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  • Articles  (141)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (84)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.  (57)
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  • Political Science  (141)
  • 1
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Corporate governance 2 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
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  • 2
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    Corporate governance 1 (1993), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
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  • 3
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Corporate governance 1 (1993), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
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  • 4
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Corporate governance 1 (1993), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: This article examines a case of fraud – the Maxwell case – to assess the implications for corporate governance in Britain. The analysis of the case shows how Robert Maxwell was able to avoid the established network of regulations and controls. The authors then make a number of recommendations which suggest how this kind of fraud may be prevented in the future.
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  • 5
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Corporate governance 1 (1993), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
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  • 6
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Corporate governance 1 (1993), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
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  • 7
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Corporate governance 1 (1993), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-8683
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
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  • 8
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    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Public administration 83 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
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  • 9
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    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Public administration 83 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Despite high expectations, in The Netherlands the formation of public-private partnerships (PPPs) in the field of transport infrastructure is stagnating. This article addresses the question of why this is the case. On the basis of a comparative analysis of 9 case studies concerning the building of partnerships, 3 patterns are identified. The first is the successful formation of partnerships resulting in enriched projects. The second pattern is that of early interaction resulting in ambitious proposals for which there is no support. The third pattern shows ineffective market consultations followed by unilateral public planning, leading to stagnating contract negotiations.These patterns are coherent and are caused by a number of generic factors. An important explanation for stagnation is the lack of interaction. As a result, public and private parties will fail to reach a common understanding, will be unable to contribute to the enrichment of the project content and will fail to develop mutual trust. If parties engage in early interaction, the lack of embeddedness of their efforts may result in an uncritical piling up of ambitions and an absence of the capability to realize trade-offs and generate support. These explanations are related to the absence of conscious and systematic attempts to manage and arrange interaction processes aimed at the formation of PPPs. On the basis of these findings the author formulates a number of suggestions to improve the quality and effectiveness of these processes.
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  • 10
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    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Public administration 83 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: In the career civil service the US federal government has long been guided by a merit system. This article traces how the principle of merit in appointment and promotion has developed since the nineteenth century and examines contemporary applications of competency frameworks in the US – their development, character, strengths and weaknesses. If core competency discussions and frameworks are to have a broader impact at both the government wide and the agency level, the frameworks will have to be disentangled. Existing notions of competencies for the political appointees, the leadership echelons of the career service, the rest of the career service, the entire government, central agencies, individual agencies, and badly needed future leaders not only suggest superhuman abilities, but also contain seriously conflicting expectations.
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  • 11
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    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Public administration 83 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Since its election in May 1997, the Labour Government in the United Kingdom has emphasized the need for modernization in the improvement of public services. For local government, this emphasis has led to the introduction of a variety of measures intended, primarily, to improve political management and service delivery. Two key policies have been the introduction of Best Value and the Comprehensive Performance Assessment (CPA). CPA is used by the Audit Commission for measuring local authority performance in England and has led to each authority being classified as excellent, good, fair, weak or poor. Each authority's classification has implications, financially and in terms of its freedom to determine priorities and policies. In addition, the structure of local government is being reviewed by central government, alongside discussions as to the merits of establishing regional assemblies. In considering the justification for, and the impact of, changes, it is important to consider the views of local government employees, not least professional groupings and chief officers. This paper reports the findings of a national survey of chief financial officers (CFOs) of the single tier and county council local authorities in England to establish their views on key features of the Government's modernization agenda.
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  • 12
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    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Public administration 83 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Mark R. Rutgers (ed.), Retracing Public AdministrationLester Salamon (ed.), The Tools of Government: A Guide to the New GovernanceMichael Moran, The British Regulatory State: High Modernism and Hyper-InnovationMaura Adshead and Michelle Millar (eds), Public Administration and Public Policy in Ireland: Theory and MethodsColin Seymour-Ure, Prime Ministers and the Media: Issues of Power and ControlKaren Duke, Drugs, Prisons and Policy-MakingBronwen Morgan, Social Citizenship in the Shadow of Competition: The Bureaucratic Politics of Regulatory JustificationPenny Leonard, Promoting Welfare: Government Information Policy and Social CitizenshipNikolaos Zahariadis, Ambiguity and Choice in Public Policy: Political Decision Making in Modern DemocraciesBruce Bimber, Information and American Democracy: Technology in the Evolution of Political Power
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  • 13
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    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Public administration 83 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
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  • 14
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    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Public administration 83 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
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  • 15
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    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Public administration 83 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
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  • 16
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    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Public administration 83 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
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  • 17
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    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Public administration 83 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Path dependency is an important notion in diachronic approaches to understanding social and political processes. The first section of this paper examines the application of path dependency to policy studies; the advantages of the concept in understanding policy development are highlighted by examples from pension policy and social housing policy in the UK, and the EU budget. The next section considers several criticisms of path dependency: (1) it is a fashionable label for the intuition that ‘history matters’ without a clear and convincing account of decision-making over time; (2) it explains only stability and not change; (3) its normative implications are confused and mostly left unexplored. The final section concludes that path dependency, despite being theoretically inchoate and difficult to operationalize empirically, is a valid and useful concept for policy studies. However, its proper application demands sensitivity from scholars to other temporal dynamics that may operate in policy development.
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  • 18
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    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Public administration 83 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Research on the governance of publicly funded research does not recognize that social science and ‘science’ are distinct activities. Neither does it recognize that regulating research policy in purely science and technology terms has undesirable consequences for the social sciences – intended or otherwise. This paper seeks to correct these omissions and considers the governance of social science through the example of regulating ‘everyday epistemology’ at the science policy level. The British research council system is used in order to demonstrate how social science has been politically constructed as a legitimate enterprise for public funding. We find that social science is in fact regulated by non-social scientists. The result is that social science, seen as a square peg, is forced into the round hole of natural scientific thinking. When this policy is translated into governance structures it creates a ‘slave social science’ and subverts the role of social science as social science.
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  • 19
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    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Public administration 83 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Central government in the UK has introduced performance management regimes that apply rewards and sanctions to local service providers. These regimes assume that organizational performance is attributable to decisions made by local policy-makers rather than circumstances beyond their control. We test this assumption by developing a statistical model of external constraints on service standards and applying this model to the outcomes of comprehensive performance assessment (CPA) in English local government. The results show that CPA scores were significantly influenced by the characteristics – such as social diversity and economic prosperity – of local populations. Thus ‘poor’ performance is partly attributable to difficult circumstances rather than bad choices.
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  • 20
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    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Public administration 83 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: This paper, which is based on recent field research, suggests an interpretative model of territorial government in France. Relations between national and local authorities as well as policy- making processes suggest that the centralized state has faced a major decline of its hegemony and that decentralization reforms have induced a polycentric dynamic. Seven basic characteristics and three key properties of the model are discussed. The emerging model fits neither a new localism nor a new centralist pattern. It is the product of ongoing and incremental trade-offs between centrifugal and centripetal rationales. This complexity reflects a situation that is under the rather conservative, as well as tight, control of national politicians who hold multiple local elected mandates.
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  • 21
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    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Public administration 83 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The theoretical and empirical analysis of administrative activities has been an important area of research since the establishment of political science as an academic discipline in Germany at the end of the 1960s. But is administrative science still a significant part of political science in Germany today? I argue here that in Germany a political science oriented administrative science has developed from a science focused on public administration, that is, on organizational questions, to one focused on public policies and thus on questions concerning the conditions and consequences of political problem solving and control (Steuerung). The question of the internal organization of government is increasingly regarded as an irrelevant one; in addition, the institutional promotion and funding of political science administration research has dramatically decreased since the 1970s. Today's new challenges (economization and internationalization) for both government and public administration seem to exceed the capability of political science administrative research. These challenges open up new opportunities, however, since, in the search for solutions beyond the dichotomy of market/managerialism on the one hand and traditional bureaucracy and state government on the other, political science in particular regains more importance. As will be shown, there are now tendencies which indicate that political science administrative research might encounter a stronger political demand. If the consequent research is able to find a new mixture of theory and practice, this in turn could help revitalize political science administrative research in Germany.
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  • 22
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    Public administration 83 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The current UK government is committed to extending participation in civil society, with the aim of significantly increasing volunteer numbers by 2005. It has put much effort into attracting ‘representative participants’, particularly from traditionally under-represented groups. ‘Natural joiners’ attract far less interest and are often written off as ‘the same old faces’. But the growth in opportunities for participation has actually encouraged the natural joiners because the nature of much modern participation requires people like them. Focusing on natural joiners and their motivations rather than looking at why the non-joiners don’t join, should increase understanding of why people participate and suggest new ways forward. This article looks at people active in tenant participation – a case study of a government ‘Sounding Board’ and some preliminary results of a survey of activists. There are some unexpected findings, including that the motivations of natural joiners are close to those of career professionals in the same field, and that interest in the ‘subject’ of participation may be a motivator, rather than an outcome.
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  • 23
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    Public administration 83 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: While the notion of governance has received considerable scholarly attention, much less is known about change, and its sources, across modes of governance within respective policy domains. This article explores these neglected issues in two policy domains characterized by multi-level governance characteristics: Land (state)-local relationships in the domain of building administration and relationships governing the prisons domain in Germany. It does so in three steps. First, the article explores governance and considers endogenous and exogenous sources of change. Second, it discusses the institutional arrangements in the two domains and analyses modes of governance and their change. Third, the article compares the different dynamics of change and links these findings to wider debates regarding change across and within modes of governance. The analysis of the two domains suggests that ‘hunting around’ effects (i.e. permanent instability) are less prominent than suggested by cultural theory, while external pressures for change are filtered by the preferences of the actors within the respective domains.
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    Public administration 83 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The tension between the goals of integrated, seamless public services, requiring more extensive data sharing, and of privacy protection, now represents a major challenge for UK policy-makers, regulators and service managers. In Part I of this article (see Public Administration volume 83, number 1, pp. 111–33), we showed that attempts to manage this tension are being made at two levels. First, a settlement is being attempted at the level of general data protection law and the rules that govern data-sharing practices across the public sector. We refer to this as the horizontal dimension of the governance of data sharing and privacy. Secondly, settlements are also being attempted within particular fields of public policy and service delivery; this we refer to as the vertical dimension.In this second part, we enquire whether risks to privacy are greater in some policy sectors than others. We do this, first by showing how the Labour Government's policy agenda is producing stronger imperatives towards data sharing than was the case under previous administrations in three fields of public policy and services, and by examining the safeguards introduced in these fields. We then compare the settlements emerging from differing practices within each of these policy sectors, before briefly assessing which, if any, principles of data protection seem to be most at risk and in which policy contexts. Four strategies for the governance of data sharing and privacy are recapitulated – namely, seeking to make the two commitments consistent or even mutually reinforcing; mitigating the tensions with safeguards such as detailed guidelines; allowing privacy to take precedence over integration; and allowing data sharing to take precedence over privacy. We argue that the UK government has increasingly sought to pursue the second strategy and that the vertical dimension is, in practice, much more important in defining the settlement between data sharing and privacy than is the horizontal dimension. This strategy is, however, potentially unstable and may not be sustainable. The conclusion proposes a radical recasting of the way in which the idea of a ‘balance’ between privacy and data-sharing imperatives is conceived.
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    Public administration 83 (2005), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Books reviewed: Robert T. Nakamura and Thomas W. Church, Taming Regulation: Superfund and the Challenge of Regulatory ReformPaul Teske, Regulation in the StatesM. Barzelay and C. Campbell, Preparing for the Future: Strategic Planning in the US Air ForceJonathan Zeitlin and David M. Trubek (eds), Governing Work and Welfare in the New Economy: European and American ExperimentsGeoffrey Brennan and Francis G. Castles (eds), Australia Reshaped: 200 Years of Institutional TransformationNevil Johnson, Reshaping the British Constitution: Essays in Political InterpretationPhilip Haynes, Managing Complexity in the Public ServicesCatherine Bochel and Hugh M. Bochel, The UK Social Policy ProcessHandley Stevens, Transport Policy in the European UnionJonathan G.S. Koppell, The Politics of Quasi-Government: Hybrid Organisations and the Dynamics of Bureaucratic Control
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    Public administration 83 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
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    Topics: Political Science , Economics
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  • 27
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    Public administration 83 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: This paper uses the concept of path dependency to examine the changes to the political management structures of English local government. We note how the possible experience of decreasing returns among some local authority actors combined with the powerful intervention of politicians within New Labour at the national level led to a significant break from past policy and the imposition of measures to establish a separate executive that was claimed as a radical step forward for local democracy. Using survey data from the Evaluating Local Governance research team (), we explore the establishment of a separate political executive in all major local authorities and map out the style of decision-making that is emerging. We find that some established institutional patterns reasserted themselves in the process of implementation, but that increasing returns are not as great as some theorists of path dependency would suggest and they may be a force for system change as well as for stability.
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    Public administration 83 (2005), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: This paper is concerned with how administrators in the Housing Benefit (HB) service in Great Britain have reacted to the discretionary powers given to local authorities as a result of the introduction of Discretionary Housing Payments (DHPs). DHPs can be awarded to HB claimants deemed to require additional assistance with their housing costs. The paper first argues that the HB service can be categorized as ‘rule-bound’ before outlining the DHP regime and the nature of the discretion that it affords HB administrators. A brief review of the literature on discretionary decision making in public service organizations suggests four propositions in respect of DHP decision making. The paper then seeks to test these propositions. It concludes that in general HB administrators do not appear to have experienced the difficulties associated with discretionary decision making in rule-bound services that might have been expected on the basis of previous work in this field.
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    Public administration 83 (2005), S. 0 
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    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: In order to examine institutional change in Republic of Ireland (hereinafter referred to as ‘Ireland’ or ‘the Irish case’) as a consequence of European integration, this article looks at the adaptation of national institutions subsequent to EU membership. A new institutionalist approach is taken towards the definition and discussion of institutions in order that the analysis may encompass the broadest range of changes consequent to EU membership: in relation to national structures; decision-making patterns; socialization processes; and overall ‘system change’. The analysis uses the organizing concepts offered by Bulmer and Burch (1998) in their evaluation of the impact of Europeanization on national systems of public administration in Britain. According to this framework, ‘institutions can be analysed in terms of four gradations moving from the formal, through the informal, to the normative and cultural’ (Bulmer and Burch 1998, p. 604).
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    Public administration 83 (2005), S. 0 
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    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The question can be raised whether the principal effect of interactive policy development is to shore up a (creaking) democratic system or to destabilize its very foundations. In this article, a framework is presented for assessing the democratic credentials of interactive policy development. It is based on four views on how a democracy should work: instrumental or substantial democracy and direct or indirect democracy. Critics and advocates differ in their confidence that the intended aims can ever be realized. Based on extensive case study material of interactive local policy development projects collected between 1997 and 2001, the validity of the various arguments for or against interactive policy-making is analysed. The analysis indicates that whether interactive policy development undermines or sustains democracy depends principally on the extent to which divergences in the expectations of the various groups are made explicit and unrealistic or mistaken expectations are dispelled.
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    Public administration 83 (2005), S. 0 
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    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Now that it is widely accepted that the European Union (EU) constitutes a system of governance, analysts need actively to explore precisely how it may affect the continuing struggle better to coordinate national and European administrations. In its 2001 White Paper on governance, the European Commission interpreted governance to mean less central control and more network-led steering. Its interpretation of such networks is that they are self-organizing. Drawing upon an empirical study of environmental policy integration (EPI) in the EU, this article shows that this vision may not adequately fit the multi-actor, multi-level coordination challenges associated with some EU problems. By studying the administrative capacities that the European Commission and three member states have created to achieve better environmental coordination, this article shows significant administrative weaknesses. It concludes that the coordination challenges now troubling the EU require a more thoughtful discussion of network management than the White Paper suggests.
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    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Competition was one of the guiding threads of public policy under the Conservative Governments of the 1980s and 1990s. But whereas the Conservatives looked to the market primarily for the disciplining and economizing effects of competition, the Labour Government sees the market as a source of innovation and improvement. Following a brief description of these different perspectives, this paper identifies three avenues deserving of further inquiry: the costs and benefits of high trust interorganizational relationships; the way in which partnerships combine the competencies of different sectors; and finally, the extent to which the new partnerships transform public service delivery.
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    Public administration 83 (2005), S. 0 
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    Corporate governance 1 (1993), S. 0 
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    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: This article is reproduced from NRI Quarterly Volume 1 No. 3 Winter 1992 and is reprinted by special permission of Nomura Research Institute, Ltd.
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    Corporate governance 2 (1994), S. 0 
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    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Book Reviwes in The Article:Hilmer, Frederick G.; Strictly Boardroom – the report of an Independent Working Party into Cornorate Governance; Information Australia, Melbourne and The Sydney Institute, Sydney, AustraliaHumphrey, Christopher, Peter Moizer and Stuart Turley; The Audit Expectations Gap in the United Kingdom; The Auditing Research Foundation of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales; LondonBosch, Henry; Bosch on Business, Information Australia, Melbourne, Australia, 1992.
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    Corporate governance 1 (1993), S. 0 
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    Notes: The communication process between publicly-listed companies and their constituents continues to change, often stimulated by the concern of regulators to make markets more efficient. The paper examines six areas where development is occurring within the North American reporting environment: summary reporting, management discussion and analysis, risk and uncertainty, interim reporting, continuous information disclosure, and financial statement reporting. The paper also identifies areas where significant reporting frustrations remain. These areas may signal the direction of financial reporting research and change that will be experienced outside of the North American environment during the next decade.
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    Notes: This study tests the proposition that tolerance for ambiguity, a personality variable, is a significant moderating variable on the effects of management advisory services (MAS), competition and size of audit firm on bankers' perceptions of auditor independence. Using 41 New Zealand bank officers as subjects and a multifactor ANOVA design, this study found that tolerance for ambiguity moderated the effects of MAS and audit firm size on third party perceptions of auditor independence.
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    Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:Banaga, Abdelgadir, Graham H. Ray and Cyril R. Tomkins (1994) External Audit and Corporate Governance in Islamic Banks.
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    Notes: Using data collected through a series of interviews with top executives at 24 large British companies, this paper examines current practice in the selection and use of non-executive directors on British boards. The process appears to be dominated by the influence of the chairman. In very few cases are there nomination committees in operation. The typical nonexecutive will serve for around 12 years and some for much longer. There is little scope for shareholder participation in the nominations process. These and other findings are analyzed from the perspective of the recent Cadbury Committee Report.
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    Notes: In the UK, recently, there has been an intense debate about what constitutes good corporate governance. This paper presents the results of a retrospective postal survey into the nature of corporate governance structures in UK companies. The objective of this paper is to isolate the extent to which key corporate governance innovations are being adopted in the boardrooms of UK companies. The main findings can be summarised as follows: (i) 77 per cent of the sample of quoted companies separated the role of chief executive officer and chairman in 1993 compared to 57 per cent in 1988; (ii) 94 per cent of quoted companies operated remuneration committees in 1993 as compared to 54 per cent in 1988; (iii) the incidence of audit committees among companies has doubled between 1988 and 1993 whilst the incidence of nomination committees has trebled; (iv) in apparent contradiction of the Institutional Shareholders’ Committee recommendation, of those companies that operated remuneration committees in 1993, 40 per cent had the top executive director as a committee member. Overall the picture that emerges is of radical change in governance innovation since the late 1980s.
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    Notes: Using 20 bankers as subjects, this exploratory study examined the effects of audit committees on bankers’ perceptions of auditor independence. Results reject the null hypothesis which suggest that bankers place more reliance on financial statements in considering loan applications given information on the presence of audit committees than given information on their absence. Those bankers given information on the presence of audit committees recommended a lower interest rate premium than those given information on the absence of audit committees. These findings suggest that bankers given information on the presence of audit committees perceived a lower loan risk as a result of a higher confidence in the auditor to maintain independence than those given information on the absence of audit committees. It can then be concluded that audit committees had a significant effect on bankers’ perceptions of auditor independence.
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    Notes: Book Reviwes in The Article:William D. Bygrave and Jeffry A. Timmons; Venture Capital at the CrossroadsColin Coulson-Thomas; Transforming the Company – Bridging the Gap Between Management Myth and Reality? Kogan Page 1992, 340 pages, f18.95 paperback.Thome, Katrina and Ian A. McAulay; Crusaders of the Rising Sun – a Study of Japanese Managers in Asia, Longmans, Singapore, 1992Bartu, Friedmann; The Ugly Japanese – Nippon's Economic Empire in Asia, Longmans, Singapore, 1992.Ishihara, Shintaro; The Japan that can say no – why Japan will be first among equals, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1989.Ostrom, Elinor; Crafting institutions for selfgoverning irrigation systems, Institute for Contemporary Studies, San Francisco, 1992. Videotape version, ICS Press, in NTSC, PAL and SECAM.Petit, Philip; Contempora y Political Theory, Macmillan, Singapore and New York, 1991.Kotter, John P.; Power and ZnfZuence – beyond formal authority, Free Press, Macmillan, New York, 1985.
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    Notes: This article explains the origins of the RSA (Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures & Commerce) Inquiry Tomorrow's Company: the role of business in a changing world, and discusses some of the issues raised in the consultations with business leaders which will be tackled by the Inquiry.
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    Notes: Book Reviwes in The Article:Kochan, Nicholas and Michel Syrett; New Directions in Corporate Governance; Report no. 2137; Business International Ltd., London, 1991Peacock, Alan and Graham Bannock, Corporate Takeovers and the Public Interest, Aberdeen University Press, 1991.Smith, Terry; Accounting for Growth; Century Books, London, 1992Cluman, Richad M.; To the End of Time – the seduction and conquest of u media empire; Simon and Schuster, New York, 1992Lewis, Michael; The Money Culture; Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1991; Coronet edition 1992Scott Morton, Michael S. (Editor); The poration of the 1990s – information technology and organizational transformation; Oxford University Press, New York, 1991
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    Notes: Book Reviwes in The Article:Demb, Ada & Franz-Friedrich Neubauer, (1992) The Corporate Board: Confronting the Paradox', Oxford University Press, New York.Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland, (1992) Corporate Governance: Directors' Responsibilities for Financial Statements.Davies, Adrian, (1991) Strategic Leadership: Making corporate plans work, Woodhead- Faulkener.Levhe, Dennis (with William Hoffer), (1992) Inside Out, Arrow Books, London.Tang, Yung Wei, Lynne Chow and Barry J. Cooper, (1992) Accounting and Finance in China – a review of current practice, Longman (Far East), Hong Kong.Badaracco, Joseph L., Jr., (1991), The Knowledge Link – how firms compete through strategic alliances, Harvard Business School Press, Cambridge, Mass.Bower, Tom, (1992) Maxwell – the outsider, Mandarin, London (revised).Bruck, Connie, (1988) The Predators' Ball, Simon and Schuster, New York.Greenslade, Roy, (1992) Maxwell's Fall, Simon and Schuster, London.Institute of Directors, (1991) Guidelines for Directors, fifth edition, The Director Publications Ltd., Mountbarrow House, Elizabeth Street, London SW1 9RB, England (FAX 71235 5627).
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    Notes: ‘Competency’ is a word that seems to have crept into the language of public administration and policy relatively recently, although largely under the radar of academic scholarship in Europe. This article introduces a symposium of papers that address key questions about competency management: how and why has it become popular and what are the implications of the spread of ‘competency’ approaches? As the introductory paper, it outlines the intellectual background to competency approaches and outlines three interpretations of their development. One interpretation sees them as a passing fad; a ‘difference’ interpretation sees them as a common label for widely varying patterns and practices; and a ‘sameness’ interpretation treats competency management as a symptom of broader politico-administrative developments.
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    Notes: Among the most widely used stereotypes in the contemporary literature on public management reform is to portray German administrative policy as that of a slow-moving ‘tortoise’ in contrast to the fast-moving reform ‘hare’. Taking civil service competency as a point of analysis, this article questions the validity of these widely held assumptions. It does so in three steps. Following a brief comparative narrative of competency initiatives in the German and British higher civil services, the article explores to what extent the observed ‘Aesop with variation’ pattern can be explained. It suggests that the variations can only to a limited extent be explained by ‘civil service competency exceptionalism’ and that there therefore seems to be something wrong with the way that Germany and the UK are conventionally categorized in the international public management reform literature.
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    Notes: Competency management has only recently been introduced into personnel management in Dutch central government. The decentralized nature of Dutch central government and its personnel management systems generates marked variation in the degree to which competency management is being applied across the Dutch civil service. The success or otherwise of competency management schemes in both government departments and the higher civil service in The Netherlands, the Senior Public Service, show mixed results. Although all departments have taken steps in the direction of competency management, a few well-developed programmes are in use. The competency management system of the Senior Public Service, then, serves as a basic tool for its management development programmes. Its aim is to enhance civil service professionalism among senior civil servants. The practical effects of competency management programmes, however, can be questioned. Because competency management links personnel development to pay and career decisions, it could well elicit strategic behaviour by staff members; at worst, it could run the risk of becoming a self-defeating initiative.
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    Notes: In this paper we review – from a UK perspective – how the UK government and its policy process have adapted to European integration. Has adaptation been a quiet revolution, a step-change, or both? In exploring this question we draw upon the conceptual literature of Europeanization. We employ it to shed light on the longer-term pattern of UK adaptation as well as to put into context the domestic changes currently under way. Our argument is that a step-change is under way in the Europeanization of the UK government. However, at the end of the paper we will reflect on how this development remains over-shadowed by broader circumstances: the continued weak public support for the EU and the divisions which emerged with key EU partners from the UK's policy over Iraq.
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    Notes: Over the last two decades, management, rather than administration, has become the dominant category through which both academics and practitioners talk, write and argue the organization of public services. More recently, the discourses of leadership have also been increasingly deployed in this context. Based on interviews with UK National Health Service trust chief executives, the article examines these particular discursive changes, exploring what the distinctions do rather than what the categories might represent. It reminds us of some of the things we do (in reality and to reality) when we deploy such words, especially in the debate about control. It also suggests possibilities for disturbing the dominance of the terms that are generally axiomatic in constructing arguments about the public sector; a dominance that has come to favour the interests of some as it denies the interests of others.
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    Notes: German administrative science is composed of different disciplines which combine to form a multi- rather than an interdisciplinary science. Its roots can be traced back to the integrated policy-science (Policey-Wissenschaft) of the eighteenth century, which went through a process of differentiation during the nineteenth century. In German universities today, teaching and research is divided into different departments, a main problem being the disproportionate nature of this multidisciplinary structure. In German administrative science, a legalistic approach still predominates, although, in the 1960s and 1970s, political scientists played an important role in empirical research and theoretical discussions. Looking ahead, however, there is now an excellent chance that with the rise of the governance approach this asymmetric multidisciplinarity can be turned into a more balanced administrative science, even if it will remain a composite discipline.
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    Notes: This article tracks public sector reform in Austria with a focus on the influence of New Public Management (NPM) both as label and as specific set of reform ideas. We analyse to what degree current reforms have been influenced and shaped by this widely acclaimed international trend. In this empirical study we combine the different data sources of media coverage, reform documents and public sector executive survey to cover different levels of analysis. Although the reforms include NPM-features, we see no evidence so far for an archetype change in the Austrian public sector.
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    Notes: Much governance literature deals with the limited capacity of the state and the market to govern core state welfare services such as education, scientific research and healthcare. Rather less attention has been focused on how the outcome of these services can be improved politically. An analysis of Niklas Luhmann's systems theory (Luhmann 1997a, 2000) leads to the hypothesis that self-governance, that is, a combination of professional autonomy and public peer-evaluation, is a superior strategy. Though this may seem counterintuitive at first glance, this paper shows that it corresponds to well-rooted principles of public administration and, in the sphere of education, to empirical findings on school choice and school effectiveness. This raises new perspectives for future comparative governance studies.
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    Notes: This article offers an assessment of the writings of Professor Gerry Stoker of Manchester and examines the main themes and messages of his work as it has related to both academics and practitioners. It examines the controversial nature of Stoker's output which has provoked the charge of ’betraying’ local government, and suggests that reading Stoker's work is a more complex task than perhaps his fiercest critics would allow. It argues that there is more than one way in which Stoker's contribution can be interpreted and that there are, in ways which mirror his own pluralistic approach to political science, a number of ’versions of Stoker’ which can be advanced based on a close reading of his work. This article explores three of these.
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    Notes: A mode of operation defines a pattern of policy-making or approach to policy. This paper attempts to deconstruct the relationship between certain modes of operation, political ideology and specific techniques, using the main example of targeting. Targeting is commonly related to a number of other concepts, including selectivity, means-testing, conditionality, residual welfare, and rationing. The inter-connectedness of the issues is often taken for granted: residualism implies selectivity, selectivity is undertaken by means-testing, selectivity and means-testing are a form of targeting, targeting and conditionality substantially overlap, and all of them have played an important role in the development of arguments for the limitations on expenditure and the restriction of welfare provision. But the methods can be used in different systems, for different purposes. Means-testing is not the same thing as selectivity; selectivity is not the same thing as conditionality or targeting; rationing can take place in any kind of service; and none of these options is necessarily residualist. Modes of operation are often compounded with political aims, the structural context of policy, discussions of implementation and the application of specific policies. When the concepts are unravelled, it becomes possible to think of the methods and approaches involved in different ways.
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    Notes: This paper reviews the organizational control process, its role, and outlines the role of ownership control as applied to executive compensation. The findings from the study suggest that institutional ownership is an important factor in the compensation of CEOs of large U.S. industrial firms. Other factors found to be of consistent influence are firm size and firm profitability.
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    Notes: What do U.S. share owners really want? What should be the roles of the different stakeholders such as employee owners and institutional investors? In what ways will ownership structures change? What tools will be available for motivating employees, managers, share owners, etc.? What will be the structure of tomorrow's corporation?
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    Notes: Book Reviwes in The Article:Johnson, Gerry and Kevan Scholes, (1993) Exploring Corporate Strategy – text and cases, Prentice Hall, London.Kennedy, Paul, (1993) Preparing for the Twenty-Firs t Century, HarperCollins, London.Nobes, Christopher, (1992) Accounting Harmonisation in Europe: Process, Progress and Prospects, Financial Times Business Information, London.
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    Notes: In the last issue Terry Arthur made some personal observations on the UK Report of the Committee on the Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance, (The Cadbury Report). To ensure that Corporate Governance acquires a reputation as a reliable journal of report, it is appropriate that we now include a response from Sir Adrian. Editor
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