ALBERT

Notes: Book Reviewed in this article: Housing the Poor, edited by Donald J. Reeb and James T. Kirk, Jr. Only Six Million Acres: The Decline of Black Owned Land in the Rural South, prepared under the direction of Robert S. Browne. Ghetto Revolts: The Politics of Violence in American Cities by Joe R. Feagin and Harlan Hahn. Planning and Urban Growth: An Anglo-American Comparison by Marion Clawson and Peter Hall. A World of Strangers: Order and Action in Urban Public Space by Lyn H. Lofland. Societal Development: Five Approaches with Conclusions from Comparative Analysis by Szymon Chodak. Location Preferences, Migration, and Regional Growth: A Study of the South and Southwest United States by Niles M. Hansen. Urban Growth and the Circulation of Information: The United States System of Cities, 1790–1840 by Allan R. Pred. Regional Growth Theory by Harry W. Richardson. Beyond God the Father: Toward a Philosophy of Women's Liberation by Mary Daly. Female and Male in Latin America: Essays, edited by Ann Pescatello. Forecasting Recreation in the United States: An Economic Review of Methods and Applications to Plan for the Required Environmental Resources by Charle J. Cicchetti.

Notes: The bitter truth is this: growth does not appear everywhere at the same time; it becomes manifest at points or poles of growth, with variable intensity; it spreads through different channels, with variable terminal effects on the whole of the economy.1

Notes: The Grapevine is intended to be of service to our readers by providing an informal section for the presentation of comments, news of regional development, and anything else pertaining to the area. We invite readers’ reactions and contributions. Our address is Grapevine Author, Growth and Change, College of Business and Economics, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506.

Notes: Book Review in this Article: The Human Dimension of Housing Defensible Space: Crime Prevention through Urban Design by Oscar Newman The Welfare Mess Do the Poor Want to Work? A Social-Psychological Study of Work Orientations by Leonard Coodwin. Work and Welfare Go Together by Sar A. Levitan, Martin Rein, and David Marwick. Traditional Issues Examined An American Philosophy of Social Security: Evolution and Issues by J. Douglas Brown A Potpourri of Attitudes Poverty, Economics, and Society, edited by Helen Ginsburg. The Contemporary American City The Social Construction of Communities by Gerald D. The Social Sciences and the City The City in the Seventies, edited by Robert K. Yin. Itasca Political Turnabout in Dixie The Changing Politics of the South, edited by William C. Microscope on Nova Scotia Regional Science Techniques in Practice: The Case of Nova Scotia by Stan Czamanski. A Reasonably Balanced Picture Human Resources and Labor Markets: Labor and Manpower in the American Economy by Sar A. Levitan Race and Class Busing and Backlash: White against White in a California School District by Lillian B. Rubin. Capital Issues Rate of Profit, Distribution and Growth: Two Views by J. A. Kregel Farm Problems Discussed The Overproduction Trap in U.S.Agriculture: A Study of Resource Allocation from World Warf to the Late 1960's, edited by Glenn L. Johnson and C. Leroy Quance. First of Its Kind Conservation in the Soviet Union by Philip R. Pryde. On Nature's Behalf Let Them Live: A Worldwide Survey of Animals Threatened with Extinction by Kai Curry-Lindahl.

Notes: Book reviews in this article:Large Regional Differences Development Alternatives in Pakistan: A Multisectoraland Regional Analysis of Planning Problems by Arthur MacEwan.Mexico's Development Efforts Regional Economic Development: The River Basin Approach in Mexico by David Barkin and Timothy King.Mathematical Exercise Studies in Development Planning, edited by Hollis B. Chenery.What Went Wrong? Iran: Economic Development under Dualistic Conditions by Jahangir Amuzegar and M. Ali Fekrat.Changing the Farmer's Ways Behavioral Change in Agriculture: Concepts and Strategies for Influencing Transition, edited by J. Paul Leagans and Charles P. Loomis.A Laboratory for Development Policy Intersectorul Capital Flows in the Economic Development of Taiwan, 1895–1960 by Teng-hui Lee.Shifting Scenes Democracy in Crisis: New Challenges to Constitutional Democracy in the Atlantic Area, edited by E. A. Goerner.Viewing the U.S. from Abroad America's Empire by Claude Julien (translated from the French by Renaud Bruce).Black-White Economic Relationships The Economics of Black America, edited by Harold G. Vatter and Thomas Palm.A Cool Look at a Hot Issue The Political Economy of Urban Schools by Martin T. Katzman.Destruction of a Thesis The Culture of Poverty: A Critique, edited by Eleanor Burke Leacock.Time for a Truce Earthkeeping: The War with Nature and a Proposal for Peace by Gordon Harrison.Government Spending Public Expenditure by Jesse Burkhead and Jerry Miner.Transport Troubles Bureaucrats in Collision: Case Studies in Area Transportation Planning by Melvin R. Levin and Norman A. Abend.

Notes: Book reviews in this article:Predictable Views The New Economics of Richard Nixon: Freezes, Floats, and Fiscal Policy by Roger LeRoy Miller and Raburn M. Williams.The Voice of the Dodo Let Me Say This about That: A Primer on NIXONomics by Ralph Jensen.An Authoritative Analysis Making Monetary and Fiscal Policy by G. L. Bach.Bullish on Puerto Rico The Role of the Financial Sector in the Economic Development of Puerto Rico by Rita M. Maldonado.About Underdeveloped Societies Economic Progress and the Developing World by Edward Marcus and Mildred Rendl Marcus.Updating Development Protagonists of Change: Subcultures in Development and Revolution, edited by Abdul A. Said.The Transcendent Behaviorist Society and Economic Growth: A Behavioral Perspective of Social Change by John H. Kunkel.Viewing History Afresh At the Edge of History by William Irwin Thompson.The Snow of Yesteryear Public Affairs by C. P. Snow.Government Personnel Public Service: The Human Side of Government by John W. Macy, Jr.Labor Relations in Government The Unions and the Cities by Harry H. Wellington and Ralph K. Winter, Jr.Revolting Students, Then and Now Student Activism: Town and Gown in Historical Perspective, edited by Alexander DeConde.1972 Is Another Ball Game Passion and Politics: Student Activism in America, Part 1 by Seymour Martin Lipset and Part 2 by Gerald M. Schaflander.Tullock's Law The Logic of the Law by Gordon Tullock.Grace and Works in Latin America Human Rights and the Liberation of Man in the Americas, edited by Louis M. Colonnese.Man and Beast The Cougar Doesn't Live Here Any More by Lorus J. Milne and Margery Milne.Getting to Know the Bomagai-Angoiang Place and People: An Ecology of a New Guinean Community by William C. Clarke.Geography in the Seventies The North American City by Maurice H. Yeates and Barry J. Garner.Learning from the Past The New Deal in the Suburbs: A History of the Green-belt Town Program, 1935–1954 by Joseph L. Arnold.Slow Progress Urban Land Economics and Public Policy by Richard B. Andrews.Stop the Music Noise Pollution: The Unquiet Crisis by Clifford R. Bragdon.On Behalf of the Indian Big Brother's Indian Programs-With Reservations by Sar A. Levitan and Barbara Hetrick.Near-White Status The Mississippi Chinese: Between Black and White by James W. Loewen.Lost Ground The Job Crisis for Black YouthFinancial Dilemma Fiscal Pressures on the Central City: The Impact of Commuters, Nonwhites, and Overlapping Governments by Werner Z. HirschRed Roundup Yearbook on Latin American Communist Affairs, 1971, edited by William E. Ratliff.Comprehensive Guide The Cambridge History of Islam: Vol. 1, The Central Islamic LandsThe Value of a Degree Economic Dimensions in Education by Martin O'Donoghue.Demographic Dimensions Population Growth and the Brain Drain, edited by F. Bechhofer.Agricultural Sagacity The Economics of Agriculture by Margaret Capstick.A Brief Rapid Population Growth: Consequences and Policy Implications, Vol. 1, Summary and RecommendationsA Challenging Question Is Law Dead?, edited by Eugene V. Rostow.One River's Environment Swan River Landscapes by George Seddon.An Objective Method Voting and Collective Choice: Some Aspects of the Theory of Group Decision-Making by Prasanta K. Pattanaik.A Practical Handbook Regional Economic Analysis for Practitioners by Avrom Bendavid. Chicano Manifesto by Armando B. Rendon. Politics, Position, and Power: The Dynamics of Federal Organization by Harold Seidman. Economic Development and Population Control: A Fifty-Year Projection for Jamaica by B. Thomas Walsh.SDS by Alan Adelson.Now Is the Time: A New Populist Call to Action by Fred R. Harris. Japan: Its History and Culture by W. Scott Morton. The Emerging Japanese Superstate: Challenge and Response by Herman Kahn. Hanging Together: Equality in an Urban Nation by William L. Taylor. A Mind of One Piece: Brandeis and American Reform by Melvin I. Urofsky. Sentencing in a Rational Society by Nigel Walker. Social Experimentation and Manpower Policy: The Rhetoric and the Reality by Sar A. Levitan and Robert Taggart 111. Social Control and Social Change, edited by John Paul Scott and Sarah F. Scott. The State of the Nations: Constraints on Development in Independent Africa, edited by Michael F. Lofchie. The Presidency by Dale Vinyard. The American Left: Radical Political Thought in the Twentieth Century, edited by Loren Baritz. Design for the Real World: Human Ecology and Social Change by Victor Papanek. Man and Atom: Building a New World through Nuclear Technology by Glenn T. Seaborg and William R. Corliss. Toward a Rational Power Policy: Energy, Politics, and Pollution by Neil Fabricant and Robert M. Hallman. Land of Urban Promise: Continuing the Great Tradition-A Search for Significant Urban Space in the Urbanized Northeast by Julian Eugene Kulski. The Politics of Disorder by Theodore J. Lowi. The Shape of Likelihood: Relevance and the University Regional Economics: Theory and Practice, edited by David L. McKee, Robert D. Dean, and William H. Leahy. The Foreign Affairs Fudge Factory by John Franklin Campbell. The Public Economy of Metropolitan Areas by Robert L. Bish. The Future of the Oceans by Wolfgang Friedmann.

Notes: The Grapevine is intended to be of service to our readers in the field of regional development. If you have a news note, information about meetings or programs, a comment on an article appearing in Growth and Change, or something specific to say about regional development, please share it with us. Our address is The Grapevine, Growth and Change, College of Business and Economics, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506. Contributions for the October 1972 ism will be accepted until August 15.

Notes: Book reviews in this article:Focusing on Suburban Growth. Suburban Land Conversion in the United States: An Economic and Governmental Process by Marion Clawson.New Hope in New Towns. Columbia and the New Cities by Gurney Breckenfeld.New-Style Dwellings. PUD: A Better Way for the Suburbs by Maxwell C. Huntoon, Jr.An Overview. The Urban Economy by Fred Durr.Cross-Cultural Investigation. The Cultural Context of Learning and Thinking: An Exploration in Experimental Anthropology by Michael Cole, John Cay, Joseph A. Glick, and Donald W. Sharp.Stability midst Growth. The Politics of Mexican Development by Roger D. Hansen.New Program for Farmers. Agricultural Development in India's Districts by Dorris D. Brown.Successful Development. Structural Change and Economic Policy in Israel by Howard Pack.A Multidisciplinary Review. Capitalism Today, edited by Daniel Bell and Irving Kristol.The OEO Pork Barrel. Citizen Participation: Effecting Community Change, edited by Edgar S. Cahn and Barry A. Passett.Commoner's Laws. The Closing Circle: Nature, Man, and Technology by Barry Commoner.One Area's Problems. The Environmental Destruction of South Florida: A Handbook for Citizens, edited by William Ross Mc-Cluney.Black Capitalism. Blacks in Business by Edward H. Jones.Budgets and Bureaucrats. The Revolt against the Masses: And Other Essays on Politics and Public Policy by Aaron Wildavsky.

Notes: The construction of a composite index is described to rank U.S. metropolitan areas for educational attainment. The suggested methodology departs from traditional rank sum methods in that this approach utilizes data resulting in a continuous scale, whereas in the rank sum method, no use is made of the actual values of the data, but merely their rankings. The proposed index circumvents several practical problems because the numbers generated are metric measures allowing the use of arithmetic and statistical operations. Data used are pupil/teacher ratio, an effort index, and academic options in higher education. Comparisons are made across areas by population size and by geographic region.

Notes: Using data from the National Conference of State Legislatures, this paper examines the state budget stabilization funds of Indiana, Iowa, Missouri, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin. Unlike previous research, this paper examines the movement of the fund balances over time (between 1983 and 1991), to see how the fund balances move in relation to a number of indicators of state fiscal health. The results of this research show that the use of these funds varies significantly among the states as does the level of funding and therefore the ability of the funds to serve as an effective tool for counter-cyclical state fiscal policy.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Agriculture, Environment, and Health: Sustainable Development in the 21st Century. Vernon W. Ruttan, Editor.Managing Water as an Economic Resource. James Winpenny.Trials of Transition: Economic Reform in the Former Communist Bloc. Michael Keren and Gur Ofer, Editors.Tower Block: Modern Public Houslng in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Miles Glendinning and Stefan Muthesius.Capital and Communities in Black and White: The Intersections of Race, Class, and Uneven Development. Gregory S.Restructuring for Innovation: The Remaking of the U.S. Semiconductor Industry. David P. Angel.Technopolis: High-Technology Industry and Regional Development in Southern California. Allen J. Scott.

Notes: The results of this study confirm the expected positive relationship between economic development agency spending and employment growth among the states. Furthermore, it is concluded that past studies, by failing to control for state economic development agency spending in estimated regression equations, have underestimated the negative impact of personal taxes on employment growth.

Notes: This paper explores the impact of new technology adoption upon the market performance of small industrial firms. Survey data from a six-sector sample of Western New York manufacturers are presented. The results suggest a positive relationship between new technology adoption and growth of exports, value-added, and total sales. A central finding of the study is that flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) confer different types of technical and commercial advantages across sectors. Two broad groups of process innovators are identified: (1) those that adopt new technology primarily to cut unit costs; and (2) those that aspire toward greater production flexibility. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the regional development implications that flow from the empirical results.

Notes: This paper presents results of a hierarchical, fixed-question survey that sought responses about flexible machining cells, flexible labor cells, and concurrent changes in plant operations among nonelectrical machinery manufacturers in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin. General results indicate that the majority of firms in the American Midwest do not possess flexible manufacturing capability. Of those that do possess this capability, most adopted flexible labor cells prior to adopting flexible machining cells. These cells are small, employing relatively few workers and producing a limited line of products. While the adoption process has been plagued with training, scheduling, and integration problems, most plant managers are pleased with the performance of their flexible manufacturing cells. Management has been reluctant to break out of traditional relationships with suppliers, to trim levels of management and to explore strategic alliances with competitors. Survey results are disaggregated by year, size, positon-in-organization, and by union affiliation.

Notes: Book Review in This Article:POSTMODERN CONTENTIONS: EPOCHS, POLITICS, SPACE. Edited by John Paul Jones III, Wolfgang Natter, and Theodore Schatzki.RESTRUCTURING HEGEMONY IN THE GLOBAL POLITICAL ECONOMY: THE RISE OF TRANSNATIONAL NEW-LIBERALISM IN THE 1980s. Edited by Henk Overbeek.THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS IN SMALL ISLAND STATES. Edited by Douglas G. Lockhart, David Drakakis-Smith, and John Schembri.DEFENSE SPENDING AND ECONOMIC GROWTH. Edited by James E. Payne and Anandi Sahu.URBAN FINANCE UNDER SIEGE. Edited by Thomas R. Swartz and Frank J. Bonello.STATE & RESERVATION: NEW PERSPECTIVES ON FEDERAL INDIAN POLICY. Edited by George Pierre Castile and Robert L. Bee.

Notes: Despite the fact that nonemployment income makes up approximately one-third of all personal income, its impact on local area economies has not been closely examined. This study uses Michigan county data to examine the impact of nonemployment income on nonbasic income over a twenty-seven-year period. This impact is compared to the impact of basic income by employing regression analysis to estimate comparative multiplier effects for both types of income. Nonemployment income is found to have a significant impact on nonbasic income, particularly in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan urban counties, where its impact appears to be stronger than that of basic income.

Notes: Policies to counter the growing discrepancy between economic opportunities in rural and urban areas have focused predominantly on expanding manufacturing in rural areas. Fundamental to the design of these strategies are the relative costs of production and productivity of manufacturing in rural compared to urban areas. This study develops information that can be used to assess the productivity of manufacturing in rural and urban areas. Production functions are estimated for the meat-products and household-furniture industries to investigate selected aspects of location and productivity. The results show that the effect of location on productivity varies with industry, size, and the timing of entry. Although the analysis is specific to two industries, it suggests that development policies targeting manufacturing can be more effective if they focus on industries and plants with characteristics that predispose them to the locations they support.

Notes: This paper examines spatial-temporal trends in the international system of corporate banking centers. It is evident that the largest corporations locate their headquarters in a formal national decision-making hierarchy and that national and regional nodes within this hierarchy house the headquarters of major banks. Initially these banks link clients internally. However, as domestic corporations evolve into transnationals, banks follow their customers overseas and establish foreign headquarters. The results of the study indicate that, until 1975, American banking corporations and their financial centers dominated global banking. Since then other countries, most notably Japan and Germany, have successfully challenged this hegemony, while others like the United Kingdom and Canada have been in relative decline. The 1980s witnessed a new era of international coordination of the world's largest industrial countries. Canada, for example, opened its doors to international banking, joined the G-7, and presently is linked to the world's major banking centers.

Notes: . It is increasingly recognized that the assumption that the supply of tradable output is perfectly elastic, which underlies many regional economic models (esp. economic base models), does not hold in many developing countries. When the supply of tradable output (primarily agricultural products) and, in many cases, non-tradable output is inelastic, the resulting income multipliers will be substantially reduced. Recent calls for the promotion of market towns and smaller urban centers have not fully considered the impact of supply in elasticities on the capacity of such measures to stimulate broad-based development. This study uses data collected from firms in several market-town systems in Niger to examine the probable consequences. The paper argues that such policies are unlikely to be effective in countries like Niger where the vulnerability of the rural economy has severely limited the elasticity of the supply response, especially for agriculture and nonfarm production by small-scale producers.

Notes: Abstract: Although they are required to make very large investments, port authorities are discovering that they have less and less control over their destinies. The major decisions affecting port traffic are made by shipping lines whose activities are global in scale. This paper examines the plight of public monopoly ports in a highly competitive environment. Several policy options are discussed.

Notes: Qualitative and quantitative procedures have been used to aggregate communities and counties for regional economic analysis. However, Once aggregated, communities and counties are perceived as homogeneous entities; this often belies the diversity that may exist. In order to capture the non-uniqueness of counties, fuzzy-set clustering procedures were employed to derive a typology of Nevada counties. Fuzzy-set clustering procedures employing fuzzy-set membership values and possibility theory derive county membership values associated for specific county clusters. Information from fuzzy partitions yields a means for posterior evaluation of county clusters which is independent of the algorithm producing them. From county membership values calculated from results of the fuzzy-set clustering analysis for Nevada, specific economic development programs for aggregate and individual counties are derived.

Notes: The focus of this study is the examination of the interstate differences in per capita state and local revenues. On one side free competition among states is supposed to keep the interstate differences in per capita state and local revenues at a minimum level. On the other side, the interstate differences in variables like income and taste of consumers, natural conditions (like climate), state's size (scale effect), and others may explain the existing interstate differences in per capita state and local revenues. The empirical results indicate that we successfully explained over 90 percent of the variance in per capita state and local revenues. Additional empirical results reveal that the federal government distributes money among states in a discriminate fashion based on region and size.

Notes: Book review in this Article:A History of Housing in New York City: Dwelling Type and Social Change in the American Metropolis. By Richard Plunz.Long-Wave Rhythms in Economic Development and Political Behavior. By Brian J.L. Berry.Debt Cycles in the World Economy: Foreign Loans, Financial Crises, and Debt Settlements, 1820-1990, By Christian Suter.Negotiating Debt: The IMF Lending Process. By Kendall W. Stiles.Overexposed: U.S. Banks Confront The Third World Debt Crisis. By Raul L. Madrid.Lessons of Economic Stabilization and its Aftermath. By Michael Bruno, Stanley Fischer, Elhanan Helpman, and Nissan Liviatan, with Leora (Rubin) Meridor (editors).New Horizons? Third World Mustrialization in an International Framework. By Robert N. Gwynne.Venture Capital: International Comparisons. By Milford B. Green, editor.A Complicated War: The Harrowing of Mozambique. By William Finnegan.

Notes: The purpose of this paper is to examine the usefulness of homothetic reformulations of the shift-share accounting model to the practitioner of regional growth studies. The reformulations of Esteban-Marquillas (1972) and Arcelus (1984) are examined to determine if they improve the shift-share framework as a means for accounting for regional economic growth or decline. The purpose of the homothetic models is to separate out change in a region's employment (or value added) associated with its prior or base year specialization in particular industries from change associated with changes in the mix of industries that occurred during the period under study. It is contended while the resulting accounts may help in understanding individual industry's growth rates, they shed little light on total regional growth. Indiana employment data from 1977 and 1986 are used to illustrate the arguments.

Notes: Book Review in This Article:Robert S. Eckley. Global Competition in Capital Goods: An American Perspective.Christian N. Madu. Strategic Planning in Technology Transfer to Less Developed Countries.John R. Logan and Todd Swanstrom. Beyond the City Limits: Urban Policy and Economic Restructuring in Comparative Perspective.Jurgen Schmandt and Robert Wilson, eds., Growth Policy in the Age of High Technology: The Role of Regions and States.Michael Chrisholm. Regions in Recession and ResurgenceJohn M. Levy. Economic Development Programs for Cities, Counties and Towns.Cynthia M. Duncan, ed., Rural Poverty in America.Richard Stren, Rodney White, and Joseph Whitney, editors. Sustainable Cities — Urbanization and the Environment in International Perspective.Stuart Lowe and David Hughes, eds., A New Century of Social HousingJohn H. Goddeeris and Andrew J. Hogan, Editors Improving Access to Health Care: What Can the States Do?Dorothy J. Howell. Scientific Literacy and Environmental Policy.Gilbert B. Siegel. Public Employee Compensation and its Role in Public Sector Strategic Management

Notes: This article examines the role of services in regional employment change in Illinois from 1972–87. The approach applies recent advances in time-series analysis to investigate both the long-term and short-term relationship among employment in three sectors: goods production, export-potential services, and local services. The results indicate that there is not a long-term relation among these variables, i.e., that they do not move together in the long run. In the short term, the evidence is that employment in the service sectors follows employment change in goods production, although the response persists for only six months. The results suggest that a policy of targeting export-potential services is not likely to produce sustained employment growth in the other sectors.

Notes: Access to markets and raw materials is nearly always mentioned in industrial location studies as an important locational factor. This article demonstrates a methodological approach based on inter-industry linkages and using secondary data to identify target industries for economic development initiatives. In this application we characterize Alabama's industrial base, identify industries with strong forward and backward linkages to base Alabama industries, and highlight a subset of especially good prospects.

Notes: The annual growth rates of total personal income and population in regional metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas are examined for the period 1959–87, partitioned into sub periods. Statistical testing for equality of rates shows no perceptible differences in growth rates between the major categories, metro and nonmetro. Further, this study uses a model similar in scope to shift-share analysis to test for convergence of the growth rates within these categories. It was found that for both regional nonmetro and metro areas, there was a general trend toward convergence with the exception of the 1970s decade. In that decade total population growth rates in the nonmetro areas and total income and total population growth rates in the metro areas showed significant divergences

Notes: Are recent trends toward state per capita income divergence observed in the United States also evident elsewhere in the world? This paper focuses upon interregional income divergence in Australia where a pattern very similar to that seen in the United States is discovered. Australian agricultural regions show downward divergence from the national mean per capita income and capital city regions show upward divergence.

Notes: A case study of the local labor market for engineers and scientists at three Lockheed plants in the Los Angeles metropolitan area is presented. The specifications of a questionnaire survey are described and a detailed statistical profile of questionnaire respondents is laid out. It is shown that the local labor market is highly concentrated in geographical space and that both job shifts and residence shifts of sampled workers tend to be extremely localized within the urban area. It is suggested that local labor markets with features like these are a source of significant agglomeration economies for employers.

Notes: The difficulties encountered in siting a repository for disposing of high-level nuclear waste in the U.S. typify a fundamental conflict between technocracy and participatory democracy. Similar problems are likely to occur increasingly as society and technology become more complex and will persist until effective institutional mechanisms exist for their resolution. In the interim, the difficulties encountered from public resistance to the local siting of noxious technological facilities can be relieved by a return to fundamental participatory democratic principles. Prospective host communities for the facilities should be allowed to volunteer a candidate site, be given an opportunity to understand the risks and uncertainties involved in accepting a facility, and be able to withdraw from an agreement if subsequent circumstances warrant such action.

Notes: In this paper, I deal with three main facets of the electronics assembly subcontract industry in Southern California: (a) its technological and organizational structure, (b) its employment characteristics, and (c) its transactional-locational logic. I begin by describing production processes in the industry, and I suggest that the industry is marked by two distinctive kinds of flexible specialization. On the basis of a questionnaire survey, I show that the industry's labor force is composed for the most part of women and immigrants, and that there is a fairly distinctive gender and ethnic division of labor within individual establishments. I show too that the industry is typically arranged in an agglomerated locational pattern resulting from its transactions-intensive nature. I end the paper with a brief allusion to some possible restructuring trends that may affect the future functioning and locational structure of the industry.

Notes: Book reviews in this article: Urban Western Europe Paul C. Cheshire and Dennis G. Hay. Uniqueness Of Agriculture Susan Archer Innovation at the Edges Mattei Dogan and Robert Pahre. Attracting Industry Ernest J. Yanarella and William C. Green, eds. Muddy Mainstream? Marshall Kaplan and Franklin James, eds. Macrotheory and Cases David Rosenberg Equal Pay? Mark R. Killingsworth

Notes: Approaches for analyzing employment stability with aggregated data for SICs in large regions or major metropolitan areas are misleading indicators of the impact of manufacturing growth in rural areas. Performance of moderate-sized individual establishments seriously impact total employment variation in small-employment-sized rural communities, requiring analysis of the determinants of employment stability of these establishments. Aggregate SIC performance and most conventional criteria for judging probable stability appear to provide very limited predictability for individual firm performance. However, manufacturing development appears generally to have desirable effects on community-wide employment stability.

Notes: Information-intensive producer services, which constitute one of the fastest growing components of the U.S. economy, have been identified as a potential contributor to economic development in rural areas. This issue is examined in a case study of a community in rural Washington State. The findings indicate that producer services have not been decentralizing to rural Washington, and that opportunities for producer services development in rural communities are limited because of the inaccessibility of markets, smaller pools of skilled labor, and the lack of agglomeration economies. Opportunities for producer services are greatest in large rural communities with high-quality telecommunications systems. Although the quality of telecommunications systems is important to the economic health of communities, advances in telecommunications can be a two-way street for rural America. While telecommunications improvements increase a rural community's access to information and make it possible for rural businesses to more easily serve non-local markets, they can also make it easier for firms located in urban areas to serve rural markets via branch offices or through the telecommunications system.

Notes: Numerous studies have focused on national and regional manufacturing decline in the U.S., but far less attention has been placed on decline in substate areas. This oversight is troublesome because manufacturing decline in substate areas, particularly in the Midwest, has been severe and prolonged. This paper, therefore, examines the causes of manufacturing decline at the substate level. Specifically, I evaluate whether the impact of factors influencing decline varies according to the size and location of medium- and small-sized cities in Illinois. Survey data and loglinear modeling methods are used for the empirical analysis. The results indicate that the impact of technology lags in substate areas varies significantly by the size of cities. The effects of technology, the regional shift of manufacturing, and federal trade policies are influenced by the relative location of cities.

Notes: The Japanese presence in U.S. banking markets is of particular significance. Japanese represent slightly over one-half of the total foreign banking presence in the U.S., concentrated in two states (California and New York). The growth of Japanese direct investment in the U.S. and the yen/dollar exchange rate appear to be the two most important economic factors influencing this rising Japanese banking presence. Japanese legislation liberalizing the flow of investment in and out of Japan, beginning in 1980, is a very important factor. Also, the International Banking Act of 1978 may be important in explaining the recent growth of Japanese bank branches in California.

Notes: Many economists expect that new business survival rates in rural areas ought to be low because of inherent disadvantages of rural economies (e.g. small markets). What little evidence there is in support of this expectation is based on data which is biased toward rural areas. Using unemployment insurance tax records (ES202) for Arkansas, Maine, and North Dakota, the authors calculate and analyze new firm survival rates. Results show that new business survival rates are as high in rural areas as they are in urban areas. Further, survival rates in different industrial sectors are comparable, even when level of urbanization is taken into account. The authors conclude that economists may be overstating the inviability of rural in relation to urban economies.

Notes: National preferences for the development of regional and environmental policy are dependent on the competitive resolution of priorities emanating from four national centers of preference formation, namely: (a) national opinion leaders, (b) society at large, (c) state political institutions, and (d) the private business sector. The viability of national policies for regional development and environmental protection is assumed to be a function of the degree of systemic concordance among these four competing loci of preference formation. The paper explores differences between developed and developing countries in the formation of national preferences and analyzes the process by which competing preferences for regional development and environmental protection are ultimately resolved. It demonstrates that MDCs enjoy a high degree of harmony among their more autonomous centers of preference formation to achieve regional development goals, whereas LDCs are constrained by the dominant and coercive role of the state apparatus.

Notes: Book reviews in this article: Immigration Michael C. LeMay, ed. City Finance Helen F. Ladd and John Yinger. The Impact of Impact Assessment Robert V. Bartlett, ed. Status: Professional vs. Capitalist Tom Bottomore and Robert J. Bryn, eds.

Notes: Standardized features dominate the retail landscape of the United States and are the physical components of retail districts. This study tests the hypothesis that standardized building blocks have failed to produce the same retail structure in all metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs). Ninety-two medium-sized MS As are analyzed to determine if the arrangement and strength of their retail districts differ. The relationship between functional and spatial aspects of retail structure in central place theory provides a basis for testing the hypothesis of diversity. Christaller's separation principle provides a plausible conceptual framework for diverse retail structure if each MSA is analyzed as an isolated region. Five types of retail structure are analyzed using data obtained from the Census of Population and the Census of Retail Trade. The types are identified by performing a serial iterative partition cluster procedure on prioritized metropolitan sales variables. The statistical significance of the types is tested with Mann-Whitney U-tests of functional variables not used in the cluster analysis. Verification confirms five distinctive types. Monocentric and polycentric retail structures exist but decentralized retail structure is even more common in medium-sized MSAs. The distribution of types of retail structure follows regional pattern that indicate historical and political factors as contributing causes.

Notes: The paper introduces the concept of labour equivalence and determines the index of the intensity of labour use in its terms. The measure thus defined is shown to be analogous to the predefined labour multiplier with the necessary incorporation of prices and wages. The explicit inclusion of price-wage parameters gives it the advantage of being a more efficient planning tool.

Notes: Book reviews in this article: Industrial Change International G J.R. Linge and G.A. van der Knaap, eds., Labor, Environment and Industrial Change. Internal Colonies C. Matthew Snipp, ed. Public Policy Impacts on American Indian Economic Development. Do People Choose in Government Service Markets? The Competitive City: The Political Economy of Suburbia. Stimulating Business-The State as EntrepreneurPeter K. Eisinger. The Rise of the Entrepreneurial State: State and Local Economic Development Policy in the United States. Alternative Service Delivery: One View John A. Rehfuss. Contracting Out in Government: A Guide to Working with Outside Contractors to Supply Public Services. Alternative Service Delivery: Another View Lawrence K. Finley ed., Public Sector Privatization: Alternative Approaches to Service Delivery. Changes: United States and Australia Lay James Gibson and Robert J. Stimson eds., Regional Structural Change: Experience and Prospects in Two Mature Economies.

Notes: The purpose of this paper is to explain changes in regional attractiveness as measured by the competitive component of the shift-share model. This is done by applying the shift-share model to the manufacturing sector in the province of Quebec and using time series data for twenty two-digit industries as the basis of analysis. The study concludes that shift-share is useful for analyzing historical employment patterns and identifying their causes through regression analysis. However, the inherent structural instability limits the predictive potential of the model.

Notes: Book reviews in this article: Trends in Urban Change Examined Michael G. H. McGeary and Laurence E. Lynn, Jr. eds., Urban Change and Poverry. Swedes and Norwegians Briant Lindsay Lowell. Scandinavian Exodus: Demography and Social Development of 19th Century Rural Communities. Environmental Management Joseph M. Petulla. Environmental Protection in the United States: Industries, Agencies, Environmentalists.

Notes: Schumpeterian perspectives on industrial change suggest a relationship between new firms and the regionally specific technological bases for innovation. However, the links between such firms and the knowledge bases for innovation are more implicit than explicit. The innovation process in new firms reflects both the capabilities found within the firm as well as information sourcing from without.This paper seeks to articulate the nature of change in relationships between firms in science-based industries and the technological infrastructure accessed to support innovation, as such industries mature out of the birth phase. Innovation is treated as decision making, identifying the firm as innovator and agent of change.Survey research suggests that a shift in the sourcing of information, and an associated shift in the character of information accessed, occurred with maturation in the study industry, comprised of biotechnology firms in the U.S. “Early” and “later” forming firms show somewhat different technology sourcing patterns. Interviews were conducted to help interpret these findings. Implications for industry development are suggested.

Notes: Book Review in This Article:Derick W. Brinkerhoff and Arthur A. Goldsmith, editors. Institutional Sustainability in Agriculture and Rural Development: A Global Perspective.Edward J. Malecki. Technology and Economic Development: The Dynamics of Local, Regional and National Change.Edward J. Malecki. Technology and Economic Development: The Dynamics of Local, Regional and National Change.William R. Mangun, ed., Public Policy Issues in Wildlife Management.John D. Hutcheson, Jr., Francis P. Noe, and Robert E. Snow. Outdoor Recreation Policy: Pleasure and Preservation.Carl Davidson. Recent Developments in the Theory of Involuntary Unemployment.Randall Ebert and Joe A. Stone. Wage and Employment Adjustments in Local Labor Markets.Roy Bahl and William Duncombe. Economic Growth and Fiscal Planning: New York in the 1990s.Mary O. Borg, Paul M. Mason, and Stephen L. Shapiro. The Economic Consequences of State Lotteries.Ryutaro Komiya. The Japanese Economy: Trade, Industry, and Government.Ken Jones and Jim Simmons. The Retail Environment.

Notes: Starting with a brief location analysis of the plant site, in this paper we analyze the characteristics and geography of the labor market for a U.S.- Japanese automobile joint venture. Based on a survey of the firm's employees, we show that the labor market is two-tiered and stretches over many states in the United States. There are clear differences in skills, gender and socio-demographic characteristics between short and long distance movers, and American workers are willing and able to adapt to technology and work practices originating in a different culture. Most employees hold positive opinions of the work environment and practices at the plant, Japanese influence in the U.S. economy and U.S.-Japanese economic relations, despite perceiving Japan as an economic threat to the United States. We conclude with some policy implications of our findings and an agenda for future research.

Notes: The relationship between transportation and urbanization at the national scale is revisited by focusing upon the role that air passenger transportation has played in the post-war evolution of the U.S. urban system. Theory suggests that major transportation innovations have exhibited profound and prolonged interdependencies with patterns of growth in national or regional urban systems. As the most recent major intercity transportation innovation, it should be expected that utilization of air transportation should bear some relationship to patterns of growth in urban places.This paper documents this relationship by using FAA and U.S. Census data to correlate volumes of air passenger flows per capita with changes in population and employment for the 50 largest U.S. metropolitan areas. The expectation that higher volumes of air passenger flow per capita exhibit a positive correlation with both previous and subsequent growth is confirmed by the analysis. More detailed examination of both high and low air passenger index cities suggests functional and regional consistencies with the central hypothesis. The implications of these results for air transportation and airport planning include at least some justification for increased attention to provision of air service and adequate airport infrastructure as well as reiteration of the importance of air transportation in economic development.

Notes: Zimbabwe's 1992 food crisis revealed both spatial and social contradictions associated with post-independence agricultural growth. Zimbabwe's pattern of agricultural restructuring demonstrates the need for agrarian reform programs that are more socially and environmentally sustainable. This paper examines one aspect of agricultural sustainability—the use of energy. Post-independence patterns of agricultural energy consumption are analyzed and traced historically, and the social relations of agricultural energy utilization are investigated. The energetic efficiencies of the primary farming systems are calculated as are the macro-flows of energy to agriculture generally. The data and historical analysis point to the need for a restructuring of agriculture that involves greater reliance on local renewable energy in all farming systems, and the continued resettlement of black smallholders onto former white-settler estates.

Notes: Alternative agriculture is promoted as a means of enhancing rural area jobs and income. This nontraditional agricultural activity is defined as: new crops or products to an area, industrial uses of agricultural products, value-enhancement activities, and urban agricultural activities. The potential for new agriculturally-related activities is summarized. The long-term rural economic and development potential, through new income and jobs, is assessed. Next, five case studies are provided to illustrate alternative agriculture successes, limited successes, and failures (Guayule, Jojoba, Muscadine grapes, market windows for fresh fruit and vegetables, and aquaculture). We conclude that alternative agriculture may be viable in select rural areas. However, total employment generation potential is too small and diffused to provide significant rural development impacts.

Notes: The purpose of this paper is to examine how regional manufacturing responds to a decline in manufacturing activity nationwide. A trivariate VAR model of the relationships between the Federal Reserve Board's Industrial Production Index for manufacturing, and two regional manufacturing output indexes is estimated. The regions considered correspond to the Fifth and the Seventh Federal Reserve Districts. A negative shock in the national index is imposed on the system to demonstrate the following: durations and general patterns of the impulse responses; severity of the responses in the two patterns; reaction times; and interregional differences in response patterns. The findings indicate that the response patterns generally differ between the regions.

Notes: Book reviews in this article: Liberalization of Economies András Köves and Paul Marer, eds. Development in Small Island Countries David L. McKee and Clem Tisdell. The Challenge of Suburbanization Thomas M. Stanback, Jr. Can Rural America Survive? Janet M. Fitchen Economic Development Policies Timothy J. Bartik. Regional Innovation E. J. Davelaar

Notes: The restructuring of urban economies from manufacturing to service industries has been a major feature of the last twenty-five years. Large cities with a population of at least one million have been at the forefront of this change with the primate cities of the newly industrialized countries increasingly affected. The growth characteristics, planning experiences, and policy implications of the expansion of service industries in large and medium-size metropolitan areas around the world are examined. This has illuminated issues connected with the interurban competition for services. The service sector has shaped new urban planning and public policy agendas and the way in which metropolitan areas in this study have started to reshape their policies provides a good lead for others to follow. It is likely that new pressures will strengthen the need to look beyond their established urban planning policies to broader, integrated urban management policies.

Notes: This paper reviews some of the past decade's studies of producer or intermediate-services exports from local regions. After a discussion of conceptual and methodological problems and inconsistencies, we present these studies according to the three basic methodologies: surveys, location quotients, and input-output. Overall, our sense is that these studies support limited but important conclusions: (1) If intermediate services are defined broadly, certain of these activities have as their major function interregional or international transfer or trade. By nature, these distributive services have widespread clients, and benefit from locations with substantial physical and communications infrastructure. (2) Among most business-and financial-service activities, most offices are established to serve a local region, but may derive some revenues from beyond this expected zone. (3) The exceptions—the activities and establishments that derive much of their revenue beyond such “normal” zones—are particularly specialized, particularly large, or parts of multiregional enterprises. (4) Such firms tend to locate in larger or more specialized urban places, probably because of the labor force, the corporate connections, and the rapid dissemination of ideas, contacts, and information within and among the largest metropolitan areas. These conclusions lead to some general policy recommendations.

Notes: Book reviews in this article: Service Industries in Regional Development. William J. Coffey and James J. McRae. Skills, Wages & Productivity. Thierry Noyelle (Ed.) Spatial Structure. Huib Ernste and Carlo Jaeger (eds.) Geography of the Information Economy. Mark E. Hepworth Informational City. Manuel Castells Collapsing Time and Space. Stanley D. Brunn and Thomas R. Leinbach, eds.

Notes: Large law firms exert a disproportionate influence over the structure and practice of the legal profession. The spatial structure of these corporations, including the distribution of headquarters and branch offices and their interlinkages, is poorly understood. This paper explores the geography of domestic employment among the largest U. S. 500 law firms using linkage analysis. It highlights the concentration of such firms in large cities and the particular importance of New York and Washington, D. C. In the international arena, U. S. law firms are highly influential. The paper examines the spatial distribution of overseas employment by large U. S. law firms and utilizes input-output analysis to explore the domestic employment impacts of foreign legal services exports.

Notes: This paper examines the effect of federal government grants on state fiscal decisions. The study presents a disaggregated analysis of state government that allows for the precise measurement of important fiscal effects. State government is modeled as maximizing a social welfare function defined over government expenditures and taxes. The positive theory of grant response is tested and confirmed. The results indicate that matching grants stimulate government expenditures more than nonmatching grants. The results also suggest that federal grant cutbacks will lead to reductions in state expenditures for all key programs but that the composition of this change will depend on the nature of the federal cutbacks.