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  • 1
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    Natural 14C in Saccoglossus bromophenolosus compared to 14C in surrounding sediments (2011)
    Inter-Research
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Inter-Research, 2006. This article is posted here by permission of Inter-Research for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Marine Ecology Progress Series 324 (2006): 167-172, doi:10.3354/meps324167.
    Description: The natural radiocarbon (14C) content of whole, gut voided Saccoglossus bromophenolosus collected in Lowes Cove, Maine, USA, was compared with that of a non-voided worm, sectioned individuals, and the natural product 2,4-dibromophenol (2,4-DBP) isolated from S. bromophenolosus. In all cases, the 14C content was greater than that of the sediment from which the enteropneusts were collected. The 14C content of 2 polychaetes, Glycera dibranchiata and Clymenella torquata, also collected from Lowes Cove, were similarly enriched in 14C compared to the bulk sediment. These results show that all 3 species consumed recently fixed carbon that was much newer than organic carbon in the bulk sediment. The value (+10.4‰) obtained for 2,4-DBP isolated from S. bromophenolosus in this study differs from that reported in a previous study (–170‰). The discrepancy is attributed to methodological differences. The importance of selecting an appropriate method when isolating compounds for natural abundance 14C analysis is discussed.
    Description: This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (OCE-0221181) and the Postdoctoral Scholar Program at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (with funding provided by the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation and the J. Seward Johnson Fund, awarded to E.L.T.).
    Keywords: Natural radiocarbon abundance ; Intertidal ; Benthos ; Macrofauna ; Halogenated organic compounds
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 2
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    Trophic structure of benthic communities in the Cabo Frio upwelling system (southeastern Brazilian shelf) : a temporal study using stable isotope analysis (2014)
    Inter-Research
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Inter-Research, 2014. This article is posted here by permission of Inter-Research for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Marine Ecology Progress Series 512 (2014): 23-38, doi:10.3354/meps10947.
    Description: In Brazil, coastal upwelling is observed in 7 areas along the southeastern/southern region and is most pronounced near Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro. This region is exposed to moderate seasonal Ekman-driven upwelling that brings cold water with increased nutrient levels nearshore and is more frequent and intense during the austral spring and summer, primarily due to the prevalence of northeasterly winds. Our aim was to verify the influence of this upwelling on the benthic trophic structure of the inner and outer shelf off Cabo Frio through measurements of stable nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) isotopes. We identified 1 main pathway of organic matter (OM) transfer from the base to the top of the food web, as observed from the tendencies of the δ13C and δ15N values. The isotopic signatures of benthic consumers exhibited temporal and spatial variability, with no interaction between them. As the result of a time lag, only consumers (mostly decapod carnivores) appeared to reflect the assimilation of 15N-depleted and 13C-enriched OM produced and deposited during strong upwelling that occurred 4 mo earlier. Therefore, the intensity and period of the upwelling phenomenon were important for detecting upwelling in benthic food webs. Lighter nitrogen and heavier carbon isotopes were found on the inner shelf. Consumers may have exploited OM of different quality on the inner and outer shelf due to differences in sediment, hydrodynamics, mineralisation and assimilation of 13C-enriched microphytobenthos. Nevertheless, 4 trophic levels were estimated in the benthic communities of the continental shelf off the Cabo Frio upwelling system, independent of period or area.
    Description: We are grateful for the financial support of Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnlógico (CNPq/ PRONEX, Brazilian Government), which supported the DEPROAS project. This study is part of the PhD thesis of E.Y.M. sponsored by the State of São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP, 99/05454-0).
    Keywords: Stable isotope ratios ; Food web ; Benthos ; Continental shelf ; Upwelling ; Temporal variation ; SE Brazil
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 3
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    Epifaunal community structure associated with Riftia pachyptila aggregations in chemically different hydrothermal vent habitats (2011)
    Inter-Research
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Inter-Research, 2005. This article is posted here by permission of Inter-Research for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Marine Ecology Progress Series 305 (2005): 67-77, doi:10.3354/meps305067.
    Description: The vestimentiferan tubeworm Riftia pachyptila (Polychaeta: Sibloglinidae) often dominates early succession stages and high productivity habitats at low-temperature hydrothermal vents on the East Pacific Rise. We collected 8 aggregations of R. pachyptila and the associated epifaunal community at 2 discrete sites of diffuse hydrothermal activity, in December 2001 and December 2002. Because of the high spatial and temporal variability of the biotic and abiotic factors related to hydrothermal vent activity, significant differences in the structure and the composition of the community were expected to occur at the scale of either 1 yr or 500 m distance between very different sites. There was no significant difference in the temperature ranges of the diffuse flow between sites or years, even though the environmental conditions were very different at the 2 sites. At 1 site (Riftia Field), the diffuse hydrothermal fluids had relatively low concentrations of sulfide, low pH, and high concentrations of iron. At the other site (Tica), the diffuse hydrothermal fluids had higher sulfide concentrations, the pH was closer to neutral, and iron was undetectable. The physiological condition of R. pachyptila appeared to reflect the availability of sulfide at each site. However, the structure and the composition of the epifaunal community were remarkably similar between sites and years, with the exception of a few species. Aggregations of R. pachyptila support high local species diversity relative to the surrounding seafloor and high community similarity in different hydrothermal vent habitats.
    Description: This work was funded by the National Science Foundation (OCE-0002729 to C.R.F.). Additional financial support was provided by IFREMER and the European Community (Ventox project EVK3- 1999-00056P to N.L.B) and the Austrian Science Foundation (FWF P16774-B03 to M. Bright).
    Keywords: Hydrothermal vent ; East Pacific Rise ; Riftia pachyptila ; Community structure ; Epifauna ; Benthos
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 4
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    Nutrient gradients in Panamanian estuaries : effects of watershed deforestation, rainfall, upwelling, and within-estuary transformations (2013)
    Inter-Research
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Inter-Research, 2013. This article is posted here by permission of Inter-Research for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Marine Ecology Progress Series 492 (2013): 1-15, doi:10.3354/meps10358.
    Description: To test whether deforestation of tropical forests alters coupling of watersheds, estuaries, and coastal waters, we measured nutrients in 8 watershed-estuarine systems on the Pacific coast of Panama where watershed forest cover ranged from 23 to 92%. Watersheds with greater forest cover discharged larger dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations and higher N/P into estuary headwaters. As freshwater mixed with seawater down-estuary, within-estuary biogeochemical processes erased the imprint of watershed deforestation, increased ammonium, lowered nitrate concentrations, and otherwise altered down-estuary water column composition. As estuarine water left mangrove estuaries, ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate, but not dissolved organic nitrogen, were exported to receiving near-shore waters. Mangrove estuaries in this region thus provide important ecological services, by uncoupling coastal waters from changes in terrestrial land covers, as well as by subsidizing adjoined receiving coastal waters by providing nutrients. The pattern of land-sea coupling and exports was disrupted during La Niña-influenced conditions. In one instance when La Niña conditions led to upwelling of deeper layers, high concentrations of marine-derived ammonium were inserted into estuaries. In another instance, La Niña-associated high rainfall diluted nutrient concentrations within estuaries and lowered salinity regionally, and the fresher upper layer impaired coastal upwelling. Regional rainfall has increased during the last decade. If La Niña rainfall continues to increase, disruptions of current land-estuary-sea couplings may become more frequent, with potentially significant changes in nutrient cycles and ecological services in these coupled ecosystems.
    Description: This work was made possible by US NSF grant BIO-0842413.
    Keywords: Mangroves ; Deforestation ; La Nina ; Upwelling ; Estuaries ; Denitrification ; Regeneration ; Ecosystem coupling
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 5
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    Multiple genetic stocks of longfin squid Loligo pealeii in the NW Atlantic : stocks segregate inshore in summer, but aggregate offshore in winter (2011)
    Inter-Research
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © Inter-Research, 2006. This article is posted here by permission of Inter-Research for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Marine Ecology Progress Series 310 (2006): 263-270, doi:10.3354/meps310263.
    Description: The longfin squid Loligo pealeii is distributed widely in the NW Atlantic and is the target of a major fishery. A previous electrophoretic study of L. pealeii was unable to prove genetic differentiation, and the fishery has been managed as a single unit stock. We tested for population structure using 5 microsatellite loci. In early summer (June), when the squids had migrated inshore to spawn, we distinguished 4 genetically distinct stocks between Delaware and Cape Cod (ca. 490 km); a 5th genetic stock occurred in Nova Scotia and a 6th in the northern Gulf of Mexico. One of the summer inshore stocks did not show genetic differentiation from 2 of the winter offshore populations. We suggest that squids from summer locations overwinter in offshore canyons and that winter offshore fishing may affect multiple stocks of the inshore fishery. In spring, squids may segregate by genetic stock as they undertake their inshore migration, indicating an underlying mechanism of subpopulation recognition.
    Description: We acknowledge funding from WHOI Sea Grant NA16RG2273, the Massachusetts Environmental Trust (#98-04), and the Sholley Foundation.
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Spawning migration ; Microsatellites ; Population structure ; Population recognition ; Null alleles
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 6
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    Ecological constraints on planktonic nitrogen fixation in saline estuaries. I. Nutrient and trophic controls (2011)
    Inter-Research
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © Inter-Research, 2006. This article is posted here by permission of Inter-Research for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Marine Ecology Progress Series 309 (2006): 25-39, doi:10.3354/meps309025.
    Description: Heterocystous, planktonic cyanobacteria capable of fixing atmospheric N2 into available nitrogen (N) are common and critically important to nutrient cycling in many lakes, yet they are rarely observed in estuaries at salinities 〉10 ppt, even when strongly N limited. In a series of mesocosm experiments using water from Narragansett Bay (Rhode Island), we manipulated top-down (grazing) and bottom-up (nutrient) factors hypothesized to exclude heterocystous cyanobacteria from estuaries. We previously reported that planktonic, heterocystous cyanobacteria grew and fixed N in the absence of grazers. Here, we focus on responses to phosphorus (P) additions and grazer manipulations. Zooplankton (Acartia sp.) populations typical of temperate zone estuaries suppressed cyanobacteria, and their influence was direct through grazing rather than indirect on nutrient stoichiometry. Cyanobacterial abundance and heterocysts were low in treatments with no external P inputs. Concentrations of dissolved inorganic P comparable to those in Narragansett Bay were obtained only in P-fertilized mesocosms. Unlike previous estuarine mesocosm experiments with P fertilization, planktonic cyanobacteria grew and fixed N in our experimental systems. However, mean cell and heterocyst abundances under the most favorable conditions (high P, low N:P, and low grazers) were much lower than in comparable freshwater experiments, with N limitation maintained. These results support the hypothesis that intrinsic growth of heterocystous cyanobacteria in saline estuaries is slower than in freshwater, and that slower growth is unlikely to be due to systematic differences in P availability. Slow growth, combined with grazing, can severely limit development of planktonic, N-fixing cyanobacterial blooms in estuaries.
    Description: This research was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF) and by an endowment given to Cornell University by David R. Atkinson. Fellowship support to F.C. was provided by NSF-sponsored graduate training grants.
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation ; Heterocystous cyanobacteria ; Estuaries ; Nitrogen limitation ; Nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry ; Zooplankton grazing ; Mesocosms
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 7
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    Coupling of estuarine benthic and pelagic food webs to land-derived nitrogen sources in Waquoit Bay, Massachusetts, USA (2011)
    Inter-Research
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © Inter-Research, 2006. This article is posted here by permission of Inter-Research for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Marine Ecology Progress Series 307 (2006): 37-48, doi:10.3354/meps307037.
    Description: The fact that land-derived sources of nutrients promote eutrophication in the receiving coastal waters implies coupling between land and marine environments. Increasing nitrogen inputs in the estuaries are followed by major shifts in biota composition and abundances. In the present paper we used N and C isotopic ratios to analyze the coupling of benthic and pelagic components of food webs to estuaries receiving different N loads from their watersheds. We found that primary producers, benthic taxa, and fishes were coupled to the watersheds and estuaries where they were collected. In contrast, zooplankton was uncoupled. Primary consumers and predators feeding on benthic prey within the estuaries were also coupled to the watershed and estuaries, but predators feeding on zooplankton were not. We hypothesized that short water residence time in these estuaries uncoupled plankton from terrestrial influence. Stable isotopic measurements of N in producers, consumers, POM, and sediment in different estuaries of Waquoit Bay, Massachusetts, USA, demonstrate a consistent link between land-use on contributing watersheds and the isotopic ratio in all the benthic components and food webs. The remarkably consistent link suggests that the benthos was tightly coupled to land-derived inputs, and that these components, particularly macrophytes, could be good indicators for monitoring increases in land-derived N inputs. Our results showed that stable isotopes of N and C have the potential for use in basic research and applied monitoring, but need to be applied considering the features of estuaries that might couple or uncouple organisms regarding dependency on land, such as hydrodynamic exchanges.
    Description: P.M. was supported by a doctoral fellowship from CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina). This work was supported in part by ECOHAB Grant No. NA16OP2728.
    Keywords: Eutrophication ; Benthic coupling ; Pelagic coupling ; Land–estuary coupling ; Food webs ; Estuaries ; Waquoit Bay
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 8
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    Impact of burrowing crabs on C and N sources, control, and transformations in sediments andfood webs of SW Atlantic estuaries (2011)
    Inter-Research
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © Inter-Research, 2005. This article is posted here by permission of Inter-Research for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Marine Ecology Progress Series 293 (2005): 155-164, doi:10.3354/meps293155.
    Description: The intertidal burrowing crab Chasmagnathus granulatus is the dominant species in soft bare sediments and vegetated intertidal areas along the SW Atlantic estuaries (southern Brazil, 28°S, to northern Patagonia, 42°S). C. granulatus creates burrows that can reach densities of 60 burrows m–2, and its burrowing activities increase water and organic matter content of sediments. To evaluate the long-term effect of burrows on the origin and transformation of accumulated organic matter within sediments, we compared C and N stable isotope signatures of sediments, plants, and consumers within areas with and without crabs. 15N signatures of sediments and primary producers were enriched by 3 to 7‰ in areas with crabs. The enrichment was present in 4 different Argentine estuarine environments (Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon, 37°46’S, 57°19’W, Bahia Blanca, 38°50’S, 62°07’W, San Blas, 40°33’S, 62°14’W, San Antonio, 40°48’S, 64°52’W). Enrichment owing to crab activity appeared to overwhelm possible different N loads, anthropogenic influence, and other properties. Crab activity thus uncoupled the nitrogen dynamics in sediments from external controls. Enrichment of the heavier isotope of N could be the result of an increase in denitrification rates in areas with burrows. Crabs therefore forced faster transformation of available to unavailable nitrogen, making less inorganic nitrogen available to deeper waters. Food webs in areas with and without crabs were similar in shape, but less mobile benthic organisms (nematodes, fiddler crabs and the polychaete Laeonereis acuta) showed enriched N isotopic signatures. The benthic food web seemed separate from that of suspension feeders or water column consumers. Benthic microalgae were an important source for infauna, and marsh plants were particularly important for burrowing crabs.
    Description: This research was supported by Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL, Woods Hole, Massachusetts) Summer Research Fellowships to F.B. and O.I. This study was partially supported by the Fundacion Antorchas (13956-46 to F.B. and 14116/230 to O.I.). P.M. was supported by a fellowship from CONICET.
    Keywords: Estuaries ; Food webs ; Stable isotopes
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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