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  • Articles  (29)
  • 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics  (16)
  • 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous  (13)
  • INGV  (15)
  • Seismological Society of America  (11)
  • Copernicus Publications  (2)
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • 2010-2014  (29)
Collection
  • Articles  (29)
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Keywords
Publisher
Years
Year
  • 1
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    Fast Determination of Moment Tensors and Rupture History: what has been learned from the 6 April 2009 L’Aquila earthquake sequence (2010)
    Seismological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-22
    Description: On 6 April 2009, a magnitude Mw = 6.1 earthquake struck the Abruzzi region in central Italy. Despite its moderate size, the earthquake caused more than 300 fatalities and partially destroyed the city of L’Aquila and many surrounding villages. In this study we present a retrospective analysis of the rapid source parameters determination procedure developed at INGV (Scognamiglio et al. 2009) as applied to the L’Aquila seismic sequence. Our approach consists of two stages: the near real-time determination of the seismic moment tensor, which is already routinely performed for all M≥ 3.5 earthquakes; and the rapid imaging of the rupture history on a finite fault for earthquakes with M≥ 6.0.
    Description: Published
    Description: 892-906
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: moment tensor ; velocity models ; strong-motion ; gps ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    The earth sciences in the scientific letters of Giovanni Capellini (2010)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Giovanni Capellini (1833-1922) was one of the leading representatives of the Italian and international scientific community from the mid-19th century until 1922, the year of his death. Professor of Geology at the University of Bologna from 1860, geologist, palaeontologist and archaeologist, in 1871 he organised, straight after the unification of Italy, the 5th International Congress in Archaeology and Prehistoric Anthropology, first in Italy, and in 1881 brought to Bologna, for the first time ever in Italy, the 2nd International Geological Congress. His studies and publications strongly influenced the geological thinking of his times. At the Archiginnasio Library in Bologna there are as many as 30,000 documents from his scientific letters (The Capellini Archive), the result of an intense correspondence he had with geologists, seismologists, astronomers and meteorologists, but also with people from the world of culture and politics. The letters relating to the earth sciences, from scientific but also political point of view, are the majority. The archive includes letters from more then 4,300 senders, of which at least 25% foreign ones incuding Charles Lyell (geologist), Emmanuel Friedlaender (volcanologist), Philip Eduard De Verneuil (naturalist), Henry James Johnston Lavis (volcanologist).
    Description: Published
    Description: 667-677
    Description: 5.2. TTC - Banche dati di sismologia strumentale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Giovanni Capellini ; history of earth sciences ; scientific letters ; 2nd International Geological Congress ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
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    Real-TIme Determination of Seismic Moment Tensor for the Italian Region (2010)
    Seismological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We describe the automatic (AUTO) and the reviewed (REV) seismic time-domain moment tensor (TDMT) procedures implemented recently at the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Italy. The solutions are obtained from the high-quality data of the recently installed Italian broadband network and of the Mediterranean seismographic network (MedNet). AUTO- and REV-TDMT adopt the long-period full waveform inversion code developed by Dreger and Helmberger (1993). AUTO-TDMT is triggered by local and regional events with magnitude ML 〉=3.5 detected by the INGV seismic center. Moment tensor solutions are available within about 10 min after earthquake location, and they are automatically published on the World Wide Web for solution qualities exceeding a predefined threshold. REV-TDMT solutions are posted on the World Wide Web and included in the INGV-TDMT catalog after manual revision. The catalog we describe has great potential to improve our understanding of the regional seismicity and of the ongoing tectonics because the TDMT solutions are the only moment tensors and moment magnitudes released for Italy for many of the events with ML 〈=4.2.
    Description: This work has been funded by the 2005–2007 DPC-S4 and 2008–2010 DPC-S3 Italian Civil Protection contracts.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2223-2242
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: moment tensor ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    Do Strike-Slip Faults of Molise, Central-Southern Italy, Really Release a High Stress? (2010)
    Seismological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The 31 October and 1 November 2002, Molise earthquakes (both MW 5.7) were caused by right-lateral slip between 12 and 20 km depth. These earthquakes are the result of large-scale reactivation of pre-existing, left-lateral, regionally extended E-W structures of Mesozoic age. Although recorded ground motions were generally smaller than expected for typical Italian earthquakes, a recent paper attributes a stress drop as high as 180 bars to the Molise earthquakes. We remark that a high stress drop is in contrast both with the relatively long source duration inferred in previous investigations and with geodetic evidence for a significantly smaller fault slip compared with other Apennines earthquakes having similarly large rupture area (e.g. 1997 Umbria-Marche earthquakes). We analyzed both ground acceleration spectra of the mainshocks and single-station spectral ratios of broad-band seismograms in an extended magnitude range (2.7 ≤ MW ≤ 5.7). Our results show that neither the spectral amplitudes of recorded ground motions nor the spectral ratios can be fit by a high stress drop source. Instead we find that the observations are consistent with a low stress drop, our best estimates ranging between 6 and 25 bars, in agreement with the relatively long source duration and small coseismic slip. We interpret the low stress of the 2002 Molise earthquakes in terms of lower energy release mechanisms due to the reutilization of faults reactivated opposite to their original sense of slip.
    Description: Published
    Description: 307-324
    Description: 4.2. TTC - Modelli per la stima della pericolosità sismica a scala nazionale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: stress drop ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    How to promote earthquake ruptures: Different nucleation strategies in a dynamic model with slip–weakening friction (2010)
    Seismological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The introduction of the linear slip–weakening friction law permits the solution of the elasto–dynamic equation for a rupture which develops on a fault, by removing the singularity in the components of stress tensor, thereby ensuring a finite energy flux at the crack tip. With this governing model, largely used by seismologists, it is possible to simulate a single earthquake event but, in absence of remote tectonic loading, it requires the introduction of an artificial procedure to initiate the rupture, i.e, to reach the failure stress point. In this paper, by studying the dynamic rupture propagation and the solutions on the fault and on the free surface, we systematically compare three conceptually and algorithmically different nucleation strategies widely adopted in the literature: the imposition of an initially constant rupture speed, the introduction of a shear stress asperity, and the perturbation to the initial particle velocity field. Our results show that, contrarily to supershear ruptures which tend to “forget” their origins, subshear ruptures are quite sensitive to the adopted nucleation procedure, which can bias the runaway rupture. We confirm that that the most gradual transition from imposed nucleation and spontaneous propagation is obtained by initially forcing the rupture to expand at a properly chosen, constant speed (0.75 times the Rayleigh speed). We also numerically demonstrate that a valid alternative to this strategy is an appropriately smoothed, elliptical shear stress asperity. Moreover, we evaluate the optimal size of the nucleation patch where the procedure is applied; our simulations indicate that its size has to equal the critical distance of Day (1982) in case of supershear ruptures and to exceed it in case of subshear ruptures.
    Description: In press
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Nucleation strategies ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 6
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    Uncertainties in Strong Ground-Motion Prediction with Finite-Fault Synthetic Seismograms: An Application to the 1984 M 5.7 Gubbio, Central Italy, Earthquake (2010)
    Seismological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This study investigates the engineering applicability of two conceptually different finite-fault simulation techniques. We focus our attention on two important aspects: first to quantify the capability of the methods to reproduce the observed ground-motion parameters (peaks and integral quantities); second to quantify the dependence of the strong-motion parameters on the variability in the large-scale kinematic definition of the source (i.e., position of the nucleation point, value of the rupture velocity, and distribution of the final slip on the fault). We applied an approximated simulation technique, the deterministic-stochastic method and a broadband technique, the hybrid-integral-composite method, to model the 1984 Mw 5.7 Gubbio, central Italy, earthquake, at five accelerometric stations. We first optimize the position of the nucleation point and the value of the rupture velocity for three different final slip distributions on the fault by minimizing an error function in terms of acceleration response spectra in the frequency band from 1 to 9 Hz. We found that the best model is given by a rupture propagating at about 2:65 km=sec from a hypocenter located approximately at the center of the fault. In the second part of the article we calculate more than 2400 scenarios varying the kinematic source parameters. At the five sites we compute the residuals distributions for the various strongmotion parameters and show that their standard deviations depend on the source parameterization adopted by the two techniques. Furthermore, we show that Arias Intensity (AI) and significant duration are characterized by the largest and smallest standard deviation, respectively. Housner Intensity is better modeled and less affected by uncertainties in the source kinematic parameters than AI. The fact that the uncertainties in the kinematic model affects the variability of different ground-motion parameters in different ways has to be taken into account when performing hazard assessment and earthquake engineering studies for future events.
    Description: Published
    Description: 647-663
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: ground-motion simulation ; Gubbio 1984 ; ground-motion variability ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    How to promote earthquake ruptures: different nucleation strategies in a dynamic model with slip–weakening friction (2010)
    Seismological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The introduction of the linear slip–weakening friction law permits the solution of the elasto–dynamic equation for a rupture which develops on a fault, by removing the singularity in the components of stress tensor, thereby ensuring a finite energy flux at the crack tip. With this governing model, largely used by seismologists, it is possible to simulate a single earthquake event but, in absence of remote tectonic loading, it requires the introduction of an artificial procedure to initiate the rupture, i.e, to reach the failure stress point. In this paper, by studying the dynamic rupture propagation and the solutions on the fault and on the free surface, we systematically compare three conceptually and algorithmically different nucleation strategies widely adopted in the literature: the imposition of an initially constant rupture speed, the introduction of a shear stress asperity, and the perturbation to the initial particle velocity field. Our results show that, contrarily to supershear ruptures which tend to “forget” their origins, subshear ruptures are quite sensitive to the adopted nucleation procedure, which can bias the runaway rupture. We confirm that that the most gradual transition from imposed nucleation and spontaneous propagation is obtained by initially forcing the rupture to expand at a properly chosen, constant speed (0.75 times the Rayleigh speed). We also numerically demonstrate that a valid alternative to this strategy is an appropriately smoothed, elliptical shear stress asperity. Moreover, we evaluate the optimal size of the nucleation patch where the procedure is applied; our simulations indicate that its size has to equal the critical distance of Day (1982) in case of supershear ruptures and to exceed it in case of subshear ruptures.
    Description: Published
    Description: 923–940
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Earthquake nucleation ; Computational seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    Ground-Motion Simulations for the M 6.9 Irpinia 1980 Earthquake (Southern Italy) and Scenario Events (2011)
    Seismological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In this paper, we adopt three ground-motion simulation techniques (EXSIM, Motazedian and Atkinson, 2005, DSM, Pacor et al., 2005 and HIC, Gallovič and Brokešová, 2007), with the aim of investigating the different performances in near-fault strong-motion modeling and prediction from past and future events. The test case is the 1980, M 6.9, Irpinia earthquake, the strongest event recorded in Italy. First, we simulate the recorded strong-motion data and validate the model parameters by computing spectral acceleration and peak amplitudes residual distributions. The validated model is then used to investigate the influence of site effects and to compute synthetic ground motions around the fault. Afterward, we simulate the expected ground motions from scenario events on the Irpinia fault, varying the hypocenters, the rupture velocities and the slip distributions. We compare the median ground motions and related standard deviations from all scenario events with empirical ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs). The synthetic median values are included in the median ± one standard deviation of the considered GMPEs. Synthetic peak ground accelerations show median values smaller and with a faster decay with distance than the empirical ones. The synthetics total standard deviation is of the same order or smaller than the empirical one and it shows considerable differences from one simulation technique to another. We decomposed the total standard deviation into its between-scenario and within-scenario components. The larger contribution to the total sigma comes from the latter while the former is found to be smaller and in good agreement with empirical inter-event variability.
    Description: In press
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Irpinia 1980 earthquake ; ground-motion simulation ; ground-motion variability ; scenario events ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    Educational strategies to reduce risk: a choice of social responsibility (2012)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This work develops a critical reflection on the activities for information, training and education conducted by a group of researchers of the INGV in recent years. In particular, our analysis, from an epistemological point of view, is between: science outreach, the link between science and the world; science teaching and its role of contact between science and school; risk education, imaged as a process able to develop a culture of risk in relation to the territory in which we live. These issues are critically analyzed on the basis of experience gained since 1995. The educational methodologies tested in "peacetime", out of seismic events, with the EDURISK Project are compared with those experienced during the emergency in Abruzzo. Increasingly today, we refer to prevention as a primary strategy of defense against risk. But very often the responsibility of making prevention falls on the others as government, institutions, local authorities and the citizen perceive themselves as powerless against the inevitability of natural events and refer to the rulers for the implementation of effective prevention policies. As researchers, what are the most effective actions we can take to influence the risk reduction and motivate the choices of people? The effectiveness of our interventions must be based on scientific information, on a specific training, or must be reached to develop values, actions, awareness? Our interventions must be oriented and developed to inform, to train or to educate?
    Description: Published
    Description: 445-451
    Description: 5.9. Formazione e informazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Risk education, Seismc risk, Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
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    Memories of the past contribute to prevention: photography as a direct means for public understanding of science (2012)
    INGV
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: There are thousands of ways to achieve a sustainable future for our Planet. Some of these follow high-value scientific research activities, while others simply aim to increase people’s awareness of what can and should be done to improve our, and our children’s, quality of life. The easiest way to develop this specific kind of ‘spread of culture’ consists of bringing back to life what was preserved of the history of a population and of a territory, by representing it in a renewed form, and by making it ‘food for thought’. The Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), followed this approach and decided to publish two volumes where the objective was to make people more aware of the geological and volcanic risks in some specific areas of Italy. The immediacy of the photography is used to tell the stories of volcanoes and earthquakes, to represent past events that have become ‘memories’ and to use these as a basis to build a better future. “Terre di Fuoco” and “Terremoto Calabro-Messinese, 1908/2008” are the two photographic books that have been published by INGV in cooperation with Alinari, the oldest firm in the world in the field of photography and image communication. The photographs selected to be included in the two books had a double significance: on the one side, they had to convey to the reader the immediacy of emotions that other people had felt and lived; and on the other side, they had to make people understand the importance of prevention. The fascination of history, the importance of memories of the past and the extraordinary strength of images help the reader build a link between the past, the present and the future, where the lesson learnt from the past centuries and from the study of the Earth and its energy help us to understand which steps should be taken to achieve a “sustainable” future.
    Description: Published
    Description: 427-431
    Description: 5.9. Formazione e informazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Memories ; Prevention ; historical images ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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