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  • Books
  • Articles  (16)
  • artificial intelligence  (9)
  • Flexible manufacturing systems  (7)
  • 2005-2009
  • 1985-1989  (16)
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  • 1940-1944
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  • Economics  (16)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cognition and uncertainty (1989)
    Springer
    Theory and decision 27 (1989), S. 93-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7187
    Keywords: cognition ; decision ; graphs ; artificial intelligence ; risk ; uncertainty ; expert systems ; expected utility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In the first part, we try to give a representation of the process by which man endeavours to grasp uncertainty. We propose a backward exploration which we will modelize through an influence diagram and then we can draw a few conclusions from that representation for the axiomatics of Decision. In the second part, we deal with the processing of the information formatted in such a way, regarding both its temporal complexity and its elective complexity. The first part as the second one dealing with representation and the consequences for information processing of uncertainty cognition lead to a severe criticism of the expected utility hypothesis. To conclude, we suggest a few remarks on expert systems of decision aid under uncertainty.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00133989
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A prolog-based decision support system for computer capacity planning (1988)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 12 (1988), S. 337-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Decision support systems ; logic programming ; prolog ; artificial intelligence ; computer capacity planning ; planning for resource acquisition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a project to implement a decision support system for computer capacity planning. The system provides an intelligent interface to the various models needed for this type of planning by assisting the user in model formulation, data manipulation, model execution, interpretation and manipulation of results. The implementation strategy is based on the integration of relational model and database management with logic. A modified version of a Prolog interpreter is utilized as the vehicle for this integrated strategy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02186375
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A knowledge-based approach to scheduling in an F.M.S. (1988)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 12 (1988), S. 109-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Flexible manufacturing system ; production scheduling ; artificial intelligence ; predicate calculus ; state-operator framework ; knowledge-based system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports the development of a computer-based system for production scheduling in a dedicated FMS. The system is based on the state-operator framework commonly used in artificial intelligence. Such a system consists of three components: (i) a knowledge base of states, which describes both the current task domain situation and the goal to be achieved; (ii) a set of operators that are used to manipulate the knowledge base; and (iii) a control strategy to decide which operators to apply next and to resolve conflicts. Some of the interesting features of the scheduling system include: (i) the ability to detect resource conflicts; (ii) the ability to determine alternate routes for a given part in the event of a resource conflict; and (iii) the ability to amend plans if an alternate route is found. These features allow the system to take advantage of the flexible routing for parts that an FMS allows. The system has been implemented using the XLISP programming language. Implementation considerations are discussed. A small but comprehensive example is presented. Further research directions are suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02186363
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Generalized resolution and cutting planes (1988)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 12 (1988), S. 217-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Propositional logic ; resolution ; integer programming ; theorem proving ; artificial intelligence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper illustrates how the application of integer programming to logic can reveal parallels between logic and mathematics and lead to new algorithms for inference in knowledge-based systems. If logical clauses (stating that at least one of a set of literals is true) are written as inequalities, then the resolvent of two clauses corresponds to a certain cutting plane in integer programming. By properly enlarging the class of cutting planes to cover clauses that state that at least a specified number of literals are true, we obtain a generalization of resolution that involves both cancellation-type and circulant-type sums. We show its completeness by proving that it generates all prime implications, generalizing an early result by Quine. This leads to a cutting-plane algorithm as well as a generalized resolution algorithm for checking whether a set of propositions, perhaps representing a knowledge base, logically implies a given proposition. The paper is intended to be readable by persons with either an operations research or an artificial intelligence background.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02186368
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A knowledge-based system for tactical situation assessment (1988)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 12 (1988), S. 285-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Situation assessment ; human-machine interface ; intelligent assistant ; intelligent interface ; human-machine system ; artificial intelligence ; operations research ; knowledge-based systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract To perform tactical situation assessment effectively, a system must be capable of performing tactical information integration, interpretation, and threat evaluation. This paper describes a prototype system for naval surface warfare which incorporates a human operator for integration, an artificial intelligence-based subsystem for interpretation, and an operations research-based system for evaluation. The system provides the operator with an interactive environment for displaying and managing tactical information and tools for interpreting and evaluating it.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02186371
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An efficient method to determine the optimal configuration of a flexible manufacturing system (1988)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 15 (1988), S. 207-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Flexible manufacturing systems ; optimal configuration ; queueing network models ; product-form queueing networks ; lower configuration ; heuristic solution ; optimal solution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract A frequently encountered design issue for a flexible manufacturing system (FMS) is to find the lowest cost configuration, i.e. the number of resources of each type (machines, pallets, ...), which achieves a given production rate. In this paper, an efficient method to determine this optimal configuration is presented. The FMS is modelled as a closed queueing network. The proposed procedure first derives a heuristic solution and then the optimal solution. The computational complexity for finding the optimal solution is very reasonable even for large systems, except in some extreme cases. Moreover, the heuristic solution can always be determined and is very close (and often equal) to the optimal solution. A comparison with the previous method of Vinod and Solberg shows that our method performs very well.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02186797
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    User-model interaction in decision support systems for risk management (1988)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 16 (1988), S. 185-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: risk management ; decision analysis ; expert systems ; artificial intelligence ; operations research
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes and evaluates three different approaches to building decision support systems: the Operations Research/Management Science approach, the Decision Analysis/Multiattribute Utility approach, and the Artificial Intelligence/Expert Systems approach. It evaluates the usefulness of the three approaches for risk management. In particular, it defines evaluation objectives of risk analysts, risk managers, and laypeople and provides a subjective assessment how the three approaches stack up against their objectives. The paper concludes that for most risk management applications a combination of the three approaches would be most desirable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02283744
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Rigid and flexible automation for manufacturing systems: Characterizing economically-reasonable investments (1988)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 15 (1988), S. 21-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Flexible manufacturing systems ; transfer lines ; stationary demand ; economic assessment ; mathematical programming ; Kuhn — Tucker conditions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract As flexible manufacturing technology has become available across a broad range of applications, an increasingly large number of firms have confronted decisions about the adoption of flexible automation versus transfer lines versus some combination of these technologies. While the work of previous authors has provided some guidance to such decision making, the modular character of flexible capacity and the indivisible character of a transfer line have not been the basis, previously, for the development of formal decision rules. This paper makes use of a mixed-integer mathematical programming model to generate formal decision rules which, in turn, become an instrument for analyzing several fundamental hypotheses about the introduction of flexible and/or dedicated automation. The firm is assumed to have the objective of maximizing its present value and must account for the interaction of its markets with technological opportunities, present and anticipated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02186789
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alternative formulations of mixed integer programs (1988)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 12 (1988), S. 241-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Mixed-integer programming ; logic ; representability ; artificial intelligence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract We study the formation of mixed-integer programming (MIP) constraints through the development of constructions which syntactically parallel the set operations of union, intersection, Cartesian product, and linear affine transformation. In this manner, we are able to both modularize the work of constructing representations (as the representations for base sets of a composite construction need not be disjunctively derived) and to make connections to certain of the logic-based approaches to artificial intelligence which utilize the intersection (“and”) and union (“or”) operations. We provide results which allow one to “calculate” the linear relaxation of a composite construction, in terms of set operations on the relaxation of the base sets. We are also able to compare the size of the relaxations for different formulations of the same MIP set, when these different formulations arise from one another through distributive laws. Utilizing these results, we generalize the Davis-Putnam algorithm of propositional logic to an MIP form, and answer a question regarding the relative efficiency of two versions of this algorithm. In this context, the subroutines of the logic algorithm correspond to list processing subroutines for MIP to be used prior to running linear programs. They are similar in nature to preprocessing routines, wherein entire MIP constraint sets are manipulated as formal symbols of logic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02186369
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expert systems and economic policy analysis: An application to OCS auction leasing (1988)
    Springer
    Computational economics 1 (1988), S. 113-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9974
    Keywords: Expert systems ; economics ; auction bidding markets ; artificial intelligence ; economic modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we argue that expert systems can be powerful tools for modelling microeconomic systems, including both individual decision making and the coordination of individual agents in a resource allocation mechanism. Using the fact that expert systems are essentially computerized versions of decision processes, we illustrate how they can be viewed as generalized process models of decision-making. We argue that the expert system approach is beneficial because it allows a policy analyst to explore the implication of policy alternatives without having to incur the generally prohibitive cost of field implementation studies. Further, enables the incorporation and updating of decision strategies and qualitative information, which human experts typically use but which is not amenable to pure mathematical modelling. One particular microeconomic system we suggest could be modelled as an expert system is the OCS offshore oil lease auction process. Moreover, we argue that constructing such an expert system model would require the development of two integrated expert systems: one for the auction process and subsequent resource allocation and the other to model the individual bidding behavior of the auction participants. We set out the structure of the auction expert system in some detail and discuss rules of thumb used by bidders inferred from our empirical research on past OCS auctions. Such an expert system of an auction leasing process could provide benefits to both bidders (e.g., oil companies) and the auctioneer (e.g., the Department of the Interior) as well. Bidders, by trying different strategies against different hypothesized strategies by their opponents could use such an integrated expert system to improve their bidding performances. The auctioneer, on the other hand, could test the efficiency of various proposed auction institutions under different assumptions about bidding behavior. In some circumstances, it might be desirable to even automate the auction process with a network coordinating the expert systems used by the individual firms and a computerized auctioneer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427159
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A logic programming approach to revealed preference theory (1988)
    Springer
    Computational economics 1 (1988), S. 97-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9974
    Keywords: Revealed preference ; artificial intelligence ; logic programming ; PROLOG ; rational choice ; homotheticity ; approximate rationality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper shows the direct translation of revealed preference theory into a logic program. Tests of exact and approximate rationality based on the economic theory of revealed preference are presented in PROLOG. A special case of homothetic preference of the consumer behavior is also considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427158
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental investigation of real-time scheduling in flexible manufacturing systems (1985)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 3 (1985), S. 355-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Flexible manufacturing systems ; scheduling ; manufacturing systems ; simulation ; computer integrated manufacturing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a new two-phase (TP) approximate method for real-time scheduling in a flexible manufacturing system (FMS). This method combines a reduced enumeration schedule generation algorithm with a 0–1 optimization algorithm. In order to make the combined algorithm practicable, heuristic rules are introduced for the selection of jobs to be scheduled. The relative performance of the TP method vis-a-vis conventional heuristic dispatching rules such as SPT, LPT, FCFS, MWKR, and LWKR is investigated using combined process-interaction/discrete-event simulation models. An efficient experimental procedure is designed and implemented using these models, and the statistical analysis of the results is presented. For the particular case investigated, the conclusions are very encouraging. In terms of mean flow time, the TP method performs significantly better than any other tested heuristic dispatching rules. Also, the experimental results show that using global information significantly improves the FMS performance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02023749
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    An overview of evaluative models for flexible manufacturing systems (1985)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 3 (1985), S. 13-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Flexible manufacturing systems ; queueing models ; simulation ; performance evaluation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs) are a class of automated systems which can be used to improve productivity in discrete parts manufacturing. Due to the complexity of these systems, it is useful to have models that can aid in the design and operation of FMSs. We specifically differentiate here betweengenerative (or prescriptive) models, whichfind candidate decisions, andevaluative (or descriptive) models, whichevaluate a given set of decisions. We briefly cover, in a practical context, the pros and cons of these two classes of models. Then we focus on the latter class of models. Evaluative models for FMSs fall into five main classes, based on the technique used, namely: static allocation, queueing network theory, simulation, perturbation analysis, and Petri nets. Each of these approaches is briefly described, advantages and disadvantages mentioned, and references given to more detailed papers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02023766
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  • 14
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    A large scale machine loading problem in flexible assembly (1985)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 3 (1985), S. 317-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Flexible manufacturing systems ; integer programming heuristics ; multiple criteria programming ; material flow systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Flexible manufacturing is characterized by versatile work stations with minimum change over times and a versatile material handling system. The loading problem in flexible manufacturing is to assign tools, material, operations and jobs to work stations in order to minimize the total number of job-to-work station assignments. In this paper, we describe a special case of the general loading problem applied to flexible assembly and develop a discrete optimization model. We then discuss approaches for obtaining good heuristic solutions and present results for a large scale study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02023747
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  • 15
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    A technique for on-line sensitivity analysis of flexible manufacturing systems (1985)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 3 (1985), S. 379-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Flexible manufacturing systems ; discrete event systems ; real-time systems ; monitoring ; simulation ; performance evaluation ; perturbation analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The recent perturbation analysis approach to discrete event systems is applied to flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). While analytic (queueing) models are useful in preliminary design of such systems, they are not accurate enough at the detailed design/operation stage. Thus, experimentation on detailed simulations or on the actual system has been the way to optimize system performance. Perturbation analysis allows us to derive the sensitivity of system performance, with respect to several design/operating parameters, by observing a single experiment (and without having to actually alter the parameters — often a costly operation). Thus, observation of one experiment can give accurate directions for the improvement of several parameter values. Here we give a simulation example illustrating how perturbation analysis could be used on-line on an FMS to improve its performance, including reducing its operating cost. Experimental results are also presented validating the estimates obtained from this technique.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02023776
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  • 16
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    A Petri net approach to the modelling and analysis of flexible manufacturing systems (1985)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 3 (1985), S. 449-472 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Flexible manufacturing systems ; concurrency ; Petri net modelling ; union of Petri nets ; place invariants ; deadlocks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we present an approach for modelling and analyzing flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs) using Petri nets. In this approach, we first build a Petri net model (PNM) of the given FMS in a bottom-up fashion and then analyze important qualitative aspects of FMS behaviour such as existence/absence of deadlocks and buffer overflows. The basis for our approach is a theorem we state and prove for computing the invariants of the union of a finite number of Petri nets when the invariants of the individual nets are known. We illustrate our approach using two typical manufacturing systems: an automated transfer line and a simple FMS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02023780
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