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  • Cumulus  (7)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology
  • Geophysics
  • Humans
  • Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution  (8)
  • IntechOpen
  • 2010-2014  (8)
  • 1
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    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Originally issued as Reference No. 53-30, series later renamed WHOI-
    Description: Cross sections through two trade cumulus clouds are presented, showing the temperatures, turbulence, and water vapor content of the clouds and their nearby environment, the cloud slope, and the external wind profile. The two clouds were studied over the Caribbean Sea on the same afternoon in June, 1952, and were in widely differing phases of their life cycles. The measurements were made from a slow-flying aircraft equipped with sensing instruments and whose behavior as a meteorological tool had been previously studied. Numerous calculations are made from the cross sections, including total and dynamic entrainment, drafts, slopes, and liquid water content. These are, where possible, checked against the corresponding observations. In addition to testing previously evolved theoretical models, and the usefulness of the steady-state hypothesis, the data provide some evidence concerning the formation and growth of larger trade cumulus clouds from several smaller ones and by successive stages.
    Description: Office of Naval Research Under Contract N6onr-27702 (NR-082-021)
    Description: Office of Naval Research Under Contract N6onr-27702 (NR-082-021)
    Keywords: Clouds ; Cumulus
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Originally issued as Reference No. 54-18, series later renamed WHOI-.
    Description: Some extremely large oceanic trade-mind cumulonimbus clouds extending upwards of 40,000 ft. into a region of strong winds and intense vertical shear have been studied by means of time-lapse photography. A simultaneous still picture of the clouds taken a known distance and direction away from the motion pictures permits triangulation upon the clouds and calculation of the vertical and horizontal motions of several of the individual towers. By means of a nearby radiosonde observation, it is established that the air forming the strongest of these towers must have risen from near cloud base with little or no dilution of its buoyancy by mixing with the clear-air surroundings. The model of Malkus and Scorer (1954) concerning the erosion of cumulus towers is reviewed and tested upon these towers with satisfactory results. A minimum horizontal cloud dimension is apparently required for the production of undiluted towers. The horizontal motion of the clouds relative to the air is also estimated from the model and tested by the observations and the net upward transport of latent heat in water vapor is calculated approximately.
    Description: Office of Naval Research Under Contract N6onr-27702 (NR-082-021)
    Keywords: Clouds ; Trade winds ; Cumulus ; Tropospheric circulation
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 3
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    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Originally issued as Reference No. 54-56, series later renamed WHOI-
    Description: Downdrafts, exhibiting speeds and mass transports comparable to those of the main updrafts, are a common feature of the cumulus clouds studied by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's FBI aircraft in the trade-wind region. These downdrafts are observed to be most pronounced at the extreme downshear edge of the visible cloud and are generally stronger the greater the age of the cloud tower, although they are normally present at the edge of even rapidly growing turrets.
    Description: Office of Naval Research Under Contract N6onr-27702 (NR-082-021)
    Keywords: Clouds ; Cumulus ; Trade winds ; Aeronautics in oceanography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 4
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    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Originally issued as Reference No. 57-9, series later renamed WHOI-.
    Description: Comparison of the lower trade-wind air under conditions of strong versus weak circulation is continued, Moisture and thermal structure and transports from the top of the mixed layer up to the trade-wind inversion are investigated. Much less difference is found at those levels between weak and strong circulation period than was found in the lowest or mixed layer. It is shown that the development of trade cumulus convection is dependent primarily upon conditions below cloud while for immense cumulonimbus build-ups convergence in the large-scale flow appears to be necessary. A physical model of the moist layer is constructed which describes the interaction of cloud populations with their surroundings, It shows how the cloud groups, though they average level-for-level both virtually and potentially colder than the clear, are thermally direct circulations providing heat and moisture to the trade. The model is built up from numerical calculations based primarily upon the aircraft soundings made in the undisturbed trade near Puerto Rico in April 1946 and March - April, 1953.
    Description: Office of Naval Research Under Contract Nonr 1721(00)(NR-082-021)
    Keywords: Clouds ; Cumulus ; Trade winds ; Aeronautics in oceanography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Originally issued as Reference No. 66-50, series later renamed WHOI-.
    Description: An outline of work done at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution with National Science Foundation support since 1963 on cumulus convection as related to larger scale atmospheric motions is given. In addition a preliminary analysis of the meso-scale wind field as derived from aircraft Doppler wind observations taken during one day of the Stormfury 1965 operation is described. Such facts as scale and magnitude of mesoscale divergence and vertical velocity in the trades are inferred.
    Description: Environmental Science Administration under Contract CWB 11255.
    Keywords: Stormfury 1965 ; Cumulus ; Trade winds
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Originally issued as Reference No. 64-11, series later renamed WHOI-.
    Description: ATLANTIS II was delivered to the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution on January 31, 1963. After some short cruises she left Woods Hole on July 5 to participate in the International Indian Ocean Expedition, her first major effort of long duration since her delivery. Eight was a strict test of the capabilities , endurance, Cruise facilities and comfort for which she was designed. The investigations in the Indian Ocean were per haps unique among other cruises of the Exped~t ion in that full coverage of the Arabian Sea was obtained during the Southwest Monsoon in August and September. Further coverage to the south was obtained in October and November where southeast winds were predominant. Inclusion of the Red Sea as part of the Expedition, the total number of hydrographic stations completed during this portion of the cruise was 193, consisting of observations more or less at standard depths to the bottom. These observations, together with various meteorological measurements and chemical analyses are being processed and evaluated, Geophysical observations such as bathymetry and magnetometer results are also being processed along with the navigational positions from the VLF Navigation System.
    Description: Sponsored by Grant NSF-GP 821 from the National Science Foundation
    Keywords: International Indian Ocean Expedition (1960-1965) ; Atlantis II (Ship : 1963-) Cruise AII8 ; Hydrographic surveying ; Geophysics ; Marine meteorology
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 7
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    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Originally issued as Reference No. 66-49, series later renamed WHOI-
    Description: The data reduction procedures used on the observations obtained from the ESSA Research Flight Facility aircraft during the Stormfury 1965 operation is described. The results to be obtained eventually are cloud liquid water content, volume median drop size, turbulent vertical velocity, and buoyancy fluctuations in cloud passes made by the aircraft.
    Description: National Science Foundation under Contract GP-l451.
    Keywords: Stormfury 1965 ; Cumulus ; Trade winds
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 8
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    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Originally issued as Reference No. 56-52, series later renamed WHOI-.
    Description: The moisture and temperature structure of the trade-wind mixed layer are compared under conditions of strong versus weak trade. The data used are two series of aircraft psychrograph soundings made over the ocean near Puerto Rico in early spring. The first in conditions of strong undisturbed trade and high zonal index (April 10 - 28, 1946) and the second under conditions of weak rather disturbed trade and low zonal index (March 18 - April 7, 1953). The weak trade soundings show a less homogeneous moisture distribution and a less stable temperature lapse rate. Considerable variation in structure of the lowest air accompanies changes in the trade regime which may give rise to significant fluctuations in energy input at the source region for atmospheric circulations. The importance of wind stirring in the upward transfer of moisture is indicated, which may affect the formation of trade cumulus clouds. Further studies investigating the relation between air and ocean structure at their boundary are suggested by the evidence herein, which may relate to the formation of tropical storms.
    Description: Office of Naval Research Under Contract Nonr 1721(00)(NR,082 -021)
    Keywords: Clouds ; Cumulus ; Trade winds ; Aeronautics in oceanography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
    Format: application/pdf
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