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  • Measurement techniques
  • Sound production
  • Springer  (13)
  • Annual Reviews  (2)
  • American Geophysical Union (AGU)
  • 2005-2009  (2)
  • 1990-1994  (11)
  • 1980-1984  (1)
  • 1975-1979  (1)
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  • Springer  (13)
  • Annual Reviews  (2)
  • American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Annual Reviews, 2003. This article is posted here by permission of Annual Reviews for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Annual Review of Environment and Resources 28 (2003): 521-558, doi:10.1146/annurev.energy.28.011503.163443.
    Description: Agriculture and industrial development have led to inadvertent changes in the natural carbon cycle. As a consequence, concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases have increased in the atmosphere and may lead to changes in climate. The current challenge facing society is to develop options for future management of the carbon cycle. A variety of approaches has been suggested: direct reduction of emissions, deliberate manipulation of the natural carbon cycle to enhance sequestration, and capture and isolation of carbon from fossil fuel use. Policy development to date has laid out some of the general principles to which carbon management should adhere. These are summarized as: how much carbon is stored, by what means, and for how long. To successfully manage carbon for climate purposes requires increased understanding of carbon cycle dynamics and improvement in the scientific capabilities available for measurement as well as for policy needs. The specific needs for scientific information to underpin carbon cycle management decisions are not yet broadly known. A stronger dialogue between decision makers and scientists must be developed to foster improved application of scientific knowledge to decisions. This review focuses on the current knowledge of the carbon cycle, carbon measurement capabilities (with an emphasis on the continental scale) and the relevance of carbon cycle science to carbon sequestration goals.
    Description: The National Center for Atmospheric Research is supported by the National Science Foundation.
    Keywords: Carbon sequestration ; Measurement techniques ; Climate ; Kyoto protocol
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: First published online as a Review in Advance on October 24, 2005. (Some corrections may occur before final publication online and in print)
    Description: Author Posting. © Annual Reviews, 2005. This article is posted here by permission of Annual Reviews for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006): 22.1-22.29, doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040104.105418.
    Description: Superfast muscles of vertebrates power sound production. The fastest, the swimbladder muscle of toadfish, generates mechanical power at frequencies in excess of 200 Hz. To operate at these frequencies, the speed of relaxation has had to increase approximately 50-fold. This increase is accomplished by modifications of three kinetic traits: (a) a fast calcium transient due to extremely high concentration of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)-Ca2+ pumps and parvalbumin, (b) fast off-rate of Ca2+ from troponin C due to an alteration in troponin, and (c) fast cross-bridge detachment rate constant (g, 50 times faster than that in rabbit fast-twitch muscle) due to an alteration in myosin. Although these three modifications permit swimbladder muscle to generate mechanical work at high frequencies (where locomotor muscles cannot), it comes with a cost: The high g causes a large reduction in attached force-generating cross-bridges, making the swimbladder incapable of powering low-frequency locomotory movements. Hence the locomotory and sound-producing muscles have mutually exclusive designs.
    Description: This work was made possible by support from NIH grants AR38404 and AR46125 as well as the University of Pennsylvania Research Foundation.
    Keywords: Parvalbumin ; Ca2+ release ; Ca2+ uptake ; Cross-bridges ; Adaptation ; Sound production ; Whitman Center
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  • 3
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Glossina ; Tsetse ; Feeding ; behaviour ; Sound production ; Sound frequency ; Sound intensity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude a porté sur les sons produits pendant les comportements préalimentaire, alimentaire et postalimentaire de la mouche Tsétsé, Glossina morsitans morsitans. Les mâles et les femelles vierges chantent très rarement avant l'alimentation, mais les femelles fécondées chantent dans plus de 20% des cas avant de prendre un repas. La production de sons pendant la prise de nourriture était négligeable pour les trois catégories. Les sons postalimentaires étaient plus fréquents, les femelles fécondées chantant plus que les femelles vierges et l'ensemble des femelles plus que les mâles. La durée des sons postalimentaires ne différait pas suivant les sexes. Dans chaque catégorie, les sons postalimentaires ne changaient pas significativement avec l'âge. Il y a eu, cependant, des différences significatives dans les caractéristiques de la production de son postalimentaire lorsque les mâles étaient comparés aux femelles pendant une période de 8 semaines. Les oscillogrammes de ces sons différaient suivant le sexe et variaient de temps en temps. Les sons comportaient des fréquences jusqu' à 50 kHz, à l'exception des sons préalimentaires des mâles qui ne contenaient pas d'ultrasons. Les fréquences les plus dominantes étaient concentrées entre 1,5–2,5 kHz. Des pics étaient observés entre 0,5–0,8 kHz et autour de 5 kHz et 9 kHz. Les sons préalimentaires étaient plus faibles que les sons postalimentaires. On en suggère que les sons associés au comportement alimentaire jouent un rôle en attirant les mouches affamées vers un hôte convenable et que la plus grande partie de l'information acoustique est portée par les composantes à basse fréquence qui ont une intensité plus élevée (30–40 dB) que les fréquences ultrasoniques (10 dB).
    Notes: Summary Sounds produced during prefeeding, feeding and postfeeding behaviour of the tsetse, Glossina m. morsitans Westw. were investigated. Males and virgin ♀ ♀ very seldom sang before feeding but mated ♀ ♀ sang in more than 20% of the cases before taking a meal. Sound production during engorgement was negligible among all 3 groups. Postfeeding sounds were the most commonly produced, mated ♀ ♀ singing significantly more than virgin ♀ ♀ and both these groups more than ♂ ♂. The mean duration of the postfeeding sounds did not differ between the sexes. Within each group, postfeeding sound production did not significantly change with age. There were, however, significant differences in the patterns of postfeeding sound production when ♂ ♂ were compared to ♀ ♀ over a period of 8 weeks. Oscillograms of these sounds indicated that the songs differed between the sexes and also varied from time to time. The sounds were composed of frequencies up to 50 kHz with the exception of the ♂ prefeeding sounds which did not contain any ultrasonic components. The most dominant frequency was centered between 1.5–2.5 kHz. Peaks were also observed between 0.5–0.8 kHz and around 5 kHz and 9 kHz. Prefeeding songs were of a weaker intensity than postfeeding songs. It is suggested that the sounds associated with feeding behaviour play a role in attracting hungry flies to suitable hosts and that, the low frequency components having higher intensities (30–40 dB) than the ultrasonic frequencies (10 dB) carry the most important part of the acoustic information.
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  • 4
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    Journal of comparative physiology 174 (1994), S. 173-185 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Electrical stimulation of the brain ; Fish ; Forebrain ; Preoptic area ; Sound production ; Sexual behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In mammals, birds and amphibians the neural pathways controlling sound production descend from higher centers in the forebrain, whereas in fishes only brainstem and spinal centers have been explicitly implicated in sound production. We now report that electrical stimulation of the forebrain of the oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau) readily evokes both the agonistic grunt and the courtship boatwhistle. Boatwhistles are more realistic than ones previously evoked from lower centers. Positive stimulation sites are localized in the preoptic area (nucleus preopticus parvocellularis anterior) and the supracommissural nucleus of the ventral telencephalon, a likely homologue of the amygdala. Both sites contain gonadal steroid-concentrating neurons and play a central role in fish courtship behavior. Evoked sounds form a continuum from knock grunts, burst grunts, transition boatwhistles to complete boatwhistles; sound pressure level (SPL), fundamental frequency and duration increase consistently within the continuum. For all sound types, SPLs exhibit the smallest variation (coefficients of variation of 2.7 to 5.7%), fundamental frequency is intermediate (5 to 13%) and durations vary most widely (18 to 60%). Boatwhistles, with the smallest variation and greatest amplitude, are likely generated by a maximal output of the CNS and sonic muscles. Grunt SPLs however, vary over a range of 26 dB for all fish and by as much as 18 dB in an individual, suggesting recruitment of variable numbers of motor units despite electrical coupling within the sonic motor nucleus.
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  • 5
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    Journal of comparative physiology 175 (1994), S. 349-361 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Cicada ; Tympanistalna gastrica ; Sound production ; Radiation ; Calling song ; Brain stimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sound radiation was studied in males of Tympanistalna gastrica St»l during a spontaneous song with the characteristics of the conspecific calling song, which was elicited as an after effect of brain stimulation. The song contains two different kinds of sound pulses: 1) loud clicks and 2) soft pulses, presenting different spectra. The timbals, abdomen, tympana, folded membranes and opercula were tested as potential radiators of the song. The experiments included: 1) probe microphone measurements of the spectra of loud clicks and soft pulses in several positions around the animal and close to the body surface; 2) measurements of the spectra before and after covering with vaseline different structures that might be relevant to the radiation of the song, and manipulations of the size and shape of the abdominal and thoracic portions of the tracheal air sac; 3) laser vibrometry measurements in different parts of the body, both during singing and external sound stimulation. The data obtained demonstrate that several structures contribute differently to the radiation of clicks and soft pulses: 1) The timbals are the main radiators at frequencies around the dominant spectral peak, 10–11 kHz in clicks and 12–13 kHz in soft pulses; 2) The tympana are important in radiation of frequencies below and above the timbal peak, especially during the generation of soft pulses; 3) The abdomen is more activated during the generation of clicks, and is more important in the radiation of low frequencies around 5 kHz. Manipulations of the body cavities showed that neither the thoracic nor the abdominal portions of the air sac are critical for the song tuning. The large abdominal cavity do not seem to work as a Helmholtz resonator. We found no evidence that resonances inside this cavity should play an important role in enhancing sound radiation in T. gastrica.
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  • 6
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    Hydrobiologia 48 (1976), S. 137-139 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Tilapia ; Denture ; Sound production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The pharyngeal and oral teeth of the fish Tilapia mossambica (Peters) were examined with a scanning microscope. It appeared that the dorsal pharyngeal teeth form a peculiar hooklike extension at the tip, whereas the ventral pharyngeal teeth tend to curve in a posterior direction. The two lateral flanges at the tip of the ventral teeth are probably the areas of contact with the dorsal teeth when the latter are pressed down during sound production or feeding. However, the oral teeth develop along a different line. A part from villiform teeth the upper and lower jaws also develop tricuspid and bicuspid oral teeth, with the bicuspids concentrated mainly along the outer edge of the jaw.
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  • 7
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    Environmental biology of fishes 36 (1993), S. 257-272 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Drumming aggregations ; Environmental requirements ; Habitat ; Hydrophone ; Sciaenidae ; Sound production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Spawning site selection by spotted seatrout and black drum was studied by locating drumming aggregations through the use of a hydrophone. From March 1987 to October 1990, 315 sound observations were made to identify and characterize spawning seasons and environmental requirements of both species in the Barataria, Caminada, and eastern Timbalier Bay systems of Louisiana. The sounds produced by the spawning aggregations were identified and verified against known recordings. Spawning was verified on several occasions by capturing and rearing zygotes (eggs) into identifiable larvae. Spotted seatrout formed drumming aggregations from late May to early October at salinities ranging from 7.0 to 25.8 ppt and temperatures from 24.5 to 33.5° C. Black drum formed drumming aggregations between January and April in salinities from 10.0 to 27.0 ppt and temperatures from 15.0 to 24.0°C. Large drumming aggregations of spotted seatrout were located from 1800 to 2400h and from 1800 to 2200h for black drum. Spotted seatrout aggregation size was highly correlated with water temperature and for black drum with dissolved oxygen concentrations. Spawning sites for both species were frequently located in deep moving water between barrier islands as well as in channels in open water where water depth ranged from 3 to 50 m. Spawning site selection depended on a particular range of environmental conditions and spawning locations varied seasonally and yearly depending upon hydrological variation.
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  • 8
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    Journal of clinical monitoring and computing 10 (1994), S. 4-10 
    ISSN: 1573-2614
    Keywords: Monitoring ; evoked potentials ; visual ; somatosensory ; brain stem auditory ; Measurement techniques ; neuromuscular blockade
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Objectifs. Le but de cette étude est de déterminer si les changements du bloc neuro-musculaire (BNM) non dépolarisant modifient la latence ou l'amplitude des potentiels évoqués visuels, ou auditifs, ou somesthésiques au nerf médian.Méthodes. 10 singes cynomologues adultes ont été étudiés durant une anesthésie par perfusion continue de kétamine. Le BNM était ajusté par incréments entre absence de bloc et bloc complet par perfusion de vecuronium ou atracurium. Le BNM était mesuré en observant la réponse mécanique des muscles de la main à la stimulation du nerf médian par un train de quatre et par la quantification de l'activité électromyo-graphique (pic à pic) des muscles de l'éminence thénar à la stimulation supraluminale du nerf médian. Les variables suivantes ont été mesurées: la latence des trois pics majeurs des potentiels évoqués auditifs, la latence et l'amplitude de la réponse corticale des potentiels évoqués visuels, la latence de la réponse médullaire, et la latence et l'amplitude de la réponse corticale du potentiel évoqué somesthésique du nerf médian.Résultats. Nous n'avons observé aucun changement statistiquement significatif des variables mesurées des potentiels évoqués, quelque soit le degré de BNM, en comparaison à la situation contrôle d'absence de BNM.Conclusions. Nos résultats suggèrent que les fluctuations de l'intensité des BNM ne peuvent que peu contribuer aux changements des potentiels évoqués monitorés en per-opératoire, en ce qui concerne les paramètres que nous avons utilisé.
    Abstract: Abstrakt Zielsetzung. Ziel der Studie war die Beatwortung der Frage, ob Veränderungen in der nichtdepolarisierende neuromuskulären Blockade (NMB) die Latenz, oder die Amplitude von hirnstamm-akustisch evozierten-, oder medianus-somatosensorisch-evozierten Potentialen beeinträchtigen.Methodik. 10 erwachsene Affen wurden unter kontinuierlicher Ketaminnarkose untersucht. Das NMB wurde durch steigende Dosen von Vecuronium oder Atracurium über einen partiellen bis hin zum totalen Block angepasst. Das NMB wurde auf Grund der mechanischen Reaktion der Handmuskulkatur bei einer “train-of-four” Stimulierung des N. medianus und durch Quantifizierung der elektromyographischen peak-to-peak-Aktivität des Thenarmuskels bei supramaximaler N. Medianusstimulation objektiviert. Folgende Variablen wurden abgeleitet: Das Latenzverhalten der Peaks im hirnstamm-evozierten Potential, das Latenzveralten des spinal-evozierten Potentials, sowie die Latenz und die Amplitude der kortikalen Antwort im somatosensorisch-evozierten Potential.Ergebnisse. Es waren keinen statitisch signifikanten Veränderungen unabhängig vom Grad der NMB, im Vergleich zur Kontrolle, in allen Ableitungsmodalitäten nachweisbar.Schlussfolgerung. Unsere Ergebnisse lassen den Schluss zu, daß unten den genannten Bedingungen, wechselnde Grade i der NMB nicht zu Veränderungen während des inraoperativen Monitoring mit evozierten Potentialen führen.
    Notes: Abstract Objective. The objective of this study was to determine whether changes in nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockade (NMB) alter the latency or amplitude of visual, brain stem auditory, or median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials.Methods. Ten adult cynomologousMacaca fascicularis monkeys were studied during continuous ketamine anesthesia infusion. The NMB was incrementally adjusted between no block and complete block using infusions of vecuronium or atracurium. The NMB was measured by observing the mechanical response of the hand muscles to train-of-four stimulation of the median nerve and by quantification of the peak-to-peak electromyographic activity of the thenar muscles to supramaximal median nerve stimulation. The following variables were measured: the latencies of the three major peaks of the brain stem auditory evoked potential, the latency and amplitude of the cortical visual evoked potential, the latency of the spinal cord response, and the latency and amplitude of the cortical median nerve somatosensory evoked response.Results. No statistically significant changes were observed for any evoked response variable measured at any degree of NMB when compared with values obtained in the unblocked control state.Conclusions. The results suggest that fluctuating degrees of NMB may contribute little to changes in these evoked potentials during intraoperative monitoring, given the testing parameters used.
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  • 9
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    Journal of clinical monitoring and computing 9 (1993), S. 45-53 
    ISSN: 1573-2614
    Keywords: Monitoring ; blood pressure ; Equipment ; transducers ; Measurement techniques ; manometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The accuracy of invasive arterial blood pressure monitoring is dependent on an adequate damped natural frequency (DNF) and damping factor (DF) of the system. Several factors influencing the DNF and DF were investigated to determine requirements for optimal design of catheter-manometer systems. The frequency sweep method was used in a specially constructed chamber that included linearizing and compensation circuitry. The DNF of isolated 20-gauge cannulae varied from 35.1 to 47.7 Hz. The DNF of 24-gauge cannulae varied from 27.7 to 44.3 Hz. An arterial cannula was found to require a DNF above 40 Hz to prevent the DNF from decreasing to below 25 Hz with the addition of arterial pressure tubing. Arterial pressure tubings exceeding 300 mm in length had DNF values that were unacceptably low even before the addition of arterial cannulae (e.g., the DNF was 23.8 Hz for a 900-mm tubing length, 19.8 Hz for 1,000-mm length, and ranged from 12.9 to 21.4 Hz for 1,200-mm lengths). The 3-way stopcocks and continuous flush devices further decreased the DNF, especially when the diameters were not matched. The percentage decrease caused by 3-way stopcocks and flush devices ranged between 19.5 and 40.8% for 300-mm length tubings and between 2.3 and 25.8% for tubings of 1,200-mm lengths. The radius ratio (outside diameter divided by inside diameter) is introduced as a new method to express the stiffness of arterial pressure tubing. A weak correlation was found between DNF and radius ratio (r=0.37,p=0.026 for 300-mm tubing andr=0.57,p=0.0095 for 1,200-mm tubing). The influence of temperature changes from 25 to 37°C on the DNF for the entire catheter-manometer system was minimal and ranged from an increase of 1.2 Hz to a decrease of 1.7 Hz. It is not possible to predict the exact DNF and DF of a complete catheter-manometer system from a knowledge of the values for the individual constituents, and new combinations should be tested before being placed in use. The items chosen for an optimal catheter-manometer system should ideally consist of a 300-mm arterial pressure tubing, stopcocks, and flush devices with internal diameters matched to the tubing and an arterial cannula with a known DNF and DF, especially avoiding cannulae with flow control devices.
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  • 10
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    Journal of clinical monitoring and computing 7 (1991), S. 277-279 
    ISSN: 1573-2614
    Keywords: Acid-base equilibrium ; Measurement techniques ; carbon dioxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Medicine
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1573-2614
    Keywords: Equipment ; automatic blood pressure ; Monitoring ; blood pressure ; Blood pressure ; measurement ; Measurement techniques ; blood pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The Cortronic APM 770 (Cortronic, Ronkonkoma, NY) is a commercial device that claims to measure blood pressure noninvasively and continuously with the use of a standard blood pressure cuff. The aim of our study was to assess the performance of the continuous-mode blood pressure readings of the Cortronic during anesthesia and surgery. We recorded blood pressure in 5 patients bilaterally. An intraarterial pressure (IAP) curve was recorded from 1 arm and the Cortronic pressure curve (CPC) was recorded from the other. For statistical analysis the period between 2 Cortronic recalibrations was defined as the intercalibration interval. The duration of these intervals ranged from 20 to 0.5 minutes. Four paired samples were drawn from each interval. The first sample in an interval represented the recalibration blood pressure; the other samples represented the continuous blood pressure. A total of 1,232 samples were taken, of which 308 were recalibration. The median of the differences and the 2.5th and 97.5th percentile limits of agreement were determined. Their respective values for diastolic and systolic recalibration measurements were 5, −17, and 34 mm Hg, and 6, −12, and 38 mm Hg. Their values for continuous measurements were 4, −23.5, and 32 mm Hg, and 6, −30, and 70 mm Hg. Changes in CPC were evaluated against changes in the corresponding IAP by plotting them in 4-quadrant graphs. In these graphs the Spearman rank correlations were betweenr=−0.17 andr=0.01. We observed opposite CPC and IAP trends on 24 occasions during this study. We performed a simple simulation study to better understand the measurement method of the Cortronic. The study showed a positive relationship between pulsation volume and CPC amplitude, and between pulsation rate and CPC amplitude. We conclude that during anesthesia and surgery continuous-mode blood pressure readings of the Cortronic are unreliable, and suggest that the phenomenon of the two pressures' moving in opposite directions is inherent to the measurement principles of the device.
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  • 12
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    Journal of clinical monitoring and computing 9 (1993), S. 54-59 
    ISSN: 1573-2614
    Keywords: Equipment ; transducers ; Monitoring ; blood pressure ; Measurement techniques ; blood pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A patient undergoing neurosurgical anesthesia was noted to have a mean systolic/intraarterial pressure of 190/135 mm Hg, whereas the mean systolic/noninvasive blood pressure was 110/77 mm Hg. The problem was traced to a short circuit between the contacts in two adjacent sockets at the transducer-end of the interface cable. The short circuit prevented sufficient attenuation of the excitation voltage from the bedside monitor to the pressure-sensitive bridge circuit of the transducer. A test device (Cable Checker, Viggo-Spectramed, Oxnard, CA) containing a resistance network that could be attached to the interface cable in place of the transducer incorrectly indicated that the cable was functioning properly. The malfunction was confirmed by exposing the transducer to known static pressures. The manufacturer modified the transducer end of its interface cable to reduce the likelihood of a similar problem recurring. Subtleties of the function of the disposable transducer, reasons for a disparity between systolic intraarterial pressures and noninvasive blood pressures, and methods for bedside testing of intraarterial pressure equipment are discussed.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1573-2614
    Keywords: Equipment ; computer ; Measurement techniques ; neuromuscular blockade ; Monitoring ; neuromuscular transmission
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The Relaxometer is a computer-controlled system developed for reliable clinical experimental measurements on neuromuscular block. This system is based on an adapted personal computer (Atari 1040 ST) with a monochrome monitor (Atari SM 124), and a microcomputer-driven slave unit (stimulator). There are several stimulation patterns available: single twitch at 0.1 and 1 Hz, single train-of-four, continuous train-of-four every 12 seconds, and tetanic stimulation at 50 Hz for 5 seconds followed by posttetanic count. The system is equipped with a temperature module for continuous monitoring of the skin/muscle temperature and a rechargeable battery to allow uninterrupted measurements if the apparatus is disconnected from the line power. All acquired data, computer-calculated parameters (onset time, duration time, recovery index, train-of-four ratio, tetanic fade, and posttetanic count), and the mechanomyogram are presented on screen continuously, are stored on floppy disk, and can be printed in a well-organized format.
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  • 14
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    Journal of clinical monitoring and computing 10 (1994), S. 39-44 
    ISSN: 1573-2614
    Keywords: Measurement techniques ; oximetry ; Oxygen consumption ; Equipment ; catheters ; pulmonary ; arterial ; Intensive care
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstrakt Ziel. Die Ziel unserer Untersuchung waren (1) der Vergleich der Berechnungen der gemischtvenösenO 2-Sättigung aus Blutgasanalysen mit den Meßwerten aus einem CO-Oximeter und (2) der Vergleich der Sensitivität und Specifität der aus diesen Mssungen abgeleiteten Werte fürVO 2.Methoden. Die Behandlungsdaten von 16 zwischen dem 1.12.91 und 31.1.92 auf einer allgemeinen Intensivstation behandelten Patienten wurden retrospektiv untersucht. Einschlußkriterien waren (1) durchgehende pulmonal-arterielle Katheterisierung und (2) gleichzeitig Messung der gemischtvenösen Sauerstoffsättigung durch ein CO-Oximeter (Co-Ox Model 482, Instrumentation Lab) und einen Blutgasanalysator (Nova Biomedical StatLab 5). Der BG-Analysator nutzt eine Variante der Severinghaus-Gleichung zur Berechnung es S $$\bar V$$ O 2 aus dem P $$\bar V$$ O 2. Die bei jeder S $$\bar V$$ O 2 Messung erhobenen Zustandsdaten zur Berechnung desO 2-Verbrauches wurden aufgezeichnet.Ergebnisse. Es standen 118 gemischtvenöse Blutproben zur Verfügung. Obwohl die S $$\bar V$$ O 2 Werte beider Methoden eine Korrelation von 0.807 aufwiesen (95% Konfidenzintervall bei 0.736–0.861, z-Transformation nach Fisher), hatten bei derO 2-Berechnung die aus de Blutgasanalyse berechneten Sättigungswerte nur eine Sensitivität von 58.3% und eine Spezifitä von 89% im Vergleich zu den Berechnungen aus den Messungen des CO-Oximeters. Versuche, die Ergebnisse durch Anpassung der Severinghaus-Gleichung unddurch vier zusätzliche Regressionsgleichungen zu verbessern, führten jeweils zu einer Verschlechterung der Sensitivität.Schlußfolgerung. Werden die von einem Blutgasanalysator ermittelten S $$\bar V$$ O 2-Werte anstelle direkter CO-oximetrisch gewonnener Daten zur Berechnung des $$\dot V$$ O 2 herangezogen, dann werden 42% der Patienten mit niedrigerO 2-Sättigung als normal, 11% der Normalwerte alszu niedrig klassifiziert. Dieser Fehler scheint einerseits auf den Meßfehler der $$\overline P$$ O 2-Elektrode des Blutgasanalysators, andererseits auf cinc in der Berechnung unberücksichtigte Verschiebung der Sauerstoffbindungskurve des Hämoglobins zurückzuführen zu sein. Wir konnten bei keiner der von Blutgasanalysatoren benutzten Regressionsgleichungen die Sensitivität mathematisch verbessern. Deshalb bleibt es unseres Erachtens notwendig, die CO-oximetrisch gemessenen Sättigungswerte fr die $$\dot V$$ O 2 Berechnung zu nutzen.
    Abstract: Resumen Objetivo. Los objectivos de nuestro estudio fueron (1) comparar las saturaciones venosas mezcladas calculadas por una màquina analizadora de gases en sangre con las saturaciones medidas directamente usando un co-oximetro; y (2) comparar la sensibilidad y especificidad de $$\dot V$$ O 2s derivados a partir de dichos valores.Mètodos. Se revisaron retrospectivamente las fichas de todos los pacientes de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Mèdicos [n=19] que requirieron catèter de arteria pulmonar como parte de su manejo habitual, entre el 1 de diciembre de 1991 y el 31 de enero de 1992, y en quienes se midiò saturaciòn de hemoglobina en sangre venosa mezclada usando al mismo tiempo un co-oximetro (Co-Ox Model 482, Instrumentation Lab) y un analizador de gases en sangre (Nova Biomedical StatLab5; este equipo usa una variante de la ecuaciòn de Severinghaus para calcular S $$\bar v$$ O 2 a partir de la P $$\bar v$$ O 2). Además, se registró información usada para calcular consumo de oxigeno en el momento de mediciòn de S $$\bar v$$ O 2.Resultados. 118 muestras de sangre venosa mezclada estuvieron disponibles para el anàlisis. Aunque los valores de S $$\bar v$$ O 2 presentaban un coeficiente de correlaciòn de 0.807 (intervalo de confianza de 95% 0.736 a 0.861, transformaciòn z de Fisher), cuando los O2s fueron calculados, el analizador de gases en sangre calculò saturaciones con sensibilidad de solamente 58.3% y especificidad de 89%, al ser comparadas con las calculadas a partir de las mediciones del co-oximetro. Intentos de mejorar matemàticamente la ecuaciòn de Severinghaus y cuatro ecuaciones de regresiòn adicionales usadas por otros analizadores de gases en sangre resultaron siempre en peor sensibilidad.Conclusiòn. Si se usa las S $$\bar v$$ O 2s calculadas por una màquina de gases en sangre, en lugar de las medidas en el co- oximetro, para calcular $$\bar v$$ O 2s, 42% de los pacientes con O2s bajos serian erròneamente clasificados como normales y 11% de los normales serian erròneamente clasificados como bajos. Este error total parece resultar de errores de mediciòn lel electrodo dePO 2 del analizador de gases en sangre, y de desplazamientos de la curva de disociaciòn de la oxihemoglobina que no son consideradas en la ecuaciòn usada para calcular saturaciòn a partir de laPO 2 medida. No fuimos capaces de mejorar matemàticamente la sensibilidad de ninguna de las ecuaciones de regresiòn disponibles usadas por analizadores de gases en sangre para calcular S $$\bar v$$ O 2 a partir de la P $$\bar v$$ O 2. En consecuencia, sigue siendo necesario utilizar el co-oximetro para medir saturaciones al calcular $$\dot V$$ O 2.
    Notes: Abstract Objective. The objectives of our study were (1) to compare mixed venous saturations calculated by a blood gas machine with those measured directly by a co-oximeter; and (2) to compare the sensitivities and specificities of $$\dot V$$ o 2s derived from these values.Methods. Charts were retrospectively reviewed of all MICU patients [n=16] between December 1, 1991 and January 31, 1992, who required pulmonary artery catheters for their usual care and who had hemoglobin saturations of mixed venous blood concurrently measured by both a co-oximeter (Co-Ox Model 482, Instrumentation Lab, Lexington, MA) and a blood gas analyzer (Nova Biomedical StatLab5, Waltham, MA) which uses a variant of the Severinghaus equation to calculate S $$\bar v$$ O 2 from P $$\bar v$$ O 2). Data used at the time of each S $$\bar v$$ O 2 measurement to calculate oxygen consumption ( $$\dot V$$ O 2) further was collected.Results. Available for analysis were 118 mixed venous blood samples. Although the S $$\bar v$$ O 2 values had a correlation coefficient of 0.807 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.736 to 0.861, Fisher's z-transform), when $$\dot V$$ O 2s were calculated, the blood gas analyzer calculated saturations had a sensitivity of only 58.3% and a specificity of 89%, when compared with those calculated using the saturations measured by the co-oximeter. Attempts to mathematically improve upon the Severinghaus equation and upon an additional four regression equations used by other blood gas analyzers resulted in universally worse sensitivity.Conclusion. If S $$\bar v$$ O 2s calculated by a blood gas machine—rather than those co-oximetrically measured—are used to calculate $$\bar v$$ O 2s, 42% of patients with low O2s will be misclassified as normal and 11% of normals will be misclassified as low. This total error appears to be the result of measurement error by the Po2 electrode of the blood gas analyzer and shifts of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, which are not accounted for in the equation that is used to calculate saturation from measuredPO 2. We were not able to improve mathematically the sensitivity of any of the available regression equations used by blood gas analyzers to calculate S $$\bar v$$ O 2 from P $$\bar v$$ O 2. Therefore, it remains necessary to use co-oximetrically measured saturations when calculating $$\dot V$$ O 2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 30 (1992), S. 629-635 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Arterial oxygen saturation ; Blood levels of oxygen ; Measurement techniques ; Monitoring ; Oxygen ; Pulse oximetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An in vitro system was developed capable of testing the accuracy and reproducibility of pulse oximeter readings. The pulse oximeter probe receives signals through a pulsating blood cuvette. The development of the design of the cuvette is described. Using the final design (or ‘model finger’), a comparison is made between readings from a Datex Satlite pulse oximeter (SpO2) and saturation values obtained by use of a multiwavelength bench oximeter (SaO2). Linear regression analysis of the data gives SpO2=0·88 SaO2+11·2 (r=0·979, p〈0·001).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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