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  • 101
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 11 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 102
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    The @photogrammetric record 11 (1984), S. 0 
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  • 103
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 10 (1982), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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  • 104
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 10 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper is concerned with a new technique (the terrestrial/photogrammetric (TP) technique) for the detection and compensation of systematic height errors in block aerial triangulation. The technique improves the height accuracy of such triangulation by reducing the original bridging distance, using new bands of corrected photogrammetric tie points as height control together with the original bands of the terrestrial (or ground) height control. A number of photogrammetric blocks with different characteristics and configurations have been tested in a comprehensive manner. The tests show that the TP technique gives consistent results over a wide range of circumstances and that it is a most effective, simple and inexpensive method for the compensation of systematic errors.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméCet article relate une technique nouvelle permettant de détecter et de compenser les erreurs altimétriques systématiques dans l'aérotriangulation par blocs: la technique terrestre/photogrammétrique (TP). Cette technique améliore la précision altimétrique de l'aérotriangulation en réduisant la distance de l'aérocheminement original, grâce à l'utilisation d'un canevas de points d'appuis altimétriques composés de points de liaison photogrammétriques corrigés, en supplément du canevas original de points d'appui altimétriques déterminés sur le terrain.On a essayé de manière approfondie un grand nombre de blocs dotés de caractéristiques et de configurations diverses. Les essais montrent que la technique TP fournit des résultats fiables dans un large éventail de circonstances et que c'est une méthode de compensation des erreurs systématiques efficace, simple et peu coûteuse.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIm Artikel wird ein neues Verfahren behandelt (das terrestrisch-photogrammetrische Verfahren (TP)), das zur Aufdeckung und Kompensation system-atischer Höhenfehler in der Block triangulation dient. Es wird die Höhengenauigkeit durch Verkürzung der ursprünglichen Überbrückungsdistanz verbessert, indem neue Streifen korrigierter Verbindungspunkte als Höhenpasspunkte zusammen mit den ursprünglichen Reihen der terrestrischen Höhenpasspunkte verwendet werden. Eine Anzahl photogrammetrischer Blöcke unterschiedlicher Figur und Charakteristik wurde umfassend getestet. Die Tests zeigen, dass die TP-Methode konstante Ergebnisse für einen grossen Bereich van Möglichkeiten ergibt und dass es ein höchst effektives, einfaches und billiges Verfahren zur Eliminierung systematischer Fehler ist.
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  • 105
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 10 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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  • 106
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 10 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The development of an automated photographic measuring system (APM) is described. A very accurate laser beam scanning microdensitometer is used to digitise the photographic plate and a series of on line computers analyses the data during scanning. The system is available as a national facility for United Kingdom astronomers and guest investigators.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn décrit un systéme automatisé de saisie de données sur cliché. Un microdensitométre à laser numérise la plaque photographique et les données sont analysées en temps réel par ordinateur. Le systeme est destiné aux astronomes du Royaume Uni et aux chercheurs y séjournant.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung eines automatisierten photographischen Messsystems (APM). Ein hochgenaues Laser-Mikrodensitometer wird dabei zur Digitalisierung der Bilder benutzt, undeine Serie von On-line-Rechnern analysiert die Daten während der Abtastung. Das System steht für Astronomen im Vereinigten Königreich und anderen Forschern zur Verfügung.
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  • 107
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    The @photogrammetric record 10 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: During June and July 1981, synthetic aperture radar imagery was acquired of selected sites in ten European countries as part of the European SAR 580 campaign. Evaluation of this imagery in the UK will be carried out by 18 approved experiments (out of 56 for Europe) when the processed data becomes available to investigators. To assist the evaluation process, a review is given of some recent research on applications of imaging radar in agricultural and urban areas. Research is described which considered the effects of terrain parameters and radar parameters on crop classification accuracy. The relative merits of a quantitative or a qualitative approach in classification of radar data are considered. Combined use of radar and Landsat data achieves a marked improvement in classification accuracy. The development of spatial filtering techniques may assist in the problem in urban areas resulting from the dependence of image tone on the relative alignment of ground features and radar look direction.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméPendant les mois dejuin et juillet 1981, on a, dans le cadre de la campagne européenne SAR 580, recueilli des données de radar imageur à synthèse d'ouverture sur des sites choisis dans une dizaine de pays d'Europe. Ces données seront évaluées au Royaume-Uni au moyen de 18 expériences ayant été acceptées (sur un total de 56 menées en Europe); ce travail commencera dès que les données une fois traitées seront distribuées aux chercheurs. Pour accompagner cette procédure d'evaluation, on fournit une analyse de quelques recherches récentes sur les applications de l'imagerie radar aux zones agricoles et urbaines.L'une de ces recherches prenait en compte les effets des paramètres liés au terrain sur l'exactitude de la classification des cultures. Les mérites réciproques des approches quantitatives et qualitatives dans la classification des données radar sont également examinés.Le recours à une combinaison de données radar et Landsat permet d'améliorer de manière significative l'exactitude de la classification. La mise en oeuvre des techniques de filtrage spatial peut aider à réduire, dans les zones urbaines, les conséquences néfastes sur la tonalité de l'image, d'objets au sol en alignement relatif avec la direction d'observation du radar.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIm Juni und Juli 1981 erfolgten Radaraufnahmen mittels synthetischer Apertur von ausgewählten Gebieten in 10 europäischen Ländern als Teil der Europäischen SAR 580 Kampagne. Die Analyse dieser Aufzeichnungen wird im Vereinigten Königreich durch 18 (aus insgesamt 56 für Europa) bestätigte Experimente erfolgen, nachdem die Daten zur Verfügung stehen. Um den Analysenprozess zu unterstützen, wird ein Überblick über kürzliche Forschungen zu Radaraufzeichnungen in landwirtschaftlichen und städtischen Gebieten gegeben. Es werden auch Forschungen beschrieben, bei denen die Einflüsse von Geländeparametern auf die Genauigkeit der Ernteklassifizierung untersucht wurden. Der relative Wert eines quantitativen oder qualitativen Versuchs zur Klassifizierung von Radardaten wird abgeschätzt. Eine Kombination von Radarund Landsat-Daten ergibt eine merkliche Verbesserung bei Klassifizierungsgenauigkeit. Die Entwicklung von Verfahren der räumlichen Filterung kann von Wert bei städtischen Gebieten sein, weil es eine Abhängigkeit des Grauwertes von der relativen Ausdehnung von Geländecharakteristika und der Richtung der Radaraufnahme gibt.
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  • 108
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    The @photogrammetric record 10 (1982), S. 0 
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  • 109
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 10 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
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  • 110
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 10 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Some aspects of the XYZBLC suite of programs for aerial triangulation are described. The Ordnance Survey Bute block of photography at a scale of 1: 24000 is computed by independent models using XYZBLC. Three of the strips in the block are treated as a test block and are computed with different configurations of control. Conclusions are drawn with regard to the usefulness of height control doublets and other dense control configurations.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Quelques aspects de l'ensemble XYZBLC de logiciels d'aérotriangulation sont décrits. Le bloc Bute de l'Ordnance Survey, composé de photographies à l'échelle du 1: 24000, a été calculé par modèles indépendants avec les logiciels XYZBLC. On a considéré trois des bandes du bloc comme formant un bloc d'essai et on les a calculées avec diverses combinaisons de canevas de points d'appui. On en tire des conclusions quant à l'utilité des doublets de points d'appui altimétriques et de diverses autres configurations denses de canevas d'appui. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Beschreibung einiger Aspekte des XYZBLC-Programmsystems zur Aero-triangulation. Ein Block des Ordnance Survey im Bildmassstab 1: 24000 wurde damit nach der Methode der unabhängigen Modelle berechnet. Drei der Streifen des Blocks wurden als Testblock behandelt und mit verschiedenen Passpunktanordnungen berechnet. Es werden Schlussfolgerungen in bezug auf die Nützlichkeit von Zwillingspunkten zur Höhenorientierung und andere dichte Passpunktanordnungen gezogen.
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  • 111
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    The @photogrammetric record 10 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The wide availability of reconnaissance frame photography, together with the advantage of high image resolution that such photography provides and the extreme flight conditions under which it can be taken, means that it is of great interest to photogrammetrists. However, the geometry of the image is invariably distorted due to the mode of operation of the camera. In this paper, the effects of the focal plane shutter and apparent image motion compensation on the geometry of the photographs are considered.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméLe fait que la photographic de reconnaissance soil très répandue, conjointe-ment aux avantages que présente la grande résolution des images fournies par ces systèmes et les conditions extrêmes de vol dans lesquelles on peut les prendre, milite pour une prise en compte de lew intérêt par les photogrammètres. Toutefois la géométrie de ces images est systématiquement déformée par suite du mode de fonctionnement de la chambre. On traite dans cet article des effets de l'obturateur focal et de la compensation du filé de l'image sur la géométrie des photographies.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDie grosse Verbreitung von Erkundungsfotos zusammen mit der grossen Auflösung solcher Fotos und den extremen Bedingungen unter denen sie auf-genommen wurden, lassen diese auch für den Photogrammeter interessant erscheinen. Die Geometrie dieser Bilder ist jedoch infolge der speziellen Kamera-funktion verzerrt. Im Artikel werden die Einflüsse des Schlitzverschlusses und des Bildwanderungsausgleichs auf die Bildgeometrie untersucht.
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  • 112
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    The @photogrammetric record 10 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
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  • 113
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    The @photogrammetric record 10 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY. By G. S. Kumar.MANUAL OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY (Fourth Edition). Editor-in-Chief: C. C. Slama.
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  • 114
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    The @photogrammetric record 10 (1982), S. 0 
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  • 115
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    The @photogrammetric record 10 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Two complementary measuring instruments are described which use a very simple principle and which take three dimensional measurements or plots directly from small objects. The first instrument can achieve accuracies of ± 0·3 mm on objects whose largest dimension is 300 mm. The second can achieve ± 0·02 mm on objects smaller than a 25 mm cube.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn présente deux instruments de mesure complémentaires el de principe très simple permettant de relever dans l'espace des coordonnées sur de petits objets, le premier avec une exactitude de ± 0.3 mm sur des objets de dimension inférieure à 300 mm, le second avec une exactitude de ± 0.02 mm sur des objets de dimension inférieure à 25 mm.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung von zwei Zusatzmessgeräten, die auf einem sehr einfachen Prinzip beruhen und mit denen dreidimensionale Messungen oder Auswertungen von kleinen Objekten direkt durchgeführt werden konnen. Mil dem ersten Gerät kann eine Genauigkeit von ± 0,3 mm bei maximalen Objekt abmessungen von 300 mm und mit dem zweiten von ± 0,02 mm bein Objekten, die kleiner als ein 25 mm-Kubus sind, erreicht werden.
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  • 116
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    The @photogrammetric record 10 (1981), S. 0 
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  • 117
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    The @photogrammetric record 10 (1981), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper outlines the technical procedures used in commercial orthophotomap production and attempts to identify some of the main differences in technical approach between orthophotomapping and conventional line mapping.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn décrit les techniques industrielles de production d'orthophotocartes et on compare leur emploi avec celui des techniques classiques.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungSkizzierung der Technologien, die bei der kommerziellen Herstellung von Orthofotokarten angewendet werden, wobei versucht wird, die hauptsächlichen Unterschiede der Techniken zur Herstellung von Orthofotokarten und konventionellen Strichkarten aufzudecken.
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  • 118
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    The @photogrammetric record 10 (1981), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper investigates the effect of the deviation of measured points from the standard locations when carrying out a relative orientation of a stereomodel. The analytical solution of more than 100 cases was considered and, for each case, the weights for the elements of relative orientation and the correlation coefficients were evaluated. The stability of the solution was studied by calculating the characteristic roots of the matrix of normal equations.It is shown that, theoretically, the solution of the relative orientation problem can always be achieved whenever the locations of the measured points satisfy stated geometrical requirements. However, the reliability of the solution depends on their exact positions in the stereomodel. When the accuracy is too low, in practice there is no solution.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn étudié l'effet sur l'orientation relative d'un couple de variations de position des points de base. Plus de 100 cas ont été considérés et à chaque fois ont été estimées les précisions des paramètres calculés ainsi que leur correlation. On a de plus, étudié la stabilité de la solution par l'intermédiaire des valeurs propres de la matrice normale.Il n'est pas indispensable, en principe, d'imposer de contraintes précises au choix des points de base; mais de ce choix dépend la fiabilité de la solution, faible s‘il est par trop fantaisiste.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIn der Arbeit wird der Einfluss der Abweichung der gemessenen Punkte von ihrer Standardlage bei relativer Orientierung eines Stereomodells untersucht. Dazu werden mehr als 100 analytische Lösungen analysiert und für jeden Fall die Gewichte der Elemente der relativen Orientierung und die Korrelationskoeffizienten berechnet. Die Stabilität der Lösung wurde durch Berechnung der charakteristischen Wurzeln der Matrix der Normalgleichungen abgeschätzt.Es wird gezeigt, dass theoretisch immer die Lösung des Problems der relativen Orientierung erreicht werden kann, sobald die Lage der Messpunkte die geometrischen Anforderungen erfüllt. Die Zuverlässigkeit der Lösung hängt jedoch von der exakten Lage der Punkte ab. Wenn ihre Genauigkeit zu gering ist, gibt es praktisch keine Lösung.
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  • 119
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    The @photogrammetric record 18 (2003), S. 0 
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  • 120
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    The @photogrammetric record 18 (2003), S. 0 
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  • 121
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    The @photogrammetric record 18 (2003), S. 0 
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  • 122
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    The @photogrammetric record 18 (2003), S. 0 
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  • 123
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    The @photogrammetric record 18 (2003), S. 0 
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  • 124
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  • 126
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  • 127
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  • 128
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  • 130
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  • 131
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    The @photogrammetric record 18 (2003), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Architecture at the Maya archaeological site of Uxmal in Yucatan, Mexico has been documented since the 17th century by historians, archaeologists, illustrators, photographers, and most recently photogrammetrists. This paper reviews the work of the major contributors to recording of architecture at Uxmal with a particular focus on the 19th century stereophotography of Alice and Augustus Le Plongeon who worked to record all the standing architecture at Uxmal, and the close range stereophotogrammetric projects that recorded the Adivino Pyramid during the late 20th century.
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    Notes: This article presents a complete mathematical model, which translates discrepancies between two orthophotographs created from different photographs, into precise corrections of the Digital Elevation Model (DEM). These corrections are the differences from the real surface and, if applied over the existing DEM, can produce a more accurate one. The mathematical model is straightforward, and is not approximate, and therefore there is no need for iterations.Possible applications include checking of automatically created DEMs, refinement of existing DEMs using aerial photographs and update of orthophotographs based on the previous DEM and new imagery.
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    Notes: A scholarly account of the formative discussions, the founding and the first 20 years of the Photogrammetric Society was published in 1971 and republished in 1974. This present review concentrates on the latter years of the life of the Photogrammetric Society prior to its merger with the Remote Sensing Society in 2001.The authors joined the Photogrammetric Society in 1960 and were conspicuous in its affairs for many years. Although both occupied the Society's presidential chair, they also fulfilled several other roles in its efficient management. Atkinson's first contribution to the Photogrammetric Record was published in 1968 and Newton's in 1971.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn a publié en 1971 un compte-rendu détaillé des 20 premières années de la “Photogrammetric Society”, à commencer par les discussions qui présidèrent è sa fondation. Ce récit fut republié en 1974. On se focalise dans cet article sur les dernières années d'activité de la “Photogrammetric Society” qui aboutirent à sa fusion avec la “Remote Sensing Society” en 2001.Les deux auteurs adhérèrent à la “Photogrammetric Society” en 1960 et y furent d‘éminents animateurs pendant de nombreuses années. Tous deux occupèrent le poste de président de cette Association mais remplirent égulement plusieurs autres fonctions qui contribuèrent à une gestion efficace. La première intervention d'Atkinson dans le Photogrummetric Record remonte à 1968, et celle de Newton à 1971.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusummenfussungEine wissenschaftliche Abhandlung über die Diskussionen zur Gründung, die Gründung selbst und die ersten 20 Jahre der Photogrammetrischen Gesellschaft wurde in 1971 publiziert und in 1974 wiederholt. Dieser aktulle Rückblick konzentriert sich auf die darauffolgenden Jahre der Photogrammetrischen Gesellschaft bis hin zur Vereinigung mit der Gesellschaft für Fernerkundung in Jahre 2001.Die Autoren wurden 1960 Mitglieder in der Photogrammetrischen Gesellschaft und trugen viele Jahre massgeblich zu deren Aktivitäsidenten der Gesellschaft auch verschiedene andere Aufgaben im Management wahrgenommen. Der erste Beitrag von Atkinson im Photogrammetric Record erschien 1968, der erste von Newton in 1971.
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    Notes: The determination of the attitude, the position and the intrinsic geometric characteristics of the camera is recognised as the fundamental photogrammetric problem. It can be summarised as the determination of camera interior and exterior orientation parameters, as well as the determination of 3D coordinates of object points. The term “exterior orientation” of an image refers to its position and orientation related to an exterior (object space) coordinate system. Several methods can be applied to determine the parameters of the orientation of one, two or more photos. The orientation can be processed in steps (as relative and absolute orientation) but simultaneous methods (such as bundle adjustments) are now available in many software packages. Several methods have also been developed for the orientation of single images. They are based in general on geometric and topological characteristics of imaged objects.This paper presents a survey of classical and modern methods for the determination of the exterior parameters in photogrammetry, some of which are available as software packages (with practical examples) on the Internet. The methods presented are classified in three principal groups. In the first. a selection of approximate methods for applications that do not require great accuracy is presented. Such methods are also used to calculate values required for iterative processes. In the second group, standard point-bused methods derived from collinearity, coplanarity or coangularity conditions are briefly reviewed, followed by line-based approaches. The third group represents orientation methods based on constraints and on concepts of projective geometry, which are becoming of increasing interest for photogrammetrists. In the last section, the paper gives a summary of existing strategies for automatic exterior orientation in aerial photogrammetry.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméLa détermination de l'attitude, de la position et des caractéristiques intrinsèques de la chambre photographique constitue un problème fondamental en photogrammétrie. Il se résume à la détermination des paramètres de l'orientation de la chambre de prise de vue (paramètres des orientations externe et interne), ainsi qu'à la détermination des coordonnées 30 des points de l'objet. L'orientation externe se rapporte à la détermination de la position et de l'orientation d'une chambre par rapport à un système externe de coordonnées. Différentes méthodes peuvent être utilisées pour calculer les éléments dorientation externe d'une photo, d'un couple ou de plusieurs photos. Le calcul de l'orientation peut être réalisé par étapes (par exemple les orientations relative et absolue) mais les méthodes simultanées (la compensation par faisceaux par exemple) sont actuellement proposées dans la plupart des logiciels. Plusieurs méthodes ont aussi été développées pour l'orientation d'images isolées. Ells sont basées en général sur les caactéristiques géométriques et topologiques des objets photographiés.Dans cet article on présente un ensemble de méthodes classiques et modernes pour la détermination des paramètres de l'orientation externe, certaines d'entre elles étant téléchargeables sous la forme d'applications sur Internet. Les méthodes présentées sont classées en trois groupes principaux. Le premier groupe contient une sélection de méthodes approximatives utilisées d'habitude quand une grande précision n'est pas exigée, ou encore pour calculer des vuleurs approchées des paramètres extrinsèques requises pour les méthodes itératives rigoureuses. Dans le deuxième groupe, on rappelle brièvement les jondements des méthodes basées sur les conditions photogrammétriques fondamentales (la colinéarité, la coplanéité et la coangularité). Dans ce groupe, les méthodes basées sur l'extraction des points ou des lignes sont également abordées. Le troisième groupe traite des méthodes d'orientation basées sur les contraintes et les concepts de la géométrie projective, de plus en plus utilisées par les photogrammètres. Le dernier paragraphe se rapporte aux méthodes destinées à automatiser le calcul de l'orientation externe en photogrammétrie aérienne.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusummenfussungDie Bestimmung der Neigung, der Position und den geometrischen parametern der Kamera wird als das fundamentale Problem der Photogrammetrie angesehen. Es kann zusammenfassend sowohl als die Bestimmung der Parameter der inneren und äusseren Orientierung der Kamera angesehen werden, als auch als die Bestimmung von 3D Koordinaten von Objektpunkten. Der Ausdruck “äussere Orientierung” eines Bildes bezieht sich auf die Lage und Orientierung bezogen auf ein äusseres (Objektraum-) Koordinatensystem. Es können verschiedene Methoden angewandt werden, um die Parameter von einem, zwei oder mehreren Bildern zu bestimmen. Die orientierung kann in Schritten erfolgen, was als Relative und Absolute Orientierung bezeichnet wird, aber auch simultane Methoden, wie die Bündelausgleichung, sind in vielen Softwarepaketen implementiert. Es wurden auch Methoden für die Orientierung von Einzelbildern entwickelt, die geometrische und topologische Eigenschaften der abgebildeten Objekte nutzen. In diesem Beitrag wird Beitrag wird eine Studie klassischer und moderner Methoden der Photogrammetrie zur Bestimmung der Parameter der äßeren Orientierung vorgestellt, wovon einige in Softwarepaketen zur Verfügung stehen, die von praktischen Beispielen im Internet ergänzt werden. Die untersuchten Methoden werden in drei Hauptgruppen eingeteilt. In einer ersten Gruppe werden Näherungslösungen vorgestellt, die für Anwendungen mit geringen Genauigkeitsanforderungen geeignet sind. Diese Methoden werden ansonsten für die Näherngswertberechunggen für iterative Prozesse verwendet. IN der zweiten Gruppe werden zuerst die punktbasierten Standardmethoden vorgestellt, die von Bedingungen zur Kollinearität. Koplanarität und Kowinkligkeit abgeletet sind. Danach folgen linienbasierte Ansätze. Die dritte Gruppe umfasst Orientierungsmethoden, die auf Zwangsbedingungen und auf Konzepte der projektiven Geometrie aufbauen, die für Photogrammeter von zunehmendem Interesse sind, Im letzten Abschnitt wird eine Zusammenfassung existierender Strategien für eine automatische äussere orientierung in der Luftbildphotogrammetrie gegeben.
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    Notes: Underwater photogrammetry is being used in the particularly hostile environment of the North Sea where it has been put into commercially viable operation. The authors discuss underwater photogrammetry related to other means of inspection of oil platforms. They also deal with operational experience of 35 mm and 70 mm cameras, camera calibration, the provision of control and photogrammetric observations and data analysis. The demand for underwater photogrammetry continues to grow.
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    Notes: The author reviews the historical background of the analytical orthoprojector and examines the design requirements for this instrument. The construction and performance of the Zeiss (Oberkochen)Z2 orthoprojector are described and an assessment is made of its practical advantages.
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    Notes: The new APY (Analytical Photogrammetry Yzerman) system is described and a detailed explanation is given of the principles involved. The APY depends on a unique modular design. A list of the straightforward operations required for its application in data compilation and revision is included.
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    Notes: The application of phorogrammetry to the measurement of deformation is discussed and four different approaches are identified and compared. References to and summaries of recent work are made.
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    Notes: The development and operation of an inexpensive retractable vertical camera rig is described. Unlike several commercially available camera packages, the cameras on this rig are accesible in flight thus permitting the changing of magazines and other operations. Since the camera carriage is only deployed when over the site to be photographed, the aircraft performance is not degraded during positioning flights.
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    Notes: This paper summarises the theoretical and practical development of’an analytical system for close range photogrammetry. The system uses the extended bundle method of phototriangulation and a sophisticated least squares algorithm. A description is given of computer software, and aspects of statistical testing and gross error detection are discussed in order to assess the accuracy potential. Applications of the system, for precise co-ordination of a target range and camera calibration are outlined.
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    Notes: A photogrammetric system that is suitable for shallow water detailed mapping at scales from 1:50 to 1:500 for coastal and harbour engineering projects is described. The results from tests using automatic 35 mm Canon cameras on an elevated platform to determine the accuracy of planimetric and depth co-ordinates are presented. The economic benefits of stereophotography through shallow water rather than underwater photography are discussed.
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    Notes: This paper reviews the growth in the use of photogrammetric techniques in architecture, principally in the United Kingdom, over the past ten years. The work of the various establishments involved in architectural photogrammetry is described and the results of a questionnaire, distributed within the architectural profession, are analysed. Some comparisons are made with developments elsewhere in Europe.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn examine dans cet article l'extension qu'a connue l'utilisation des méthodes photogrammétriques en architecture au cows des dix dernières années, principalement dans le Royaume-Uni. On y décrit les travaux des divers organismes impliqués dans la photogrammétrie architecturale et l'on y analyse les résultats d'un questionnaire diffusé au sein de la profession liée à l'architecture. On fournit enfin quelques comparaisons avec les développements constatés par ailleurs en Europe.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIm Artikel wird über die zunehmende Anwendung photogrammetrischer Verfahren während der letzten 10 Jahre in der Architektur, insbesondere im Vereinigten Königreich, berichtet. Die Arbeit verschiedener Institutionen, die sich mit Architekturphotogrammetrie befassen, wird beschrieben, und es werden die Ergebnisse eines unter Architekten verteilten Fragebogens analysiert. Weiterhin werden Vergleiche zu Entwicklungen in anderen europäischen Ländern gezogen.
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    Notes: An individual view is provided of the function of the art and science of photogrammetry, over the whole of the history of attempts to make measurements from optical observations. The predominating influence, in past years, of the need for mapping from air photographs is compared with the prospect that increasing demands for similar facilities in close range measurement, for application in fields such as mechanical engineering, medicine and architecture, may soon be seen to give further encouragement to the development of the subject. The author makes use of illustrations from his experience to point out simple cases where the potential of photogrammetric techniques, in the wider sense, has not been appreciated.
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    Notes: The algorithm presented assumes a preliminary determination of the elements of inner orientation and bases its mathematical model on the collinearity condition, from which projective equations are derived. Linearisation of condition equations is based on Taylor's expansion, whilst the subsequent solution follows iteration cycles. The method aims to derive composite corrections to image coordinates, with the aid of test field data.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméL'auteur présente un algorithme oú l'on suppose déterminés au préalable les éléments d'orientation interne. La modélisation mathématique s'appuie sur les conditions de co-linéarité et sur les équations qui en résultent en projection. On linéarise les équations de conditions en utilisant un développement en série de Taylor, et l'on obtient la solution correspondante par itération. La méthode vise à apporter des corrections aux coordonnées images en utilisant les données d'un polygone d'essai.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBei dem dargestellten Algorithmus wird die vorläufige Bestimmung der Elemente der inneren Orientierung angenommen, und das mathematische Modell basiert aufder Kollinearitätsgleichung, woraus perspektive Gleichungen abgeleitet werden. Die Linearisierung der Bedingungsgleichungen erfolgt durch Anwendung der Taylor-Reihe, was für die folgenden Berechnungen einen iterativen Prozess bedingt. Mit der Methode wird angestrebt, Bildkoordinaten mit Hilfe von Testfelddaten zu verbessern.
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    Notes: There is a growing interest in the potential of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) for mapping and for gathering intelligence for map revision. This paper first gives a simple guide to the characteristics of SAR and then describes a study carried out to investigate the geometric properties of the imagery and the information content which is of interest for topographic mapping and the production of large scale plans. The conclusions cautiously indicate a potential although better quality images are required and more information must be known about the optimum conditions which should obtain when the data are recorded.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn assiste à un intérét croissant envers le radar à ouverture synthétique (SAR) et ses possibilityés pour la cartographie et pour la collecte de renseignements utiles à la révision. Ce texte commence par donner un simple rappel des caractéristiques de ces radars pour décrire ensuite une étude effectuée sur le contenu informatif et les proprietyés géométriques de l'imagerie radar, qui intèresse la cartographie topographique et la confection de plans à grande échelle.Les conclusions font prudemment état d'une potentialité mais soulignent qu'il faudrait disposer d'images de meilleure qualityé et avoir davantage d'informations sur les conditions optimales à respecter lors de l'enregistrement des données.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEs besteht zunehmendes Interesse an den Möglichkeiten von Radaraufnahmen mittels synthetischer Apertur (SAR) zur Kartenherstellung und Erfassung von Daten zur Laufendhaltung. Zunächst wird im Artikel eine einfache Einführung in die SAR-Charakteristika gegeben. Dann erfolgt eine Beschreibung eines Versuches zur Untersuchung der geometrischen Eigenschaften und des Informationsgehalts, der von Interesse für die Herstellung topographischer und grossmassstäbiger Karten ist. Vorsichtige Schlussfolgerungen ergeben Möglichkeiten zur Verwendung solcher Informationen, wobeijedoch eine bessere Bildqualität zu fordern ist. Auch müssen noch mehr Kenntnisse über die optimalen Bedingungen bezüglich der Datenregistrierung bestehen.
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: An automatic plotting instrument development is described where the coordinate corrections are introduced in the optical system and not at the photograph. It is suggested that the opto-mechanical devices used for correction and the proposed use of microprocessors for control of these devices offer the possibility of producing a low cost automatic plotter and stereocomparator.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn decrit une solution au probléme de la correction des coordonnées cliché pour le restituteur analytique et le stéréocomparateur: ces corrections sont introduites dans la partie optique du système et commandées par l'intermédiaire de microprocesseurs. Ceci devrait permettre d'abaisser le coût de ce type d'appareil.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungBeschreibung eines automatischen Auswertegerätes, bei dem die Koordinatenkorrekturen nicht den Bildträgern, sondern dem optischen System zugeführt werden. Es wird angenommen, dass die zur Korrektur verwendeten optisch-mechanischen Vorrichtungen und die vorgeschlagene Verwendung von Mikroprozessoren zu deren Steuerung die Möglichkeit zum Bau eines billigen automatischen Auswertegerätes und Stereokomparators bieten.
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  • 171
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) and return beam vidicon (RBV) image data in both analogue and digital formats were used to assess the performance of the MSS and RBV sensor systems, and to determine their potential for recording information associated with topographic or land use maps of selected Chinese study areas (Beijing, Tianjin and the Huang He elbow). MSS images permitted the detection of 40 per cent to 50 per cent of the features identified on maps of 1: 250000 scale and larger, whereas the higher resolution Landsat 3 RBV images provided 10 per cent to 20 per cent additional information. Completeness of information extracted from a colour cathode ray tube display exceeded that obtained from analogue single band black and white MSS images by only 5 per cent to 10 per cent. Only through major improvements in spatial resolution will it be possible to compile maps at scales of 1: 250000 and larger from satellite data. Significantly, it appears that instantaneous field of view values of 5 m to 10 m will be required to produce image data of sufficient resolution for topographic mapping or detailed thematic studies of the Asian environment.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On a utilisé les données de l'imagerie spatiale provenant du scanneur multispectral (MSS) et du tube vidicon à retour de faisceau (RBV) de Landsat, à la fois sous forme analogique et numérique, pour évaluer la performance des systèmes de capteurs MSS et RBV, et pour déterminer leur aptitude à contenir l'information figurant dans les cartes topographiques et les cartes d'occupation du sol, sur des polygones d'essais sélectionnés en Chine (Pekin, Tianjin, et le coude du Huan He). Les images MSS ont permis de détecter 40 à 50 pour cent des détails figurant sur les cartes à une échelle supérieure ou égale à 1: 250000, tandis que les images RBV à meilleure résolution de Landsat C fournissaient 10 à 20 pour cent d'informations supplémentaires. Le volume des informations extraites sur un écran cathodique de visualisation en couleurs n'a dépassé le volume obtenu à partir d'images d'une seule bande MSS en noir et blanc que de 5 à 10 pour cent seulement. Il semble que ce ne soit que par des améliorations importantes dans la résolution spatiale que l'on pourra tirer des données de satellites des cartes à des échelles supérieures ou égales à 1: 250000. Il apparait de manière significative qu'un champ instantané de prise de vues de 5 à 10 m (pixel) sera nécessaire pour obtenir des images ayant une résolution suffisante pour la cartographie topographique ou pour des études thématiques détaillées sur l'environnement asiatique.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Verwendung von Landsat-aufzeichnungen, die mit Hilfe des multispektralen Scanners (MSS) und des Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) aufgenommen wurden und sowohl in analoger als auch digitaler Form vorlagen. um die Leistungsfähigkeit dieser Aufnahmesysteme zu ermitteln und die Möglichkeiten zur Gewinnung von Informationen zur Herstellung von topographischen oder Landnutzungskarten in ausgewählten chinesischen Versuchsgebieten (Beijing, Tianjin undder Huang He Bogen). MSS-Bilder gestatteten die Erkennung von 40 bis 50% der auf Karten im Massstab 1: 250 000 oder grösser identifizierten Objekte, während die RBV-Bilder von Landsat 3, die eine grössere Auflösung hatten, 10 bis 20% zusätzliche Informationen lieferten.Die Vollständigkeit der Information, die von einem Farbdisplay erhalten wurde, überstieg die von analogen einkanaligen schwarzweissen MSS-Bildern erhaltenen nur um 5 bis 10%. Nur durch wesentliche Verbesserungen der Objektauflösung wird es möglich sein, Karten 1: 250000 und grösser nach Satellitendaten herzustellen. Es wird offensichtlich eine Objecktauflösung von 5 bis 10m gefordert, um Bilddaten genügender Auflösung für die Herstellung topographischer Karten oder thematischer Studien des asiatischen Raums zu erzeugen.
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    Notes: The paper deals with the analytical plotter and its impact on numerical photogrammetry. A short introductory section is followed by examples of the use of a Zeiss (Oberkochen) Planicomp C100 in analytical aerial triangulation, close range photogrammetry and the generation of digital height models. The examples demonstrate the suitability of the analytical plotter for numerical photogrammetry. Computer assistance and computer control allow for advanced data acquisition of high accuracy and speed. In addition, the minicomputer controlling the analytical plotter can be used for subsequent data processing. As a result, projects involving numerical photogrammetry can be carried out entirely in-house, without the need of an external computer.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméLe restituteur analytique et la photogrammétrie numérique. On cite des applications du Planicomp C100: aérotriangulation analytique, photogrammétrie à courte distance, constitution de modéles numériques de terrain. Efficacité, rendement, haute exactitude, tels sont les avantages du restituteur analytique. On peut d'autre part bénéficier de l'ordinateur pour toutes sortes de traitements ultérieurs.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDer Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit dem Analytischen Plotter (AP) und seiner Auswirkung auf die Numerische Photogrammetrie. Nach einem kurzen Einführungsteil wird über den Einsatz eines Zeiss (Oberkochen) Planicomp C100 in der Analytischen Aerotriangulation, in der Nahbereichsphotogrammetrie und beim A ufbau Digitaler Höhenmodelle berichtet. Die Beispiele veranschaulichen die Eignung des AP für die numerische Photogrammetrie. Einerseits erlauben Rechnerstützung und Rechnersteuerung eine allgemeine, genaue und schnelle Datengewinnung. Darüberhinaus aber ermöglicht der, für die Steuerung des AP verfügbare Minicomputer die rechnerische Weiterverarbeitung der Messdaten. Auf diese Weise können numerisch-photogrammetrische Projekte ohne Einsatz eines externen Computers vollständig bearbeitet werden.
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:SPHERE, SPHEROID AND PROJECTIONS FOR SURVEYORS. By J. E. Jackson.REMOTE SENSING IN ARCHAEOLOGY, CULTURAL RESOURCES TREATMENT AND ANTHROPOLOGY: THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IN 1979. By J. I. Ebert and T. R. Lyons.A HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL AIR PHOTOGRAPHY IN GREAT BRITAIN. By R. R. Downey.PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING SURVEY CONFERENCE, LONDON, 1980. Edited by M. A. R. Cooper.ANALYSIS AND ADJUSTMENT OF SURVEY MEASUREMENTS. By E. M. Mikhail and G. Gracie.A HISTORY OF THE ORDNANCE SURVEY. Edited by W. A. Seymour.IN FOCUS: a rated guide to the best in photographic equipment. By J. Holtz.MAPS AND SURVEYS OF MALAWI. By C. G. C. Martin and other contributors.
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: When a member is thought to be domiciled or employed abroad, the name of the country has been added. Errors and omissions should be notified to the Honorary Secretary.
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: A brief review of work on airborne metric camera movement has been made. The tolerances for permissible image movement set by various investigators are discussed.The biggest single fault with most metric camera mountings in current use is that the centre of gravity of the camera is well above the line of action of the resilient elastic restoring forces. This results in coupling between the linear vibration of the airframe and the angular motion of the camera. There is a need for a simple device which can be attached to a survey camera in order to record angular motion during actual survey missions.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméAprès une brève revue des travaux concernant les mouvements d'une chambre de prise de vue en vol, on discute les tolérances couramment admises pour ces mouvements.Le défaut de montage le plus fréquemment rencontré, est que le centre de gravité de la chambre est au-dessus de la ligne d'équilibre des forces agissantes.D'où un couplage entre la vibration longitudinale du porte-chambre et le mouvement angulaire de la chambre. Il faudrait créer un dispositif simple permettant d'enregistrer ce mouvement pendant les vols.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEs wird ein kurzer Überblick über die Arbeiten zur Bewegung von Luftbildmesskammern gegeben. Die von verschiedenen Autoren für die zulässige Bildwanderung angegebenen Toleranzen werden diskutiert. Der schwerwiegendste Fehler, der am meisten bei den gegenwärtig verwendeten Messkammern auftritt, ist der, dass der Kammerschwerpunkt über der Wirkungslinie der schwingungsdämpfenden Kräfte liegt. Daraus resultiert eine Paarung der linearen Vibration mit der Winkelbewegung der Kammer. Es besteht Bedarf für eine einfache Vorrichtung, die an einer Messkammer befestigt werden kann, um die Winkelbewegungen während des Bildflugs aufzuzeichnen.
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    Notes: A method of delineating the extent of floods has been devised involving the establishment of flood surfaces and the creation of photogrammetric digital terrain models. These two data sources are combined in a computer aided map production system and comparisons are drawn between the efficacy of different forms of terrain modelling in a floodplain environment.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn a mis au point, en vue de déterminer l'étendue d'innondations, une méthode numérique combinant les notions de surface innondable et de modèle numérique de terrain (MNT); on se pose le problème du choix du MNT dans un environnement de plaine innondable.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungAngabe eines Verfahrens zur Ableitung der Ausdehnung von Überschwemmungen, wobei die Flut-Oberfläche bestimmt und photogrammetrisch digitale Geländemodelle erzeugt werden. Diese beiden Datenquellen werden in einem rechnergestützten Kartiersystem kombiniert, und es werden Vergleiche bezüglich der Wirksamkeit verschiedener Verfahren der Geländemodellierung in Flussniederungen gezogen.
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    International journal of consumer studies 28 (2004), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The aim of this paper is to offer regional evidence from Spain on alcohol abuse among adolescents. Specifically, we identify the determinants of the decision to abuse alcohol with respect to the five most important regions of Spain, as well as for the country as a whole. To this end, we estimate Probit specifications using data drawn from the Spanish Surveys on Drug Use in the School Population corresponding to 1994, 1996 and 1998. The results first reveal patterns that are qualitatively similar, but quantitatively different. Similarly, it would appear that economic policies aimed at reducing the access of adolescents to alcohol may have a positive effect on reducing abuse. Finally, the results suggest that encouragement be given to healthy habits among young people, as well as to the fight against education failure and the launching of information campaigns that accurately portray the current lifestyle of adolescents.
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge and acceptability of soymilk (defined as consumption pattern/usage and taste) by adult consumers, residing in different socio-economic areas (low vs. high) in Cape Town. The study population of 214 participants were selected using convenience sampling. A questionnaire was developed in order to obtain demographic data (four items); basic general knowledge of soymilk (four items); and acceptability of the tested products (consumption patterns and taste) (eight items). There was a significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.000) regarding basic knowledge of soymilk, with significantly more in the high socio-economic area (HSEA) having a score of at least 75%. Gender (P = 0.082) and age (P = 0.122) did not have a significant impact on the consumption patterns of soymilk. There was no significant difference between the two groups with respect to current usage (P = 0.228) and frequency of use (P = 0.213) of soymilk. However, a significantly smaller group (P = 0.000) of participants in the low socio-economic area had previously tasted soymilk compared with those in the HSEA (16.7% vs. 41.5%; P = 0.000). In conclusion, socio-economic status appeared to be associated with knowledge of soymilk. No significant differences with regard to gender, age or current usage in the two groups studied were noted.
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    International journal of consumer studies 27 (2003), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: ‘Development’ and the globalization of consumption is leading to a breakdown of biological and cultural diversity, erosion of food security, an increase in violence and devastation for the global biosphere. We urgently need to shift away from economic globalization and homogenization towards localization and diversification.
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The promises and pitfalls of agricultural biotechnology have long been debated. The public is often thwarted because consumers frequently perceive as risky, and therefore undesirable, those advances that they do not understand or of which they are unaware. A comparative study of the introduction of a biotechnology innovation in the United States (US) and in the European Union (EU) is a case in point. In the US, despite concerns of consumer protection and environmental groups that the use of genetically produced growth hormone in milk-producing cows will adversely impact the safety of the milk supply, scientific evidence and governmental findings appear to indicate that milk from treated cows is identical in quality, taste and nutritional value to milk from untreated cows. Experience to date in the US demonstrates some consumer resistance to milk from those cows that have received the growth hormone, which typically leads to a 10% increase in milk production. In fact, if there is no perceived differentiation between the two forms of milk, the issue offers little choice to consumers at large, and may result in economic benefit only to selected dairy farmers, as well as the producers of the genetically produced growth hormone. This situation in the US is an example of dysfunctional technology transfer, with perceived desirable benefits to a few, and perceived undesirable benefits to society-at-large. The information suggests that the US may have reacted hastily in approving the use of bovine growth hormone in milk-producing cows. The EU has taken a divergent approach by enacting moratoriums against its use. The differences identified in this study, contrasting responses to the bovine somatotrophin issue in the US and EU – driven in part by general consumer attitudes towards biotechnology – may provide insights into the issues and challenges that will be faced by both advocates and opponents of global proliferation of certain advances in biotechnology.
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this article is to describe how households in Novgorod the Great, Russia, deal with food provision in everyday life. The study focuses on changes experienced in food provision and consumption in Russian society, in order to illustrate how households respond to the transformation towards a market economy. The study reflects women's perspective on food provision. Students from Novgorod the Great visited 105 households and asked the women in the household to answer a questionnaire. Results from the study show that in order to cope with changes in society related to economic reforms, Russian households had changed both their food consumption and food production patterns. There was no big difference between urban and rural households. Nearly all of the households were self-sufficient in the provision of vegetables and potatoes. Many households had a ‘dacha’ (plot), where they produced most of what they needed. Among the changes experienced during recent years (i.e. during the end of the 1990s), a decade after perestroika was initiated, households mentioned the rise in food prices and the decrease of income. Households reported that they consumed less fruit and/or meat. Some households also mentioned that the quality of nourishment had decreased, thereby indicating lower general quality, lower nutrition value, or less healthy foodstuffs.
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Localization: A Global Manifesto. Ed. by Colin Hines (2000). London. Published by Earthscan Publishing. ISBN 1-85383-612-5 (softcover). In Canada, the book is available from for Can$29.00. In the UK, the book is available at for £10.99 or earthinfo@earthscan.co.uk
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    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 31 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Norlevinea n. g. is established for microsporidia in which a uninucleate meront changes into a sporont by secreting a thin, membranous, sporontogcnetic and fragile sporophorous vesicle (pansporoblast membrane) in which four uninucleate sporoblasts are formed. In contrast to the genus Gurleya, the sporoblasts and later the spores are permanently joined into doublets, being laterally cemented by an electron-dense substance structurally identical to and continuous with the exospore layer. The polar filament is of the anisofilar type. The type species is Norlevinea daphniae (Weiser, 1947) n. comb., a parasite of the ovaries of Daphnia longispina occurring in several carp ponds in Czechoslovakia.
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  • 197
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    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 31 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . The microsporidian parasite known as Nosema helminthorum Moniez, 1887, parasitic in the tapeworm Moniezia expansa (Rudolphi, 1810), has been shown by electron microscopy to have two cycles of development, one with isolated nuclei, the other with paired nuclei (diplokarya). Both merogony and sporogony of the two separate sequences take place in direct contact with the host cell cytoplasm and ultimately give rise to unikaryotic and diplokaryotic sporoblasts. Sporogony is disporoblastic. The nuclear condition of the spores was not seen. The sequences, corresponding to those of the genera Unikaryon and Nosema, may be part of a single dimorphic life cycle and, if so, the species will have to be transferred to a new genus.
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  • 198
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 31 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 199
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 31 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 200
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 31 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Sarcocystis falcatula Stiles, 1893 is re-described. Intermediate hosts of the parasite which was earlier described as Sarcocystis debonei Vogelsang, 1929 are species of passeriform, psittaciform, and columbiform birds. In these birds, muscle zoites are 6.88 × 2.19 (4.8-8.4 × 1.2-3.6) μm and are enclosed in a cyst wall with regular protrusions, 1-5 μm long. The convoluted primary wall has multiple thin areas in the osmiophilic layer. Microtubules originate in the ground substance and extend to the tips of the protrusions. The only known definitive host is the opossum, Didelphis virginiana; rats, cats, a dog, and a ferret could not be infected from muscle cysts. Sporocysts from opossums infected from five different infected avian sources measure 11.2 × 7.4 (9.6−12.0 × 6.0-8.4)μm.
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