ALBERT

Notes: Protosporangium is described as a new genus of the mycetozoan order Protosteliida, with 3 new species: P. bisporum, P. fragile, and P. articulatum. The genus is characterized by minute, mostly 2-4-spored sporangia borne on long, slender, flexuous stalks. The spores produce flagellate cells (typically 8 per sporangium) during germination. The trophic stage is holozoic and uninucleate to plurinucleate but never reticulate. Plurinucleate protoplasts segment into uninucleate (sometimes binucleate) prespore cells that culminate to form sporocarps in the manner characteristic of protostelids.

Notes: Thirty-six species of coccidia, all members of the genus Eimeria, have been described from 3 of the 9 genera and 11 of the more than 48 species in the lagomorph family Leporidae. All these are described briefly in the present paper and their synonymies are given. Coccidia have been described from the single species of Oryctolagus, from 4 of the 13 species of Sylvilagus and from 6 of the 26 species of Lepus. These genera have 12, 12, and 14 known species of Eimeria, of which only 2 are shared by Oryctolagus and Sylvilagus. Lepus has none of the coccidia of these genera. One species is known to occur in the bile ducts of the liver, 13 in the intestine, and the location of 22 is unknown. Life cycles have been determined for 9 of the species, of which 8 have been worked out in the domestic rabbit Oryctolagus and 1 in the cottontail Sylvilagus.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Taylor, A. E. R. & Muller, R., eds. 1972. Functional Aspects of Parasite Surfaces. Symposia of the British Society for Parasitology, Vol. 10.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Rose, A. H. & Wilkinson, J. F., eds. 1971. Advances in Microbial Physiology, Vol. 5.

Notes: Kinetosome counts in different stages of the cell cycle of Condylostoma indicate that somatic kinetosome production occurs during cell division. The kineties apparently increase in length during interphase by spacing-out of preexisting kinetosomes. This spacing-out may be passive and caused by expansion of the cortical membrane to which the kinetosomes are attached.

Notes: Euplotes raikovi, an interstitial hypotrich ciliate described once from the Caspian Sea, was isolated from intertidal sand at Rye Harbor, New Hampshire. Specimens were observed in life, and also stained by Corliss’ modification of the Chatton-Lwoff wet-silver technic and by 2 nigrosin methods. Living individuals and those fixed with Parducz's fluid are 43 × 30 (37-50 × 25–35) μm. The AZM has an average length of 27 μm and contains 24–32 membranelles. The anterior part of AZM lies on the ventral face of an apical channel, much as in E. bisulcatus. There are 7 fronto-ventral, 4 transverse, 1 left marginal, and 2 right caudal cirri. An additional small, rounded argentophilic area resembling a cirrus base is evident in silver-stained preparations, but it is barren in virtually 100% of the population. There are 7–8 (usually 7) dorsal ciliary rows with E. patella-type argyrome. The modal number of cilia in rows I-VII are 3-7-9-9-9-10-10. The unique fronto-ventral cirrus pattern is stable and predictable at the time of streak phase. Morphogenetic development indicates that the barren cirrus base is 2/V (Wallengren system), and that it apparently buds from 1/V. The left marginal cirrus and right caudal cirri have different origins.

Notes: Electronmicroscopic study of Coleps, Colpidium, Stylonychia, and especially of Paramecium confirmed the presence of the Golgi complex in these fresh-water ciliates. The complex consisted of numerous dictyosomes scattered throughout the cytoplasm. Each dictyosome included a few flat, partly reticulated saccules lying parallel to a cistern of rough endoplasmic reticulum which was free of ribosomes on the side exposed to the dictyosome. A unique layer of vesicles, characterized by constant size and a thick wall, separated the endoplasmic reticulum from the dictyosomes. The vesicles could be regarded as transition vesicles. Coated vesicles were seen in continuity with some of the flattened saccules. The possible role of the Golgi complex in the physiology of ciliates is discussed.

Notes: To elucidate further the molecular events required for cytodifferentiation in Stentor coeruleus, the effects of several chemical metabolic inhibitors were tested on the outgrowth in situ of the membranellar cilia of the oral feeding organelle. The chemicals used included several inhibitors of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial protein synthesis (cycloheximide, emetine, and chloramphenicol), and an antimitotic agent (colchicine). Ciliary growth was affected only by colchicine, suggesting that a pool of “ciliary proteins” exists in interphase Stentor of sufficient size to permit complete reformation of the membranellar cilia. The implication of these observations to an understanding of the more complicated process of oral regeneration is discussed.

Notes: Guinea fowl were inoculated rectally with Histomonas meleagridis to produce histomoniasis. The birds were infected readily by this unnatural route. Severe cecal involvement was frequent and long-lasting but liver lesions and death were rare. Turkeys given the same inoculum had high levels of liver involvement and mortality. Guinea fowl responded much less severely to infection with H. meleagridis when infected by a natural route (ingestion of a vector) rather than by rectal inoculation. Thus, naturally acquired infections with H. meleagridis appear to be of small consequence in the guinea fowl.

Notes: Hemocoelomic injection of 5,800–8,000 cells of Tetrahymena pyriformis strain S per female cockroach resulted in lethargy of the insects within 24 hr and death within 72 hr. Ciliates could be recovered 24–48 hr after injection of these amounts of ciliates. Inoculation of smaller numbers of cells resulted in no apparent ill effects to the insects and ciliates could not be recovered.After recovery from cockroaches and reestablishment in axenic culture, the ciliates were rounded and contained large numbers of lipid droplets which decreased on continued cultivation. The ciliates underwent a sequence of morphologic alterations involving a decrease in length and width to form ovoid cells, an approach to the pyriform shapes (but smaller than normal size), an elongation to an abnormal length/width ratio, and then, after 6 days in culture, a return to the normal shape with usual dimensions.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Savory, T. 1971. Latin and Greek for Biologists.

Notes: Whole cell DNA from Leishmania tropica has 2 peaks when banded by CsCl equilibrium density centrifugation. The main band has a buoyant density of 1.721 and the satellite band a buoyant density of 1.705, with Clostridium perfringens DNA (ρ= 1.6915) used as a reference. The satellite band has been identified as the kinetoplast DNA by purifying DNA from isolated kinetoplasts. L. tropica has the highest G + C content of both nuclear and kinetoplastic DNA thus far reported for trypanosomatids. The effects of ethidium bromide, acriflavin, proflavin, and 5-aminoacridine on the kinetoplast of L. tropica have been compared. Ethidium bromide and acriflavin, but not proflavin or 5-aminoacridine, induce dyskinetoplasty. L. tropica is one of the most sensitive trypanosomatids to ethidium bromide and acriflavin. Examination of the DNA from drug-treated cells in CsCl gradients revealed a loss of the satellite band after ethidium bromide or acriflavin treatment, but not after proflavin or 5-aminoacridine treatment. Cell division was required to produce these effects on the kinetoplast.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Canella, M. F. 1970. Sur les organelles ciliaires de l'appareil buccal des Hyménostomes et autres Ciliés. Révision critique de questions controversées de morpho-physiologie, stomatogenèse, phylogenèse et taxonomie. (Avec 24 Figures dans le texte.) Biologia Animale/Annali dell’ Università di Ferrara (Nuova Serie) 3 (Suppl.)

Notes: Exponentially dividing culture forms of Trypanosoma brucei did not utilize glucose provided in the culture medium. The inclusion of 2-deoxyglucose in the medium had no effect on the growth of the trypanosomes. Glucose could be replaced by proline in the liquid phase of biphasic medium without affecting the doubling time of the organisms. Proline added to the culture medium in this way disappeared during the log phase of growth. Glucose in the culture medium was used by the trypanosomes only when the stationary growth phase had been reached. Lipid accumulated in stationary phase trypanosomes grown in glucose-containing medium, but there was no lipid accumulation in log phase organisms or in those which had been grown in proline-containing medium. Bloodstream trypanosomes transferred to liquid medium rapidly utilized glucose over the first 12 hr of culture, and this was accompanied by an accumulation of free pyruvate in the medium. The rate of glucose utilization fell off over the next 36 hr; this was accompanied by a lowering of free pyruvate in the medium and a rise in the proline oxidase activity of the trypanosomes. The possible biologic significance of proline to trypanosomes developing in the midgut of the tsetse vector is discussed.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Marshall, A. J. & Williams, W. D., eds. 1972. Textbook of ZoologyGibbs, Martin, ed. 1971. Structure and Functions of Chloroplasts

Notes: SYNOPSIS. During a survey of parasites of Sabah mammals, coccidia oocysts were found in 9 of 22 host species examined. Sporulated oocysts of Klossia sp. from Rattus whiteheadi are described. New geographic records are reported for Eimeria callosciuri, Eimeria sabani, and Eimeria tupaiae. New host and geographic records are reported for Eimeria separata from Rattus cremoriventer, for E. tupaiae and Eimeria ferruginea from Tupaia tana, for Eimeria nieschulzi from Rattus muelleri, and for E. sabani and Klossia sp. from R. whiteheadi.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Trypanosoma thecadactyli sp. n. is described from the forest gecko Thecadactylus rapicaudus in Panama. Blood smears from 18 of 25 (72%) geckoes sampled were positive for the new trypanosome. The flagellate, ∼22 μm long, is ovoid or roughly triangular in shape and has a posterior cytoplasmic projection. Tree buttresses, rock crevices, and caves are microhabitats shared by T. rapicaudus and the phlebotomine sandfly Lutzomyia trinidadensis. Approximately 20% of the wild-caught and dissected L. trinidadensis were infected with flagellates. Twenty-four of 45 (53%) laboratory-reared L. trinidadensis allowed to feed on parasitized geckoes developed heavy infections of the mid- and hindgut which persisted up to 2 weeks, the longest postprandial period before dissection. Transmission probably occurs as a result of geckoes feeding on infected sandflies in nature. The distribution of L. trinidadensis, from Mexico to Brazil, approximates that of the gecko. Laboratory results and ecologic observations implicate L. trinidadensis as a potential vector of T. thecadactyli.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Stages in the endogenous cycle of Eimeria confusa from the grey squirrel, Sciurus carolinensis, are described from mixed infections with another species, Eimeria lancasterensis. All corresponding stages were markedly different in the 2 species. In E. confusa infections, the parasites were located below the host cell nuclei of the epithelial cells of the villi of the jejunum and ileum. Mature schizonts were ellipsoidal, averaged 20.9 × 18.6 μm and had 18–30 merozoites. The mature microgamonts measured 34.3 × 24.7 μm and had hundreds of microgametes. Mature macrogametes were ovoid, averaged 31.3 × 25.6 μm, and contained 2 kinds of plastic granules.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Pekin ducks were infected naturally and experimentally. The life cycle of Leucocytozoon simondi was followed in the ducks and the vector, a new species of Simulium, close to Simulium dogieli. The prepatent period in the ducks was 4–5 days and developing megaloschizonts appeared in 6–7 days. Schizonts were found in liver, spleen, brain, and kidney. In the kidneys they were located in the glomeruli. Sporogony in some individuals was completed in 7 days at 13–14 C, other individuals developed more slowly, as ookinetes were found in flies 8 days after feeding. The rapid asexual cycle combined with a sporogonic cycle, in which some ookinetes develop rapidly and others more slowly, favors the maintenance of the parasite in an environment with relatively low daily temperatures. This and the size of the megaloschizonts indicate differences between this strain of the parasite and the one occurring in North America.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Microgametes of Haemoproteus columbae were studied by light microscopy and electron microscopy, using the single-stage replication technic. The filiform microgamete has a swelling or vesicle near the round end; the opposite end is asymmetrically tapered. The gamete is polarized, for it travels in sinuous movements with the round end (the putative anterior end) directed forward. There is no flagellum or undulating membrane and no mitochondrion. The vesicle may contain energy reserves for locomotion or lytic enzymes for penetration. Tubular material often is seen coming from the vesicle and anterior end and may be a kind of acrosomal filament.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Stages of merogony of Eimeria magna were observed with the electron microscope in schizonts in ultrathin intestinal sections from white rabbits killed 4 days after inoculation. Some of the mature schizonts observed had uninucleate merozoites, whereas others had multinucleate ones. In each of the latter were rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, micronemes, refractile bodies, and occasionally, lipid droplets; some nuclei had a nucleolus. In the interior of some multinucleate merozoites, anlagen of daughter merozoites were observed. Each anlage was associated closely with a nucleus. In some of these nuclei, a cone-shaped pole of a spindle was directed toward the anlage. Each early anlage consisted of an inner membrane complex with a rhoptry anlage. A Golgi complex frequently was seen at the base of the anlage. One multinucleate merozoite, still attached to the residual body, had a merozoite anlage. In later stages of merogony, the anlagen were longer and each had a conoid. In one such merozoite, 2 merozoite anlagen were observed in close association with an eccentric intranuclear spindle, and 1 anlage had a Golgi adjunct. Another merozoite had an eccentric spindle and associated centrioles, but no visible anlagen. The finding of stages of merogony in multinucleate merozoites of E. magna indicates that these might represent a further schizogonic generation occurring in the original parasitophorous vacuole.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Freeze etching study of Paramecium caudatum surface reveals a regular pattern formed by depressions equipped with a single or paired cilia. This picture is consistent with the generally accepted concept of Paramecium cortex based on conventional methods of study. The surface of the ciliate is covered with small globular particles ∼14 nm in diameter, which have been found also on the plasma membrane of other cells. In the areas where the tips of trichocysts are attached to the pellicle, the globular particles are arranged into circles 0.4 μm in diameter. The whole surface of Paramecium is covered by a smooth thin layer which, always chipped off during fracturing, is detectable only after etching.

Notes: Polysaccharides have been isolated from Eimeria bovis and E. stiedai by the use of alkali. The purified polysaccharides stain purple with iodine and have been shown by chemical and enzymic means to be amylopectin. The storage amylopectins of these coccidia differ slightly from typical plant amylopectins in their fine structure.

Notes: Cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis strain ST were exposed to 300 μg chloramphenicol/ml or 15 μg ethidium bromide/ml for 48 hr. Qualitative assessments of electron micrographs reveal that the abundance of mitochondrial cristae decreases greatly. By equating the spatial characteristics of the organism with those of a prolate spheroid, the distribution and abundance of mitochondria were quantified. Such characterizations reveal that the size of individual mitochondria decreases by 35–60% and that the number of mitochondria/cell increases ∼8 fold. The observations are discussed in terms of coordinated mitochondrial and nuclear genetic activities.

Notes: The life cycle of I. canis Nemeséri, 1959 was studied in experimentally infected dogs. Freshly sporulated oocysts were ovoid and 34–40 × 28–32 μm. The endogenous stages were found directly beneath the epithelium of the distal portion of the small intestinal villi. Most of the endogenous stages were in the lower 1/3 of the small intestine, but occasionally they were found in other portions of the small intestine. Three asexual generations were present. First-generation schizonts were 16–38 × 11–23 μm and contained 4–24 merozoites; mature 1st-generation merozoites were 8–11 × 3–5 μm. First-generation schizogony lasted up to 7 days after inoculation. Second-generation schizonts were 12–18 × 8–13 μm and contained up to 12 merozoites which were 11–13 × 3–5 μm. Second-generation schizogony was present on postinoculation days 6 and 7. Third-generation schizonts were formed by nuclear division of 2nd-generation merozoites. Most 2nd-generation merozoites underwent nuclear division without leaving the parasitophorous vacuole of the 2nd-generation schizont. Mature 3rd-generation schizonts were 13–38 × 8–24 μm and contained 6–72 merozoites. Third-generation merozoites were 8–13 × 1–3 μm. Third-generation schizogony was present on days 6–8 after inoculation. Mature macrogametes were 22–29 × 14–23 μm. Mature microgametocytes were 20–38 × 14–26 μm. Gametes were present on postinoculation days 7–10. Oocysts were present in tissue sections on postinoculation days 8–10 and 12. The prepatent period was 9–11 days.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Of several methods developed for cryopreservation of Trypanosoma vivax, Trypanosoma congolense, and Trypanosoma brucei metacyclic forms in tsetse fly organs, as well as bloodstream forms in host blood, one proved the most satisfactory. In this method, infected fly proboscises and salivary glands were placed in glass capillary tubes containing fetal calf serum with 8% (v/v) glycerol as the cryoprotectant. The method for bloodstream forms involved the addition of glycerol directly to infected blood, which was then dispensed into capillary tubes. Next the tubes were placed in paper containers inside a glass test tube with a 5 mm thick plasticine jacket. The insulated assembly was suspended in the liquid nitrogen vapor phase in an LR-35 (Union Carbide) refrigerator for 45 min. Under these conditions, the cooling rate was 2 C/min. The frozen samples were transferred to permanent storage. The viability and infectivity of the preserved organisms were found to be satisfactory upon testing, and no antigenic changes were observed. Laboratory and field applications of the method are discussed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Irradiation of sporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella with 7,000; 13,000–14,000; or 20,000–21,000 rads does not kill the sporozoites or diminish their ability to penetrate cells in chicken kidney cell culture. Schizogony is the developmental stage most influenced by irradiation of oocysts. Effects on division and formation of merozoites correspond to irradiation levels.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Death rates of A/J and CF1 female mice 4 weeks and 6 months of age were compared after the mice were infected with Plasmodium berghei NK65C deme (population) and NK65RR deme. Death rates were compared also when female A/J retired breeder mice were infected with blood passages 18 and 40 of NK65C.NK65C was found to be less virulent than NK65RR. The 40th blood passage of NK65C was more virulent than the 18th passage, but still not as virulent at the NK65RR deme. A/J retired breeders were clearly more resistant to infection than 4 week old A/J mice, while little difference was found in the different age groups of the CF1 mice.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Cells of Tetrahymena pyriformis syngen 1 exposed to 200 mM NaC1 without previous exposure to a saline medium die within minutes. Lines that have been adapted to higher salt concentrations by growing in axenic peptone medium with 100 mM NaC1 are able to grow in previously intolerable concentrations. Acclimation to higher salt concentrations is accompanied by a transformation from the H serotype, expressed at room temperature in the standard peptone medium, to a new serotype, St. Complete transformation occurs at concentrations approaching the LD50 for nonadapted cells, and the time required for the transformation is 3–4 days. The reverse transformation, St to H, involves a time interval during which the cells are refractory to both anti-St and anti-H. Among 12 of the 13 inbred families of T. pyriformis syngen 1, 2 different high salt serotypes are found. One of these, Sta, is found among families A, Al, A3, B, D, D1, E, and F. The other, Stc, occurs in families C, C1, C2, C3, and possibly B2.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Cheng, T. C., ed. 1973. Current Topics in Comparative Pathobiology.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Enzyme activity patterns were determined in Tetrahymena pyriformis, Allogromia laticollaris, and Labyrinthula coenocystis. The activities of enzymes belonging to certain metabolic pathways (glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, tricarboxylic acid cycle) had constant proportions in each species, whereas their absolute levels differed. The activities of intramitochondrial enzymes were compared with the mitochondrial to total cytoplasmic volume ratio. Despite the very different fine structure of the mitochondria in the 3 protozoa, there was good correlation between the activities of citric acid cycle enzymes and the mitochondrial volume.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. We demonstrated previously microbodies in Euglena gracilis grown in the dark on 2-carbon substrates. We have now established in Euglena the particulate nature of enzymes known in other organisms to be localized in microbodies (glyoxysomes and leaf peroxisomes). On a linear sucrose gradient the glyoxylate cycle enzymes band together at a nigner equilibrium density (1.20 g/cm3) than mitochondrial marker enzymes (1.17 g/cm3), establishing the existence in Euglena of glyoxysomes similar to those of higher plants. Glyoxylate (hydroxypyruvate) reductase and, under certain conditions, also glycolate dehydrogenase co-band with the glyoxylate cycle enzymes, suggesting that Euglena glyoxysomes, like those of higher plants, may contain peroxisomal-type enzymes. Catalase, an enzyme characteristic of microbodies from a variety of sources, was not detected in Euglena.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNAs) isolated from 12 representatives of cellular slime molds grown in monoxenic cultures were analyzed by density gradient centrifugation in CsC1. The unique contribution of the DNA of each food organism was subtracted and the DNA base composition of each cellular slime mold determined. The guanine plus cytosine contents range 22–37 moles % within the representatives of the order. Minor bands (satellite bands) of DNA have been observed in preparations from Dictyostelium spp. and from Polysphondylium pallidum.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Plasmodium lophurae cannot carry out extensive de novo purine biosynthesis, and depends upon the host erythrocyte for a supply of preformed purines. Exogenous purines taken up by the parasitized erythrocyte may constitute a major source of preformed purines for parasite nucleotide biosynthesis. The uptake of exogenous radioactive purine compounds and their incorporation into nucleic acids by duck erythrocytes parasitized with P. lophurae, uninfected erythrocytes, and erythrocyte-free parasites were studied. P. lophurae was found to have a remarkable ability, both intracellularly and extracellularly, to take up and utilize certain exogenous purines such as adenosine, inosine, and hypoxanthine. Incorporation studies indicated that this species has a functional purine salvage pathway by which inosine, hypoxanthine, and adenosine can be converted to both adenine and guanine nucleotides.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Thirty-two of 48 raccoons examined were infected with a previously undescribed species of Eimeria which is herein named E. procyonis. Of the 32 infected animals, 10 also harbored E. nuttalli and 1 had Isospora sp. oocysts.The ellipsoid to ovoid oocysts of E. procyonis measured 23.4 × 18.0 (16–29 × 13–24) μm; its sporocysts measured 12.1 × 9.3 (11.5–15 × 7–10) μm, each containing a slightly flattened substiedal body. The sporocyst residuum consisted of numerous scattered granules each ∼1 μm in diameter. The oocyst wall was double-layered. The outer layer appeared rough and pitted, measuring 1.5 μm, except at the micropyle where it was 1 μm thick. The oocysts of the Isospora sp. measured 16.8 × 13.7 (16–18.5 × 12.5–15.5) μm. The wall consisted of a single layer ∼0.5 μm thick. The sporocysts measured 11.2 × 9.1 (9.5–11.5 × 8–10) μm, and each contained 4 elongate sporozoites. The oocysts of E. nuttalli measured 17.5 × 13.6 (12-21 × 11-15) μm, with a smooth single-layered wall approximately 0.7 μm thick. The sporocysts measured 12.2 × 7.1 (9-13 × 5.5–11) μm. Each sporocyst had a thin, dark, Stieda body and the sporocyst residuum consisted of many fine granules.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Isospora petrochelidon sp. n. (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) is described from the cliff swallow, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota, from Douglas County, Colorado. Oocysts were passed primarily between 4 and 9 p.m. Sporogony was completed by 24 hr in 3% aqueous potassium dichromate at 21–28 C. The ellipsoid to ovoid oocysts averaged 25.2 × 22.2 μm. The oocyst wall was smooth, colorless, and single-layered. The 2 polar granules were disc-shaped, each adjoining a sporocyst. The lemon-shaped sporocysts averaged 18.4 × 10.8 μm. There was no membrane enclosing the sporocyst residuum and sporozoites. Two fledgling Isospora-free swallows fed sporulated oocysts began passing them on day 4 and died with massive infections on day 5. Data from these birds indicate that schizogony occurred during nighttime hours, gametogony during the day. Endogeny was found throughout the intestine distal to the gizzard, with schizogony confined to the convoluted glands of the subvillar mucosa and gametogony to the villar epithelium. Sporocysts released from mechanically ruptured oocysts excysted in 2% pancreatin within 5 min. Sporulated oocysts fed to a pigeon squab, duckling and cockerel produced no infections.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Monod, J. & E. Borek, eds. 1971. Of Microbes and Life.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Oocysts of Isospora marquardti sp. n. from the Colorado pika, Ochotona princeps, have spheroid oocysts, 30.5 (23–36) μm in diameter, and ovoid sporocysts, measuring 19.3 × 12.0 (17–22 × 10–14) μm. A polar body, 2 × 4 μm, a spheroid sporocyst residuum (8.3 μm in diameter), a Stieda body, and a distinct substiedal body (3 × 3 μm) are present. A micropyle and an oocyst residuum are absent. Excysted sporozoites, averaging 3.0 × 18.5 (2–4 × 15–20) μm, contain 2 refractile globules, 1 on each side of the nucleus with a prominent nucleolus.The sporozoite excystation process using a trypsin-sodium taurocholate fluid is described.

Notes: Gregarine Selenidium fauchaldi sp. n. is described from the intestinal lumen of the polychaete Phragmatopoma californica (Fewkes, 1889) in the intertidal zone of the Pacific Ocean on Santa Catalina Island, California. In addition, the new combination Selenidium telepsavi (Stuart, 1871) comb. nov. is introduced for the gregarine originally described as Monocystis telepsavi from the polychaete Telepsavus castarum in the Black Sea.

Notes: Two of 15 road-killed opossums examined for coccidia were found to be infected with a hitherto undescribed species of Eimeria, herein named Eimeria indianensis. The oocysts were spherical (63%) or slightly subspherical (37%) with a double-layered wall. The outer layer was ∼1.5 μm thick, yellowish, striated, and appeared rough and pitted on the surface. A micropyle was absent. The spherical oocysts were 16.3 (13–18) μm in diameter; the subspherical ones, 17.6 (15–18) × 16.4 (14–17) μm. The sporocysts measured 9.1 (8–10) × 6.2 (6–7) μm and contained a granular residuum. The sporozoites were elongate, measuring 13.4 (13–15) × 1.8 (1.6-2.0) μm; no refractile globules were seen. The prepatent period was 10 days and the patent period ranged from 9–15 days.A few oocysts of an Isospora sp. were present in one opossum. It was not possible to confirm whether they were specifically of the opossum or of spurious origin.

Notes: Khawkinea quartana, a naturally occurring colorless homologue of Euglena, was examined with the electron microscope. The organism is biflagellate though only one of the 2 flagella emerges from the anterior reservoir. The pellicular strips covering the body of the organism are supported by microtubules which are continuous in part with microtubules bordering the reservoir. Additional rows of microtubules are found associated with the kinetosomes. An eyespot is located in the wall of the reservoir and, adjacent to it, the contractile vacuole.The nucleus, mitochondria, and Golgi complexes are similar to those described in other euglenoid flagellates. The food reserve is paramylon.The study supports the phylogenetic origin of Khawkinea from pigmented Euglena through the loss of chloroplasts.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Equations have been derived which relate the intracellular concentration of a metabolized sugar to its extracellular concentration and the kinetic constants for transport and phosphorylation. The equations show that the maximum intracellular, concentration of a metabolized sugar is a constant determined by the kinetic constants for transport and phosphorylation.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Acetaldehyde had been shown to prevent growth of Polytomella caeca in acetate media when present at 4 mM and to depress labeling of RNA with acetate-2-14C. In order to avoid inhibition by acetaldehyde of possible malate synthase activity believed necessary for incorporation of acetate, succinate was substituted for acetate. Acetaldehyde had the same effect on growth in succinate media and labeling of RNA with succinate-2-14C as it had on utilization of acetate.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The life cycles of 2 strains of Allogromia laticollaris (CSH and TPA) raised on experimentally restricted diets have been studied. Cloned cultures of the strains differed in nutritional requirements for continuous reproduction. The TPA strain was more fecund. Both strains have a basically apogamic (asexual) life cycle; only occasionally were gamonts (sexually reproducing individuals) produced. They were autogamous (self-fertilizing) and fusion of the gametes took place within the parental test.We found in CSH clones a regular alternation of vesicularly nucleated and compactly multinucleated diploid generations. The details of the life cycle of either strain are not known well enough to be able to construct life cycle diagrams more meaningful than that of Arnold. The 2 strains studied differ in cytologic and nuclear detail from each other and from the strain studied by Arnold.

Notes: Le cortex de la face dorsale (non ciliée) ne contient pas de cinétosomes; sous des alvéoles bien développés se trouve un épiplasme épais, puis une couche irrégulière de microtubules longitudinaux; de nombreux pores cylindriques traversent le cortex. La région ventrale, limitée aux faces internes des 2 lèvres apicales, porte la ciliature somatique répartie en 2 champs inégaux (droit 〉 gauche). Chaque cinétie somatique comporte une seule rangée de cinétosomes qui, tous, possèdent des formations fibrillaires associées: (a) dérivés classiques: fibres transverses, fibres postciliaires, fibre cinétodesmale; (b) une lame transverse gauche, dense, accompagnant les fibres transverses; (c) une couche de microtubules sous-cinétiens s'étendant vers l'avant de la cinétie.L'existence d'une ciliature buccale spécialisée est démontrée; elle consiste en une cinétie “circumorale” don l'infraciliature est faite de paires de cinétosomes (1 cilifère, l'autre non), que ne sont pas des dyades; de ce fait, cette infraciliature n'est pas l'equivalent de celle d'une membrane ondulante ou d'une parorale de Cilié des Ordres supérieurs. De plus, sa polarité antéro-postérieure est inversée par rapport à celle des cinéties somatiques, donc par rapport à celle du Cilié; elle est accompagnée sur sa droite par quelques cinéties somatiques (3 au maximum) qui sont également inversées; il est probable que ces inversions résultent de mouvements morphogénétiques identiques à ceux qui se produisent lors de la stomatogénese chez les Chlamydodontidae et les Dysteriidae. Aucune armature de némadesmes n'entoure le cytopharynx; ce dernier est soutenu par des rideaux de microtubules qui lui donnent un aspect feuilleté trèe particulier, et le phagoplasme qui l'accompagne renferme des tubules complexes (vermicelles).L'organisation du cortex dorsal est comparée à celle d'autres Ciliés de divers groupes. Les formations fibrillaires associées aux cinétosomes somatiques sont identiques à celles décrites chez des Chlamydodontidae, des Dysteriidae, certains Rhynchodina et les bourgeons ciliés de certains Acinétiens.La disposition et la constitution de l'infraciliature somatique, la présence et les caractéristiques d'une différenciation infraciliaire périorale (“circumorale”), l'aspect feuilleté de la paroi cytopharyngienne, la présence de tubules complexes (vermicelles) dans le phagoplasme, l'origine de l'appareil fixateur, l'héteromérie du macronoyau, sont autant de caractères communs avec les families Chlamydodontidae et Dysteriidae. Aussi, une révision systématique est envisagée, avec l'établissement de 2 sous-ordres, proches l'un de l'autre, et appartenant à l'ordre des Hypostomatida: S/O Chonotrichina et S/O Cyrtophorina (ce dernier limité aux seules families Chlamydodontidae et Dysteriidae).〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉SYNOPSISThe non-ciliated dorsal cortex is devoid of kinetosomes, but perforated with numerous pores; it contains large alveoli, an important epiplasm and an irregular sheet of longitudinal microtubules. The ventral side is confined to the internal faces of the 2 apical lips which bear 2 unequal fields of somatic ciliature (right 〉 left). A somatic kinety has only one line of kinetosomes, the associated fibers of which are: (a) classical derivatives: transverse, postciliary and kinetodesmal fibers; (b) a dense transverse spur, running along the transverse fibers; (c) a sheet of subkinetal microtubules extending forward along the kinety.The special buccal ciliature is a “circumoral kinety,” the infraciliature of which is composed of pairs of kinetosomes (1 ciliated, 1 nonciliated), which are different from dyades; so, this circumoral kinety is not homologous to the UM of ciliates included in superior orders. Furthermore, its anteroposterior polarity is inverse with regard to that of the somatic kineties and that of the cell; the circumoral kinety is accompanied by some inverse somatic kineties (maximum 3); all these inversions are probably the result of morphogenetic movements analogous to these which are described in the stomatogenesis of Chlamydodontidae and Dysteriidae. The wall of the cytopharynx is composed of overlapping sheets of microtubules. “Vermicelles” form the phagoplasm. Nemadesmata are absent.The dorsal cortical organization is compared with that of other ciliates. The fibers associated with somatic kinetosomes are identical to those of Chlamydodontidae, Dysteriidae, rhynchodine Ancistrocomidae, and ciliated buds of some Acineta.All the characteristics (somatic infraciliature and its derivates, cytopharyngeal wall, vermicelles, origin of the fixative apparatus, heteromerous macronucleus) are common for Chilodochona and the 2 families Chlamydodontidae and Dysteriidae. A revision of the systematics is envisaged, with the establishment of 2 new close suborders, belonging to the order Hypostomatida: S/O Chonotrichina and S/O Cyrtophorina (the last one with only the 2 familes: Chlamydodontidae, Dysteriidae).

Notes: The fate of labeled DNA in macronuclear fragments of starving Paramecium aurelia exconjugants was studied by quantitative autoradiography. Labeled material originally contained in DNA of macronuclear fragments is incorporated into macronuclear anlagen. During the starvation period the mean number of macronuclear fragments per cell decreased exponentially while there was an approximately exponential increase in the volume of macronuclear anlagen. Fragments appeared to be selectively and individually autolyzed. Labeled material originally contained in fragments was largely if not completely conserved through 108 hr of starvation during which more than 90% of the fragments were lost. Soluble labeled material was detectable after autolysis of fragments began, but finally almost all labeled material was incorporated into macronuclear anlagen.

Notes: Grellia gen. n. is established for the genus Eucoccidium of Grell (1953) preoccupied, and the classification of the apicomplexan order Protococcidiorida Kheisin, 1956 is reviewed, giving diagnoses, type species and a list of species. Grelliidae fam. n. is established for the genera Grellia, Coelotropha, Myriosporides and Defretinella.

Notes: An epizoic loricate peritrich, Lagenophrys lunatus Imamura, was found in North Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland on the exoskeleton of the palaemonid shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, P. intermedius, P. vulgaris, P. paludosus, and Macrobrachium ohione. L. lunatus prefers to attach onto or near the appendages of the host where water movement over the exoskeleton is strongest. The symbionts depend for their food on particles of the host's food and phytoplankton swept to them by these water currents. They attach to other areas of the exoskeleton only when the preferred areas are filled. Trophic individuals are stimulated to undergo a special type of division in advance of the molt of the host that results in the evacuation from the old exoskeleton. Conjugation occurs en masse and has only been observed during molting of the host.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Corning, W. C., Dyal, J. A. & Willows, A. O. D., eds. 1973. Invertebrate Learning. Vol. 1. Protozoans through Annelids.

Notes: L'organisation cellulaire et la structure des organites de Chilomastix aulastomi sont étudiées en microscopie électronique.La cellule est limitée par une pellicule constituée de la membrane cytoplasmique, d'un feuillet continu de microtubules reliés les uns aux autres et, en certains endroits, d'une couche de microfibrilles.Les cinétosomes disposés en 2 paires et orthogonaux deux à deux, sont liés entre eux par du matériel microfibrillaire. Le flagelle récurrent porte 2 expansions aliformes.La lèvre droite du cytostome est armée d'une fibre qui présente une structure soit microtubulaire, avec des éléments jointifs enrobés dans un matériel microfibrillaire osmiophile dans la partie antérieure, soit périodique et paracristalline dans sa partie postérieure.La lèvre gauche du cytostome contient également une fibre constituée de microtubules jointifs et de microfibrilles. Un arceau de microfibrilles réunit les 2 lèvres du cytostome à son sommet. Les fibres des lèvres cytostomiennes sont reliées aux microtubules sous-pelliculaires.L'endocytose se réalise dans le cytopharynx, placé en prolongement du cytostome et en des points dépourvus de microtubules sous-membranaires.L'hémifuseau de division a été observé. Il n'y a ni mitochondrie, ni appareil de Golgi.La cellule enkystée conserve ses organites dans le cytoplasme: cinétosomes, flagelles, fibres du cytostome. Les microtubules sous-membranaires disparaissent, à l'exception d'un rideau intracytoplasmique au pôle apical. La paroi du kyste, épaisse de 0,4 μm, est constituée, d'une épaisse couche de matériel microfibrillaire. Il n'y a pas d'opercule ni de pore. La sécrétion de cette paroi est précédée de l'accumulation de vésicules à contenu granuleux dans le cytoplasme de la cellule.L'organisation et les structures de Chilomastix sont comparées à celles des autres genres de Retortamonadida et aux groupes de Zooflagellata voisins: Kinetoplastida, Diplomonadida, Trichomonadida.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉SYNOPSISFine structure of Chilomastix aulastomi was studied by electron microscopy.In the trophozoite, the cell is surrounded by a pellicle composed of a cytoplasmic membrane, a continuous layer of interconnected microtubules, and in certain regions, of a layer of microfibrils. Kinetosomes, arranged in 2 orthogonal pairs, are interconnected by microfibrillar material. The recurrent flagellum has 2 wing-like extensions. The right lip of the cytostome is equipped with a fiber whose anterior part consists of interconnected microtubules embedded in osmiophilic microfibrillar material; the posterior part has a periodic and paracrystalline structure. The left cytostomal lip also contains a fiber made of linked microtubules associated with microfibrils. An arch of microfibrils connects the 2 lips at the anterior edge of the cytostome. The cytostomal fibers are connected to the subpellicular microtubules. Endocytosis takes place in the cytopharynx, which is an extension of the cytostome, but only in areas free of the pellicular microtubules. A “hemispindle” was seen in division. There are neither mitochondria nor Golgi apparatus.The encysted cell retains all its cytoplasmic organelles, including kinetosomes, flagella, and cytostomal fibers. The pellicular microtubules disappear, except for an intracytoplasmic row at the apical pole. The cyst wall, 0.4 μm thick, consists of a thick layer of microfibrillar material. There is no operculum or pore. Secretion of the cyst wall is preceded by an accumulation of vesicles with granular content in the cytoplasm.The fine structure of Chilomastix is compared to that of other genera of the order Retortamonadida, as well as of other zooflagellate groups, such as Kinetoplastida, Diplomonadida, and Trichomonadida.

Notes: An ultrastructural study was made of the spore envelope during development in the microsporidan, Thelohania bracteata. The frozen-etched outer (convex) face of the relatively thin spore coat in the earliest immature stage of development has a granular structure in regular array. The inner (concave) face bears particles as well as depressions arranged in a net-like pattern. The mature spore coat has a substructure of numerous microfibers, ∼8 nm in diameter, arranged in a matrix and forming thin layers which run parallel to the spore surface. The mature spore coat possesses both outer and inner limiting layers. The outer (convex) face of the outer limiting layer is granular. The convex face of inner limiting layer bears many particles as well as many long, narrow depressions. The concave face of the inner limiting layer carries many stud-like projections, ∼40 nm long and 30 nm high, which are complementary to the depressions observed on the convex face. In addition, the concave face has subunits ∼15 nm in diameter, apparently arranged in a hexagonal pattern with a center to center distance of ∼18 nm. The change in size of these projections, depressions, and subunits presumably is related to spore maturation.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Perez Miravete, A. (“Coordinator”) 1973. Behavior of Microorganisms.

Notes: Eimeria tenella completed its endogenous life cycle in primary cultures of kidney cells from 2- to 3-week-old-chickens, guinea fowl, partridges, pheasants, quail, and turkeys. Similarity in percentage of infection at 4 hr suggested that sporozoites entered cells from all birds in equal numbers. Development was better, however, in chicken cells in that the percentage of survival and of developmental stages during the first 2 days were greater, developmental stages occurring after 2 days usually were found earlier, mature 2nd-generation schizonts and oocysts were larger, and oocyst production was far greater than in nonhost cells. Multinucleate macrogametes, which sometimes reached sizes 3–4 times greater than normal oocysts, are reported for the first time.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. A new microsporidan, Nosema algerae n. sp., was found in a laboratory colony of Anopheles stephensi. The microsporidan infects a variety of tissues of both larvae and adults and is highly pathogenic for its host. The structure and life cycle of the microsporidan under the light and electron microscope is described and its relationship to other Nosema species infecting mosquitoes is discussed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Eimeria ochrogasteri n. sp. (Coccidia, Eimeriidae) from a prairie vole Microtus ochrogaster (Rodentia, Cricetidae) is described. This is the first recorded coccidium in prairie voles. Sporulated oocysts spherical to ellipsoidal, mean 24.0 by 20.5 μ. Oocyst wall double, outer layer thick, yellow-brown, deeply pitted, inner layer clear. Oocyst residuum varies from many small globules to a coalesced group of large and/or small globules. Polar granule present. Micropyle absent. Sporocysts ovoid with “capped” Stieda body, mean 12.3 by 8.2 μ. Sporocyst residuum present. Sporozoites average 14.9 by 2.9 μ with spherical anterior and oblong posterior refractile globules. This species was found in 1 of 71 voles from Weld county, Colorado.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Turkey poults were inoculated rectally with 100, 1000, 10,000, or 100,000 Histomonas meleagridis from the ceca of a group of experimentally infected turkeys. Other poults were given the same numbers of histomonads from an infected liver from the same group of source birds, Comparisons of the incidence of infection, liver involvement, mortality, and average survival time following these inoculations showed that organisms of cecal origin were about 100 times more effective in producing histomoniasis than were organisms of liver origin. It is suggested that this difference in infectivity resulted from heavy losses of histomonads of liver origin that were due to various selective processes.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Trypanosoma numidae Wenyon, 1909 from the peripheral blood of Numida mitrata (guinea fowl) and Gallus domesticus (domestic chicken) underwent change and multiplication in the ornithophilic simuliids, Simulium adersi and a species of the Simulium impukane group, and in the mammalophilic species, Simulium vorax and Simulium nyasalandicum. Trypanosomes appeared in the peripheral blood of guinea fowl and chickens following the experimental transfer of flagellates from these flies.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Effects of 2 polychlorinated biphenyls, Aroclor 1248 and 1260, on axenic Tetrahymena pyriformis strain W were investigated and compared with published data on Aroclor 1254. Aroclors 1248 and 1260 at 1 mg/liter in the presence of 0.1% (v/v) polyethylene glycol 200 reduced significantly (P 〈 0.005) growth rates and 96-hr populations of T. pyriformis grown at 26 C. Both toxicants were ∼ 0.001 as toxic as Aroclor 1254. Ciliates were exposed for 7 days to concentrated Aroclors 1248 40X, 1254 60X, and 1260 79X over initial concentrations in the media. Accumulation of Aroclors increased with increased chlorination. It is suggested that if levels in the environment reached those used in these studies, the chief ecologic effect of Aroclor 1254 would be reduction of availability of the ciliates as food and as nutrient regenerators, but with Aroclors 1248 and 1260, this effect would be secondary to accumulation of the toxicants by the ciliates. Accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls by ciliates would permit the toxicants to enter aquatic food chains. Thus the compounds could exert toxic effects at higher trophic levels.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Different numbers of spleen and lymph node cells of 6-week and 6–8 month A/J mice, immune to Plasmodium berghei, were transferred into normal 4-week old mice. Better protection was observed with 2.5 × 10s than with 107 spleen cells, and spleen cells afforded better protection than an equal number of lymph node cells. Further, spleen cells from older mice were more effective than those from young animals. Possible mechanisms of immunity transfer are discussed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The ATPase activity of isolated flagella was studied in Euglena gracilis strain Z in the presence of Mg++ or Ca++. With Mg++, the optimum activity was at pH 7 and with Ca++, at pH 9. The Km values were respectively 6.6 × 10−4 and 3.6 × 10−4. Activity was influenced also by temperature and ionic strength. Results with inhibitors of membrane ATPase suggest the presence of a specific contractile system in the flagella. Our results are compatible with a multicomponent enzymic system containing 2 active ATPases.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The history and present status of our knowledge of trypanosomated kinetoplasts are reviewed and the practical and general theoretical benefits which can result from the continued study and improved understanding of these unique organelles are discussed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Hyalophysa Iwoffi sp. n. is described from the shrimp, Palaemonetes paludosus. Its life cycle is like that of other exuviotrophic apostomes. Hyalophysa Iwoffi differs from the type species, H. chattoni, in the details of its infraciliature and the shape of its macronucleus during the trophont stage. Emended diagnoses of the genus, Hyalophysa, and the species, H. chattoni, also are given.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Several fine-structural changes were observed during formation of the so-called pseudocysts of Trichomitus batrachorum grown in an agar-free medium. Among these changes the most frequent were those of the undulating membrane complex. Internalization of the marginal lamella combined with disappearance of the fin-like, membranous dorsal fold occurred with the highest frequency. In many organisms these alterations were accompanied by internalization of the recurrent flagellum, which, however, remained external in other, presumably earlier stages of pseudocyst formation. In some of the internalized and even still external recurrent flagella the microtubules were in various states of disassembly. The often distended flagellar membrane enclosed large accumulations of filaments 5 nm in diameter. Internalization of the anterior flagella also was noted. Changes similar to those characteristic of the recurrent flagella were not seen, however, among the microtubules of the anterior flagella or among those of the pelta or the axostyle.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Two morphologically distinct types of intranuclear inclusions are found in ameboid cells of the protostelid mycetozoan Protostelium zonatum. One type of inclusion is a coiled tubular structure which in cross section appears as cisternae and oval to elliptical vesicles 40–60 nm in diameter. These tubular and vesicular structures are formed by a unit membrane that is connected directly with the inner nuclear membrane. The other type of inclusion is a membrane-bound structure that contains amorphous and/or fibrous material. These inclusions usually are present at several locations in a nucleus. No similar structures occur in the cytoplasm.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Intact algal chloroplasts were found by electron microscopy in the peripheral cytoplasm of 2 ecologically important species of planktonic marine ciliates. The exact origin of the chloroplast is uncertain and the periods of their retention by the protozoa is unknown. The 2 ciliate species may function partially or fully as primary producers. In other ciliates algal eye-spots are retained and may actually be utilized. Ecologic and evolutionary implications of the observations are discussed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Monolayer cell line cultures of ovine trachea, thyroid, thymus, and kidney cells, as well as an established cell line (Madin-Darby) of bovine kidney cells, were inoculated with sporozoites of Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae and observed for a maximum of 24 days. Sporozoites were seen penetrating cells within 5 minutes after inoculation, as well as 2 and 3 days after inoculation, and leaving cells 3 days after inoculation. Transformation from sporozoites to trophozoites occurred by a widening or by a lateral outpocketing of the sporozoite body. Trophozoites and schizonts were first seen 3 days after inoculation in all ovine cell types. Large numbers of immature schizonts were observed, but only an estimated 0.4–4.3% of these became mature in the different kinds of cells. Usually, mature schizonts were first seen 10–11 days after inoculation in the ovine cells, but they sometimes occurred as early as 8 days. More mature schizonts were seen in the ovine kidney and trachea cells than in the others; the smallest number occurred in the bovine cells. The nucleoli of cells harboring large schizonts in each type of culture were enlarged and the chromatin clumps normally seen in the nuclei of non-infected cells were not visible. The cytoplasm of some infected cells was vacuolated. The formation of merozoites occurred by a budding process from blastophores, from the surface of schizonts, and/or from infoldings and invaginations of this surface. Merozoites were observed leaving host cells, but were not seen penetrating new cells. Intracellular first-generation merozoites were observed 13 and 15 days after inoculation in lamb trachea and kidney cells, respectively. No evidence of further development of such merozoites was found.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Histomonas meleagridis was isolated from eggs of Heterakis gallinarum by culturing artificially hatched eggs in a modified DeVolt's alkaline serum medium. The presence of the protozoon in the cultures was established by microscopic examination and confirmed by producing histomonosis in turkeys by intracecal inoculation with quantities of the cultures.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The distribution of acid phosphatase was investigated at the ultrastructural level in Paramecium caudatum. Acid phosphatase occurs in endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, food vacuoles, autophagic vesicles, vacuolar and dense bodies. Some slight deposits are also seen in the mitochondria.These observations point out that this hydrolase activity is related to digestive processes. The enzyme, originating from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus reaches the food vacuole or autophagic vesicle likely via the reticulum. The digestion of the bacteria or of the enclosed organelle gives rise to electronopaque material which is later found in dense bodies. These dense bodies are likely secondary lysosomes and it is possible that they may fuse with the young food vacuole or with autophagic vesicles.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Cultures of Telotrochidium henneguyi, begun with logarithmic phase cells, were employed in an effort to produce synchronized fission by heat treatment. The cells tolerated a temperature range of 20–50 C; temperatures above 50 were lethal. When cells were exposed to a single shock for 30 min, 30–40 produced 0–50% encystment with total excystment after 10 min exposure to room temperature (heat shock range). No encystment occurred between 20–30 (intershock range). Encystment and excystment time varied directly with temperature between 40–50.The most effective procedure for inducing synchronized fission consisted of 6 cycle program of 38/28 C (shock temperature/intershock temperature) administered for 15/15 (shock/intershock duration in min). Division indices (DI = cells dividing/total population X 100 =%) ranged from 12–66% with a mean of 37.25%. In control cells, division indices ranged from 2–20% with an average of 12%. Inferences from these independently derived findings are discussed.

Notes: It is commonly observed in hypotrichs that new ciliary rudiments arise directly from or in close juxtaposition to certain pre-existing ciliary elements. Oral primordia often are initiated near specific cirri, cirral rudiments frequently arise as a result of the disaggregation of certain old cirri, and new dorsal ciliature is formed within pre-existing ciliary rows. In the first 2 situations it has been demonstrated experimentally that neither the old ciliature in question nor the specific cortical site marked by that ciliature is essential for the appearance of the new cirral rudiment. The experimental analysis done thus far suggests that the positions of oral and cirral primordia are determined by interacting gradients established in relation to certain reference points. The nature of the reference points is not fully elucidated; in some cases at least these points appear to be more closely related to topographic features of the cell than to specific pre-existing cortical structures.In the dorsal ciliary rows of Euplotes new ciliary units are formed usually and perhaps invariably in close proximity to old ones, and are generally oriented along the axis of the pre-existing row. The result is a tendency to perpetuate the preexisting row number across cell generations. Changes in row number, however, can occur as a result of occasional formation of new units at right angles to the row, a process that is much enhanced in certain homozygous segregants (basal body deficient). The optimal row number (stability range) as well as the number of ciliary units are under genic control. In addition, the spatial pattern of distribution of ciliary units among rows is invariant in all of the material examined. This pattern is presumed to result from an underlying field whose geometry is independent of both the number of units and the number of rows.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Flagellates of 7 species from 5 genera of the family Trypanosomatidae were prepared for electron microscopy using a combination of surface tension spreading on a simplified Langmuir trough followed by critical point drying. These technics opened the cells and showed the microtubular complex in its 3-dimensional configuration or in a flat sheet with the inside surface facing-up.Tears originated near the flagellar end and proceeded in a posterior direction usually paralleling the tubules. Major differences in the spreading pattern were species-specific. A connection between the flagellum and microtubules was not shown but strongly indicated by their constant association in all degrees of spreading. Most microtubules follow a spiral course from the flagellar end toward the posterior apical area and terminate short of the apex. It is suggested that the concept of antero-posterior orientation in the genus Trypanosoma be reconsidered.Cells of Leptomonas collosoma showed, without exception, a clockwise spiral as the tubules approached the posterior apex. Therefore, both the direction of spiraling and the manner of spreading were consistent.The number of microtubules varied among cells of the same species as well as on different levels of the same cell. Highest counts coincided with the level of greatest circumference. No connections or anastomoses between tubules were found. The microtubules are believed to have limited flexibility. Changes in diameter were interpreted to mean flattening had occurred. An intertubular substance, believed to surround the microtubules in the living cell, was present in all species.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. From various localities in California, 81 (21%) of 381 Sceloporus occidentalis were found infected with Plasmodium mexicanum. Variations in asexual reproduction and host response during the acute period of development are discussed.Appearance of initial infections in early March and the subsequent increase in natural incidence of the parasite, the absence of infections in hatchlings, and the persistence of numerous gametocytes in hibernating lizards suggest a period of spring transmission.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Histomonas meleagridis cultured in vitro for 8 years, H. meleagridis freshly isolated from cecal contents of turkeys, and freshly isolated, nonpathogenic H. wenrichi were compared by indirect fluorescent antibody tests. The Histomonas antisera were produced in rabbits in response to cultured and freshly isolated H. meleagridis. Using fluorescein-conjugated antirabbit globulin, fluorescent reactions of cultured and freshly isolated H. meleagridis with either H. meleagridis antisera were indistinguishable. Such results suggest that the antigens involved in these reactions remained relatively unchanged during prolonged cultivation. H. wenrichi reacted feebly with both H. meleagridis antisera.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Glaucoma chattoni strain A has been grown in the chemically defined medium previously used for Colpidium campylum and Tetrahymena pyriformis. It was necessary to modify the amino acid, nucleotide and other components of the medium in order to obtain optimum growth. The modified medium contained 17 amino acids, nucleic acid components, fatty acids, stigmasterol, sodium acetate, a mixture of B-vitamins and several inorganic salts.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The trophic stages and spores of Sphaerospora undulans n. sp. from the urinary bladder, and ureters, and oviducts of Caulopsetta scapha, and the urinary bladder and ureters of Peltorhamphus novaezelandiae are described. An undescribed species from Genypterus blacodes is also mentioned. The host fishes were taken in New Zealand.

Notes: SYNOPSIS Plasmodium gonatodi sp. nov. is described from Gonatodes albogularis fuscus of eastern Panama. It is characterized by elongate gametocytes and polymorphic schizonts containing 12-46 nuclei when apparently mature. Both proerythrocytes and erythrocytes are commonly parasitized, host cells are hypertrophied and distorted, and their nuclei are displaced. Prematuration sexual stages may be irregularly shaped and larger than mature gametocytes. Plasmodium diploglossi Aragão and Neiva, 1909 is reported from Mabuya mabouya in eastern Panama, and Plasmodium morulum sp. nov. is described from this host. P. morulum usually parasitizes immature erythrocytes, and is characterized by lenticular or oval to round gametocytes, and schizonts with 14-40 nuclei usually arranged in a globular mass. Host cells are slightly hypertrophied and distorted, and their nuclei are usually displaced. Inoculation of infected blood into clean hosts produces numerous schizonts in white cells as well as in the erythrocyte series.Pigment in both P. gonatodi and P. morulum, if present, consists of a few minute dark dots which do not meet the polarized light test for hemozoin.

Notes: SYNOPSIS High hydrostatic pressure is known to interfere with mitosis, cytokinesis and synthesis of DNA, RNA and protein. In Tetrahymena, incorporation of phenylalanine and formation of polysomes are known to be pressure-sensitive. Microsomal preparations from Tetrahymena pyriformis GL can incorporate [14C]-phenylalanine into polypeptides. Incorporation was enhanced by addition of supernatant fraction and 14.5 mM Mg++ An energy-generating system and exogenous messenger (poly U) were essential for polypeptide biosynthesis, Microsomes from pressurized cells (14,000 psi for 5 min) incorporated [14C]phenylalanine as efficiently as control microsomes. Microsomal function was not grossly damaged by pressure in a test system containing exogenous messenger, crude microsomal preparation, exogenous energy-generating system and supernatant fraction containing activating enzymes.

Notes: SYNOPSIS The development of 1st generation schizonts of Eimeria callospermophili was studied with cell cultures and with experimentally infected host animals, Spermophilus armatus. Sporozoite-shaped schizonts each had 5-10 nuclei and all of the organelles of the sporozoite; each nucleus had a nucleolus and an associated Golgi apparatus. In stages immediately preceding merozoite formation, an intranuclear spindle apparatus with conical polar areas were observed near the outer margin of each nucleus. Two centrioles, each having 9 single peripheral tubules and one central tubule, were observed near each pole in some specimens. Merozoite formation began internally, with anlagen of 2 merozoites developing near each nucleus. The inner membrane of the merozoites first appeared as 2 dense thickenings adjacent to the polar cones and centrioles; subpellicular microtubules appeared simultaneously. Two anterior annuli and the conoid formed between the 2 thickenings. Vesicles, possibly of Golgi origin, were located next to the forming inner membrane. As the forming merozoites underwent elongation, a rhoptries anlage, a Golgi apparatus, refractile bodies, and mitochondria were incorporated into each. Sporozoite-shaped schizonts with merozoite anlagen transformed into spheroid or ovoid schizonts; at this time the conoid, rhoptries, micronemes, and the inner membrane of the pellicle gradually disappeared; several small refractile bodies were formed from the larger one. When development was about 1/3 complete, the immature merozoites began to grow outward from the surface of the schizont. In this phase of development, the single surface membrane of the schizont became the outer membrane of the merozoite's pellicle, and additional organelles, including the nucleus, were incorporated. Finally, the merozoites became pinched off, leaving a residual body. Development in cell cultures and host tissues was similar. This type of schizogony, previously undescribed in Eimeria, is compared with corresponding stages of development in other species of Eimeria and Sporozoa.

Notes: SYNOPSIS Three sites are involved in lysine transport in Trypanosoma cruzi, as inferred from interactions of inhibitory neutral amino acids. Phenylalanine and tyrosine inhibit one site; proline and the straight-chain amino acids, alanine, methionine and cysteine inhibit another; and glycine and the branched-chain valine, leucine, and isoleucine inhibit a 3rd. The curved rather than straight line obtained with a Lineweaver-Burk plot of uptake rates presumably results from the functioning of qualitatively different transport sites. Blocking every site but one results in the linear double-reciprocal plot characteristic of adsorption kinetics. The partial competitiveness of most of the inhibitions appears to denote qualitatively different sites for lysine transport and the reaction of the inhibitor with more than one site. Since most of the inhibitions were partially competitive, the specificities of the 3 lysine transport sites must overlap considerably.

Notes: SYNOPSIS The identity of antibodies prepared against preparations of isolated immobilization antigen protein of Paramecium aurelia has been studied. Antisera were fractionated by ammonium sulfate precipitation, sucrose gradient centrifugation, and ion exchange chromatography on DEAE cellulose. The different fractions were assayed for the presence of specific antibodies by the immobilization test, and the globulins were identified by immuno-electrophoresis. It is concluded that in the sera studied in this investigation, specific antibodies are excusively of the class Ig G.

Notes: SYNOPSIS Changes in the amounts of Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ were determined in the supernates of homogenized samples of Tetrahymena cells which were exposed to 7 heat shocks. The amounts of the same ions were also determined in the pH 4.5-soluble fractions after dialysis. During the last shock, i.e., 6.5 hr after the start of heat treatment, there was a change in the ion balance characterized by a gain in Na+, Ca2+ and non-dialyzable Mg2+ and a loss of K+. The change was not in phase with the synchronous cell division.

Notes: SYNOPSIS Sporogony of oocysts of Isospora felis from the cat was studied by observing the individual oocysts. Unsporulated oocysts were passed with the fresh feces. The sporont divided into 2 ball-like sporoblasts which elongated and changed into sporocysts each of which 4 sporozoites then formed. All of the sporulating oocysts completed sporulation at 20 C in 40 hr, at 25 C in 24 hr, at 30 C in 12 hr, and at 38 C in 8 hr. The percentages of oocysts which sporulated at 20, 25, 30 and 38 C were 96, 95, 95 and 95 respectively. No sporulation occurred at 45 C and 50 C when oocysts were incubated for 4 hr. These oocysts evidently died because, on reincubation at 30 C for 4 hr, they failed to develop.

Notes: SYNOPSIS Eimeria angusta Allen, 1934 and E. bonasae Allen, 1934 are redescribed from a ruffed grouse Bonasa umbellus. Oocysts of E. angusta were ellipsoidal to elongate ovoid, had micropyles and were 28-37 by 15-19 μ (mean 32.5 by 17.1 μ), with a length-width ratio of 1.67-2.19 (mean 1.91). Eimeria bonasae oocysts were spherical to subspherical and 18-25 by 18-23 μ (mean 21.6 by 20.6), with a length-width ratio of 1.00-1.16 (mean 1.05).

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The recent literature on the physical, chemical and biological characterization of antigens from the African trypanosomes is reviewed. The antigens are divided into three major groups: a) variant-specific antigens, b) common antigens, and c) host-like antigens. The variant-specific antigen(s) are relatively small molecular weight proteins located on the surface of the trypanosome, and are involved in protection and agglutination. It is suggested that there is more than a single variant-specific antigen on the cell surface. In contrast, the common antigens are internal or somatic antigens which are believed to have structural or enzymatic functions but are not involved in either protection or agglutination. In addition, evidence is also presented which suggests that there are host-like antigens within the surface coat and/or membranes of the trypanosomes. The importance of these three groups of antigens, and the mechanis(s) of antigenic variation are discussed in relationship to the immune response of the host to the African trypanosomes. Several possible approaches for future investigations are described.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Olsen, O. Wilford. 1974. Animal Parasites. Their Life Cycles and Ecology.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Diplodinium flabellum, previously described on the basis of its occurrence in rumen contents from 3 hosts of Bos indicus, has been observed in domestic sheep. Numbers of this species were quite high, constituting up to 18.8% of the total fauna in one instance. Diurnal changes in numbers for sheep fed once daily were similar to the cycles reported for other Ophryoscolecids. No obvious relationship was found between the occurrence and numbers of D. flabellum and other genera of rumen ciliates. Two new morphologically distinct forms of this species were observed, one without any spines on the posterior left side and one with a single spine. This is in contrast to the original species description in which 2 spines occur on the posterior left side. Intermediate forms were observed which connected the 3 morphological types, indicating their conspecific relationship. It is proposed that the species description for Diplodinium flabellum be emended to include a total of 3 subspecies: Diplodinium flabellum Kofoid and MacLennan, 1932 flabellum subsp. n.; Diplodinium flabellum aspinatum subsp. n.; and Diplodinium flabellum monospinatum subsp. n. Considerable variation in the shape and length of the caudal fan was observed in specimens of the subspecies aspinatum. In three of the four sheep studied, the subspecies aspinatum predominated, while the species monospinatum was highest in the fourth animal. D. flabellum flabellum occurred in very low numbers, ranging from 0 to 2.5% of the total species number.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Electron microscope and time lapse, phase contrast cinematography studies on Babesia equi organisms within equine red blood cells revealed that this hemoprotozoon has two organelles possibly involved with ingestion of nutrients: a cytostome that takes in hemoglobin from the host cell and a tubule that extends from the main body of the parasite through the erythrocyte to the blood plasma and appears to ingest plasma during periods of rapid growth and development.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Prescott, D. M., ed. 1973. Methods in Cell Biology. Vol. VI.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Relatively high concentrations (10–100 μM) of chromate, selenate, and vanadate ions accelerated growth of Leishmania tarentolae in a chemically defined medium containing taurine as the sole sulfur source. These ions also enhanced the incorporation of [35S]taurine label in whole cell, 10% trichloroacetic acid insoluble, and 10% trichloroacetic acid soluble cell fractions.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Application of the triple stain of Grosso (methyl green-pyronin-orange G) to the exconjugants of different species of ciliates produces a differential coloration of their nuclei. Both the old macronucleus or its remnants and the micronuclei bind methyl green whereas the newly developing macronucleus (macronuclear anlage) has a selective affinity for the orange G present in the mixture. This finding holds true not only for hypotrichous ciliates, whose macronuclear anlagen are involved in the formation of polytene chromosomes, but also for other ciliates not included in the order Hypotrichida. Such a reaction of the new macronuclei apparently results from the presence of non-histone (acidic) proteins associated with the nucleic acids.The staining method is fully described to provide a more general application.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Mating type analysis of new isolates of Polysphondylium violaceum supports the subdivision of this morphological species into two reproductively isolated breeding groups or syngens. Representatives of both syngens have been identified in soil samples taken from widely separated geographical locations. Intersyngenic cross reactions have been observed in some stocks.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. A new carotenoid, manixanthin, was isolated from a bleached, autolysed culture of the marine cryptomonad Chroomonas salina grown on glycerol in light, after the culture showed disappearance of the chlorophylls and carotenoids normally produced. Manixanthin lacked carbonyl, ester, and epoxy groups in chemical tests, whilst its spectroscopic properties indicated a conjugated nonaene chromophore. In its chromatographic mobility, manixanthin closely resembled alloxanthin, the major normal xanthophyll of the cryptomonad. The iodine-catalysed photostereomutation of manixanthin produced the same equilibrium mixture of cis-isomers as that given by similar treatment of alloxanthin. This mixture of isomers completely lacked the all-trans alloxanthin and contained ∼60% manixanthin. It was concluded that manixanthin is an unusually stable cis-isomer of alloxanthin, and is presumably produced in the culture medium by the action of light on alloxanthin released by autolysed cells of the cryptomonad. The unusual stability of manixanthin relative to alloxanthin was investigated by effecting partial stereoisomerizations under conditions using either of heat, light, or iodine, and evidence was obtained for a series of at least 10 isomers with a trend of stability increase from alloxanthin to manixanthin. It was inferred that manixanthin may be 9,9′-dicis-alloxanthin.