ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Every decision about energy involves its price and cost. The price of gasoline and the cost of buying from foreign producers; the price of nuclear and hydroelectricity and the costs to our ecosystems; the price of electricity from coal-fired plants and the cost to the atmosphere. Giving life to inventions, lifestyle changes, geopolitical shifts, and things in-between, energy economics is of high interest to Academia, Corporations and Governments. For economists, energy economics is one of three subdisciplines which, taken together, compose an economic approach to the exploitation and preservation of natural resources: energy economics, which focuses on energy-related subjects such as renewable energy, hydropower, nuclear power, and the political economy of energy; resource economics, which covers subjects in land and water use, such as mining, fisheries, agriculture, and forests; and, environmental economics, which takes a broader view of natural resources through economic concepts such as risk, valuation, regulation, and distribution Although the three are closely related, they are not often presented as an integrated whole.This Encyclopedia has done just that by unifying these fields into a high-quality and unique overview. The only reference work that codifies the relationships among the three subdisciplines: energy economics, resource economics and environmental economics. Understanding these relationships just became simpler! Nobel Prize Winning Editor-in-Chief (joint recipient 2007 Peace Prize), Jason Shogren, has demonstrated excellent team work again, by coordinating and steering his Editorial Board to produce a cohesive work that guides the user seamlessly through the diverse topics. This work contains in equal parts information from and about business, academic, and government perspectives and is intended to serve as a tool for unifying and systematizing research and analysis in business, universities, and government.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Part I: The Evolution of European Electricity Markets ; 1-Evolution of British electricity market and the role of policy for the low carbon future ; 2-Electricity market reform in Britain: Central planning vs. free markets ; 3The French paradox: Competition, nuclear rent and price regulation ; 4-Turnaround in rough sea: The German electricity market ; 5-The growing impact of renewable energy in European electricity markets ; 6-Renewable energy, efficient electricity networks and sector-specific market power regulation ; 7-From niche to mainstream: The evolution of renewable energy in the German electricity market ; 8-The challenges of electricity market regulation in the European Union ; Part II: The evolution of electricity markets in Americas ; 9-The evolution of the PJM capacity market: Does it address the revenue sufficiency problem? ; 10-Texas electricity market: Getting better ; 11-From the brink of abyss to a green, clean and smart future: The evolution of California's electricity market ; 12-Unfinished business: The evolution of US competitive retail electricity markets ; 13-Fragmented markets: Canadian electricity sectors' ; derperformance ; 14-The integration of Latin American energy markets: An outstanding dilemma ; Part III: The evolution of BRICs electricity markets ; 15-Evolution of electricity market in Brazil ; 16-The Russian electricity market reform: Towards the re-regulation of the liberalized ; 17-Not seeing the wood for the trees? Electricity market reform in India ; 18-Reform postponed: The evolution of China's electricity markets ; Part IV: The evolution of electricity markets in Australasia ; 19-Evolution of Australia's national electricity market ; 20-Is electricity industry reform the right answer to the wrong question? Lessons from Australian restructuring and climate policy ; 21-Weak regulation, rising margins, and asset revaluations: New Zealand's failing experiment in electricity reform ; 22-The Korean electricity market: Stuck in transition ; 23-After Fukushima: The evolution of Japanese electricity market ; 24-The Singapore electricity market: From partial to full competition ; 25-Market design for variable generation

Description / Table of Contents: The Geologic Time Scale 2012, winner of a 2012 PROSE Award Honorable Mention for Best Multi-volume Reference in Science from the Association of American Publishers, is the framework for deciphering the history of our planet Earth. The authors have been at the forefront of chronostratigraphic research and initiatives to create an international geologic time scale for many years, and the charts in this book present the most up-to-date, international standard, as ratified by the International Commission on Stratigraphy and the International Union of Geological Sciences. This 2012 geologic time scale is an enhanced, improved and expanded version of the GTS2004, including chapters on planetary scales, the Cryogenian-Ediacaran periods/systems, a prehistory scale of human development, a survey of sequence stratigraphy, and an extensive compilation of stable-isotope chemostratigraphy.

Description / Table of Contents: Content: PART ONE RESOURCE IDENTIFICATION AND DEVELOPMENT 1. Geology of Geothermal Regions 2. Exploration Strategies and Techniques 3. Geothermal Well Drilling 4. Reservoir Engineering PART TWO GEOTHERMAL POWER GENERATING SYSTEMS 5. Single-Flash Steam Power Plants 6. Double-Flash Steam Power Plants 7. Dry-Steam Power Plants 8. Binary Cycle Power Plants 9. Advanced Geothermal Energy Conversion Systems 10. Hot Dry Rock/Enhanced Geothermal Systems/Deep Hydrothermal Systems 11. Exergy Analysis Applied to Geothermal Power Systems PART THREE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT CASE STUDIES 12. Larderello Dry-Steam Power Plants, Tuscany, Italy 13. The Geysers Dry-Steam Power Plants, Sonoma and Lake Counties, California, U.S.A. 14. Cerro Prieto Power Station, Baja California Norte, Mexico 15. Hatchobaru Power Station, Oita Prefecture, Kyushu, Japan 16. Mutnovsky Flash-Steam Power Plant, Kamchakta Peninsula, Russia 17. Miravalles Power Station, Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica 18. Heber Binary Plants, Imperial Valley, California, USA 19. Magmamax Binary Power Plant, East Mesa, Imperial Valley California, USA 20. Raft River Plants, Idaho, USA 21. Kizildere and Salavatli Plants, Turkey 22. Nesjavellir and Hellisheidi Plants, Iceland 23. Environmental Impact of Geothermal Power Plants

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Introduction; Cartesian Tensors and Tensor Notation; Kinematics; Conservation Laws; Vorticity Dynamics; Ideal Flow; Gravity Waves; Laminar Flow; Boundary Layers and Related Topics; Computational Fluid Dynamics; Instability; Turbulence; Geophysical Fluid Dynamics; Aerodynamics; Compressible Flow; Introduction to Biofluid Mechanics; Nomenclature; App. A Conversion Factors, Constants, Fluid Properties; App. B Mathematical Tools and Resources; App. C Founders of Modern Fluid Dynamics; App. D Visual Resources; Index

Description / Table of Contents: "The geochemistry and chemistry of sulfur, iron and iron sulfides in sedimentary systems is reviewed. Sulfur microbiology is described and the microbial ecology of sulfidic sediments is discussed. Sulfur and iron stable isotope biochemistry is addressed against the background of recent advances in this field with respect to sedimentary and microbial systems. Environmental aspects of the present sedimentary sulfur cycle are considered with special references to the development of euxinia and global anoxic events. The biogeochemistry of ancient sulphur-rich sediments is considered and the evolution of the sedimentary sulfur system is discussed against the background of the evolution of the Earth surface environment. The evolution of the sulfur biome and its impact of the early development of life on Earth are discussed."--Cover

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Earth Systems - The Crust - Tectonic Settings - The Mantle - The core - The Atmosphere and Oceans - Living Systems - Crustal and Mantle Evolution - The Supercontinent Cycle and Mantle-Plume Events - Comparative Planetary Evolution

Description / Table of Contents: "Physical Properties of Rocks - a Workbook" is a symbiosis of a brief description of physical fundamentals of rock properties (based on typical experimental results and relevant theories and models) with a guide for practical use of different theoretical concepts. For this purpose a companion web site contains a selection of model based equations in excel worksheets for practical application and training by the user to work with his own data or to "play" in order to demonstrate the effects of various input information and to demonstrate the effects of various input information in petrophysical work. In two special chapters the problem of relationships between petrophysical parameters based on various model concepts is presented as a foundation for combined interpretation. This part also contains the author's 'structured model'. The workbook is a result of the more than 40 years experience of the author in teaching at universities and industrial courses. It presents all practical relevant properties of rock in one volume. It offers experimental and theoretical fundamentals in a systematic framework. It gives special focus on relationships between properties. - Contents: 1. Rocks - their classification and composition Overview, Introduction Igneous (magmatic) rocks Metamorphic rocks Sedimentary rocks 2. Pore space properties Overview, Introduction Porosity Specific internal surface Fluids in the pore space - the term "saturation" Permeability Wettability Fluid distribution - capillary pressure in a reservoir 3. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) petrophysical properties Physical origin, the principle of a NMR-measurement Description of the relaxation process (longitudinal and transverse relaxation) NMR Relaxation mechanisms of fluids in pores and fluid-surface effects Bulk relaxation and surface relaxation Diffusion-induced relaxation Description of relaxation as a multi-exponential decay - data inversion Applications Porosity and pore volume partitioning Pore size, capillary pressure and permeability estimate Fluid (hydrocarbon) typing 4 Density Definition and units Density of rock constituents Density of rocks 5 .Nuclear/Radioactive Properties Fundamentals Natural radioactivity Origin of natural gamma radiation Potassium, Uranium, and Thorium in minerals Potassium, uranium, and thorium content of rocks Spectral and integral measurements - the API unit Applications Radioactive heat generation Gamma Interactions Fundamentals Gamma-Gamma-PE measurement for mineral identification Gamma-Gamma-Density measurement and porosity estimate Neutron interactions Fundamentals Porosity from neutron measurements 6. Elastic Properties Fundamentals Results of experimental investigations, empirical equations Rock constituents Velocity of igneous and metamorphic rocks Velocity of sedimentary rocks Relationships between Vp and Vs - the Castagna equation AVO (Amplitude Versus Offset) - basic principles and link to physical properties Anisotropy Theories Overview Bounds for elastic moduli: Voigt, Reuss and Hashin-Shtrikman bounds Sphere pack models nclusion models A simpified model for fractured rocks Gassman and Biot model - modelling of fluid effects The problem of multiphase pore fluids Inelastic properties - attenuation of elastic waves Overview, definition and units Absorption of elastic waves in rocks - overview Absorption of seismic waves in igneous rocks Absorption of seismic waves in sedimentary rocks Absorption mechanisms . 7 . Electrical properties Fundamentals Electrical properties of rock components Minerals - solid components Pore fluids Specific electrical resistivity of Rocks Overview The specific electrical resistivity of porous clean rocks - Archies equations Partial water saturation Archie - rocks: Theories and models Sheet models Inclusion models Capillary models Shaly sands Introduction - The Shaly Sand Problem Laminated Shaly Sands - the Poupon Equation Dispersed Shaly Sand - the Waxman-Smits Equation Dual Water Model Simandoux Equation (1963) Indonesia Equation Comparison of some shaly sand equations Dielectric properties of rocks Conduction and Polarization - the complex nature of the two processes Experimental results - the real component of permittivity Theories and models Spectral Induced Polarization Basic mechanisms Traditional parameters of IP measurements IP in ore containing rocks IP in porous rocks 8. Thermal Properties Thermal properties of minerals and pore contents Thermal properties of rocks - experimental data Overview Thermal properties of magmatic and metamorphic rocks Sedimentary rocks Some notes about thermal expansion Theories and models Sheet models - series and parallel model Sheet models - modifications and comparable mixing rules Inclusion models 9. Magnetic properties Basics and units Magnetic properties of rock constituents Magnetic properties of rocks Overview - Rock Magnetization Susceptibility range for rock types - induced magnetization Correlations between susceptibility and content of magnetic substances Natural remanent magnetization (NRM) 10. Geomechanical properties Overview, Introduction Classification parameters Fundamental geomechanical properties and processes Correlation between static and dynamic moduli Correlation between geophysical properties and strength properties 11. Relationships between petrophysical properties - fundamentals of combined interpretation Introduction and motivation Empirical equations Relationships based on sheet models Fundamentals of combined interpretation volume based models Determination of volumetric rock composition (mineral fractions, porosity) of porous rocks - 12. Model with internal structure and bonding properties The concept of a "structured model" Porosity Electrical properties - resistivity Elastic wave velocities General equation Discussion of the "porosity-factor" Discussion of the "contact elasticity-factor" Change of structure and bonding Strength properties - a relationship between velocity and strength

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Executive summary ; 1. Greenhouse gases and the carbon cycle ; 2. The atmosphere ; 3. Extreme events ; 4. Land surface ; 5. Permafrost and hydrates ; 6. Mountain glaciers and ice caps ; 7. Ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica ; 8. Ice shelves ; 9. Sea ice ; 10. The oceans ; 11. Global sea level ; 12. Abrupt change and tipping points ; 13. Lessons from the past ; 14. The future

Description / Table of Contents: Ultrahigh Pressure Metamorphism (UHPM) is a fast growing discipline that was established 25 years ago after discoveries of high pressure minerals, coesite and diamonds. The current explosion of research on UHMP terranes reflects their significance for understanding large scale mantle dynamics, major elements of plate tectonics such as continental collisions, deep subduction and exhumation, mountains building, geochemical recycling ´from surface to the core´, and a deep storage of light elements participating in green-house effects in the atmosphere. This book provides insights into the formation of diamond and coesite at very high pressures and explores new ideas regarding the tectonic setting of this style of metamorphism

Description / Table of Contents: Completions are the conduit between hydrocarbon reservoirs and surface facilities. They are a fundamental part of any hydrocarbon field development project. The have to be designed for safely maximising the hydrocarbon recovery from the well and may have to last for many years under ever changing conditions. The issues include: connection with the reservoir rock, avoiding sand production, selecting the correct interval, pumps and other forms of artificial lift, safety and integrity, equipment selection and installation and future well interventions; and course book based on course well completion design by TRACS International. The book is unique in its field: coverage of offshore, subsea, and landbased completions in all of the major hydrocarbon basins of the world. It comes in full colour features.

Description / Table of Contents: Focuses on the sedimentary processes operating within the various modern and ancient deep-sea environments. The individual chapters track the way of sedimentary particles from continental erosion or production in the marine realm, to transport into the deep sea, to final deposition on the sea floor. The sedimentary processes cover several types of sediment gravity flow and contour currents, pelagic settling and hemipelagic advection, planktic and benthic bioproductivity, and volcanoclastic sedimentation. In addition, the relationships between depositional environment and endobenthic organisms, as well as early diagenetic processes at and within the deep-sea floor are dealt with. Facies models of the wide range of depositional products hold the key for a process-related interpretation of ancient deposits.