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  • Articles  (2,692)
  • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)  (1,159)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)  (841)
  • Sage Publications  (692)
  • 2010-2014  (2,542)
  • 1975-1979  (150)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (2,692)
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  • Articles  (2,692)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2014-01-01
    Electronic ISSN: 1178-6221
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Sage Publications
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2014-01-01
    Electronic ISSN: 1178-6221
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2014-01-01
    Electronic ISSN: 1178-6221
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2014-01-01
    Electronic ISSN: 1178-6221
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Sage Publications
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2014-01-01
    Electronic ISSN: 1178-6221
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2014-01-01
    Electronic ISSN: 1178-6221
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Sage Publications
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2014-01-01
    Electronic ISSN: 1178-6221
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Sage Publications
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2014-01-01
    Electronic ISSN: 1178-6221
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Sage Publications
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2014-01-01
    Electronic ISSN: 1178-6221
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Sage Publications
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2014-01-01
    Electronic ISSN: 1178-6221
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Sage Publications
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2014-01-01
    Electronic ISSN: 1178-6221
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Sage Publications
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2014-01-01
    Electronic ISSN: 1178-6221
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Sage Publications
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2014-01-01
    Electronic ISSN: 1178-6221
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Sage Publications
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  • 14
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Print ISSN: 0018-9499
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-1578
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
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  • 15
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Providing information about the leak flow rate caused by a loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) to nuclear power plant (NPP) operation personnel is a key to the management and mitigation of severe post-LOCA circumstances at NPPs where active safety injection systems do not actuate. The leak flow rate is a function of break size, differential pressure (i.e., difference between internal and external reactor vessel pressure), temperature, and so on. In this study, the break position and size were first identified and predicted, and then, the leak flow rate was predicted using a fuzzy neural network (FNN). The FNN was developed using training data and validated using independent test data. The data were generated from simulations of the optimized power reactor 1000 (OPR1000) using MAAP4 code. The data for training the FNN model were selected among the acquired data using the subtractive clustering method, and FNN performance was improved. The developed FNN model was sufficiently accurate to be used for predicting leak flow rate, which is useful information for managing severe post-LOCA situations.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9499
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  • 16
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: The gigabit laser driver (GBLD) and low-power GBLD (LpGBLD) are two radiation-tolerant laser drivers designed to drive laser diodes at data rates up to 4.8 Gb/s. They have been designed in the framework of the gigabit-transceiver (GBT) and versatile-link projects to provide fast optical links capable of operation in the radiation environment of future high-luminosity high-energy physics experiments. The GBLD provides laser bias and modulation currents up to 43 mA and 24 mA, respectively. It can thus be used to drive vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) and edge-emitting laser diodes. A pre-emphasis circuit, which can provide up to 12 mA in 70 ps pulses, has also been implemented to compensate for high external capacitive loads. The current driving capabilities of the LpGBLD are 2 times smaller that those of the GBLD as it has been optimized to drive VCSELs in order to minimize the power consumption. Both application-specific integrated circuits are designed in 0.13 $~mu$ m commercial complementary metal–oxide semiconductor technology and are powered by a single 2.5 V supply. The power consumption of the core circuit is 89 mW for the GBLD and 55 mW for the LpGBLD.
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  • 17
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: This paper presents a new SEU-tolerant latch design based on Quatro and NMOS feedback transistors. By using these feedback transistors, the SEU susceptibility is decreased because of the cutoff feedback loop. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed design is immune to static single node upsets. The proposed latch and the reference Quatro were designed and fabricated on a 130 nm process. The test chip was exposed to heavy ions at the TAMU Cyclotron facility. The testing results show that the proposed design has a higher upset LET threshold and lower cross-section when compared to the reference latch. Its lower SEU vulnerability comes with small area penalty.
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: This paper provides a detailed description of the Energetic Particle Telescope (EPT) accommodated on board the PROBA-V satellite launched on May 7th, 2013 on a LEO, 820 km altitude, 98.7 $^circ $ inclination and a 10:30–11:30 Local Time at Descending Node. The EPT is an ionizing particle spectrometer that was designed based on a new concept and the most advanced signal processing technologies: it performs in-flight electron and ion discrimination and classifies each detected particle in its corresponding physical channels from which the incident spectrum can be readily reconstructed. The detector measures electron fluxes in the energy range 0.5–20 MeV, proton fluxes in the energy range 9.5–300 MeV and He-ion fluxes between 38 and 1200 MeV. The EPT is a modular configurable instrument with customizable maximum energy, field of view angle, geometrical factor and angular resolution. Therefore, the features of the currently flying instrument may slightly differ from those described in past or future configurations. After a description of the instrument along with the data acquisition and analysis procedures, the first particle fluxes measured by the EPT will be shown and discussed. The web-site located at http://web.csr.ucl.ac.be/csr_web/probav/ which daily displays measured fluxes and other related studies will also be briefly described.
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  • 19
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: Dynamic random access memory (DRAM) data retention time degradation induced by radiation exposure is investigated in this paper. We present the experimental setup and the results of total ionizing dose (TID) test on a COTS SDRAM device. We observed a significant retention time reduction related to the absorbed dose and we assume radiation induced interface trap generation as the origin of the retention time reduction. By measuring individual cells retention time before and after radiation exposures, we found out that the reduction is not homogeneous among cells: the amount of leakage current increase depends on the position and the energy level of the generated trap, leading to a wide distribution of retention time reduction. Of particular interest is the fact that device was unbiased during irradiation and that no post-irradiation recovery was observed.
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  • 20
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: A serpentine transmission-line in a microstrip configuration is used to enable fine position sensing in semiconductor radiation detectors. Specifically demonstrated with silicon substrates coupled to standard charge-sensitive preamplifiers, a meandering electrode is used to enable lateral position sensing to within an approximately 1 cm length along the electrode. Configured in a rectilinear shape, the lateral resolution is therefore equivalent to the strip pitch, which we have made as small as $4 ~muhbox{m}$ . The position-of-interaction is extracted using either timing or amplitude techniques, both enabled by the slow-wave propagation structure inherent to the standard metal-semiconductor-insulator configuration of the bounding electrodes, the analysis of which is summarized and compared experimentally.
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: We developed a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) TDC module for the tracking detectors of the Fermilab SeaQuest (E906) experiment, including drift chambers, proportional tubes, and hodoscopes. This 64-channel TDC module had a 6U VMEbus form factor and was equipped with a low-power, radiation-hardened Microsemi ProASIC3 Flash-based FPGA. The design of the new FPGA firmware (Run2-TDC) aimed to reduce the data volume and data acquisition (DAQ) deadtime. The firmware digitized multiple input hits of both polarities while allowing users to turn on a multiple-hit elimination logic to remove after-pulses in the wire chambers and proportional tubes. A scaler was implemented in the firmware to allow for recording the number of hits in each channel. The TDC resolution was determined by an internal cell delay of 450 ps. A measurement precision of 200 ps was achieved. We used five kinds of tests to ensure the qualification of 93 TDCs in mass production. We utilized the external wave union launcher in our test to improve the TDC’s measurement precision and also to illustrate how to construct the Wave Union TDC using an existing multi-hit TDC without modifying its firmware. Measurement precision was improved by a factor of about two (108 ps) based on the four-edge wave union. Better measurement precision (69 ps) was achieved by combining the approaches of Wave Union TDC and multiple-channel ganging.
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  • 22
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: By measuring the time of flight of scattered X-ray photons, the point of interaction, assuming a single scatter, can be determined, providing 3-D information about an object under inspection. This paper describes experimental ToF Compton scatter measurements conducted at the versatile electron linear accelerator (VELA), a picosecond pulsewidth electron source situated in Daresbury, U.K. The ToF of scattered X-ray photons was measured using a CeBr3 detector, and a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of between 29  and 36 cm was achieved with a 5-cm-thick plastic test object. By implementing a low-energy cutoff, the FWHM was reduced to between 12 and 26 cm. Two test objects placed in series with a 50-cm space between were separable in the data after applying the low energy cutoff.
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: This work describes in detail the Radiation Hardness Assurance methodology applied to the development of new radiation tolerant power converter control system for the Large Hadron Collider at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). This system is based primarily on commercial-off-the-shelf components for which the extensive testing scheme is applied to decrease the probability of radiation failures during the operation of the LHC machine in the high-luminosity operating conditions era.
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  • 24
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: As it is planned to switch the heavy-ion synchrotron SIS18 from single- to dual-harmonic cavity operation after construction of the new Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR), its closed-loop control system for the damping of coherent longitudinal oscillations needs an appropriate adjustment. To damp dipole oscillations, the phase shift, applied by the control system to the first cavity voltage (running with harmonic number ${h_1}$ ) has to be doubled for the second cavity (running with double frequency and harmonic number ${h_2} = 2 cdot {h_1}$ ). Furthermore, the dipole oscillation frequency can no longer be estimated by linearization of the applied voltage like it is done in a single-harmonic cavity setting. In a dual-harmonic cavity setting as it is presented here, the dipole oscillation frequency depends nonlinearly on the bunch length. The control loop is closed by a digital signal processor, an optical splitter, and direct digital synthesizers. This paper describes the control loop and its theoretical background, and presents measurement results. In addition, simulation results and theoretical predictions are given, which are all in good agreement. Furthermore, optimal filter parameter settings are derived.
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  • 25
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: In this paper, we describe the whole process of designing and manufacturing an 83.2 MHz, three-stage radio frequency (RF) amplifier for a SKKUCY-9 cyclotron. It consisted of a preamplifier, intermediate power amplifier (IPA), and power amplifier (PA) stage. The maximum power value for each stage is 0.05 kW, 1.5 kW, then 20 kW RF power. Formula calculation, circuit design, and electromagnetic analysis were implemented in the RF amplifier design. Along with the power stage and anode power supply, an RF amplifier control system for the RF amplifier was developed. After design and manufacturing, we conducted impedance matching measurements with a network analyzer to achieve $50Omega $ for the IPA and PA. Finally, we analyzed the RF amplifier characteristics by implementing RF testing with both a dummy load and a RF coupler. The expected and measured RF characteristics were in agreement, and a detailed analysis is described.
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: A transmission particle detector based on a super-thin diamond membrane film which can also be used simultaneously as a vacuum window for ion beam extraction has been developed. Charge collection characteristics of a $6.8~mu{hbox{m}}$ -thick diamond membrane detector for high-energy heavy ions including 75 MeV Ne, 150 MeV Ar, 322 MeV Kr, and 454 MeV Xe have been investigated for the first time. Charge collection signals under single particle flux from the thin part are stable and are well distinguishable from background signals. This behavior suggests that the diamond membrane detector could be used for counting single ions. On the other hand, charge collection efficiency is found to decrease with increasing of charge generated in the diamond membrane detector. This suggests that the pulse height defect, which has been previously reported for Si and SiC detectors, also occurs in the diamond membrane detector.
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  • 27
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2014-12-13
    Description: A novel, multi-point contact high-purity germanium detector has been developed for applications in high-rate gamma environments. The planar detector was fabricated with seven point contacts, a high-voltage steering grid and bias electrode using amorphous germanium technology. We have characterized this detector and report herein on the depletion profile, leakage current, energy resolution, and charge-sharing behavior.
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  • 28
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2014-12-17
    Print ISSN: 1949-3029
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2014-11-05
    Description: A permanent magnet linear generator for direct drive wave energy converters is a suitable power take-off system for ocean wave energy extraction, especially when coupled with a point absorbing buoy via a connection line. The performance of the linear generator is affected by the excursion of the translator along the stator. The optimal stroke is achieved when the midpoint of the oscillations coincides with the center of the stator. However, sea level changes due to, e.g., tides will shift these oscillations. This paper proposes a model able to detect the position of the translator from the generator output voltage. The algorithm will be integrated in the control system of a mechanical device that adjusts the length of the connection line in order to center the average position of the translator with the center of the stator. Thereby, the output power from the wave energy converter increases, and the mechanical stresses on the hull of the generator decrease. The results obtained by the model show good agreement with the experimental results from two linear generators, L2 and L3, deployed in the Lysekil wave energy research site, Sweden. The theoretical results differ from the experimental results by −4 mm for L2 and 21 mm for L3 with a standard deviation of 27 mm and 31 mm, respectively.
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-7012
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 30
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2014-12-17
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  • 31
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2014-12-17
    Description: Airborne wind energy harvesting offers an alternative to traditional wind turbines by flying crosswind cycles with a tethered airfoil. By reeling in and out the tether periodically, net electrical power can be generated. When looking for the optimal cycle to fly, one should optimize for maximal electrical power generation. However, the conversion from mechanical to electrical power was not yet included in the models. In this paper, it is shown that by including an electrical energy conversion model into cycle optimization, the electrical output of the system increases and the acquired system can be used in a broader range of wind speeds. The approach is illustrated with experimentally verified models.
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2014-12-17
    Description: The vital problems of the grid-connected doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbine are the fault ride through (FRT) capability and the output power fluctuation. To tackle these problems, this paper focuses on the optimization of the superconducting coil (SC) integrated into a dc link of the DFIG wind turbine for an enhancement of the FRT capability and a suppression of the output power fluctuation. The dcdc converter, which is used to control the exchanged energy between the SC and the system, is additionally connected between the grid side converter (GSC) and the rotor side converter. During normal operation, the SC acts as an energy storage device to exchange energy with the system so that the power fluctuation of the DFIG wind turbine can be alleviated. On the other hand, when severe faults occur in the system, the SC is used as the current limiting inductor to suppress both overcurrent in the rotor and stator, and overvoltage in the dc link of the DFIG. In the optimization, the inductance of the SC, the initial necessary stored energy in the SC, and the proportional integral (PI) parameters of the dcdc converter are tuned simultaneously so that both objectives can be achieved. Simulation study elucidates the control effect of the DFIG wind turbine with the optimal SC.
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  • 33
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2014-12-17
    Description: This paper formulates and solves the economic power dispatch (ED) problem with practical operation constraints using potential games. Each generator operates as an independent player in a self-optimizing manner with marginal contribution utility functions to minimize the total generation cost. The proposed distributed formulation converts inequality constraints into feasible action sets, incorporates equality constraints by penalty functions, and extends to practical cases that exhibit non-convex or non-smooth objective functions. Two learning algorithms with guaranteed convergence to Nash equilibria and/or optima are applied to solve the proposed formulation. How generators react as best responses to others is analyzed to capture the reasoning of operations. As a numerical example, the solutions obtained using the proposed ED method in a benchmark system are analyzed. Examples are provided to emphasize how priority for renewable sources are incorporated.
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  • 34
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2014-12-17
    Description: This paper presents control algorithms and sizing strategies for using energy storage to manage energy imbalance for variable generation resources. The control objective is to minimize the hourly generation imbalance between the actual and the scheduled generation of wind farms. Three control algorithms are compared: 1)tracking minute-by-minute power imbalance; 2)postcompensation; and 3)precompensation. Measured data from a wind farm are used in the study. The results show that tracking minute-by-minute power imbalance achieves the best performance by keeping hourly energy imbalance zero. However, the energy storage system (ESS) will be significantly oversized. Postcompensation reduces the power rating of the ESS but the hourly energy imbalance may not be reduced to zero when a large and long-lasting power imbalance occurs. A linear regression forecasting algorithm is developed for a two-stage precompensation algorithm to precharge or predischarge the ESS based on the predicted energy imbalance. An equivalent charge cycle estimation method is proposed to evaluate the effect of providing the energy balancing service on battery life. The performance comparison shows that the precompensation method reduces the size of the ESS by 30% with satisfactory performance.
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2014-12-17
    Description: The presence of high levels of renewable energy resources (RES) and especially wind power production poses technical and economic challenges to system operators, which under this fact have to procure more ancillary services (AS) through various balancing mechanisms, in order to maintain the generation-consumption balance and to guarantee the security of the grid. Traditionally, these critical services had been procured only from the generation side, yet the current perception has begun to recognize the demand side as an important asset that can improve the reliability of a power system, offering notable advantages. In this study, a two-stage stochastic programming model, representing the day-ahead market clearing procedure on an hourly basis and the actual minute-to-minute operation of the power system, is developed comprising different services that specifically address various disturbance sources of the normal operation of a power system, namely intra-hour load variation, intra-hour wind variation, as well as generating unit and transmission line outages.
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  • 36
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2014-12-17
    Description: Ever increasing penetration of wind power generation along with the integration of energy storage systems (ESSs) makes the successive states of the power system interdependent and more stochastic. Appropriate stochastic modeling of wind power is required to deal with the existence of uncertainty either in observations of the data (spatial) or in the characteristics that drive the evolution of the data (temporal). Particularly, for capturing spatiotemporal interdependencies and determining energy storage requirements, this paper proposes a versatile model using advanced statistical modeling based on the vine-copula theory. To tackle the complexity and computational burden of modeling high-dimensional wind data, a systematic truncation method is utilized that significantly reduces computational burden of the method while preserving the required accuracy. By constructing a graphical dependency model, unlike existing autoregressive and Markov chain models, the proposed method can replicate the exact autocorrelation function (ACF) and cross-correlation function (CCF), while retaining the correct distribution of the original data as well as the effective dependence between different sites under study. The practical importance of the proposed model is demonstrated through an example of ESS sizing for wind power.
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2014-12-17
    Description: In this paper, islanding detection in a hybrid distributed generation (DG) system is analyzed by the use of hyperbolic S-transform (HST), timetime transform, and mathematical morphology methods. The merits of these methods are thoroughly compared against commonly adopted wavelet transform (WT) and S-transform (ST) techniques, as a new contribution to earlier studies. The hybrid DG system consists of photovoltaic and wind energy systems connected to the grid within the IEEE 30-bus system. Negative sequence component of the voltage signal is extracted at the point of common coupling and passed through the above-mentioned techniques. The efficacy of the proposed methods is also compared by an energy-based technique with proper threshold selection to accurately detect the islanding phenomena. Further, to augment the accuracy of the result, the classification is done using support vector machine (SVM) to distinguish islanding from other power quality (PQ) disturbances. The results demonstrate effective performance and feasibility of the proposed techniques for islanding detection under both noise-free and noisy environments, and also in the presence of harmonics.
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  • 38
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2014-12-17
    Description: The focus of our work is the use of an energy storage system (ESS) to integrate solar energy generators into the electrical grid. Although, in theory, an ESS allows intermittent solar power to be shaped to meet any desired load profile, in practice, parsimonious ESS dimensioning is challenging due to the stochastic nature of generation and load and the diversity and high cost of storage technologies. Existing methods for ESS sizing are based either on simulation or on analysis, both of which have shortcomings. Simulation methods are computationally expensive and depend on the availability of extensive data traces. Existing analytical methods tend to be conservative, overestimating expensive storage requirements. Our key insight is that solar power fluctuations arise at a few distinct time scales. We separately model fluctuations in each time scale, which allows us to accurately estimate ESS performance and efficiently size an ESS. Numerical examples with real data traces show that our model and analysis are tight.
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  • 39
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2014-12-17
    Description: The real-time control of wave energy converters (WECs) requires the prediction of the wave elevation at the location of the device in order to maximize the power extracted from the waves. One possibility is to predict the future wave elevation by combining its past history with the spatial information coming from a sensor which measures the free surface elevation up-wave of the WEC. As an application example, this paper focuses on the prediction of the wave elevation inside the chamber of the oscillating water column (OWC) for the Pico OWC plant in the Azores, and two different sensors for the measurement of the free surface elevation up-wave of the OWC were tested. The study showed that the use of the additional information coming from the up-wave sensor does not significantly improve the linear prediction of the chamber wave elevation given by a forecasting model based only on the past values of the chamber wave elevation.
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2014-12-17
    Description: In this paper, a combination of a fuzzy multiobjective approach and ant colony optimization (ACO) as a metaheuristic algorithm is used to solve the simultaneous reconfiguration and optimal allocation (size and location) of photovoltaic (PV) arrays as a distributed generation (DG) and distribution static compensator (DSTATCOM) as a distribution flexible ac transmission system (DFACT) device in a distribution system. The purpose of this research includes loss reduction, voltage profile (VP) improvement, and increase in the feeder load balancing (LB). The proposed method is validated using the IEEE 33-bus test system and a Tai-Power 11.4-kV distribution system as a real distribution network. The results proved that simultaneous reconfiguration and optimal allocation of PV array and DSTATCOM unit leads to significantly reduced losses, improved VP, and increased LB. Obtained results have been compared with the base value and found that simultaneous placement of PV and DSTATCOM along with reconfiguration is more beneficial than separate single-objective optimization. Also, the proposed fuzzy-ACO approach is more accurate as compared to ACO and other intelligent techniques like fuzzy-genetic algorithm (GA) and fuzzy-particle swarm optimization (PSO).
    Print ISSN: 1949-3029
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2014-12-17
    Description: This paper numerically investigates the effect of the trailing edge profile on the performance of the straight-blade vertical axis wind turbine (SB-VAWT). In a 2-D cross-section of the SB-VAWT model, four trailing edge profiles are investigated, namely sharp, rounded, S-blunt, and R-blunt. The numerical investigation is based on the unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) equations combined with the transition shear stress transport (SST) model in order to account for the transition in the boundary layer in the vicinity of the airfoils. It has been found that the trailing edge profile may play a significant role in improving the turbine performance and should be accurately accounted for in the design process of the SB-VAWT.
    Print ISSN: 1949-3029
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  • 42
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2014-12-17
    Description: This paper employs impedance model-based frequency domain analysis to detect subsynchronous resonances (SSRs) in Type-3 wind farms with thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC). The contributions of this paper are 1)the derivation of dynamic phasor-based TCSC impedance model and 2)the application of such an impedance model in Type-3 wind energy systems for SSR analysis. Impedance models for TCSC with constant firing angle control and impedance control are derived in this paper. With the derived impedance models, Nyquist stability criterion is applied to compare SSR stability in Type-3 wind farm with TCSC or with fixed capacitor compensation. This paper employs analytical models to demonstrate TCSCs capability in avoiding SSR in Type-3 wind generator interconnection systems. The analytical results obtained through impedance models are validated by detail model-based (with thyristor switch-modeled) time-domain simulation in MATLAB/SimPowerSystems.
    Print ISSN: 1949-3029
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  • 43
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2014-12-17
    Print ISSN: 1949-3029
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 44
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2014-12-17
    Description: Environmental concerns caused by burning fossil fuel and the safety concerns associated with nuclear power plants have led to increased interest and investment in wind power. Wind penetration in power systems has been rapidly increasing worldwide and has resulted in increased variability and uncertainty in power generation. Proper modeling of the wind resource has, therefore, become increasingly important in modern wind-integrated power systems. The correlation between wind speeds at multiple wind farms considerably affects the overall variability of wind power generation. Many power utilities are considering expansion to multiple wind farms. Analysis of wind power at different sites requires sufficient time-synchronized wind data in order to incorporate their cross-correlations in the evaluation model. Such data are usually not available or very limited for many prospective wind sites that may be considered in energy planning or policy making. This paper proposes a simple analytical method to develop approximate wind models when time-synchronized wind data for two wind sites are not available and further extends the method to incorporate more than two wind sites.
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  • 45
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    Unknown
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2014-12-17
    Print ISSN: 1949-3029
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  • 46
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    Unknown
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2014-12-17
    Print ISSN: 1949-3029
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2014-01-18
    Description: RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology is widely used in industry but thus far has almost no applications for energy biomass logistics. A demonstration study was performed to build a real-time Web-based tracking system, denoted as RfIDER that uses RFID to manage energy biomass logistics. In the demonstration study, the functionality of this system was evaluated and further developed. The demonstration involved trucks carrying both composite and metal interchangeable containers with RFID tags mounted on them. Also, the productivity of all work phases in the transportation chain was examined and the readability of the RFID tags was evaluated. The demonstration study revealed that the RfIDER system enables following containers in real time through the supply chain and both storing and reading information on individual containers reliably, such as biomass owner, origin, destination, content, and quality. The RFID tags' readability was better with composite than metal containers. Potential benefits of the system demonstrated are real-time nature and accuracy of the data gathered and an opportunity to allocate and classify said data on the basis of customer needs. Possible logistical advantages include greater efficiency of unloading operations at the energy plant via use of existing information stored in the system.
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-7012
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 48
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    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Publication Date: 2014-01-18
    Description: A transient analysis is performed in this paper for the wind turbines (WTs) struck by lightning. The equivalent circuits of blade, moving contact site, tower, and earth-termination system are built, respectively, and a set of analytic formulas are presented to evaluate their circuit parameters. By assembling the equivalent circuits of these separate parts, a complete model is set up for describing the lightning transient behavior of the WTs. Then, the transient responses can be obtained at different locations in the WT on the basis of the numerical solution to the network equations. In order to check the validity of the model, a laboratory experiment has been made on a reduced-scale WT. The model has also been applied to lightning transient analysis of an actual WT with a rated power of 2.5 MW.
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-7012
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2014-01-15
    Description: The alternate energy resources are replacing conventional energy sources for electricity production because of tremendously increasing environmental pollution and cost of fossil fuels. Wind power is one of the potential alternate energy resources and is being deployed actively. Wind power generation system comprises of wind turbine and electrical generator as essential parts interconnected through gear box. The conventional wind turbines are designed with adjustable blade pitch to regulate shaft speed of turbine or to withstand against heavy wind blows. In this paper, a technique for peak load sharing in the presence of utility supply using Pitch Frequency Control (PFC) is proposed for wind turbines. This technique has been simulated in MATLAB environment using Simulink. The simulation results show that PFC finds its applications with wind energy system having low speed axial flux synchronous generator as well as with the wind energy system with small gear ratio. This particular proposed PFC based control presents a cost effective technique for efficient peak load sharing and wind energy system free of power electronic converters.
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-7012
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2014-01-18
    Description: Precise forecasting of renewable energies such as solar and wind is becoming one of the very important concerns in developing modern electrical grids. Hence, establishing appropriate tools of weather forecasting with satisfactory accuracy becomes an essential preoccupation in today's changing power world. In this paper, an approach based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Extreme Learning Machines (ELM) is proposed for the forecasting of time series. The PCA maps the data into a smaller subspace in which the components accounts for as much of the variability in the input space as possible. The variables extracted by the PCA are then introduced to the extreme learning machines, a learning algorithm much faster than the traditional gradient-based learning algorithms. The experiments carried out on three time series lead to: (i) The PCA as variable selection method shows a positive impact on the accuracy of the forecasting process. (ii) ELM model is significantly faster than Multi-Layer Perceptron Network, Radial Basis Function Networks, and Least Squares Support Vector Machines, while preserving the same accuracy level.
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-7012
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2014-01-18
    Description: Rapid and accurate load forecasting is essential for renewable yet highly stochastic power (such as wind and solar power) to be massively utilized in practice. While there are many load forecasting methods reported in the literature, most of which, however, do not literally guarantee the convergence of forecasting error. This paper proposes a new error correcting approach for load forecasting in power systems by using trajectory tracking stability theory. In principle, the proposed method is not an autonomous but heuristic correcting approach to assess and improve the results of other existing models. This method is able to ensure the convergence of forecasting error in theory and is independent of system model, making it more feasible and cost-effective for forecasting performance improvement. Simulation experiments confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method for multiple existing models and forecasting horizons.
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-7012
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2014-01-11
    Description: A two-cylinder, direct injection diesel engine was modified for a homogeneous charge compression ignition-direct injection (HCCI-DI) engine fueled with dimethyl ether. Effects of premixed ratio on HCCI-DI combustion characteristics were experimentally investigated. The results show that in HCCI-DI combustion, as premixed ratio Rp increases, the peak pressure increases and its phase advances gradually; the first peak of pressure rise rate increases and the second peak decreases, and their phase advances gradually. With the increase of Rp, the cool flame peak increases gradually, the peaks of premixed combustion and diffusion combustion decrease gradually. The in-cylinder pressure is decomposed using discrete wavelet transform, the details D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, and D6 are obtained. The relative energy value of pressure at D6, D5, and D4 decreases gradually. The same results are obtained at 0.32 MPa brake mean effective pressure (BMEP), 0.24 MPa BMEP, and 0.16 MPa BMEP. The combustion state plays an important role in determining wavelet relative energy distribution of in-cylinder pressure over details. With increases of Rp, the energy value of in-cylinder pressure at D6 increases gradually, but the energy value at D5 and D4 decreases. It transforms from at D4 and at D5, to at D6 with the increase of Rp.
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-7012
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2014-01-11
    Description: A generalized actuator disk (GAD) wind turbine parameterization designed for large-eddy simulation (LES) applications was implemented into the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. WRF-LES with the GAD model enables numerical investigation of the effects of an operating wind turbine on and interactions with a broad range of atmospheric boundary layer phenomena. Numerical simulations using WRF-LES with the GAD model were compared with measurements obtained from the Turbine Wake and Inflow Characterization Study (TWICS-2011), the goal of which was to measure both the inflow to and wake from a 2.3-MW wind turbine. Data from a meteorological tower and two light-detection and ranging (lidar) systems, one vertically profiling and another operated over a variety of scanning modes, were utilized to obtain forcing for the simulations, and to evaluate characteristics of the simulated wakes. Simulations produced wakes with physically consistent rotation and velocity deficits. Two surface heat flux values of 20 W m −2 and 100 W m −2 were used to examine the sensitivity of the simulated wakes to convective instability. Simulations using the smaller heat flux values showed good agreement with wake deficits observed during TWICS-2011, whereas those using the larger value showed enhanced spreading and more-rapid attenuation. This study demonstrates the utility of actuator models implemented within atmospheric LES to address a range of atmospheric science and engineering applications. Validated implementation of the GAD in a numerical weather prediction code such as WRF will enable a wide range of studies related to the interaction of wind turbines with the atmosphere and surface.
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-7012
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2014-01-11
    Description: Calcium borohydride, Ca(BH 4 ) 2 , one of the promising candidates for efficient hydrogen storage, has been synthesized successfully by the metathesis reaction between magnesium chloride and sodium borohydride in tetrahydrofuran in which the insoluble byproduct sodium chloride can be easily removed. And the hydrogen storage properties of its related Ca(BH 4 ) 2 -4LiNH 2 composite system with the presence of cobalt containing species as additives are systematically investigated. A doping of 5 wt. % CoCl 2 considerably decreases the dehydrogenation temperature of a mixture of Ca(BH 4 ) 2 -4LiNH 2 . More than 4.5 and 7 wt. % of hydrogen can be released at temperatures as low as ca. 165 and 178 °C, respectively. The effective catalytic species is determined to be cobalt particle which is formed on-site during ball milling process, having superior catalytic performance to cobalt powder as a catalyst. In addition, the results show that the amount of by-product NH 3 is less when dehydrogenated by volumetric release than by thermogravimetric analysis (TG), i.e., evolved NH 3 can react with borohydride for hydrogen release in closed reactor.
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-7012
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2014-01-15
    Description: In this communication, thermal performance of building integrated “Earth Air Tunnel Heat Exchanger” (EATHE) has been studied for a composite climate of Delhi. Mathematical model and building thermal simulation software (Energy Plus) are used for prediction of indoor air temperatures. The predicted results are validated through experimental results. Energy conservation potential both for heating and cooling of EATHE has been evaluated for winter and summer months in a specific year. Quantitative assessment of CO 2 mitigation has also been computed. It is observed that Coefficient of performance (COP) of EATHE is found between 6.3–13 during summer and 6.8–9.5 during winter season. The maximum drop in air temperature across the earth air tunnel is found to be 8.7 °C with air velocity of 2.69 m/s during peak summer and during winter season the room air temperature is raised by 5–7 °C. On the other hand, the system is capable of maintaining room temperature in the range of 27–30 °C during peak summer when outdoor temperature are in the range of 33–41 °C. EATHE integration with building can significantly reduce the electrical power consumption by 96.63 MWh annually, needed for space heating and cooling load. It is discovered from the study that this EATHE has potential of reducing global warming 8 by substantially mitigating CO 2 to the tune of 95 tonnes annually.
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-7012
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2014-04-29
    Description: The frequency control process and ensuring the security of supply in microgrids (MG) with high penetration of renewable energy sources demand the development of specific control systems and energy storage resources. This paper presents a three-phase battery energy storage system (BESS), designed to support the frequency in autonomous MG. Besides the basic functions, the proposed BESS includes enhanced features, which improves the MG frequency response. When placing the BESS near a consumer, which may also include small generators, the local power variations can be partially or totally compensated, thus relieving the MG of these perturbations. The proposed solution is experimentally evaluated within a laboratory MG prototype and with a 5 kW BESS.
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-7012
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  • 57
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    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Publication Date: 2014-04-25
    Description: Application of micro-scale microbial fuel cells (MFCs) to power electronics is limited due to the high internal resistances associated with membranes. Laminar flow MFCs (LFMFCs) provide an advantage over conventional designs because the anode and the cathode are naturally separated due to the laminar flow regime that develops within the reactor, eliminating the need for membranes. However, our ability to fully harness the potential of LFMFC technology lags from a lack of in-depth understanding of anode/cathode analyte mixing and fundamental factors that maximize LFMFC's power-generating capabilities. We, therefore, investigated the anode colonization and respiration of the known exoelectrogenic bacterium, Geobacter sulfurreducens , in a micro-scale LFMFC. Current production was dependent on the location of the anode relative to the influent in continuous-flow operation, with the highest current density of 6.5  μ A/cm 2 recorded closest to the influent. Lateral diffusion of anode/cathode analytes, in addition to upstream substrate consumption, likely resulted in the observed differences in current production. As current increased, the number of bacterial cells on the anode measured using simultaneous microscopic observation, also increased. Although the current density obtained here was substantially lower than other micro-sized MFCs, these findings show that micro-scale LFMFCs adapted to microscopic observation can provide a unique tool for better understanding real-time anode colonization and overall reactor performance.
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-7012
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2014-04-25
    Description: A building integrated Borehole Heat Exchanger (BHE) has been designed and installed at Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee (29.87°N 77.88°E) India. The thermal performance and energy conservation potential (cooling potential) of installed BHE have been evaluated during summer months in the year 2013. The parametric study has also been done for its maximum performance. Quantitative assessment of CO 2 mitigation has also been computed. The constant BHE water temperature (approximately 25 °C) witnessed the transferring of heat from air to water and vice-versa. It is found that the air temperature is reduced by 8–13 °C during summer season at air velocity of 18.9 m/s from the inlet of the BHE (exit of blower), whereas outdoor temperature was recorded as 35–39 °C. This system is capable of maintaining room temperature between 26 and 30 °C during peak summer season. The cooling capacity is evaluated between 150 and 180 kW h. BHE integrated with building can significantly reduce the 39836.25 kW h of electrical power needed for space cooling load and it can reduce global warming by substantially mitigating the carbon-dioxide to the tune of 50.10 tonnes annually. During the parametric study, it is found that double U-tube, circular pipe with optimum pitch of 4 in. is needed to achieve higher performance from the BHE.
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-7012
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2014-04-25
    Description: Daily increasing demand of electrical energy and also recent developments in technology of distributed generations (DGs) have created special interest in using these units. On the other hand, capacitor insertion in the distribution feeders has been implemented by distribution companies for several years to reduce power loss and improve the voltage profile. Hence, according to the joint role of distributed generation units and capacitors, their optimal allocation will be influenced by each other. Therefore, in order to achieve the maximum benefits, this paper has discussed the optimal siting and sizing of DG resources and capacitors. One of the characteristics of the proposed method is that all technical and economical factors associated with installation of DGs and capacitors will be priced. For this purpose, all effective factors in optimal allocation and sizing of DG resources and capacitors are extracted and priced. For example, for the first time, the factor of voltage profile has been priced by the number of tapping. Using this approach, weighting the objective function parameters would be no more required. One of the other features of this paper is presenting an algorithm to determine the optimum number of DGs and capacitors. With this algorithm, power companies can find the optimum number of DGs and capacitors in the network they cover. The proposed method in this paper is tested on the 97-bus network of Bakhtar Regional Electrical Company in Iran Country.
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-7012
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2014-04-25
    Description: The Markovian properties within a wind turbine array boundary layer are explored for data taken in a wind tunnel containing a model wind turbine array. A stochastic analysis of the data is carried out using the mathematics of Markov processes. The data were obtained using hot-wire anemometry thus providing point velocity statistics. The theory of Markov process is applied to obtain a statistical description of longitudinal velocity increments inside the turbine wake. Comparison of two- and three-scale conditional probability density functions indicates the existence of Markovian properties in longitudinal velocity increments for scale differences larger than the Taylor microscale. This result is quantified by use of the Wilcoxon rank-sum test which verifies that this relationship holds independent of initial scale selection outside of the near-wake region behind a wind turbine. Furthermore, at the locations which demonstrate Markovian properties, there appears to be a well defined inertial subrange which follows Kolmogorov's −5/3 scaling behavior. The results show that directly behind the tips of the rotor and the hub, the complex turbulent interactions and large scale structures of the near-wake affect the Markovian nature of the field. The presence of a Markov process in the remaining locations leads to characterization of the development multiscale statistics of the wind turbine wakes using the most recent states of the flow.
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-7012
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2014-04-26
    Description: To make renewable Micro-Grid (MG) systems work as a sustainable set, one confronts a multi-objective, multi-constraint problem. To optimally operate these hybrid energy systems, one should consider the problems due to huge amount of raw data achieved through several measuring systems in different sections in a MG. In this paper, a new Smart Energy Management System (SEMS) is proposed and tested via simulation studies. The proposed SEMS performs some critical tasks such as data acquisition, data processing, and determining control signals for the MG. Two objective functions are defined for the SEMS to minimize the total operating cost and the net emission of the fossil fueled Distributed Generators with respect to some technical and reliability (Expected Energy Not Supplied index) constraints for the MG. The simulation results show a promising performance of the proposed SEMS for smart micro-grids.
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-7012
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2014-04-26
    Description: Modern horizontal axis wind turbine blades are long, slender, and flexible structures that can undergo considerable deformation, leading to blade failures (e.g., blade-tower collision). For this reason, it is important to estimate blade behaviors accurately when designing large-scale wind turbines. In this study, a numerical analysis considering blade torsional degree of freedom, geometric nonlinearity, and gravity was utilized to examine the effects of these factors on the aeroelastic blade behavior of a large-scale horizontal axis wind turbine. The results predicted that flapwise deflection is mainly affected by the torsional degree of freedom, which causes the blade bending deflections to couple to torsional deformation, thereby varying the aerodynamic loads through changes in the effective angle of attack. Edgewise deflection and torsional deformation are mostly influenced by the periodic gravitational force on the wind turbine blade.
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-7012
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2014-04-26
    Description: Improved power conversion efficiency (PCE) of flexible polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells based on regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and methanofullerene [6,6]-phenyl C 61 -butyric acid methyl ester blends with a non-thermal annealing active layer have been obtained by using 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene as the solvent and 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene (135-TCB) as the additive. The influence of the solvent and additives on the performance and stability was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-vis and thermogravimetric analysis. The easily processed device using 135-TCB as additive on the ITO coated polyester substrate exhibits a PCE of ∼3.03% with Voc of 0.60 V, Jsc of 9.07 mA/cm 2 and fill factor of 55.7%, which is comparable to the device on the ITO glass substrate. AFM result revealed the enhanced performance is ascribed to the rough morphology of the active layer. So, larger interfacial area is formed. XRD measurement disclosed that the 135-TCB additive increases the crystallinity of P3HT. The accelerated heat aging decay curve showed the stability is also improved. The strategy of using the processing additive to control the morphology of flexible polymer solar cell without any thermal annealing is very attractive due to its simplicity and well suitable for future large scale production.
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-7012
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  • 64
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    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Publication Date: 2014-04-25
    Description: In developing countries, though electrical energy has been recognized as a noteworthy input for their economic growth and societal development, nearly 2 × 10 9 people lack access to electrical energy use. Many national policies were designed to provide electric service to an entire population; nevertheless, all have encountered with significant barriers. Securing a passable electric service for isolated societies with small population and large distance from the main electricity grid has been proved to be a hard-hitting challenge to the energy policy strategists. To overcome the energy barriers and the energy scarcity of the secluded society, this paper proposes a sustainable, economic, and environmental friendly energy mix option with fossil-fuelled, wind, and solar energy systems as a curative solution.
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-7012
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2014-04-29
    Description: The main objective of the present study is to investigate the efficiency of seed sludge for the production of biogas from rice mill effluent using up flow anaerobic sludge blanket bioreactor. Response surface methodology coupled with three factors three level Box-Behnken response surface design was used to study the treatment process statistically. Effects of temperature, alkalinity dose, and flow rate on the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and biogas production were investigated and second order polynomial mathematical models were developed for the responses with high coefficient of determination values (R 2  〉 0.99). Analysis of variance was used to evaluate the adequacy of developed mathematical models and three dimensional response surface plots were constructed to study the interactive effects of process variables on the treatment efficiency. Optimum conditions were found to be temperature of 40 °C, alkalinity dose of 1.5 g CaCO 3 /l and wastewater flow rate of 6 l d −1 . Under these conditions 87% ofCOD removal and biogas production of 273 ml CH 4 /g COD were obtained.
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-7012
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  • 66
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    Unknown
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Publication Date: 2014-01-28
    Description: An improved tool for the shape qualification of parabolic trough mirror modules used in concentrated solar power plants was developed. The tool is based on the fringe reflection theory, in which sinusoidal fringe patterns are projected on a screen and their reflection over a specular surface is recorded by a camera. The observed distortions in the image are related directly to surface deviations from ideal geometry. Relevant aspects of the technique are its high spatial resolution (more than 1 × 10 6 points per mirror facet), short measurement time and easy setup. The developed tool (called FOCuS) is capable of calculating the local mirror slope deviations from its ideal design and the RMS value as a quality factor. Furthermore, the tool generates a file which can be loaded into CENER's TONATIUH ray tracing software, through a specially developed plug-in, for mirror modeling and intercept factor calculation with several tube absorber geometries.
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-7012
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2014-01-30
    Description: Low-concentration photovoltaic compound parabolic concentrators (PV-CPC) are a significant addition of solar cell application, especially in Building Integrated Photovoltaics, because it does not need a tracking system and can be installed in a stationary condition. However, higher concentrations correspond with the smaller half acceptance angle, which is a limitation but can be improved by a lens-walled structure. In this paper, to validate the rationale of this structure, a low-concentration PV-CPC using an acrylic lens-walled structure module was designed and fabricated with low-cost materials. The corresponding simulation was also performed with different materials to determine whether the factor that the truncation had a significant effect. The observed outcome implied that the low-concentration PV-CPC using an acrylic lens-walled structure has a larger half acceptance angle than the mirror CPC, and that a maximum optical efficiency of more than 80% can be achieved using Schott BK glass as the lens wall material. The lens-walled structure improved the angular acceptance of stationary low-concentration PV-CPC, providing a basis for further research.
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-7012
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2014-01-30
    Description: This paper presents a generalized optimal model for determining the location and rating of wind power generation in double auction competitive power market. The optimization technique has been used with an objective to maximizing the social welfare and profit to wind gencos company (WP-GENCO) while consider all system constraints. The performance of any electricity market is assessed by its impact on social welfare, which may be defined as “the difference of the benefit of the energy to society as measured by society's willingness to pay for its demand and the cost of energy.” Each distribution company (Disco) will pay an amount to independent system operator (ISO) for purchase the power and each generation company (Genco) will receive an amount from the ISO to sale the power. The amount to be paid by each Disco and amount to be received by each Genco has been determined by pay as bidding price approach. The social welfare has been then determined based on total payments and receipts. The proposed approach has been applied to modified IEEE 30-bus test system in which bidding at all generator buses and some load buses has been introduced.
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-7012
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2014-02-01
    Description: The paper discusses the “Clean Production” concept in which anthropogenic activities are compatible with ecosystems and essentially same as that of sustainable development. It is important for the eco-compatible biodiesel manufacturing that the production processes, product cycles, and consumption patterns contribute for human development and fulfils basic needs without degrading and disrupting the ecosystems. A Quantitative Assessment Model is proposed in this study to quantitatively assess the biodiesel production considering the scenarios of environmental, economic, and social aspects. The paper also suggests planning strategy so as to minimize the environmental, economic, and social degradation, and steps for implementing environmentally conscious design and manufacturing procedure.
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-7012
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2014-02-25
    Description: This paper presents modeling and simulation of the advanced photovoltaic (PV)/hydro based Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES) to electrify such isolated/remote areas, where grid accessibility is not possible. For 7.5 kW hydro generation system, a Self Excited Induction Generator (SEIG) with improved technique is used to optimize the utilization of hydro power. To achieve this aim, an uncontrolled bridge rectifier coupled with Hydro side Voltage Source Inverter is implemented for the SEIG based advanced hydro system. The PV system is configured by PV array, battery, DC/DC converter, maximum power point tracking controller, and PV side Voltage Source Inverter. A Constant Current Control scheme is developed in this paper to control active and reactive power flow and to synchronize hydro and PV systems. The proposed system uses fewer controlled switches, hence complexity of control has been reduced and system has higher efficiency and lower switching losses. The performance analysis of the HRES has been done to authenticate the existence of the system using the MATLAB software and results demonstrate that power quality of the proposed system is better and HRES is able to put into services.
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-7012
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2014-02-25
    Description: The Schottky barrier between the nanoporous TiO 2 /F–doped SnO 2 interface is extracted via experiment for the first time using two independent approaches. In the first approach, Ohmic contacts using Ti and Al on nanoporous TiO 2 film are made to facilitate temperature dependant IV measurements. An extracted barrier height of ∼0.6 eV at the TiO 2 /F–doped SnO 2 assuming a theoretical value of the Richardson's constant is obtained. The barrier height is incorrectly deduced to be 0.31 eV if a Richardson constant extracted from experimental data fitted to thermionic emission theory is employed. In the second approach, a voltage dependent barrier height of 0.53 eV at T = 285 K is extracted from the dark current characteristics of a dye sensitized solar cell contacted to the nanoporous TiO 2 film via the dye, electrolyte as normal. The analysis shows that in dye sensitized solar cell, the impact of such a barrier is dominant only beyond open circuit voltage conditions in the range above 1–1.2 V.
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-7012
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2014-02-25
    Description: We report on the influence of the substrate temperature during the 2nd and 3rd stage of the Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 3-stage co-evaporation process on the in-depth Ga and In concentrations and correlate these with the solar cell parameters and external quantum efficiency of soda-lime glass/Mo/CIGS/CdS/i-ZnO/ZnO:Al devices. An increased homogenization of the [Ga]/[III] fraction ([III] refers to the total concentration of the group 3 elements Ga and In) with temperature is found. In the investigated temperature range, the highest efficiency was measured for the lowest temperature and the steepest Ga-profile. The tendency of the short-circuit current density matches well with the notch-deepness. Surprisingly, the open-circuit voltage decreases for higher substrate temperatures, even though the Ga-concentration in the space-charge region increases. We propose back-grading variations and reduced back-interface recombination to explain this observation. For the highest of the tested temperatures of 540 °C, a homogenization of the Ga and In concentrations close to the surface is found. We explain this by the appearance of a liquid Cu 2-x Se phase at the end of stage 2 for this high temperature. Break-off experiments at this point are conducted and reveal morphological and compositional lateral inhomogeneities for T sub  
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-7012
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2014-02-25
    Description: Thin films of Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) were prepared by sulfurization of multilayered precursors of ZnS, Cu, and Sn, changing the relative amounts to obtain CZTS layers with different compositions. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy, and SEM were used for structural, compositional, and morphological analyses, respectively. XRD quantitative phase analysis provides the amount of spurious phases and information on Sn-site occupancy. The optical properties were investigated by spectrophotometric measurements and Photothermal Deflection Spectroscopy. These films show a clear dependence of the optical and microstructural properties on the tin content. As the tin content increases we found: (i) an increase in both crystalline domain and grain size, (ii) an abrupt increase of the energy gap of about 150 meV, from 1.48 to 1.63 eV, and (iii) a decrease of sub-gap absorption up to two orders of magnitude. The results are interpreted assuming the formation of additional defects as the tin content is reduced.
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-7012
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2014-02-25
    Description: Sodium addition is necessary to reach high efficiencies with Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 (CIGS) solar cells on metallic substrates. This can be achieved using DC-sputtered multilayer Mo back contacts including a sodium-doped layer (Mo:Na). In this study, 450 nm-thick Mo:Na layers were sputter-deposited on Ti foils using a working pressure ranging from 3.4 mTorr to 30 mTorr, and capped with 100 nm-thick, dense, pure Mo layers. The deposition pressure of the Mo:Na layers strongly affected their electrical resistance, optical reflectance, morphology, and crystal quality. The top Mo layer allowed controlling the electrical and optical properties of the back contact, but its own morphology was affected by the structure of the underlying Mo:Na layer. The Na concentration in the CIGS layer varied as a function of the deposition pressure of the Mo:Na layer, inducing changes in the absorber grain size and Ga distribution, as well as in the carrier density. Absolute conversion efficiency improvements over 3% were obtained using the sodium-doped back contacts on Ti foils, leading to a performance which was equivalent to the soda-lime glass reference.
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-7012
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  • 75
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    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Publication Date: 2014-02-25
    Description: Detailed experimental studies on procedures of reducing “On-stove time” and cooking with minimum Energy (Heat) using new energy efficient cooking techniques have been carried out. The total minimum amount of heat, Q m (after subtracting radiation losses), to be delivered to the pot, the sensible heat required for cooking, h s , and on-stove time t 1 required to cook 1 kg of dry rice, using a new technique (Technique I) of cooking with a stove of effective power, P eff , 626 ± 10 W are found as 560 ± 6 kJ, 465 ± 5 kJ, and 911 ± 10 s, respectively; while conventional method with pressure cooker (Technique II) required Q m  = 824 ± 10 kJ heat and 1357 ± 16 s on-stove time. The corresponding energy and time without a pressure cooker (Technique III) were 1.5 MJ and 2640 s, respectively. When compared with other published works, our method gives the lowest energy to cook 1 kg of dry rice. The efficiencies of the cooking method for different techniques are evaluated. The Clean Development Mechanism potentials of the new cooking method are also evaluated. The results obtained are expected to help develop new cooking apparatus to cook with the lowest amount of energy and thus conserve food nutrient energy and protect environment by minimizing CO 2 and other toxic emissions associated with all kinds of stoves/ovens. Discussion is made how to apply Technique I in solar cooker to reduce the cooking time.
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-7012
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2014-02-27
    Description: Tropical rivers have high annual discharges optimal for hydropower and irrigation development. The Mekong River is one of the largest tropical river systems, supporting a unique mega-diverse fish community. Fish are an important commodity in the Mekong, contributing a large proportion of calcium, protein, and essential nutrients to the diet of the local people and providing a critical source of income for rural households. Many of these fish migrate not only upstream and downstream within main-channel habitats but also laterally into highly productive floodplain habitat to both feed and spawn. Most work to date has focused on providing for upstream fish passage, but downstream movement is an equally important process to protect. Expansion of hydropower and irrigation weirs can disrupt downstream migrations and it is important to ensure that passage through regulators or mini hydro systems is not harmful or fatal. Many new infrastructure projects (
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-7012
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2014-02-28
    Description: Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) under grid fault has increasingly gained attention among researchers for the better protection and control of power system. However, existing studies which focus on the single DFIG are incomplete, because other DFIGs can significantly affect the transient process of DFIG in the wind farm. Thus, this paper investigates the correlation among the transient characteristics of DFIGs when a three-phase fault occurs in power grids. A vector model of a DFIG is built with consideration for the excitation regulation. Transient processes of the DFIG when wind farm contains different numbers of DFIGs are mathematically deduced by dividing the fault process into two periods according to converter regulation. The analytic expressions indicate the relationship between the transient electrical variables of a DFIG and the number of DFIGs is proposed to acquire the varying pattern of the correlation. The correlation phenomenon is verified both through analysis and simulation, which provide positive implications for the operation of wind power integrated systems.
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-7012
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2014-02-08
    Description: Monte Carlo simulations of optical photon transport were performed using DETECT2000 for detectors using dual-ended readout of axially-oriented 100 mm long LYSO crystals. In order to modulate the light transport in the crystals and improve the axial-positioning resolution, systematic etched band patterns were simulated on the long surfaces of the crystals. Roughed surface bands with a width of 1 mm and inter-band spacing of 5 mm over the central 8 cm of the crystal were simulated on the long surfaces of initially polished $3 {hbox {mm}}times 2 {hbox {mm}}times 100 {hbox {mm}}$ and $2 {hbox {mm}}times 2 {hbox {mm}}times 100 {hbox {mm}}$ crystals. This band pattern was simulated for cases of bands on one surface, bands on two opposite surfaces, and bands on all four surfaces. Each crystal was modeled as Teflon-wrapped and read out at both ends using position sensitive photomultiplier tubes (PSPMTs). Optical photons were simulated as originating at nine central-axis locations, separated by 10 mm, along the crystal length. The ratio of two PMT signals was used to determine the axial-positioning resolution while their sum was used to determine the energy resolution. The DETECT2000 simulation parameters required to give good agreement with measured data were determined in order to benchmark the simulation for this detector geometry. These simulation parameters were then used to examine the effects of alternative banding pattern designs. The best axial-positioning resolution obtained in this work was 3.5 mm FWHM for the case of etched bands along the central 8 cm of the crystal with band size of 4 mm and inter-band-spacing of 20 mm on two opposite surfaces.
    Print ISSN: 0018-9499
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  • 79
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2014-02-08
    Description: The present work aims to address a comprehensive analytical analysis of a new accurate equivalent electrical model of silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) detectors. The proposed circuit model allows to truthfully reproduce the output signal waveform generated by the light sensors apart from the specific technology adopted for the fabrication process, and can also be profitably exploited to perform reliable circuit-level simulations. A detailed and in-depth investigation of the functional parameters involved in the output pulse signals is here developed, and the most significant physical relationships are analytically derived as well. Experimental measurements are finally carried out on real devices, in order to validate the accuracy of the attained expressions, and good fittings are achieved between the analytical curve plots and the associated measurements results. The adopted analysis turns out to be particularly helpful when designing an optimum front-end architecture for SiPM detectors, since the performance of the entire detection system, especially in terms of dynamic range and timing resolution, can be accurately predicted as a function of the SiPM model parameters and the foremost features of the coupled front-end electronics.
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  • 80
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2014-02-08
    Description: In this paper, Monte Carlo generated data are used to simulate a time-of-flight (TOF) positron emission tomography (PET) scanner with improving time resolution, down to 200-ps time resolution. TOF and non-TOF ordered subsets expectation maximization (OSEM) reconstructions were compared in terms of contrast recovery and signal-to-noise ratio, with the purpose of characterizing the differences of TOF and non-TOF at very low counts. This study shows that there is a lower limit to the number of counts in a PET scan, in order to obtain a quantitative PET image. Below this limit, the reliability of the measurement is very poor. The use of TOF information has the beneficial effect of lowering this statistical limit, allowing for shorter reliable PET scans. Another interesting finding derives from the comparison with TOF filtered back projection (FBP) images: if time resolution can be improved, TOF FBP images become competitive with TOF MLEM and OSEM algorithms, not only in terms of contrast recovery but also in terms of reduced noise level.
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  • 81
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2014-02-08
    Description: This contribution describes an accurate approach implementing a Time-to-Digital Converter using a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) device. Time differences with a FWHM better than 100 ps for 24 pairs of channels working simultaneously have been achieved. This was possible through the proper management of FPGA internal resources and by an accurate device calibration process minimizing the effect of temperature and voltage fluctuations. The system calibration results and the time differences between multiple channels are presented. The current approach suggests the possibility of carrying out precise Time of Flight (TOF) measurements with, for instance, Positron Emission Tomography (PET) systems.
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  • 82
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2014-02-08
    Description: Small animal Positron Emission Tomography (PET) should provide accurate quantification of regional radiotracer concentrations and high spatial resolution. This is challenging for non-pure positron emitters with high positron endpoint energies, such as I-124: On the one hand the cascade gammas emitted from this isotope can produce coincidence events with the 511 keV annihilation photons leading to quantification errors. On the other hand the long range of the high energy positron degrades spatial resolution. This paper presents the implementation of a comprehensive correction technique for both of these effects. The established corrections include a modified sinogram-based tail-fitting approach to correct for scatter, random and cascade gamma coincidences and a compensation for resolution degradation effects during the image reconstruction. Resolution losses were compensated for by an iterative algorithm which incorporates a convolution kernel derived from line source measurements for the microPET Focus 120 system. The entire processing chain for these corrections was implemented, whereas previous work has only addressed parts of this process. Monte Carlo simulations with GATE and measurements of mice with the microPET Focus 120 show that the proposed method reduces absolute quantification errors on average to 2.6% compared to 15.6% for the ordinary Maximum Likelihood Expectation Maximization algorithm. Furthermore resolution was improved in the order of 11-29% depending on the number of convolution iterations. In summary, a comprehensive, fast and robust algorithm for the correction of small animal PET studies with I-124 was developed which improves quantitative accuracy and spatial resolution.
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  • 83
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2014-02-08
    Description: We present a novel geometric calibration method for cone beam computed tomography, which is based on an iterative multiresolution 2-D-3-D image registration framework. Our technique does not require a dedicated calibration phantom or any other specific markers inside the scanned object, so that the geometric parameters can be computed online from the acquired data itself. In contrast to existing registration-based calibration methods, our approach uses the mutual information for maximization of the similarity between the original and the reprojected projections. Furthermore, we incorporated a consistent volume update scheme into our algorithm that supports the registration to accurately retrieve the geometrical misalignment of the scanner. In addition to this, stochastic ray sampling in combination with forward and backprojection operators implemented on the graphics card make the overall runtime comparable to current registration-based approaches. However, we can reach as accurate results as the current phantom-based techniques. Our results will show that our algorithm converges stably to the correct solution, that it is robust against projection noise and that it is independent of the underlying system geometry. It can be applied to circular and to helical trajectories with arbitrary cone angles. Moreover, our studies on simulated and on real data demonstrate that our algorithm can deal with arbitrary imaging objects.
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2014-02-12
    Description: Awareness of energy savings and carbon reduction is gradually on the rise throughout the world, and in addition to lowering wasted energy use, countries are putting forth great efforts to develop renewable energies. Among these energies, the greatest growth is in solar photovoltaic. While the cross-strait (China and Taiwan) solar photovoltaic industry makes up over half of the global solar photovoltaic market share, its size can certainly not be underestimated, and thus its operating performance is very important. In this research, we take 2007–2012 cross-strait solar photovoltaic industry manufacturers as the research objectives in order to measure their operating performances, using the meta frontier production function by data envelopment analysis. The empirical results show that although in the six observation years Taiwan solar photovoltaic firms are better than China counterparts, the gap between them is getting smaller and smaller. Returns to scale analysis reveal that China solar photovoltaic firms still have room for improvement to adjust the scale to optimal level.
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-7012
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2014-02-12
    Description: Metal oxide semiconductor photoanodes with wide band gap and higher electron mobility are essential for efficient charge injection and transportation in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). In the present study, tin oxide (SnO 2 ) was used as alternative semiconductor photoanode to the usually used TiO 2 in DSSC. The effect of dye adsorption time (DAT) on performance of Eosin-Y sensitized SnO 2 DSSC was studied. It was observed that the open circuit voltage (V oc ), fill factor, and short-circuit photocurrent density (J sc ) vary prominently with the DAT. The value of V oc was found to be 363 mV with 24 h DAT even if with low cost Eosin-Y dye and which was comparable to those obtained with costly Ru-based dyes.
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-7012
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2014-03-26
    Description: Generation expansion planning requires simulating the medium term power market. This can be done based on electricity price signals in the power market. The market clearing price is one of the most important factors to determine the incremental rate of private investor's profit. When calculating this parameter, the planners encounter greater uncertainties in a restructured power market than in a centralized market. This can be critical when renewable energies participate in this type of electricity market. In this study, the scenario based method is used to model a wind power plant in the restructured power market. The hourly output of the wind turbine generators is simulated based on a hybrid Auto Regressive and Moving Average-Monte Carlo method. Each scenario of the wind power plant as well as its occurrence probability is determined based on a data mining technique. Then, a new comprehensive model for the restructured power market is proposed to maximize the profit of investors as well as to determine the market clearing price by considering stochastic and rational uncertainties. The stochastic uncertainties include the demand and fuel price that are modelled by using the Monte-Carlo method. The Nash equilibrium in the rational uncertainty as a strategic behaviour of players in the power market is determined by using the Cournot game. The effect of the CO 2 tax rate and the bilateral contract are investigated in this study. Finally, the model is implemented in a test power market. According to the findings, this model can be used as a robust and comprehensive model to determine the market clearing price which can be applied for capacity expansion planning.
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-7012
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2014-04-02
    Description: Large eddy simulations of wind farms are performed to study the effects of wind turbine row alignment with respect to the incoming flow direction. Various wind farms with fixed stream-wise spacing (7.85 rotor diameters) and varying lateral displacements and span-wise turbine spacings are considered, for a fixed inflow direction. Simulations show that, contrary to common belief, a perfectly staggered (checker-board) configuration does not necessarily give the highest average power output. Instead, the highest mean wind farm power output is found to depend on several factors, the most important one being the alignment that leads to minimization of wake effects from turbines in several upstream rows. This alignment typically occurs at significantly smaller angles than those corresponding to perfect staggering. The observed trends have implications for wind farm designs, especially in sites with a well-defined prevailing wind direction.
    Electronic ISSN: 1941-7012
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  • 88
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2014-09-20
    Description: Spinning reserve (SR) capacity setting is an effective measure to ensure the reliability of power system operation. Traditional models for SR optimization are mainly concerned with the economic and security factors. In this paper, the concept of a low-carbon economy is introduced into the power system SR optimization while considering the emergence of low-carbon factors and their impact on the SR optimization under the condition of low-carbon economy, and then a model for optimizing SR requirement of power system is proposed under low-carbon economy. The proposed model integrates and formulates low-carbon factors such as the cost of low-carbon power technology, carbon trading cost, and the penalties for excess carbon emission and considers the constraint of the ${bf CO}_{bf 2}$ reduction targets, aiming to provide a more comprehensive evaluation method for SR requirement of power system under low-carbon economy. SR optimization based on the IEEE-RTS 96 system is studied by applying the proposed model and the results prove it to be more adaptable and effective for the sustainable development of future power systems.
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  • 89
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2014-09-20
    Description: Most of the research on wave energy conversion has been focused on the characterization of the dynamic behavior of arrays of uncontrolled wave energy converters (WECs) in specific configurations, in order to quantify changes in the wave fields and absorbed power without active control. To maximize wave energy conversion, however, it is necessary to apply active control techniques to the WECs that conform the array. In this paper, we propose the application of decentralized model predictive control (MPC) to the elements of an array by considering each individual WEC as a subsystem. Each decentralized MPC optimizes the absorbed power of its own WEC under the same input and state constraints that a centralized MPC otherwise would.
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  • 90
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2014-09-20
    Description: This paper presents a novel excitation synchronous wind power generator (ESWPG) with a maximum power tracking scheme. The excitation synchronous generator and servo motor rotor speed tracks the grid frequency and phase using the proposed coaxial configuration and phase tracking technologies. The generator output can thus be directly connected to the grid network without an additional power converter. The proposed maximum power tracking scheme governs the exciter current to achieve stable voltage, maximum power tracking, and diminishing servo motor power consumption. The system transient and static responses over a wide range of input wind power are examined using simulated software. Experimental results from a laboratory prototype ESWPG demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed system.
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2014-09-20
    Description: Grid integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) is increasing rapidly. Furthermore, smart grid technologies are making the grid more bi-directional providing opportunities to consumers to supply power back to the grid. Energy storage technologies like battery and ultracapacitor (UCAP) can be integrated through grid-tied inverters to support variable DERs such as solar and wind. In these cases, the energy storage with active power capability can improve grid performance by providing active and reactive power support. In this paper, the concept of providing active/reactive power support and renewable intermittency smoothing to the distribution grid by UCAPs is presented. UCAPs have a higher number of charge–discharge cycles and higher terminal voltage per module when compared to batteries which make them ideal for providing grid support. The UCAP is integrated into the dc-link of the active power filter (APF) through a dc–dc converter. The dc–dc converter provides a stiff dc-link voltage which improves the performance of the grid tied-inverter. Design and control of both the dc–ac inverter and the dc–dc converter are very important in this regard and presented. The simulation model of the overall system is developed and results are compared to the results from an experimental hardware setup.
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  • 92
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2014-09-20
    Description: In this paper, a simple novel control strategy is designed and analyzed for a hybrid energy storage system (HESS). In the proposed method, batteries are used to balance the slow changing power surges, whereas supercapacitors (SC) are used to balance the fast changing power surges. The main advantage of the proposed control strategy is that, the slow response of battery system including dynamics of battery, controller, and converter operation, is overcome by diverting the power surges to the SC system. The proposed method inherits charge/discharge rate control to improve the life span and reduce the current stresses on battery. The proposed method features less computational burden as it uses simple control strategy. The detailed experimental results presented validate the proposed control strategy for sudden changes in photovoltaic (PV) generation and load demand.
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2014-09-20
    Description: Penetration of various types of distributed energy resources (DERs) like solar, wind, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) onto the distribution grid is on the rise. There is a corresponding increase in power quality problems and intermittencies on the distribution grid. In order to reduce the intermittencies and improve the power quality of the distribution grid, an ultracapacitor (UCAP) integrated power conditioner is proposed in this paper. UCAP integration gives the power conditioner active power capability, which is useful in tackling the grid intermittencies and in improving the voltage sag and swell compensation. UCAPs have low energy density, high-power density, and fast charge/discharge rates, which are all ideal characteristics for meeting high-power low-energy events like grid intermittencies, sags/swells. In this paper, UCAP is integrated into dc-link of the power conditioner through a bidirectional dc–dc converter that helps in providing a stiff dc-link voltage. The integration helps in providing active/reactive power support, intermittency smoothing, and sag/swell compensation. Design and control of both the dc–ac inverters and the dc–dc converter are discussed. The simulation model of the overall system is developed and compared with the experimental hardware setup.
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  • 94
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2014-09-20
    Description: The operation of ac connected wind power plants equipped with full power converter wind turbines under deep voltage sags on the main ac grid is analyzed. It is identified that standard control schemes, based on the strict application of grid codes, can lead to instability problems when this kind of severe disturbances occurs. A coordinated control scheme is proposed to operate the system, ensuring fault ride through capability. An index alerts of instability proximity and allows to activate active power and reactive power regulation to guarantee safe operation during faults. This paper describes the proposed control approach and demonstrates its performance by means of dynamic simulations with DIgSILENT Power Factory.
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  • 95
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    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2014-09-20
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2014-09-20
    Description: A model-based key performance indicator (KPI) is proposed to monitor and suggest useful counteractions, to be undertaken whenever inefficient management of cooling systems is detected. The proposed methodology is applied both at room and central office (CEOF) level over an extended time window. The different modeling approaches required to usefully apply the proposed method to both Telecommunication (TLC) rooms and entire CEOFs are presented and discussed in detail. The results obtained in the former case allowed us to deeply analyze two alternative cooling management strategies for a selected TLC room, particularly addressing what is the most efficient one depending on outside temperature. Furthermore, the simulation-based evaluation of KPI was validated by comparison with experimentally derived estimations. The KPI computed at the CEOF level was proven effective to verify if expectable cooling efficiencies were met. Finally, the proposed KPI metric was discussed in view of its potential deployment to diagnose abnormal energy consumptions, which can be due to faults occurring either in sensors or cooling devices.
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2014-09-20
    Description: This paper presents a novel adaptive control scheme of the superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) units with the purpose of smoothing the wind farms’ output power. The adaptive control scheme is based on the set-membership affine projection algorithm (SMAPA), which provides a faster convergence and less computational complexity than the normalized least-mean-square algorithm. In this study, two grid-connected fixed-speed wind farms are considered. The control strategy of the SMES units is based on a pulse width modulation (PWM) voltage source converter (VSC) and a dc–dc converter. The VSC and dc–dc converter is used to control the reactive and active power exchange with the power system, respectively. The SMAPA-based adaptive proportional–integral (PI) controllers are utilized to control both converters. For realistic responses, real wind speed data extracted from Hokkaido Island, Japan, and two-mass drive train model of the wind turbine generator system are used in the analyses. Also, a real 10 MVA SMES unit that was installed at a power plant in Kameyama, Japan, is connected to the point of common coupling of the wind farms. The validity of the proposed control scheme is verified by the simulation results, which are performed using PSCAD/EMTDC environment. With the SMAPA-based adaptive-controlled SMES units, the wind farms’ output power can be smoothed easily avoiding huge effort for fine tuning the controllers’ parameters.
    Print ISSN: 1949-3029
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 98
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    Unknown
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2014-09-20
    Description: An energy integration between photovoltaic (PV) systems and electric vehicles (EVs) can help to overcome problems related to the feasibility of a more sustainable mobility, most of all in urban context. This paper aims to examine the potential and the technical benefits of using PV systems as energy supplier for charging EVs. For this purpose, an urban scale integrated system is presented through a mathematical model that considers the power flows related to the PV generator, the charging station, and electric grid. The most significant result is the evaluation of the self-consumption in order to optimize the interaction between the PV system and charging station for EVs. This analysis has been conducted for different vehicles typologies and different PV installations, giving rise to more than 9000 different cases and allowing to consider the wideness of the self-consumption range for different months.
    Print ISSN: 1949-3029
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 99
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    Unknown
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2014-09-20
    Description: Wind turbine power curve modeling is an important tool in turbine performance monitoring and power forecasting. There are several statistical techniques to fit the empirical power curve of a wind turbine, which can be classified into parametric and nonparametric methods. In this paper, we study four of these methods to estimate the wind turbine power curve. Polynomial regression is studied as the benchmark parametric model, and issues associated with this technique are discussed. We then introduce the locally weighted polynomial regression method, and show its advantages over the polynomial regression. Also, the spline regression method is examined to achieve more flexibility for fitting the power curve. Finally, we develop a penalized spline regression model to address the issues of choosing the number and location of knots in the spline regression. The performance of the presented methods is evaluated using two simulated data sets as well as an actual operational power data of a wind farm in North America.
    Print ISSN: 1949-3029
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 100
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    Unknown
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
    Publication Date: 2014-09-20
    Description: Nearly one and a half billion people in the world do not have access to electricity, and even when energy resources are available, millions of people are unable to pay for them. As so, the access to modern affordable and renewable-based energy services in developing countries is essential to achieve a sustainable development by reducing poverty and improving the living conditions (health, security, etc.). In this paper, we analyze how rural electrification efforts can benefit from the implementation of microgrid systems. Following a systematic methodology, we estimate a demand that can evolve through time and design a system that copes with the demand increase. Then, we test the operation of such a facility using a pilot installation, the polygeneration energy container (PEC), an experimental setup that mimics the deployment of a hybrid microgrid system. The development of the experiment has allowed us to test design issues and solve operation and maintenance challenges associated with autonomous electricity production systems. The results demonstrated that it is possible to design systems that are robust and flexible to operate under different conditions.
    Print ISSN: 1949-3029
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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