artificial intelligence ; logic programming ; PROLOG ; rational choice ; homotheticity ; approximate rationality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper shows the direct translation of revealed preference theory into a logic program. Tests of exact and approximate rationality based on the economic theory of revealed preference are presented in PROLOG. A special case of homothetic preference of the consumer behavior is also considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427158
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