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  • 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
  • 550 - Earth sciences
  • Springer  (246)
  • Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ  (19)
  • GeoForschungsZentrum  (12)
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  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • Community Online Resource for Statistical Seismicity Analysis
  • Essen : Verl. Glückauf
  • Krefeld : Geologischer Dienst Nordhein-Westfalen
  • 2005-2009  (25)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Mostly based on traditional catalogues, without further research, several modern parametric catalogues are nevertheless straightforward, without question marks, and easily misleading (chronology, epicentre, epicentral intensity, not to speak of magnitude). The example of an Ionian time-window (1658-1664), with several major events, shows that the historical seismicity of the Ionian Islands, often thought to be well-known, actually needs a more or less drastic revision. A wealth of sources was collected, mostly from the Archives of the Republic of Venice, then ruling the main three islands of the Ionian Archipelago; it was ascertained that there are no important chronological gaps in the surviving documentation. Similarly outstanding, and in fact at the basis of a more balanced and precise view of one of the events in this time-window, are the souvenirs of Christoff von Degenfeld, a German nobleman at the service of the Republic of Venice. His manuscript, discovered at the library of Karlsruhe (Germany) in 1992, has been consulted again in the original, on the occasion of the preparation of this paper. Some question marks remain on the distributions of macroseismic effects of the earthquakes within this time-window, and this is due to the lack of information concerning the mainland. For this reason this study does not propose epicentres and, of course, magnitudes. An unusually long documentary appendix is provided, with the hope that it might contribute in discouraging authors of parametric earthquake catalogues from hasty exploitation and interpretation of often unreliable current catalogues.
    Description: Published
    Description: 43-91
    Description: 3.10. Sismologia storica e archeosismologia
    Description: open
    Keywords: Historical seismology ; Ionian Islands 1658-1664 ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Most of the ancient town of Tindari (NE, Sicily) was settled on a plateau the most surficial layer of which was made of unconsolidated material. Ongoing excavations at the archaeological site at Tindari uncovered a large portion of the decumanus which suffered deformations preliminarily assigned to coseismic effects. An analysis of the local dynamic response through the simulation of strong seismic shaking to the bedrock and modelling of spectral ratios of the bedrock-soft soil was carried out to verify the susceptibility of superficial terrains of the promontory to coseismic deformations. To perform this simulation the finite element method (FEM) was used. Four accelerometric recordings of three earthquakes of medium-high magnitude, recorded on rocky sites, were chosen to simulate the seismic shaking, using a constitutive law for the materials composing the promontory layers both of linear-elastic type and of elastoplastic type. The analysis of the linear-elastic field allowed the definition of the frequencies for which the spectral ratios of the accelerations recorded the highest amplifications; in particular the frequency range 31.5–37.2 Hz can be combined with deformation of the paved floor of the decumanus. The analysis in the elastoplastic field highlighted the zones of promontory more susceptible to suffer plasticization process. The results show that the topmost layer of the decumanus is the most susceptible to suffer plasticization. Therefore, the performed analysis lends greater support to the hypothesis that the deformations were produced by seismic shaking.
    Description: Published
    Description: 213-222
    Description: 3.10. Sismologia storica e archeosismologia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Fourier analysis ; Elasticity and anelasticity ; Earthquake ground motions ; Site effects ; Computational seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Jean Vogt was born in 1929 in Strasbourg (France), where he attended primary and secondary school. At the University of Strasbourg, he graduated in Geography, and majored in Geomorphology. His professor was the geographer Jean Tricart, who taught him the importance of both geological field work and archive investigation. In 1955 he joined the French West-Africa Geological Service and later the French Bureau for Geology and Mines (BRGM). Along the following 20 years he lived as a “geological” globetrotter in a number of countries, dispensing his time between the field and the archives. In these years, he was concerned mainly with mining geology, geomorphology, superficial deposits, and landslides. This unique experience led him in 1975 to the responsibility of the “Seismo-Tectonic Project”, the BRGM project in relation with the French nuclear power programme. From 1975 to 1984, he gave a substantial impulse to the study of French historical earthquakes, and since then he visited almost every public archive in France, and several major archives and libraries in Europe and abroad. He took care at the same time of the follow-up of macroseismic studies of present-day earthquakes. After he retired in 1984, he continued on a personal basis his investigations of historical earthquakes, in Europe, the Middle East, North Africa, and the Caribbean area. Alongside and for about 50 years, Jean Vogt investigated uninterruptedly the agrarian history of Northeastern France and Southwestern Germany. He published in scientific journals and in local learned societies bulletins more than 500 notes and articles devoted to a variety of subjects, such as soil erosion, agriculture, cattle trade, and social conflicts. Jean Vogt died on 5 June 2005 in Strasbourg. His scientific legacy consists of a wealth of published papers, manuscripts, documentation related to history and seismology, awaiting to be further exploited, as he would have done.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3-16
    Description: 3.10. Sismologia storica e archeosismologia
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Jean Vogt ; biography ; historical seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The recent seismological literature recorded three strong earthquakes in Algeria, Libya and Tunisia between 1656 and 1694 AD. The historical evidence for these derives from European sources only (gazettes, journalistic pamphlets, missionary literature). Considering the kind of sources involved, their likely biases and the geographical distances that divided their places of production from the places that they spoke about, it is possible that some of these accounts could be less than reliable, and therefore have little use as materials from which to assess earthquake parameters. To answer these doubts, we have retrieved, cross-checked and critically analysed the original historical sources quoted in previous compilations and studies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 163-184
    Description: 5.1. TTC - Banche dati e metodi macrosismici
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Historical Seismicity ; North Africa Earthquakes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: While the seismicity of the Southern Alps is high in the Eastern sector, corresponding to the Veneto and Friuli regions, it decreases towards West up to the Adda River. In the sector between the Lessini Mts. and Eastern Friuli the damaging earthquakes are clustered in a well defined seismic belt, where seismogenic sources responsible for earthquakes with Mw 6 have been defined in recent works. In contrast, the knowledge of the Southalpine sector West of this area is sparser; the area experienced some earthquakes with Mw〉5.5 and varied events with 4.8≤Mw≤5.5 the distribution of which is, apparently, random. For the area roughly defined by the basins of the Adda River to the West and the middle Adige River to the East, this paper reappraises the background knowledge of the earthquakes occurred before 1700. The investigation and the results are presented according to two successive periods, up to 1995 and from 1995 on. In the research performed up to 1995, the most important achievements concerned two different aspects: i) the assessement of several “fake quakes”, some of which were the object of paradigmatic case-histories; ii) the resizing and relocation of several, presumed damaging earthquakes. Though this round of investigation changed significantly the picture of the seismicity with respect to the Seventies, the research continued. For the period from 1995 on, the discussion focuses on the reliability of the available information; material that received little or no consideration before, new historical findings and comments to the seismological interpretation as in the most recent literature are also presented. This part includes also the discussion of archaeoseismological evidence of damage related to past earthquakes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 93-129
    Description: 3.10. Sismologia storica e archeosismologia
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: historical seismology ; Adda and Middle Adige River Basins ; Southern Alps ; archaeoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2017-04-03
    Description: The Valtiberina region (central Italy) has a seismic record going back to the Middle Ages and including five Io 〉 VIII MCS earthquakes, the earliest of which (1352, 1389, 1458). though recently and extensively studied, remain rather poorly known. This makes it all the more important to ensure that the later ones (1789, 1917) are as throughly studied as possible. The 1789 earthquake is listed by the current Italian catalogue (CPTI Working Group 2004) with Io VIII-IX MCS and Mm 5.8. These parameters were assessed from a database of 28 macroseismic intensity data points (Castelli et al. 1996), which is less than plentiful for a late 18th century earthquake. An analysis of the historical context of the 1789 earthquake and its influence on the production of contemporary accounts evidences a few research paths that previous studies either did not or could not take. Following them, the macroseismic database of the 1789 earthquake can be noticeably improved, providing the catalogue compiler with a mean to check the reliability of its current parameters.
    Description: Published
    Description: 249-260
    Description: 5.1. TTC - Banche dati e metodi macrosismici
    Description: open
    Keywords: Historical Seismicity ; 1789 Valtiberina Earthquake ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2020-11-30
    Description: This special issue of Journal of Seismology, dedicated to Archaeoseismology, shows the current trends of research in this young branch of seismology. The beginning of modern archaeoseismological practice during the 1980’s and the investigations made during the 1990’s were in many cases conditioned by the lack of cooperation among the spcialists from different scientific diciplines. Numerous publications resulted from the work of archaeologists, in some cases in collaboration with experts in earthquake-geology or seismology, but rarely such work included a complete and multidisciplinary approach and in situ analysis of the evidence. In many cases, archaeoseismological studies were limited to the detection of traces of past earthquakes in archaeological remains without a seismological perspective aiming to derive quantitative parameters necessary to fully describe a past earthquake (magnitude, etc.). In other cases, such investigations were limited to the analysis of archaeological reports of excavations made years or decades earlier. A step towards the quantification of seismological aspects was represented by the “territorial” approach, trying to reconstruct a picture of an earthquake by detecting its signs over a wider region. This procedure was, however, limited by the scarcity and reliability of published or unpublished archaeological material, usually adopted without a critical review.
    Description: Published
    Description: 393–394
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Archaeoseismology, ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2012-02-03
    Description: Archaeoseismic research contributes important data on past earthquakes. A limitation of the usefulness of archaeoseismology is due to the lack of continuous discussion about the methodology. The methodological issues are particularly important because archaeoseismological investigations of past earthquakes make use of a large variety of methods. Typical in situ investigations include: (1) reconstruction of the local archaeological stratigraphy aimed at defining the correct position and chronology of a destruction layer, presumably related to an earthquake; (2) analysis of the deformations potentially due to seismic shaking or secondary earthquake effects, detectable on walls; (3) analysis of the depositional characteristics of the collapsed material; (4) investigations of the local geology and geomorphology to define possible natural cause(s) of the destruction; (5) investigations of the local factors affecting the ground motion amplifications; and (6) estimation of the dynamic excitation, which affected the site under investigation. Subsequently, a ‘territorial’ approach testing evidence of synchronous destruction in a certain region may delineate the extent of the area struck by the earthquake. The most reliable results of an archaeoseismological investigation are obtained by application of modern geoarchaeological practice (archaeological stratigraphy plus geological–geomorphological data), with the addition of a geophysicalengineering quantitative approach and (if available) historical information. This gives a basic dataset necessary to perform quantitative analyses which, in turn, corroborate the archaeoseismic hypothesis. Since archaeoseismological investigations can reveal the possible natural causes of destruction at a site, they contribute to the wider field of environmental archaeology, that seeks to define the history of the relationship between humans and the environment. Finally, through the improvement of the knowledge on the past seismicity, these studies can contribute to the regional estimation of seismic hazard.
    Description: Published
    Description: 395-414
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: archaeoseismology ; historical seismology ; geoarchaeology ; environmental archaeology ; natural catastrophes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.01. Earthquake geology and paleoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The southernmost sector of the Italian peninsula is crossed by an almost continuous seismogenic belt capable of producing M ~ 7 earthquakes and extending from the Calabrian Arc, through the Messina Straits, as far as Southeastern Sicily. Though large earthquakes occurring in this region during the last Millennium are fairly well known from the historical point of view and seismic catalogues may be considered complete for destructive and badly damaging events (IX £ Io £ XI MCS), the knowledge and seismic completeness of moderate earthquakes can be improved by investigating other kinds of documentary sources not explored by the classical seismological tradition. In this paper, we present a case study explanatory of the problem, regarding the Ionian coast between the Messina Straits and Mount Etna volcano, an area of North-eastern Sicily lacking evidence of relevant seismic activity in historical times. Now, after a systematic analysis of the 18th century journalistic sources (gazettes), this gap can be partly filled by the rediscovery of a seismic sequence that took place in 1780. According to the available catalogues, the only event on record for this year is a minor shock (Io = VI MCS, Mw = 4.8) recorded in Messina on March 28, 1780. The newly discovered data allow to reinstate it as the mainshock (Io = VII–VIII MCS, Mw = 5.6) of a significant seismic period, which went on from March to June 1780, causing severe damage along the Ionian coast of North-eastern Sicily. The source responsible for this event appears located offshore, 40-km south of the previous determination, and is consistent with the Taormina Fault suggested by the geological literature, developing in the low seismic rate zone at the southernmost termination of the 1908 Messina earthquake fault.
    Description: Published
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Historical seismology ; Macroseismic data ; MCS-EMS intensity scales ; 1780 Seismic sequence ; Seismotectonics ; NE Sicily ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2017-04-03
    Description: The aim of this study is to shed light ontwo important destructive seismicsequences, about 20 years apart (1138–1139and 1156–1159), which hit the northernsector of the Dead Sea transform faultsystem (DSTFS), in the easternMediterranean region. Although some ofthese earthquakes were already known to thescholarly tradition, the interpretationsprovided until today have largely beenpartial and characterised by uncertaintiesand discrepancies among the variousauthors. Our study has developed throughresearch into the original Arabic, Syriac,Armenian and Latin texts and a criticalanalysis relating to a territory fragmentedby the presence of the Christian-Latinstates. This analysis has allowed us toshed light on the already existing, albeitoften uncertain, information and to add newelements of these two important series ofearthquake shocks to our knowledge base.As regards the first seismic sequence(October 1138–June 1139), apart from havingdefined the date with greater accuracy,eight new locations affected have beenidentified, unknown to previous studies.The shocks jolted a vast area withdestructive effects, including theterritory of Aleppo (modern Halab, Syria)and the western part of the region ofEdessa (modern Urfa, Turkey).The second seismic sequence (September1156–May 1159) was much longer anddevastating, and hit a huge area, includedbetween the present-day territories ofnorth-western Syria, northern Lebanon andthe region of Antioch (modern Antakya, insouthern Turkey). A detailed analysis ofthe primary sources has allowed toreconstruct the series of shocks withchronological detail of the effects,improving our previous knowledge. Lastly,the authors formulate an hypothesis as tothe possible seismogenic zones affected.
    Description: Published
    Description: 105-127
    Description: 3.10. Sismologia storica e archeosismologia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Historical earthquakes ; seismic sequences ; Lebanon ; Syria ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The recent seismological literature recorded three strong earthquakes in Algeria, Libya and Tunisia between 1656 and 1694 AD. The historical evidence for these derives from European sources only (gazettes, journalistic pamphlets, missionary literature). Considering the kind of sources involved, their likely biases and the geographical distances that divided their places of production from the places that they spoke about, it is possible that some of these accounts could be less than reliable, and therefore have little use as materials from which to assess earthquake parameters. To answer these doubts, we have retrieved, cross-checked and critically analysed the original historical sources quoted in previous compilations and studies.
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: 3.10. Sismologia storica e archeosismologia
    Description: open
    Keywords: Historical Seismology ; North Africa Earthquakes ; Early journalistic sources ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: German
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: German
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 27
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  • 28
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  • 29
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    GeoForschungsZentrum
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: In Südostalaska wird eine relative Meeresspiegelabsenkung von bis zu 4 cm/ a beobachtet. Da dieses Gebiet während der letzten Kaltperiode durch das Kordillerische Eisschild bedeckt war und noch heute von Vergletscherung geprägt ist, liegt die Vermutung nahe, daß die Meeresspiegeländerungen zumindest teilweise durch isostatische Ausgleichsvorgänge hervorgerufen werden. Um diese Hypothese zu prüfen, werden für dieses Gebiet eislastinduzierte Vertikalbewegungen und Geoidänderungen mit Hilfe viskoelastischer Erdmodelle berechnet. Insbesondere werden sechs siebenschichtige Erdmodelle verwendet, die unterschiedliche Viskostitätsprofile berücksichtigen und die Bandbreite der plausiblen Lithosphärenmächtigkeiten abdecken. Das globale Lastmodell ICE-3G wird erweitert und das regionale Lastmodell AL-1 entwickelt, welches die rezente Vergletscherung Südostalaskas berücksichtigt. Weiterhin werden die Ozeane als Last einbezogen. Ein Vergleich der berechneten mit den beobachteten Meeresspiegeländerungen zeigt, daß die Beobachtungen nur zu einen geringen Anteil von wenigen Millimetern pro Jahr durch Isostasie erklärt werden können.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: German
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  • 32
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    Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 33
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    Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ
    In:  Scientific Technical Report STR
    Publication Date: 2021-02-25
    Description: Die im Norddeutschen Becken vorkommenden hochsalinaren, heißen Tiefenwässer besitzen ein beträchtliches Wärmepotential, das bisher in Neustadt-Glewe, Neubrandenburg und Waren zur Energiegewinnung genutzt wird. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit bestand zum einen darin, die Herkunft und die Genese dieser Solen und der in ihnen gelösten Stoffe zu rekonstruieren. Ein zweiter Schwerpunkt bestand in der Ermittlung geochemischer Parameter, die für einen problemlosen Langzeitbetrieb geothermischer Anlagen und somit für deren Wirtschaftlichkeit von Bedeutung sind. Die untersuchten Solen stammten aus Aquiferen, die durch fünf Bohrungen (Neubrandenburg, Waren, Rheinsberg, Neustadt-Glewe, Hamburg-Allermöhe) in Tiefen von 1250 bis 3250 m (54 bis l28°C) erschlossen wurden. Alle untersuchten Na-Cl-Solen wurden aus Sandsteinaquiferen des Keuper (Contorta!Postera-Schichten) gefördert, für die mit zunehmender Tiefe steigende TDS-Gehalte (134 bis 224 g/1) charakteristisch sind. Die Zusammensetzung der gelösten Feststoffe blieb über einen Zeitraum von 3 Jahren konstant. Die Br/CJ-Verhältnisse der Solen sind kleiner als in eingedampftem Meerwasser. Dies und 811B-Werte von +23.8 %o bis +36.3 %o indizieren die Herkunft des Salzgehaltes durch Auflösung/Laugung von Salzen. Das Gas-Wasser-Volumenverhältnis in Proben geothermisch genutzter Solen liegt bei max. 1:10. Die Gasphase wird von C02, N2 und CH4 dominiert, wobei der Gehalt an C02 und CH4 mit der Tiefe zunimmt. Als Spurengase treten He, Ar, H2 und weitere Kohlenwasserstoffe auf (jeweils 〈1 Vol.-%). Die Gasphase des Thermalwassers Neustadt-Giewe zeigte über einen Zeitraum von 2 Jahren keine Änderung in ihrer Zusammensetzung. Periodische Schwankungen in sehr kleinen Konzentrationsbereichen während einer mehrtägigen Gasmeßkampagne korrelieren mit den Erdgezeiten. Die N2-Ar-He-Verhältnisse zeigen, daß es sich um tiefzirkulierende Oberflächenwässer handelt. Untermauert wird diese Interpretation durch die sehr niedrigen 3HefHe-Verhältnisse (R!Ra:S;O.Ol), die keine Mantelheliumkomponente anzeigen, sowie die gegenüber Luft (295.5) leicht erhöhten 40 Ar/36 Ar-Verhältnisse von bis zu 367.5. He-Akkumulationsalter als scheinbare Verweildauer der Solen von 20 bis 50 Ma wurden berechnet. Das Tiefenwasser von NeustadtGiewe besaß gegenüber den anderen Lokationen erhöhte Kohlenwasserstoffgehalte. Die 813C1,2,3- Werte weisen auf thermogenetische Kohlenwasserstoffe und auf ein marines Ausgangsmaterial mit einer Reife, die einer Vitrinitreflektion von etwa 1.2 % entspricht, hin. Die Herkunft aus Corgreichen Zechstein-Sedimenten ist wahrscheinlich, organisches Material des wesentlich tiefer liegenden Karbons scheidet als Quelle aus. Die 8180- und öD-Werte der Wässer zeigen an, daß meteorisches Wasser bei der Genese eine bedeutende Rolle gespielt hat. Die ermittelte isatopische Zusammensetzung der meteorischen Komponente weicht von heutigen Niederschlagswässern ab und weist einen letztmaligen Kontakt mit der Atmosphäre zu einer Zeit deutlich wärmeren Klimas als das heutige nach. Die in einem Thermalwasser vorhandenen Gase können die technologische Eignung der Sole und den Betrieb einer geothermischen Anlage maßgeblich beinflussen (Scaling, Auftreten brennbarer Gase, Entlösung von Gasen). Bei Vorhandensein Corg-reicher Sedimente nimmt die Wahrscheinlichkeit des Auftretens brennbarer Gase in Wässern aus größerer Tiefe, die durch ihre höhere Temperatur wirtschaftlicher sind, zu. Um die Entgasung eines Tiefenwassers innerhalb einer Anlage zu verhindem und somit Scaling und unkontrolliertes Entgasen zu minimieren, wurde anhand Literaturdaten exemplarisch für den Thermalwasserkreislauf der Anlage Neustadt-Giewe (Sole mit den höchsten Gasgehalten) ein Mindestanlagendruck berechnet. Danach sind etwa 2 bar ausreichend, um ein Entgasen der Sole zu verhindern; Strömungseffekte erfordern jedoch eine Erhöhung des Anlagendrucks auf etwa 4 bar. Die zeitliche Konstanz in der Zusammensetzung der gelösten Feststoffe und der Gasphase über einen Zeitraum von 2 bzw. 3 Jahren zeugt von einer relativ großen räumlichen Homogenität der Aquifere, wodurch der Betrieb der Anlagen durch Änderungen in der chemischen Zusammensetzung der Solen kaum gefährdet zu sein scheint. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit haben gezeigt, daß sowohl bei der hydrodynamischen Vorerkundung als auch während des Betriebes eines geothermischen Heizwerkes die genaue Kenntnis der Gasmengen und der Gaszusammensetzung von entscheidender Bedeutung ist.
    Description: Deep seated hydrothermal brines in the North German Basin have a considerable heat potential, which is currently used for geothermal energy recovery in Neustadt-Glewe, Neubrandenburg and Waren. One aim of this study was to reconstruct the origin of these brines and their dissolved substances. Another goalwas to determine geochemical parameters which are critically influence the long-term operation, and hence the econornic viability of geothermal plants. The brines come from aquifers which have been accessed by 5 boreholes (Neubrandenburg, Waren, Rheinsberg, Neustadt-Glewe, Hamburg-Allermöhe) in depths from 1250 to 3250 m (54 to 128 °C). All investigated Na-Cl-brines were produced from sandstone aquifers of the Keuper (Contorta!Postera layers). Typically, TDS-values (134 to 224 g/1) increase with depth. The compositions of the dissolved solids were constant during 3 years. The Br/Cl ratios of the brines are lower than evaporated sea water. This, and 811B-values of +23.8 %o up to +36.3 %o indicate dissolution/leaching of salt as the origin of the salt content. The gas-water volume ratio of samples from brines used for geothermal energy recovery are less than around 1:10. The gas phase is dorninated by C02, N2 and C~ with higher C02- and C~ contents with increasing depths. He, Ar, H2 and other hydrocarbons exist as traces ( 〈1 vol.% each). The gas phase of the thermal water from Neustadt-Giewe showed no changes in its composition during 2 years. Small · periodical variations in the concentrations obtained from gas monitaring over several days correlate with the earth tides. The N2-Ar-He ratios show that the waters are deep-circulating meteoric waters. This interpretation is supported by very low 3HefHe ratios (R!Ra:S;O.Ol), which show no mantle helium, and 40 ArP6 Ar ratios up to 367.5, which are slightly enhanced compared to air (295.5). He accumulation ages, taken as the apparent residence time of the brines, were calculated to be 20 to 50 Ma. Compared to the other locations the formation water from Neustadt-Giewe contained enhanced hydrocarbon contents. The 813C1,2,3 values point to thermogenic hydrocarbons and to a marine source rock with a maturity corresponding to about 1.2 % vitrinite reflectivity. An origin from Corg-rich Zechstein sediments seems probable, organic material from significantly deeper-seated Carboniferous formations can be ruled out. The 8180 and ÖD values of the waters confirm that meteoric water played an important role in the brine genesis. The determined isotopic composition of the meteoric component deviates from recent precipitation and indicates a last contact with the atmosphere at a time when climate conditions were significantly warmer than today. Gases dissolved in thermal waters can significantly affect both the technological suitability of a brine and the operation of a geothermal heat plant (scaling, degassing, occurence of flammable gases). If Corg-rich sedimentary rocks occur, the probability of the occurence of flammable gases increases in waters from larger depths, which are more economic due to their higher temperature. The pressure needed to prevent degassing inside a plant and thus to rninirnize scaling and uncontrolled degassing was calculated for the example of the thermal water cycle at Neustadt-Giewe (brine with the highest gas content). About 2 bars are sufficient to prevent degassing; however, flow effects require increasing the pressure up to about 4 bars. The constant composition of both the dissolved solids and gases over a period of 2 to 3 years is a sign of a relatively large spatial uniformity of the aquifers. Therefore the continuous operation of the plants seems unlikely to be endangered by a change in the chernical composition of the brines. The results of this study have shown that during the hydrodynarnic reconnaissance as weil as during the operation of a geothermal heat plant, precise knowlegde of the gas concentration is of essential importance.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: German
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis
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    In:  Scientific Technical Report
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Seismological models of upper mantle structure provide important constraints on the Earth"s convection system. Resolving the details of the upper mantle discontinuities is important for modelling the composition of the mantle and for understanding the effect that the discontinuities may have on mantle convection. Recently, numerous permanent and temporary seismic stations and networks have been set up around the world. It is possible to get the seismic records for the research needs from data management systems like IRIS, GEOFON, GEOSCOPE, FREESIA, etc. The use of seismograms collected from a large number of stations and earthquakes around the world enable us to study the global and the regional structure of the Earth. In this work, the receiver function technique (e.g. Owens et. Al., 1995) is applied to study the upper mantle structure in the northwest Pacific subduction zone and in the Hawaiian hotspot area. In the northwest Pacific, the Pacific plate is subducted into the upper mantle to more than 600 km depth, indicated by seismicity. In Hawaii, the volcanic edifice of the Hawaiian Islands and seamounts are believed to result from the passage of the oceanic lithosphere over a stationary mantle hotspot (Wilson, 1963; Morgan, 1971; Morgan et. al., 1995). In both regions the upper mantle structure is affected by the cold and warm materials, respectively. To study the extension of the temperature anomaly is important for understanding the Earth"s convection system. The olivine component of the mantle material is intensively studied in laboratories (e.g. Ito and Takahashi, 1989; Irifune, 1987). With increasing temperature and pressure, the olivine crystal undergoes a series of phase transformations which will result in a variation of the seismic structure. The effect of the temperature anomaly on the main upper mantle discontinuities will be discussed in chapter 2. Recently, the receiver function technique is increasingly applied to investigate the upper mantle discontinuities. To isolate the upper mantle conversion phases, newly developed moveout correction and migration methods are applied to separately distributed seismic stations as well as station arrays. The receiver function method used in this study will be introduced in chapter 3. In chapter 4 and 5, receiver function studies in the area of the northwest Pacific subduction zone and the Hawaiian mantle plume are presented. Regional tectonic background and the previous seismological works in these two areas will be first introduced in each chapter, and followed by description of data, processing steps, results and interpretations. In chapter 6, I will summarize the observations of the 410 and 660 topography in the northwest Pacific subduction zone and in the area around the Hawaiian mantle plume.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis
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    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: German
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    Publication Date: 2022-11-15
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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    Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ
    In:  Scientific Technical Report STR
    Publication Date: 2022-11-24
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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    Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ
    In:  Scientific Technical Report STR
    Publication Date: 2022-11-24
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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    Publication Date: 2022-11-24
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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    Publication Date: 2022-11-24
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    In:  Scientific Technical Report STR
    Publication Date: 2022-11-24
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    Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ
    In:  Scientific Technical Report STR
    Publication Date: 2022-11-24
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 44
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    Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ
    In:  Scientific Technical Report STR
    Publication Date: 2022-11-24
    Description: Receiver function analysis is routinely used to isolates P-to-S converted waves from a complex of earthquake recordings s as to explore crustal and upper mantle structures and to infer possible geodynamic processes within the Earth. In the last several years the number of deployments of portable seismic arrays has been greatly increased. The conventional receiver function method, which stacks receiver functions at a single station, is not suitable for such a large amount of data. In this thesis modifications of the receiver function method have been made. Techniques of reflection seismology have been introduced into the receiver function analysis. Modified receiver function method has been successfully applied to the seismological data acquired in Tibet and the Central Andes. In these two Earth"s largest and highest plateaus, data of many available seismic broadband and short-period experiments have been collected. In Tibet, data of the INDEPTH II and GEDEPTH I experiments in southern Tibet and the PASSCAL 91/92 experiment across the central Tibetan Plateau have been combined. A Total number of about 50 stations were distributed roughly in a NNE directed profile. More than 900 receiver functions have been obtained. In the Central Andes, more than 200 stations have been deployed within the experiments of PISCO, CINCA, ANCORP, PUNA and KDS of the project of the SFB 267, and the BANJO and SEDA broadband arrays of the PASSCAL experiments. More than 640 teleseismic receiver functions have been obtained. Results are summarized in the following. (1) Crustal thicknesses under the two plateaus are reliably determined by Teleseismic receiver functions. P-to-S converted waves at the Moho are clearly seen under the Tibetan plateau and under Central Andean plateau. In southern Tibet the Moho is 75-80 km deep. In northern Tibet it becomes shallower to a depth of 55-60 km. In the Central Andes, the continental Moho is 65-70 km deep beneath the Andean Plateau (it appears to be 15 km shallower beneath Puna than beneath Altiplano). The Moho abruptly reduces its depth beneath the eastern edge of the Eastern Cordillera (65-64.5°W) and remains 45-50 km depth in the Sub Andes. Further east there is another abrupt reduction of Moho depth between the Sub Andes and the Chaco Plain. The Moho is 30-35 km beneath the Chaco Plain. (2) Evidence of crustal-scale underthrusting is found in Tibet as well as in the Andes. The INDEPTH data clearly show an intra-crustal phase at a depth of 50-60 km in the southern Tibet. This conversion boundary is probably the evidence of the underthrust Indian crust. In the Andean data a more than 300 km west-dipping intra-crustal converter evidently marks the boundary of the underthrust Brazilian shield crust. This boundary exists across the entire Altiplano and Puna plateau from 20 km depth below the Eastern Cordillera to 40 km depth below the Western Cordillera and the Precordillera. In both plateaus, most of the thickened crust, if not all, can be attributed to the crustal-scale underthrusting. (3) Plate boundaries are found to a depth of about 250 km between the Indian and the Asian lithospheric mantle and to a depth of about 120 km between the Nazca plate and the South American plate. However, the nature of these boundaries is different. In the Central Andes, the plate boundary is interpreted as the oceanic Moho of the Nazca plate, above which a 10 km layer of oceanic crust with lower seismic velocity suggests that the gabbroic rocks do not completely transform to eclogite until a depth of 120 km. Most of the intermediate depth seismicity stops at the same depth, suggesting a relation with phase transformation. In Tibet the observed plate boundary of the two lithosperic mantles probably reflects the temperature difference between the two plates. The cold Indian mantle is subducted under the warm Asian mantle. The Temperature difference can be as high as 500.700 ° resulting in large seismic velocity contrast. (4) Interesting variations have been found in the upper mantle discontinuities which are related to the plate collision and subduction processes. In Tibet, the 410 km discontinuity is clearly seen in its globally average depth in the south, and is disturbed and becomes complicated in the north. The 660 km discontinuity is continuously displayed throughout the Tibetan profile. Similarly, in the Central Andes, the 410 km discontinuity is not imaged coherently, which is obviously attributed to the subduction complexity of the phase transformation of the mantle rocks. It is interesting to see that the 660 km discontinuity is depressed by about 30-40 km in the region of the cold Nazca slab, which corresponds to a temperature reduction of 300-600° within the slab.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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    Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ
    In:  Scientific Technical Report STR
    Publication Date: 2022-11-24
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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    Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ
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    Publication Date: 2022-11-24
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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    Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ
    In:  Scientific Technical Report STR
    Publication Date: 2022-11-24
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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    Publication Date: 2022-11-24
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The new GFZ/GRGS gravity field models GRIM5-S1 and Cl, current initial models for the CHAMP mission, have been compared with other recent models (JGM 3, EGM 96) for radial accuracy (by means of latitude lumped coefficients) in computations on altimetry satellite orbits. The basis for accuracy judgements are extensive (multi-year) averages of crossover sea height differences from Geosat and ERS 1/2 missions. These data are fully independent of the data used to develop these gravity models. We tested how well these observed differences in all the world's oceans agree with projections of the same errors from the scaled covariance matrix of their harmonic geopotential coefficients. It was found that the tentative (model) scale factor of 5 for the formal standard deviations of the harmonic coefficients of the new GRIM fields is justified, i.e. the accuracy estimates, provided together with the geopotential coefficients, are realistic.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Language: English
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  • 55
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 141 (2000), S. 263-274 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Keywords: Systematics ; evolution ; anagenesis ; genealogy ; reference system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Verglichen mit anderen Tiergruppen, scheint die artliche Bestandsaufnahme der rezenten Vögel nahezu abgeschlossen zu sein. Doch ist das System der Vögel weiterhin umstritten und mit vielen Neuerungen konfrontiert. Die Gründe dafür liegen hauptsächlich in neuen, vor allem molekularbiologischen Methoden und in den unerwartet reichen Fossilfunden der jüngsten Zeit. Als Beispiele werden Altgaumenvögel, Kranichvögel, Ibisse, Flamingos, Mausvögel, Hopfe und Sperlingsvögel kurz behandelt. Die hier erzielten Fortschritte lassen die Befürchtung Stresemanns, die Großsystematik der Vögel sei mit den vorhandenen Methoden phylogenetisch nicht interpretierbar, zunächst als unbergründet erscheinen. Doch erwachsen einer solchen Interpretation andere Hindernisse, deren Bedeutung bisher zu wenig beachtet wurde, nämlich Parallelentwicklungen, die viel verbreiteter sind als gemeinhin angenommen. Ihre Häufigkeit lässt sich sogar mit evolutionsbiologischen Argumenten begründen. Es ist deshalb nicht zu erwarten, dass die Diskussionen um das „richtige“ System bald verstummen. Um dennoch die Eindeutigkeit der Information in nicht-systematischen Veröffentlichungen zu wahren, wird empfohlen ein etabliertes Referenzsystem auf Zeit zu wählen.
    Notes: Summary Unlike in most animal classes the inventory of extant species of the class Aves seems to be almost complete. Nevertheless avian systematics is challenged by many novelties and seems far from being settled. This is caused mainly by the application of novel methods of molecular analysis to phylogenetic problems and by the unexpectedly rich fossil record collected within the last 10–20 years. Examples from the Palaeognathae, Gruiformes, Threskiornithidae, Phoenicopteridae, Coliiformes, Upupiformes and Passeriformes are briefly treated. The progress in the field seems to disprove Stresemann's pessimistic view that the phylogeny of higher categories (orders) cannot be reconstructed by the available methods. However, phylogenetic interpretations are impeded by obstacles not considered by Stresemann and highly underestimated in most cases, namely by multiple independent developments leading to identical features. Frequent parallel developments are to be expected for theoretical evolutionary reasons. The diagnosis of such homoplasies can be extremely difficult or even impossible. Therefore we cannot expect the discussion about the “best” system of birds to end in the near future. Considering this dynamic situation in systematics, it is recommended to maintain unambiguousness of information in not strictly systematic publications by refering to a well established system as a temporally limited reference.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: butterfly ; Formicidae ; food ; growth ; mutualism ; myrmecophily ; parasitism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Caterpillars of the lycaenid butterfly Maculinea rebeli Hirschke (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) live for 11–23 months as social parasites in Myrmica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) red ant nests, a trait that is believed to have evolved from mutualistic myrmecophilous ancestry. Although Maculinea rebeli caterpillars harm Myrmica larvae, they simultaneously produce copious secretions which the adult worker ants imbibe, perhaps representing a vestige of the ancestral mutualism. We report the results of laboratory experiments designed to test alternative hypotheses: (i) Maculinea rebeli caterpillars provide a beneficial source of sugar in return for being tended by Myrmicaworkers; (ii) Maculinea rebeli harms its host by stressing the workers by competing for available sugar. Comparisons were made of Myrmica worker fitness after 90–450 days under all possible combinations of three experimental treatments: ± M. rebeli caterpillars, ± sucrose and ± ant brood. Caterpillars always reduced the survival of both ant workers and their larvae, even when sugar was not provided, suggesting that M. rebeli is wholly parasitic on all stages in its host colony. The results also confirmed the importance of sucrose in the diet of Myrmica, and showed that M. rebeli caterpillars which eat ant brood to supplement their normal trophallactic feeding by workers develop more quickly - but have the same survival and pupal weights – as caterpillars that are fed solely by worker ants.
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  • 57
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta biotheoretica 48 (2000), S. 137-147 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Keywords: Sex ; sexual selection ; mate selection ; evolution ; ploidy ; assortative mating ; recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using computer simulations I studied the simultaneous effect of variable environments, mutation rates, ploidy, number of loci subject to evolution and random and assortative mating on various reproductive systems. The simulations showed that mutants for sex and recombination are evolutionarily stable, displacing alleles for monosexuality in diploid populations mating assortatively under variable selection pressure. Assortative mating reduced excessive allelic variance induced by recombination and sex, especially among diploids. Results suggest a novel adaptive value for sex and recombination. They show that the adaptive value of diploidy and that of the segregation of sexes is different to that of sex and recombination. The results suggest that the emergence of sex had to be preceded by the emergence of diploid monosexual organisms and provide an explanation for the emergence and maintenance of sex among diploids and for the scarcity of sex among haploid organisms.
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  • 58
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 97 (2000), S. 237-249 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: herbivores ; predators ; parasitoids ; mutualism ; induced defence ; behaviour ; ecology ; evolution ; sensory physiology ; plant fitness ; pathogens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Herbivorous and carnivorous arthropods use plant volatiles when foraging for food. In response to herbivory, plants emit a blend that may be quantitatively and qualitatively different from the blend emitted when intact. This induced volatile blend alters the interactions of the plant with its environment. We review recent developments regarding the induction mechanism as well as the ecological consequences in a multitrophic and evolutionary context. It has been well established that carnivores (predators and parasitoids) are attracted by the volatiles induced by their herbivorous victims. This concerns an active plant response. In the case of attraction of predators, this is likely to result in a fitness benefit to the plant, because through consumption a predator removes the herbivores from the plant. However, the benefit to the plant is less clear when parasitoids are attracted, because parasitisation does usually not result in an instantaneous or in a complete termination of consumption by the herbivore. Recently, empirical evidence has been obtained that shows that the plant's response can increase plant fitness, in terms of seed production, due to a reduced consumption rate of parasitized herbivores. However, apart from a benefit from attracting carnivores, the induced volatiles can have a serious cost because there is an increasing number of studies that show that herbivores can be attracted. However, this does not necessarily result in settlement of the herbivores on the emitting plant. The presence of cues from herbivores and/or carnivores that indicate that the plant is a competitor- and/or enemy-dense space, may lead to an avoidance response. Thus, the benefit of emission of induced volatiles is likely to depend on the prevailing faunal composition. Whether plants can adjust their response and influence the emission of the induced volatiles, taking the prevalent environmental conditions into account, is an interesting question that needs to be addressed. The induced volatiles may also affect interactions of the emitting plant with its neighbours, e.g., through altered competitive ability or by the neighbour exploiting the emitted information. Major questions to be addressed in this research field comprise mechanistic aspects, such as the identification of the minimally effective blend of volatiles that explains the attraction of carnivores to herbivore-infested plants, and evolutionary aspects such as the fitness consequences of induced volatiles. The elucidation of mechanistic aspects is important for addressing ecological and evolutionary questions. For instance, an important tool to address ecological and evolutionary aspects would be to have plant pairs that differ in only a single trait. Such plants are likely to become available in the near future as a result of mechanistic studies on signal-transduction pathways and an increased interest in molecular genetics.
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  • 59
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 95 (2000), S. 141-149 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: ecology ; reproductive success ; fecundity ; intraspecific competition ; evolution ; pest outbreaks ; pest control ; chemical control ; economic threshold ; oilseed rape ; turnip rape
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Populations of the rapeseed pollen beetle Meligethes aeneus F. (Col., Nitidulidae) from areas with 0–16 years of history of intensive rapeseed growing were compared for key ecological characters. During the first 16 years of rapeseed cultivation the reproductive success of M. aeneus increased 200–300% over that of the beetles living on the natural host plants, cruciferous weeds. The increase was linear over time and statistically highly significant, and it did not appear to be related to food quality or to the size of the beetles. During the same period the tolerance to intraspecific competition decreased, possibly due to the relative absence of such competition on the new crop. Furthermore, the optimum population density for M. aeneus to maximize the size of its next generation on summer turnip rape was determined to be 0.5–1.0 beetles/plant, which is slightly below the economic threshold for chemical control (1 beetle/plant). Therefore the practical protection of the rapeseed yield also ensures the highest possible pest population size for the next year. These mechanisms may in part explain the particular noxiousness of the species as a pest all over Europe. In general these data show that after the introduction of a new crop plant into a region, significant changes during the recruitment process in a pestiferous insect may take place, contributing to the future pest status of the insect. It is suggested that such genetic and ecological changes in insects may be a more common mechanism than previously thought in initiating and sustaining pest outbreaks, and that conventional pest management methods may enhance that effect.
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  • 60
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    Journal of insect behavior 13 (2000), S. 71-86 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: copulatory courtship ; behavioral interactions ; songs ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract D. birchii and D. serrata, two endemic Australian Drosophila species, have a copulatory courtship. The males of these species begin to court the female after mounting her and often go on with the courtship after the copulation is over. In the present paper we have described behavioral interactions between the male and the female and analyzed acoustic signals produced by the flies during courtship. Species differences were more pronounced in female than in male behavior. Variation within the species was obvious in the relative proportions of time the flies spent in different behaviors. Even though courtship took place nearly solely during copulation, some remains of precopulatory courtship were observed in both species. It is suggested that copulatory courtship exhibited by D. birchii and D. serrata flies is a derived rather than a primitive character.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: aluminum oxide ; hydroxyl groups ; rhodium ; growth ; scanning tunneling microscopy ; infrared spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In order to investigate how the presence of surface hydroxyl groups on oxide surfaces affects the interaction with the supported metal, we have modified a well-ordered alumina film on NiAl(110) by Al deposition and subsequent exposure to water. This procedure yields a hydroxylated alumina surface as revealed by infrared and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy. By means of scanning tunneling microscopy, we have studied the growth of rhodium on the modified film at 300 K. Clear differences in the particle distribution and density are observed in comparison to the clean substrate. While, in the latter case, decoration of domain boundaries as typical defects of the oxide film governs the growth mode, a more isotropic island distribution and a drastically increased particle density is found on the hydroxylated surface. From infrared data, it can be deduced that the growth is connected with the consumption of the hydroxyl groups due to the interaction between the metal deposit and the hydroxylated areas. This finding is in line with photoemission results published earlier.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1572-9028
    Keywords: rutile supported V2O5–WO3 catalyst ; evolution ; NO reduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This paper concerns the relation between surface structure of crystalline vanadia-like active species on vanadia–tungsta catalyst and their activity in the selective reduction of NO by ammonia to nitrogen. The investigations were performed for Ti–Sn-rutile-supported isopropoxy-derived catalyst. The SCR activity and surface species structure were determined for the freshly prepared catalyst, for the catalyst previously used in NO reduction by ammonia (320 ppm NO, 335 ppm NH3 and 2.35 vol% O2) at 573 K as well as for the catalyst previously annealed at 573 K in helium stream containing 2.35 vol% O2. The crystalline islands, exposing main V2O5 surface, with some tungsten atoms substituted for V-ones, were found, with XPS and FT Raman spectroscopy, to be present at the surface of the freshly prepared catalyst. A profound evolution of the active species during the catalyst use at 573 K was observed. Dissociative water adsorption on V5+OW6+ sites is discussed as mainly responsible for the catalyst activity at 473 K and that on both V5+OW6+ and V4+OW6+ sites as determining the activity at 523 K.
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  • 63
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    Foundations of science 5 (2000), S. 429-456 
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: awareness ; reflexive awareness and consciousness ; evolution ; experience and pattern matching ; symbolic language
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract An evolutionary point of view is proposed to make more appropriate distinctions between experience, awareness and consciousness. Experience can be defined as a characteristic linked closely to specific pattern matching, a characteristic already apparent at the molecular level at least. Awareness can be regarded as the special experience of one or more central, final modules in the animal neuronal brain. Awareness is what experience is to animals. Finally, consciousness could be defined as reflexive awareness. The ability for reflexive awareness is distinctly different from animal and human awareness and depends upon the availability of a separate frame of reference, as provided by symbolic language. As such, words have made reflexive awareness – a specific and infrequent form of awareness – possible. Conciousness might be defined as the experience evoked by considering, i.e. thinking about experiences themselves. If there is a hard problem of explaining consciousness, than this actually must be considered as the hard problem already met when trying to explain basic experience, since its nature remains elusive.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 31 (2000), S. 57-73 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: complex systems ; evolution ; nonlinearity ; pre-determination ; self-organization ; soft management ; structure-attractors ; synergetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The philosophical consequences of synergetics, the interdisciplinary theory of evolution and self-organization of complex systems, are being drawn in the paper. The idea of discreteness of evolutionary paths is in the focus of attention. Although the future is open, and there are many alternative evolutionary paths for complex systems, not any arbitrary (either conceivable or desirable) evolutionary path is feasible in a given system. There are discrete spectra of possible evolutionary paths which are determined exclusively by inner properties of the corresponding systems. Synergetics allows us to reveal general laws of self-organization and, therefore, certain limits of arbitrariness of nature in choosing possible paths of evolution as well as in constructing of a complex evolutionary whole. A comparative analysis between the modern synergetic notions and a few ideas of the Western philosophy (F. Nietzsche, N. Hartmann, M. Heidegger) and of the Eastern teachings (Taoism, Buddhism) is made.
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    International journal of value-based management 13 (2000), S. 297-308 
    ISSN: 1572-8528
    Keywords: morality ; moral systems ; behavior ; evolution ; adaptation ; natural selection ; altruism ; reciprocal altruism ; fitness ; reciprocity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The ethical and moral behavior of Homo sapiens is no longer the exclusive domain of religion and philosophy because we recognize that such behavior affects the reproductive success of individuals within the species. We are a social species and therefore our survival is influenced by our capacity for cooperation and our willingness to take risks for kin. Emotions, some of which are found in other species, help to mediate our altruistic behavior. The reproductive benefits of helping kin, especially offspring, are readily seen. Helping non-kin can be beneficial if individuals can differentiate between ‘reciprocators’ and ‘non-reciprocators’ and direct altruistic behavior toward reciprocators. Also, if third parties are favorably impressed by observing altruistic behavior, the rewards need not come from the recipient of the altruistic behavior.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1572-9737
    Keywords: conservation ; marsupial ; remote censusing ; microsatellites ; wombat
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    Topics: Biology
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  • 67
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    Small business economics 14 (2000), S. 195-210 
    ISSN: 1573-0913
    Keywords: growth ; manufacturing ; performance ; product innovation ; small firms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract The paper considers the relative performance [along a number of parameters] of a sample of 228 small manufacturing firms categorised by level of innovation. Whilst innovators appear no more likely to have experienced some form of sales or employment growth, they are significantly more likely to have grown more. In other words, the innovators' growth rate distributions are highly negatively skewed. With regards to export intensities, profitability and productivity levels, the findings are less clear. On the whole, the results reported here are similar to those of other small firm studies, yet vary markedly from large firm equivalents; suggesting that the nature of the returns to innovation may be contingent, at least in part, upon firm size. Moreover, the high levels of variation in firm performance should caution us against proffering innovative imperatives. If we are to counsel firms to "innovate at all costs", we must be clear about, and clearly demonstrate, the nature of the returns they may reasonably expect and the processes through which these may be optimised.
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    Agroforestry systems 48 (2000), S. 289-302 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: conservation ; humidforest zone ; native plants ; non-timber forest products
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Traditional approaches to conservation of Garcinia kola and Gnetum africanum were assessed by a survey of 15 villages (three per province) in the humid forest zone of southern Cameroon. Four major land use systems [evergreen forest, degraded forest, bush fallow (10 years and over) and food crop fields] were identified as major niches for the species. The distribution of the plant stands varied from province to province. Gnetum africanum is intensively harvested (up to four times per week throughout the year) and reported to generate substantial income (averaging US$2,630 per household per annum). Indigenous practices used by farmers to protect the species include selective clearing during land preparation for cropping, sustainable bark harvesting of stands in wild population, transplantation of wildings, artificial propagation and recognition of individual property ownership on certain wild stands of G. kola.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: Allochernes wideri ; conservation ; hollow tree ; Larca lata ; pseudoscorpion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Many beetles associated with old trees are on national red lists, but pseudoscorpions living in similar habitats have received little attention. This study reports the habitat and occurrence patterns of two species of pseudoscorpions living in hollow trees. Their occurrence has been assessed by sieving wood mould from 274 oaks in southeastern Sweden and from museum specimens collected in Sweden. Larca lata is confined to hollow oaks with a large girth and a plentiful supply of wood mould. Allochernes wideri is much less particular about wood mould volume, trunk diameter and tree species. Larca lata inhabits hollow trunks with characteristics that are typical of very old trees, whereas A. wideri predominantly occurs in trunks in an earlier stage of hollow formation. Larca lata was almost exclusively found in larger assemblages of hollow oaks, which suggests long-term survival may be difficult when the network of suitable hollow trees is too sparse. Larca lata is a rare species in Europe and probably vulnerable to extinction, since it is dependent on a habitat which has declined severely in the last few centuries.
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    Journal of insect conservation 4 (2000), S. 93-98 
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: allozymes ; fluctuating asymmetry ; Dysauxes ancilla ; conservation ; Sweden
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Genetic status and fluctuating asymmetry (FA) were assessed in a small, isolated and endangered population of the moth Dysauxes ancilla in Sweden. A sample from the German population, within the continuous breeding area of the species, was used for comparison. The levels of FA were significantly higher in the Swedish population, indicating a reduced ability to withstand developmental stress. Two polymorphic loci showed significantly higher variation in the Swedish population, indicating that there are no serious effects on genetic factors. Therefore, it is suggested that the increased level of FA in the Swedish population is due to the stress of living in an ecologically marginal habitat. The Swedish population is a northern outpost separated from the continuous distribution area of species and environmental stress caused by variable and extreme abiotic factors, for example climatic conditions, could explain a higher FA. However, it is still an open question if a higher FA from environmental stress also constitutes an increased extinction risk.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: Acrididae ; conservation ; distribution ; diversity ; rarity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to apply knowledge of holarctic grasshopper biogeography in representative, temperate ecosystems (Russia, South Siberia, Sayans region; 685,000 km2 and USA, Wyoming; 272,000 km2) to develop a comparative basis for understanding and conserving insect biodiversity. Maps of species distributions and vegetation zones were digitized, and a Geographic Information System was used to identify habitats with the greatest biodiversity and to characterize this diversity as a function of selected attributes. With respect to subfamilies, the greatest differences were in cold, mesic zones, where gomphocerines and melanoplines were dominant in Sayans and Wyoming, respectively. In terms of mobility, the Sayans has more flightless species and individuals, with the taiga supporting the greatest frequency of flightless acridids in both countries. With regard to feeding types, the diversity and richness of graminivores and forbivores were similar in the two regions, but mixed feeders were much more frequent in Wyoming. In the Sayans and Wyoming, pest species were most common in boreal and prairie zones, respectively. Ecoregions with a high diversity of pests also supported a high diversity of rare species. Shrub and desert zones supported many rare species in both countries. Thus, in terms of conservation, the Sayans' acridofauna appears to be at greater risk in terms of ecological vulnerability; acridid biodiversity is dispersed among habitats, with high frequencies of flightless and oligophagous species. The acridofauna of Wyoming could be conserved in fewer habitats than in the Sayans, but these habitats are subject to considerable human disturbance.
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    Journal of insect conservation 4 (2000), S. 215-223 
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: conservation ; red-listed ; flight period ; distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract From 1987 to 1999 efforts were made to understand the status and breeding sites of three presumed endangered flies in Britain: Blera fallax (Linnaeus), Hammerschmidtia ferruginea (Fallén) and Callicera rufa Schummel (Diptera, Syrphidae). Historical data on flight periods, localities and breeding sites were collated from the literature and captured specimens in museums and other collections. Using these data, life cycles were investigated, and cited and other localities searched for adults and early stages. Looking for early stages was more productive than looking for adults. B. fallax is the most endangered. It has declined in abundance, is restricted to two localities and, in 1999, breeding sites were destroyed at one of these localities. In contrast C. rufa is widespread and not uncommon throughout northern Scotland. H. ferruginea is not as endangered as B. fallax but adverse factors such as habitat destruction affect most of its sites.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1572-9737
    Keywords: caviar ; conservation ; genetics ; mtDNA ; sturgeon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Molecular species identification methods are an important component of CITES monitoring programs for trade in sturgeon and caviar. To date, obtaining molecular evidence for distinguishing caviar from four closely related Eurasian sturgeon species Acipenser baerii (Siberian sturgeon), A. gueldenstaedtii (osetra), A. persicus (Persian sturgeon), A. naccarii (Italian sturgeon) remains problematic. Using approximately 2.3 kb of mtDNA sequence data (cytochrome b, NADH5, control region), we find this to be attributable to the polyphyletic nature of these mitochondrial DNA markers in the Russian sturgeon, A. gueldenstaedtii. Two mitochondrial lineages are present within this species: one is phylogenetically affiliated with A. persicus and A. naccarii, while the other clusters with A. baerii. These findings have a direct impact on molecular testing of commercial caviar and demonstrate the necessity of using large sample sizes when constructing forensic databases. Furthermore, the results affect current taxonomic designations for these species as well as hypotheses concerning their evolutionary origins.
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  • 74
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    Conservation genetics 1 (2000), S. 169-171 
    ISSN: 1572-9737
    Keywords: conservation ; Panthera pardus ; sport hunting ; tourism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The sex ratio of leopards, Panthera pardus, taken by trophyhunters in Tanzania is examined. We used sex specific molecularmarkers to analyze 77 samples collected from animals shot betweenthe years 1995–1998 and found that 28.6% were females, despitethe fact that only males are allowed on licenses and all skinswere tagged as males. The model used for quota setting assumesthat only males are shot, but the effect of this violation ofquotas is unknown. Off-take in Tanzania does not currently fillquotas, but when off-take approach maximum levels, compliancewith set quotas and regulations will be critical for sustainableharvest.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: biodiversity ; conservation ; disturbance ; forest succession ; fragmentation ; grazing ; land use change ; mountain ; semi-natural grasslands ; sub-alpine ; sustainable agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Norwegain mountains have had a central role in the subsistence agroecosystems by providing vast biological resources for humans and their livestock since 4000–3500 BP as indicated by paleoecological records. Later with the development of the summer farming system the use of the mountains was intensified. This long-term use of the mountains has shaped a montane cultural landscape by livestock grazing, mowing for hay, fuel collection and a variety of other uses. The result is a significant increase of the grassland areas at the expense of the forest. Those semi-natural grasslands and heathlands with specific biological diversity have until recently dominated the mountains but are today decreasing due to forest invasion – which in turn is a result of changes in human land use. The present paper focuses on changes in landscape pattern and differences in landscape development in two mountain valleys with summer farming activities, in Mid-Norway, over the period 1960s–1990s, and seeks to interpret the changes in relation to differential land use and environmental factors. This study contributes examples from human shaped ecosystems in mountains where the fragmentation of semi-natural habitats is addressed. A set of landscape pattern indices commonly used in landscape ecological studies is also used here, and their ecological relevance in the present context is dealt with. The implications of changed land use for biodiversity conservation in those mountains and the relationships to future sustainable agriculture is also briefly discussed.
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    Integrated pest management reviews 5 (2000), S. 175-183 
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: paddy agroecosystem ; minor insects ; non-target insects ; conservation ; agroecology ; aquatic insects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The insect fauna in paddy fields is composed of resident, migratory and aquatic species each corresponding to the continuous cropping of rice in the same field, harvesting rice as an annual crop, and originating from still water habitats in wetlands. Although IPM is becoming popular in the control of rice pests, those ‘minor’ insects and aquatic insects that have no direct economic impact on rice production have received little attention. Consequently, some of them are in danger of extinction requiring conservation. A new concept, ‘Integrated biodiversity management (IBM)’, is proposed under which IPM and conservation are reconciled and made compatible with each other. As an operational concept in agroecology, premises for implementing IBM are suggested.
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    Landscape ecology 15 (2000), S. 5-20 
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: biodiversity ; conservation ; large-area mapping ; gap analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rapid progress is being made in the conceptual, technical, and organizational requirements for generating synoptic multi-scale views of the earth's surface and its biological content. Using the spatially comprehensive data that are now available, researchers, land managers, and land-use planners can, for the first time, quantitatively place landscape units – from general categories such as ‘Forests’ or ‘Cold-Deciduous Shrubland Formation’ to more categories such as ‘Picea glauca-Abies balsamea-Populus spp. Forest Alliance’ – in their large-area contexts. The National Gap Analysis Program (GAP) has developed the technical and organizational capabilities necessary for the regular production and analysis of such information. This paper provides a brief overview of concepts and methods as well as some recent results from the GAP projects. Clearly, new frameworks for biogeographic information and organizational cooperation are needed if we are to have any hope of documenting the full range of species occurrences and ecological processes in ways meaningful to their management. The GAP experience provides one model for achieving these new frameworks.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1572-9737
    Keywords: conservation genetics ; Equus ; evolution ; mitochondrial DNA control region ; mitochondrial 12S rRNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The evolution, taxonomy and conservation of the genus Equuswere investigated by examining the mitochondrial DNA sequences of thecontrol region and 12S rRNA gene. The phylogenetic analysis of thesesequences provides further evidence that the deepest node in thephylogeny of the extant species is a divergence between twolineages; one leading to the ancestor of modern horses (E.ferus, domestic and przewalskii) and the other to thezebra and ass ancestor, with the later speciation events of the zebrasand asses occurring either as one or more rapid radiations, or withextensive secondary contact after speciation. Examination of the geneticdiversity within species suggested that two of the E. hemionussubspecies (E. h. onager and E. h. kulan) onlyrecently diverged, and perhaps, are insufficiently different to beclassified as separate subspecies. The genetic divergence betweendomestic and wild forms of E. ferus (horse) and E.africanus (African ass) was no greater than expected within anequid species. In E. burchelli (plains zebra) there was anindication of mtDNA divergence between populations increasing withdistance. The implications of these results for equid conservation arediscussed and recommendations are made for conservation action.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1572-9737
    Keywords: conservation ; genetic variability ; isolation by distance ; mitochondrial DNA ; pearl oyster
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Populations of the Calafia pearl oyster Pinctada mazatlanica ofthe American Pacific coasts have been considered endangeredbecause of overfishing and/or alteration to coastal areas. Weassessed genetic variability and the pattern of populationstructure among 9 samples collected from Mexico to Panama, usingmtDNA RFLP analysis of two genes: 12S rRNA and subunit one ofCytochrome oxydase (COI). Haplotype diversity varied from 0.000to 0.856. The Panama population appeared to be monomorphic, whilethe other samples exhibited a level of haplotypic variabilitysimilar to those reported in the literature for the same kind ofanalysis on other bivalves species. A test for the impact ofdemographic history on genetic diversity was applied on thesequence data, and the results were congruent with a recentdecline of population sizes. Genetic differentiation was shown tofollow a scheme of isolation by distance, with low levels ofdifferentiation at the scales of ten to one hundred kilometres,whereas stronger and significant genetic structure was detectedat a larger scale. Three significantly distinct groups could thenbe defined, which correspond to Northern Mexico, Southern Mexico,and Panama.
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  • 80
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    Journal of the history of biology 33 (2000), S. 457-491 
    ISSN: 1573-0387
    Keywords: J. B. S. Haldane ; biology ; politics ; genetics ; evolution ; population genetics ; physiology ; Darwinism ; experimental biology ; eugenics ; Britain ; Russia ; India ; Soviet ; Communism ; socialism ; philosophy ; vision ; literature ; popularization ; religion ; human experimentation ; bioethics ; Venus ; Mars ; science fiction ; technocracy ; futurology ; H. G. Wells ; Julian Huxley ; Olaf Stapledon ; C. S. Lewis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , History
    Notes: Abstract This paper seeks to reinterpret the life and work of J. B. S. Haldane by focusing on an illuminating but largely ignored essay he published in1927, “The Last Judgment” – the sequel to his better known work, Daedalus (1924). This astonishing essay expresses a vision of the human future over the next 40,000,000 years, one that revises and updates Wellsian futurism with the long range implications of the “new biology” for human destiny. That vision served as a kind of lifelong credo, one that infused and informed his diverse scientific work, political activities, and popular writing, and that gave unity and coherence to his remarkable career.
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    Journal of the history of biology 33 (2000), S. 221-246 
    ISSN: 1573-0387
    Keywords: August Weismann ; ciliates ; Clifford Dobell ; cytology ; death ; Emile Maupas ; evolution ; Herbert Spencer Jennings ; Otto Bütschli ; Paramecium ; rejuvenescence ; sex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , History
    Notes: Abstract In the period 1875–1920, a debate about the generality and applicability of evolutionary theory to all organisms was motivated by work on unicellular ciliates like Paramecium because of their peculiar nuclear dualism and life cycles. The French cytologist Emile Maupas and the German zoologist August Weismann argued in the 1880s about the evolutionary origins and functions of sex (which in the ciliates is not linked to reproduction), and death (which appeared to be the inevitable fate of lineages denied sexual conjugation), an argument rooted in the question of whether the ciliates and their processes where homologous to other cellular organisms. In the beginning of the twentieth century, this question of homology came to be less important as the ciliates were used by the British protozoologist Clifford Dobell and the American zoologist Herbert Spencer Jennings to study evolutionary processes in general rather than problems of development and cytology. For them, homology mattered less than analogy. This story illustrates two partially distinct problems in evolutionary biology: first, the question of whether all living things have common features and origins; and second, whether their history and current nature can be described by identical mechanisms. Where Maupas (contra Weismann) made the ciliates qualitatively the same as all other organisms in order to create a cohesive evolutionary theory for biology, Jennings and Dobell made them qualitatively different in order to achieve the same end.
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  • 82
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    Journal of population economics 13 (2000), S. 403-424 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: JEL classification: O41 ; F22 ; Key words: Altruism ; education ; growth ; convergence ; capital mobility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. The aim of this paper is to discuss the process of regional convergence within the framework of an overlapping generations model in which the engine of growth is the accumulation of human capital. In particular, we consider different education funding systems and compare their performance in terms of growth rates and pace of convergence between two heterogeneous regions. The analysis suggests that the choice of a particular education system incorporates a possible trade-off between long run growth rate and short run convergence. In such choice, the initial capital stock and the extent of regional human capital discrepancy appear as central variables.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1570-0267
    Keywords: cDNA ; PCR cDNA ; TaqMan Analysis ; gene expression ; Pearson's correlation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Comparative gene expression studies are often limited by low availability of tissue and poor quality of extractable mRNA. Collective PCR amplification of minute quantities of mRNA has great potential for overcoming these limitations. However, there remains significant concern about the effects of amplification on the absolute and relative abundance of individual mRNAs that could complicate subsequent gene expression studies. To address this problem, we systematically compared the relative abundance of many specific mRNAs from complex cDNA preparations (from tissue and cultured cells) both before and after amplification by PCR. Our results demonstrated that, as expected, the absolute abundance of different mRNAs in a cDNA library is altered in an unpredictable manner by PCR amplification. However, we found that the concentration ratios of specific mRNAs among different cDNA preparations were routinely well conserved after PCR amplification. Thus, for the purpose of comparative expression studies for specific mRNAs in two (or more) complex cDNAs, PCR-amplified cDNA is equally useful as unamplified cDNA. These results provide a rigorous experimental validation and offer a theoretical treatment to support the utility of PCR amplified cDNA for differential gene expression studies. We conclude that the inherent difficulties in performing differential screening studies such as gene chip and array analyses on limited amounts of biological materials can be overcome by a PCR amplification step without compromising data quality.
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  • 84
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    Ecological research 15 (2000), S. 101-106 
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: comparative ecology ; growth ; marine fish ; patterns ; reproduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A number of strong regularities characterize certain very basic biological parameters in marine fishes. For example, the ovulated eggs of fish usually measure approximately 1 mm in diameter. The small, relatively uniform size of the eggs means that almost all fish larvae experience environmental variability at very similar scales, which itself establishes strong constraints for, and links between reproduction and recruitment. Additional constraints emerge from seawater being a poor medium for respiration, which establishes further linkages between growth and mortality. These constraints have produced strongly convergent features, and thence the patterns in reproduction and growth of marine fishes that are presented.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: body composition ; catfish (Mystus nemurus) ; feeding rate ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A 10 week experiment was conducted to determine theeffects of feeding rate on growth, feed utilizationand body composition of the tropical bagrid catfish,Mystus nemurus. Catfish fingerlings with anaverage initial body weight of 12 g were fed apractical diet (36.2% protein, 16.5 kJ/g diet) atrates of 1, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4 or 5% of their bodyweight (BW) per day in two equal meals. Watertemperature was approximately 29 °C throughoutthe experiment. Percent weight gain increased almostlinearly with increasing feeding rates up to 2.5%BW/day beyond which no significant (P 〉 0.05)improvement in weight gain was observed. The specificgrowth rate of catfish fed rations of 1% BW/day was0.72%/day and this increased significantly to anaverage of 1.39%/day for catfish fed 2.5% BW/day andbeyond. Feed utilization did not differ significantly(P 〉 0.05) between fish fed 1.0 to 2.5%BW/day but decreased when rations were increased to3.0% BW/day and above. Feed efficiency ratio was0.79 for catfish fed 1.0% BW/day compared to a ratioof 0.27 for fish fed at 5% BW/day. Catfish fed 1.0%BW/day had the lowest condition factor, hepato- andviscerosomatic indices, but the highest carcass tobody weight ratio. These fish also had lowerproportions of whole body dry matter, lipid andprotein, carcass dry matter and lipid, and visceraldry matter and lipid than fish in other groups. Therewere no significant differences in either conditionindices or relative body composition of fish fedrations of 2.0 to 5.0% BW/day. Based on the growth,feed efficiency and body composition data obtained, afeeding rate of 2.5% BW per day is recommended forM. nemurus fingerlings raised at 29 °C.
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  • 86
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    Aquaculture international 8 (2000), S. 531-542 
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: feed intake ; growth ; protein utilisation ; proximate ; composition ; rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss grew from 44 to 326 g in 96days when held at ∼12 °C. Fish were fed to satiation twice dailywith either high (L1: 30.8%, L2:31.4%) or lower-lipid feeds (C1: 18.8%,C2: 21.8%). Four feeding treatments were studied.Group C1C2 received feed C1 for 43 days(days 0–43) and C2 thereafter (days 44–96).Groups L1L2, L1C2 andC1L2 were subjected to dietary changes asindicated by the feed designations. After a short period of feedadaptation, fish ingested similar amounts of feed energy i.e., they ateless by weight of the lipid-rich (L) feeds. Feed lipid content did notaffect growth but fish fed L-feed had reduced feed conversion ratio(FCR) compared to fish fed C-feed (0.731 vs. 0.773) during days0–43 (P 〈 0.01). After 96 days,L1L2-fish were lower in body protein(15.8%) than the C1C2-fish (16.8%)(P 〈 0.01). L-feeds also tended to increase percentage lipidand reduce percentage whole body moisture and ash. A higher net proteinutilisation (NPU) was recorded in fish fed L-feeds (43.6%)compared to fish fed C-feeds (38.8%) in days 0–43(P 〈 0.05). This seemed to be the result of a lower proteinintake rather than a protein-sparing effect of feed lipid. Above athreshold value of approximately 6.5 mg protein eaten·g bodywtminus 1·day−1, NPU decreased.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: aggression ; Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) ; dominance ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Aggression in groups of 0+ Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was monitoredat weekly intervals in two tanks containing 100 fish each. Three 1 + salmonparr were added to one of these. After 5 weeks, fish weights were measuredin both tanks and the conditions reversed. At ten weeks, weights of fish inboth tanks were measured again. In both populations, levels of aggressionamong the smaller fish were significantly lower and growth ratessignificantly higher when the large fish were present. Although the largefish attacked the small ones, the rate at which they did so was an order ofmagnitude lower that the rate at which small fish attacked each other in theabsence of larger conspecifics. This raises the possibility that levels ofaggression among farmed salmon might be reduced by the addition of a fewlarge conspecifics.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: myosin heavy chain ; gene expression ; hypertrophy ; dexamethasone ; promoter function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cardiac hypertrophy has been observed in newborn infants treated with dexamethasone (DEX). This study was undertaken to examine whether DEX-induced hypertrophy in newborn rats is associated with redistribution of cardiac myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms and if so, the effects involve transcriptional regulation. Newborn rats were injected with either DEX (1 mg/kg/day; s.c.) or equivalent volume normal saline for 1, 3, 5, 7 or 9 days. Hypertrophy was quantified by heart dry/wet wt ratios, heart/body wt ratios, and total protein content of the myocardium. Changes in the expression of cardiac MHC mRNA were characterized by northern blot and slot blot analyses, using isoform specific probes for a- and β-MHC genes. DEX effect on α-MHC gene transcription was analyzed by transiently transfecting various α-MHC promoter/CAT reporter constructs into primary cultures of cardiac myocytes derived from one day old rat pups. DEX administration into newborn rats produced significant cardiac hypertrophy ranging from 23% at day 1 to 59% at 9 days. The hypertrophy was accompanied by immediate increase (83%) in steady state level of the α-MHC mRNA within one day and a maximum increase (148%) at 7 days of treatment. The steady state level of β-MHC mRNA declined by 25% at day 1 and a maximum decrease of 54% at day 7 of DEX treatment. The changes in MHC mRNA were also reflected in their protein levels as determined by V1 and V3 isozyme analysis. DEX treatment of primary cultures of cardiomyocytes following transfection with a-MHC promoter/CAT reporter constructs resulted in increased CAT expression in a dose dependent manner. The minimum α-MHC gene sequences responding to DEX treatment were located between the -200 to -74-bp region of the gene, resulting in 2-fold and 6-fold activation of CAT reporter after 0.05 and 0.1 mM doses of DEX, respectively. Our data indicate that DEX induced cardiac hypertrophy in newborn rats is accompanied by increased expression of α-MHC and decreased expression of β-MHC. The α-MHC effects are mediated in part through transcriptional mechanisms.
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 212 (2000), S. 5-9 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: transcriptional regulation ; gene expression ; coactivator ; repressor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The CREB-CREM transcription factors are the main gene regulatory effectors of the cAMP signaling pathway. The investigations of this family of transcription factors had a profound impact on the understanding of signaling-induced gene transcription. Here we discuss some key aspects of the underlying biology, review transcriptional activation by CREB proteins through transcription cofactors and present novel insights into the context- and position-specific function of CREB on complex genes.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: AP-1 ; cobalt chloride ; gene expression ; heme oxygenase ; oxidative stress ; sodium arsenite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Previously, chick heme oxygenase-1 (cHO-1) gene was cloned by us and two regions important for induction by sodium arsenite were identified. These two regions were found to contain consensus sequences of an AP-1 (-1580 to -1573) and a MRE/cMyc complex (-52 to -41). In the current study, the roles of these two elements in mediating the sodium arsenite or cobalt chloride dependent induction of cHO-1 were investigated further. DNA binding studies and site-directed mutagenesis studies indicated that both the AP-1 and MRE/cMyc elements are important for the sodium arsenite induction, while cobalt chloride induction involves only the AP-1 element. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that nuclear proteins binding to the AP-1 element was increased by both sodium arsenite or cobalt chloride treatment, whereas the binding of proteins to the MRE/cMyc element showed a high basal expression in untreated cells and the binding activity was only slightly increased by sodium arsenite treatment. Site-directed mutagenesis studies showed that, to completely abolish sodium arsenite induction, both the AP-1 and MRE/cMyc elements must be mutated; mutation of either element alone resulted in only a partial effect. In contrast, a single mutation at AP-1 element was sufficient to reduce the cobalt chloride induction almost completely. The MRE/cMyc complex plays a major role in the basal level expression, and shares some similarities to the upstream stimulatory factor element (USF) identified in the promoter regions of mammalian HO-1 genes and other stress regulated genes. Because sodium arsenite is known to cause oxidative stress and because activation of AP-1 proteins has been shown to be a key step in the oxidative stress response pathway, we also explored the possibility that the induction of the cHO-1 gene by sodium arsenite is mediated through oxidative stress pathway(s) by activation of AP-1 proteins. We found that pretreatment with antioxidants (N-acetyl cysteine or quercetin) reduced the induction of the endogenous cHO-1 message or cHO-1 reporter construct activities induced by sodium arsenite or cobalt chloride. These antioxidants also reduced the protein binding activities to the AP-1 element in the electrophoretic mobility shift assays. In summary, induction of the cHO-1 gene by sodium arsenite or cobalt chloride is mediated by activation of the AP-1 element located at -1,573 to -1,580 of the 5′ UTR.
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 205 (2000), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: kidney ; ischemia-reperfusion injury ; free radicals ; reactive oxygen species ; gene expression ; antioxidant enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Reactive oxygen species (ROS; O2-, H2O2, and OH·), normal by-products of cellular metabolic processes, are kept in control by antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutases (SODs). To understand the role of antioxidant enzymatic defenses against ROS injury following ischemia-reperfusion, we examined the effect on kidney exposed to varying periods (30, 60 or 90 min) of ischemia followed by different periods of reperfusion. The enzymatic activities and protein levels of catalase, GPX, CuZnSOD and MnSOD were relatively unaffected at 30 min of ischemia followed by 0, 2 or 24 h reperfusion. However, 60 or 90 min of ischemia followed by 0, 2 or 24 h of reperfusion resulted in a decrease in activities and protein levels which paralleled the duration of ischemic injury. MnSOD activity tended to recover towards normal during reperfusion. Examination of the mRNA levels of these antioxidant enzymes demonstrated a severe decrease in mRNA levels of catalase and GPX at a time point of minimal ischemic injury (30 min of ischemia followed by reperfusion) suggesting that loss of mRNA of catalase and GPX may be the first markers of alterations in cellular redox in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Greater loss of mRNA for catalase, GPX and CuZnSOD were observed following longer periods (60 or 90 min) of ischemia. The mRNA for MnSOD was upregulated at all time points of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Actually, the greater decrease in mRNAs for catalase, GPX and CuZnSOD in the acute phase (within 24 h) subsequently showed a further decrease in these enzyme activities in the subacute phase (72 or 120 h after ischemia). These enzyme activities in the 30 min ischemia group, but not in the 90 min group, already showed tendencies for normalization at 120 h after ischemia. To understand the molecular basis of the loss of mRNA of these antioxidant enzymes during ischemia-reperfusion injury, we examined the rate of transcription by nuclear run-on assays. The similar rates of transcription in control and kidney exposed to ischemia-reperfusion indicates that the loss of mRNA for catalase, GPX and CuZnSOD are possibly due to the increased rate of turnover of their mRNAs. These studies suggest that expression of antioxidant genes during ischemia-reperfusion are not coordinately expressed and the differential loss of antioxidant enzymes may be the contributing factor(s) towards the heterogeneous renal tissue damage as a result of ischemia-reperfusion induced oxidative stress.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: prostaglandin ; cyclooxygenase ; transcriptional regulation ; gene expression ; promotor activation ; transcription ; endothelial cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Interleukin-1β (IL-1) is a potent inducer of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin biosynthesis in many types of cells, yet little is known about the molecular mechanisms regulating IL-1 mediated prostanoid biosynthesis in the endothelium of the microvasculature. Therefore, we examined the cis- and trans-acting factors regulating IL-1-induced COX-2 expression in the human microvascular endothelial cell line, HMEC-1. IL-1 enhanced steady state levels of COX-2 protein and mRNA synthesis by ≈ 2-fold which preceded a 2-fold increase in PGFα biosynthesis. Expression of a series of COX-2 promoter-luciferase constructs in IL-1 treated HMEC-1 cells revealed that the 'full length' (-1432/+59 bp) promoter was 10 times more active than the SV-40 promoter/enhancer and that it could be further activated by IL-1. Surprisingly however, all except for the shortest COX-2 promoter construct retained the ability to respond to IL-1 and luciferase activity driven by -191/+59 bp COX-2 promoter was as responsive to IL-1 as the full-length promoter. Moreover, site-directed promoter mutagenesis and electophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) indicate that the combinatorial actions of AP2, NF-IL6, and CRE elements are critical for both constitutive and IL-1-inducible COX-2 promoter activity. Understanding the mechanism(s) regulating COX-2 gene expression and prostaglandin biosynthesis in the microvasculature has important implications with regard to inflammation and angiogenesis in vivo.
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  • 93
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 203 (2000), S. 163-167 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: thymosin β-4 ; gene expression ; chloramphenicol acetyltransferase ; NIH3T3 cells ; interferon response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Expression of the gene coding for thymosin β-4 (Tβ-4), the major G-actin sequestering peptide in the cell, is regulated mainly at the level of transcription. In this study, we examined the nucleotide sequence of the 5′-flanking region (from - 2202 to - 881) of the mouse Tβ-4 gene, and demonstrated that the DNA fragment from -278 to +410 of this gene was capable of directing the expression of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene in NIH3T3 cells. However, expression of the reporter gene in cells cannot be induced by interferon-a treatment even though a rapid activation of endogenous Tβ-4 gene by this cytokine was observed. These results suggest that the projected interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) might reside in other parts of the mouse Tβ-4 gene.
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  • 94
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 211 (2000), S. 103-110 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: thioacetamide ; glutathione-S-transferase ; rat liver ; transcription ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of thioacetamide (TA), an hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic compound, on the expression and activity of the cytosolic enzyme glutathione-S-transferase (GST) was studied in rat liver. Four h following the administration of 14C-labeled thioacetamide (10 mg/Kg), several subunits of GST were found to be radioactively labeled. A single sublethal dose of TA (250 mg/Kg) decreased by three-fold the expression of classα GST at 24-48 h of treatment, but did not significantly affect the transcription of class μ GST. The activity of the enzyme toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene was mildly inhibited (66% of the control) by a 24 h TA treatment and gradually increased thereafter. It is proposed that the covalent binding of TA or its derivative to the GST subunits does not affect the activity of the enzyme. Nevertheless, GST activity inhibition is due to the deleterious effect of TA on GST transcription.
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  • 95
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    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 2015-2023 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelopathy ; growth ; phenolics ; Hebeloma ; Hymenoscyphus ; Picea abies ; Vaccinium myrtillus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Allelopathy due to humus phenolics is a cause of natural regeneration deficiency in subalpine Norway spruce (Picea abies) forests. If inhibition of spruce germination and seedling growth due to allelochemicals is generally accepted, in contrast there is a lack of knowledge about phenolic effects on mycorrhizal fungi. Thus, this work tested effects of a humic solution and its naturally occurring phenolics on the growth and respiration of two mycorrhizal fungi: Hymenoscyphus ericae (symbiont of Vaccinium myrtillus, the main allelochemical-producing plant) and Hebeloma crustuliniforme (symbiont of P. abies, the target plant). Growth and respiration of H. crustuliniforme were inhibited by growth medium with the original humic solution (−6% and −30%), respectively, whereas the same humic solution did not affect growth but decreased respiration of H. ericae (−55%). When naturally occurring phenolics (same chemicals and concentrations in the original humic solution) were added to the growth medium, growth of H. crustuliniforme was not affected, whereas that of H. ericae significantly increased (+10%). We conclude that H. ericae is better adapted to the allelopathic constraints of this forest soil than H. crustuliniforme and that the dominance of V. myrtillus among understory species could be explained in this way.
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  • 96
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    The environmentalist 20 (2000), S. 257-271 
    ISSN: 1573-2991
    Keywords: evolution ; tides ; sea level ; time series
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The increasing use of computers since the 1960s, has implied the digitization of observations in meteorology, oceanography and other observational sciences. Enough data has been accumulated to suggest that some patterns of evolution in the world may be discernable. The present article deals with what appears as changing tides around Canada.
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 209 (2000), S. 125-129 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: apolipoprotein E ; apolipoprotein A-I ; gene expression ; transgenic mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The levels of plasma apolipoprotein (apo) E, an anti-atherogenic protein involved in mammalian cholesterol transport, were found to be 2-3 fold lower in mice over-expressing human apoA-I gene. ApoE is mainly associated with VLDL and HDL-size particles, but in mice the majority of the apoE is associated with the HDL particles. Over-expression of the human apoA-I in mice increases the levels of human apoA-I-rich HDL particles by displacing mouse apoA-I from HDL. This results in lowering of plasma levels of mouse apoA-I. Since plasma levels of apoE also decreased in the apoA-I transgenic mice, the mechanism of apoE lowering was investigated. Although plasma levels of apoE decreased by 2-3 fold, apoB levels remained unchanged. As expected, the plasma levels of human apoA-I were almost 5-fold higher in the apoAI-Tg mice compared to mouse apoA-I in WT mice. If the over-expression of human apoA-I caused displacement of apoE from the HDL, the levels of hepatic apoE mRNA should remain the same in WT and the apoAI-Tg mice. However, the measurements of apoE mRNA in the liver showed 3-fold decreases of apoE mRNA in apoAI-Tg mice as compared to WT mice, suggesting that the decreased apoE mRNA expression, but not the displacement of the apoE from HDL, resulted in the lowering of plasma apoE in apoAI-Tg mice. As expected, the levels of hepatic apoA-I mRNA (transgene) were 5-fold higher in the apoAI-Tg mice. ApoE synthesis measured in hepatocytes also showed lower synthesis of apoE in the apoAI-Tg mice. These studies suggest that the integration of human apoA-I transgene in mouse genome occurred at a site that affected apoE gene expression. Identification of this locus may provide further understanding of the apoE gene expression.
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 212 (2000), S. 29-34 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: cAMP ; transcription factor-decoy oligonucleotides ; CRE ; Ap-1 ; p53 ; tumor growth ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Nucleic acid molecules with high affinities for a target transcription factor can be introduced into cells as decoy cis-elements to bind these factors and alter gene expression. This review discusses a synthetic single-stranded palindromic oligonucleotide, which self-hybridizes to form a duplex/hairpin and competes with cAMP response element (CRE) enhancers for binding transcription factors. This oligonucleotide inhibits CRE- and Ap-1-directed gene transcription and promotes growth inhibition in vitro and in vivo in a broad spectrum of cancer cells, without adversely affecting normal cell growth. Evidence presented here suggests that the CRE-decoy oligonucleotide can provide a powerful new means of combating cancers, viral diseases, and other pathological conditions by regulating the expression of cAMP-responsive genes.
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 212 (2000), S. 73-79 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: adrenergic receptors ; renin-angiotensin system (RAS) ; gene expression ; kidney
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To investigate the molecular mechanism(s) of action of catecholamines on the expression of the angiotensinogen (ANG) gene in kidney proximal tubular cells, we used opossum kidney (OK) cells with a fusion gene containing the 5′-flanking regulatory sequence of the rat ANG gene fused with a human growth hormone (hGH) gene as a reporter, pOGH (rANG N-1498/+18), permanently integrated into their genomes. The level of expression of the ANG-GH fusion gene was quantified by the amount of immunoreactive-hGH (IR-hGH) secreted into the medium. The addition of norepinephrine (NE), isoproterenol (a β1/β2-adrenergic receptor (AR) agonist) and iodoclonidine (an α2-AR agonist) stimulated the expression of the ANG-GH fusion gene in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the addition of epinephrine and phenylephrine (α1-AR agonist) had no effect. The stimulatory effect of NE was blocked by the presence of propranolol (β-AR blocker), atenolol (β1-AR blocker), yohimbine (α2-AR blocker), Rp-cAMP (an inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase AI & AII) and staurosporine (an inhibitor of protein kinase C), but was not blocked by ICI 118, 551 (β2-AR blocker) and prazosin (α1-AR blocker). The addition of a combination of isoproterenol and iodoclonidine or a combination of 8-Bromo-cAMP (8-Br-cAMP) and phorbol 12-myristate (PMA) synergistically stimulated the expression of the ANG-GH fusion gene as compared to the addition of isoproterenol, iodoclonidine, 8-Br-cAMP or PMA alone. Furthermore, the addition of NE, 8-Br-cAMP or PMA stimulated the expression of pOGH (rANG N-806/-779/-53/+18), a fusion gene containing the putative cAMP responsive element (CRE, ANG N-806/-779) upstream of the ANG promoter (ANG N-53/+18) in OK cells, but had no effect on the expression of fusion genes containing the mutant of the CRE. Gel mobility shift assays revealed that the ANG-CRE binds with the DNA-binding domain (bZIP 254-327) of the cAMP-responsive binding protein (CREB). The binding of the labeled ANG-CRE to CREB (bZIP254-327) was displaced by unlabeled ANG-CRE and the CRE of the somatostatin gene but not by the mutants of the ANG-CRE. Finally, NE stimulated the phosphorylation of CREB in OK cells. These studies demonstrate that the molecular mechanism(s) of NE action on the expression of the ANG gene in OK cells may be mediated via both the PKA and PKC signalling pathways and via the phosphorylation of CREB. The phosphorylated CREB then interacts with the CRE in the 5′-flanking region of the ANG gene and subsequently stimulates the gene expression.
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 212 (2000), S. 135-142 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: gene expression ; catecholamines ; angiotensin II ; heart failure ; myosin ; hypertension ; eprosartan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Pressure overload of the heart is associated with a perturbed gene expression of the cardiomyocyte leading to an impaired pump function. The ensuing neuro-endocrine activation results in disordered influences of angiotensin II and catecholamines on gene expression. To assess whether angiotensin II type 1 receptor inhibition can also counteract a raised sympathetic nervous system activity, spontaneously hypertensive rats fed a hypercaloric diet were treated with eprosartan (daily 90 mg/kg body wt) and cardiovascular parameters were monitored with implanted radiotelemetry pressure transducers. Both, blood pressure and heart rate were increased (p 〈 0.05) by the hypercaloric diet. Although eprosartan reduced (p 〈 0.05) the raised systolic and diastolic blood pressure, the diet-induced rise in heart rate was blunted only partially. In addition to drugs interfering with the enhanced catecholamine influence, compounds should be considered that selectively affect cardiomyocyte gene expression via 'metabolic' signals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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