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  • Regulation  (17)
  • Oxford University Press  (17)
  • Hindawi
  • International Union of Crystallography (IUC)
  • 2010-2014  (17)
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2014-12-03
    Keywords: C91 - Laboratory, Individual Behavior, I18 - Government Policy ; Regulation ; Public Health
    Print ISSN: 2040-5790
    Electronic ISSN: 2040-5804
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2011-11-24
    Description: In this paper, a modelling approach is developed for the treatment of ‘don't know’(DK) responses, within choice experiments (CEs). A DK option is motivated by the need to allow respondents the opportunity to express uncertainty. Our model explains a DK using an entropy measure of the similarity between options given to respondents within the CE. We illustrate our model by applying it to a CE examining consumer preferences for nutrient contents in food. We find that similarity between options in a given choice set does explain the tendency for respondents to report DK.
    Keywords: C35 - Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models, I18 - Government Policy ; Regulation ; Public Health, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-3618
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2014-01-22
    Description: Using the 2007 National Survey of Children's Health data, we find a statistically and economically significant effect of neighborhood parks and playgrounds on childhood obesity based on covariate matching estimators. The park/playground effect depends on gender, age, race, household income, neighborhood safety, and other neighborhood amenities. The results suggest that adding a neighborhood park/playground may reduce the obesity rate and make children more fit, but relevant interventions must consider socioeconomic status of the targeted children as well as other neighborhood amenities.
    Keywords: I18 - Government Policy ; Regulation ; Public Health, I38 - Government Policy ; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs, R53 - Public Facility Location Analysis ; Public Investment and Capital Stock
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2014-03-21
    Description: The economic theory of regulatory capture predicts that industry groups will attempt to influence their regulators (for example, by lobbying for rules that exclude competition). It has been suggested that the same logic applies to any powerful institution with the ability to affect industry profits. When the aim of industry is to alter the public’s perception of its product (for example, by disseminating favorable messages to the news media or via an advertising campaign, or by funding industry-friendly scientific research), the end result has been dubbed deep capture. We develop a formal model of deep capture, in which consumers have imperfect information about product quality, and a dominant producer is able to increase his profits by altering the parameters of the consumer’s search problem. We demonstrate the empirical relevance of the phenomenon with a discussion of the food industry response to the obesity epidemic.
    Keywords: D18 - Consumer Protection, D83 - Search ; Learning ; Information and Knowledge ; Communication ; Belief, I18 - Government Policy ; Regulation ; Public Health, L15 - Information and Product Quality ; Standardization and Compatibility, L51 - Economics of Regulation
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2014-04-05
    Description: A substantial share of U.S. hog producers incorporate antimicrobial drugs into their livestock's feed or water at sub-therapeutic levels to promote feed efficiency and weight gain. Recently, in response to concerns that the overuse of antibiotics in livestock could promote the development of antimicrobial drug-resistant bacteria, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration adopted a strategy to phase out the use of antibiotics for production purposes. This study uses a stochastic frontier model and data from the 2009 USDA Agricultural Resource Management Survey of feeder-to-finish hog producers to estimate the potential effects on hog output and output variability resulting from a ban on antibiotics used for growth promotion. We use propensity score nearest neighbor matching to create a balanced sample of sub-therapeutic antibiotic (STA) users and nonusers. We estimate the frontier model for the pooled sample and separately for users and non-users—which allows for a flexible interaction between STA use and the production technology. Point estimates for the matched sample indicate that STA use has a small positive effect on productivity and production risk, increasing output by 1.0–1.3% and reducing the standard deviation of unexplained output by 1.4%. The results indicate that improvements in productivity resulted exclusively from technological improvement rather than from an increase in technical efficiency.
    Keywords: D24 - Production ; Cost ; Capital and Total Factor Productivity ; Capacity, I18 - Government Policy ; Regulation ; Public Health, Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2014-07-03
    Description: With the rise of behavioural economics has come the belief that decision-making biases justify paternalistic policies. Such views challenge the notion of consumer sovereignty and the validity of traditional approaches of economic welfare analysis. While behavioural economics might improve the effectiveness of policies that are already justified on some other market-failure grounds, this article argues that the existence of cognitive failures, alone, do not justify government regulation. If one abandons the idea that consumers know what is in their best interest, judging the merits of policies becomes arbitrary and reflects only what a paternalist wants for others. The typical behavioural economic experiment occurs with college students devoid of real-world context. The biases found in such setting may not extrapolate well to conditions where people have more experience and knowledge, and where they can learn from past mistakes. Even when behavioural biases persist in the ‘real world’, consumers face incentives to engage in activities that protect them from the adverse consequences of the biases, and public policies that shield people from such consequences reduce incentives to self-regulate. The article concludes with some ideas for future research and a discussion of the merits of freedom of choice.
    Keywords: D03 - Behavioral Economics ; Underlying Principles, I18 - Government Policy ; Regulation ; Public Health, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-3618
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2014-09-02
    Description: In response to low consumption levels of fruits and vegetables by Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participants, the USDA Food and Nutrition Service created the Healthy Incentives Pilot (HIP) to test the efficacy of providing a 30% incentive for purchases of targeted fruits and vegetables (TFVs). Four to six months after implementation, mean daily TFV intake for adult HIP participants was 0.22 cup-equivalents higher (24% higher) than for control-group SNAP participants. These impact estimates with a random-assignment research design generally agree with previously published nonexperimental elasticity estimates, which imply that a pure price reduction of 30% would increase fruit and vegetable consumption by about 20%.
    Keywords: I18 - Government Policy ; Regulation ; Public Health, I38 - Government Policy ; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2012-10-30
    Description: The objective of this article is to gain a better understanding of firms' strategies towards nutritional tax policies and to assess their impacts from a public health point of view. We determine how new products that are nutritionally improved can successfully emerge in an asymmetrical context in which firms do not have the same strategic incentives to change the characteristics of their products. The results show that nutritional regulations may induce changes in the product quality choices by firms, but may also affect the competitive game. Under some conditions, the economic distortions are not compensated by increased health benefits.
    Keywords: H23 - Externalities ; Redistributive Effects ; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies, I18 - Government Policy ; Regulation ; Public Health, L15 - Information and Product Quality ; Standardization and Compatibility
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-3618
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2012-10-30
    Description: We quantify the economic and health effects of a fruit and vegetable (F&V) voucher policy designed for increasing F&V consumption among low-income consumers. The analysis combined two models: an economic model which predicts how F&V consumption is affected by a change in policy, and a health model which evaluates the impact of a change in F&V consumption in terms of death avoided and life-years saved. We find that targeted F&V voucher policies can be more cost-effective than non-targeted policies based on tax decreases, but only when the targeted policy is focused narrowly on the lowest income consumers.
    Keywords: D61 - Allocative Efficiency ; Cost-Benefit Analysis, I18 - Government Policy ; Regulation ; Public Health, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-3618
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2013-11-22
    Description: We develop a structural econometric model of the vertical contracts between soft drink manufacturers and retailers to assess the impact of taxes or changes in production costs on consumer prices. Using individual data on food purchases from a representative survey of 19,000 French households in 2005, we estimate consumer demand using a random utility approach. Among a set of possible vertical relationships, we select the model that best fits the data. We evaluate the pass-through rate of changes in input costs (sugar) or of taxes and show that the industry over-shifts cost changes or excise taxes to the consumers. This result challenges the belief that firms do not pass on the full extent of cost changes or excise taxes to consumers.
    Keywords: H32 - Firm, I18 - Government Policy ; Regulation ; Public Health, L13 - Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2014-05-28
    Description: We propose a methodology to evaluate social projects from the perspective of children's opportunities on the basis of the effects of these projects on the distribution of outcomes. We condition our evaluation on characteristics for which individuals are not responsible; in this case, we use parental education level and indigenous background. The methodology is applied to evaluate the effects on children's health opportunities of Mexico's Oportunidades program, one of the largest conditional cash transfer programs for poor households in the world. The evidence from this program shows that gains in health opportunities for children from indigenous backgrounds are substantial and are situated in crucial parts of the distribution, whereas gains for children from nonindigenous backgrounds are more limited.
    Keywords: D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement, I18 - Government Policy ; Regulation ; Public Health, I38 - Government Policy ; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
    Print ISSN: 0258-6770
    Electronic ISSN: 1564-698X
    Topics: Economics
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2013-12-24
    Description: Policymakers have suggested the use of taxes to raise the relative cost of buying fast food. Yet, little is known of the structure of demand for food-away-from-home (FAFH) in general. This study provides estimates of the price-elasticity of demand for four different types of FAFH using a new data set from NPD, Inc. and an econometric approach that accounts for the multiple-discrete–continuous nature of FAFH demand. We find that cross-price elasticities of demand are small, so consumers are unwilling to substitute between food-at-home and any type of FAFH or among types of FAFH. Therefore, taxing fast food may be effective in reducing the number of fast food visits and shifting consumption to at-home meals.
    Keywords: C35 - Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models, D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis, I18 - Government Policy ; Regulation ; Public Health, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-3618
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2013-12-05
    Description: The availability of alcoholic beverages in grocery stores varies across the United States due to state-level regulations. Recently there have been a number of controversial legislative proposals to expand the distribution of certain alcoholic beverages, most notably wine. Our econometric results show that, holding constant the total quantity of alcohol consumed, a higher share of wine correlates with lower traffic fatality rates, while the opposite is true for beer. These findings suggest that arguments against the wider distribution of wine as an approach to reduce social problems may not be fully justified.
    Keywords: I18 - Government Policy ; Regulation ; Public Health, K23 - Regulated Industries and Administrative Law, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 2040-5790
    Electronic ISSN: 2040-5804
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2013-12-05
    Description: We study how ready or vulnerable each Primary Care Organization (PCO) in England was in 2010 to the National Health Service reforms announced in the Government white paper Equity and Excellence: Liberating the NHS, later enacted by the Health and Social Care Act 2012. We define vulnerability as a combination of latent variables and present a novel methodological approach to measuring organizational and wider impacts of health policy reforms. Areas with higher concentrations of older people were not correlated with vulnerability except where there was also deprivation. This contrasts with wide-spread qualitative and quantitative evidence of sub-optimal care of older people within the health service. This suggests there may be an over-reliance on using activity, which was proportionately higher in the least vulnerable areas, to determine funding and quality markers rather than outcomes. A risk of the reform process could be a negative impact on deprived areas which appear to be financially less secure and more likely to have long-established health inequalities.
    Keywords: C30 - General, H75 - State and Local Government: Health, Education, and Welfare, I18 - Government Policy ; Regulation ; Public Health
    Print ISSN: 2040-5790
    Electronic ISSN: 2040-5804
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2014-02-14
    Description: Many policy interventions that address rising obesity levels in the United States have been designed to provide consumers with more nutrition information, with the goal of encouraging consumers to decrease their caloric intake. We discuss existing information-provision measures and suggest that they are likely to have little-to-modest impact on encouraging lower caloric intake, because making use of such information requires understanding and/or motivation, which many consumers lack, as well as self-control, which is a limited resource. We highlight several phenomena from the behavioral economics literature (present-biased preferences, visceral factors, and status quo bias) and explain how awareness of these behavioral phenomena can inform both more effective information-provision policies and additional policies for regulating restaurants and public school cafeterias that move beyond information to nudge people towards healthier food choices.
    Keywords: D00 - General, I12 - Health Production, I18 - Government Policy ; Regulation ; Public Health, L66 - Food ; Beverages ; Cosmetics ; Tobacco ; Wine and Spirits, M31 - Marketing, M38 - Government Policy and Regulation, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 2040-5790
    Electronic ISSN: 2040-5804
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2014-02-14
    Description: Using a lab experiment with 258 adult non-student participants, we examined whether unhealthy foods taxes, healthy foods subsidies, anti-obesity advertising, and healthy foods advertising have an impact on changing consumers' choices of lunch items and the nutrient content of their choices for a selected meal. A difference-in-difference regression model was used to determine the efficacy of the various policy treatments. The results indicate that the unhealthy foods tax, healthy foods advertising, and unhealthy foods tax combined with anti-obesity advertising significantly reduced the content of some nutrients of concern, such as calories, calories from fat, carbohydrates, and cholesterol in meal selections. We also find that when combined with healthy foods subsidy, the healthy foods advertising has very little effect on nutrient consumption; the anti-obesity advertising on its own, however, is not efficient at changing dietary behavior. We discuss the policy implications of our findings and venues for future research.
    Keywords: H20 - General, I18 - Government Policy ; Regulation ; Public Health, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 2040-5790
    Electronic ISSN: 2040-5804
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2014-02-14
    Description: Across health systems, there is increasing interest in applying behavioral economics insights to health policy challenges. Policy decision makers have recently discussed a range of diverse health policy interventions that are commonly brought together under a behavioral umbrella. These include randomized controlled trials, comparison portals, information labels, financial incentives, sin taxes, and nudges. A taxonomy is proposed to classify such behavioral interventions. In the context of risky health behavior, each cluster of policies is then scrutinized under two respects: (i) What are its genuinely behavioral insights? (ii) What evidence exists on its practical effectiveness? The discussion highlights the main challenges in drawing a clear mapping between how much each policy is behaviorally inspired and its effectiveness.
    Keywords: C90 - General, D03 - Behavioral Economics ; Underlying Principles, I10 - General, I18 - Government Policy ; Regulation ; Public Health
    Print ISSN: 2040-5790
    Electronic ISSN: 2040-5804
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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