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  • Weitere Quellen  (7.018)
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  • 1
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Der Rostbefall des Weizens im Jahre 1925 (1925)
    In:  Deutsche Landwirtschaftliche Presse, Jahrgang 52, Nr. 38, p. 450
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 1925
    Beschreibung: Allgemeine Beobachtungen zum Rostbefall von Weizen im Jahr 1925 trotz langer Trockenperioden KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss des Niederschlags auf die Infektion; auch kurze starke Niederschläge zwischen langen Trockenperioden sind ausreichend um einen großflächigen Befall zu bewirken. KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied +, dann Infektion +;
    Schlagwort(e): Deutschland ; 1925 ; Anbautermine ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenkrankheit ; Trockenheit ; Weizen
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
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    Unbekannt
    Kapitel Wald (2013)
    In:  ???
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2013
    Beschreibung: Simulationen mithilfe des Models 4C zu möglichen Auswirkungen der Klimaänderungen des RCP 8.5 Klimaszenariums auf Wälder in Deutschland Kiefer Fichte Eiche Buche KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Auswirkungen des Klimawandels (Temperatur, Niederschlag, CO2-Gehalt der Atmosphäre) auf die Wälder KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Frühjahr) + und Delta Nied (Frühjahr) -, dann Produktivität der Wälder -; Delta C02 + um 25 - 30 %, dann Produktion der Wälder + um 9 - 20%; Delta T + (an nicht wasserlimitierten Standorten), dann Produktivität der Wälder +; Delta CO2+, dann Wassernutzungseffizienz der Wälder +; Delta T (Sommer) +, dann Waldbrandgefahr +; Delta T (Sommer) + und Delta Nied (Sommer) - (= WaBi -), dann Trockenstress der Wälder + um bis zu 9% und dann Produktivität der Wälder -; Delta T (Sommer) + und Delta Nied (Sommer) -, dann Populationsdichte Kiefern-Großschädlinge +;
    Schlagwort(e): Deutschland ; 20. und 21. Jahrhundert ; Boden ; Buche ; Eiche ; Fichte ; Forst ; Kiefer ; Klima ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenschädling ; Phänologie ; Sturmschaden ; Temperatur ; Trockenheit ; Verdunstung ; Waldbrand ; Waldwachstum ; Wassermangel ; Wind ; Grundwasser ; Modell
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Untersuchungen zum Individualitätsproblem bei Forstinsekten (1941)
    In:  Mitt. Biol. Reichsanst. H. 63: 46-48
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 1941
    Beschreibung: Beschreibungen zum Gesundheitszustand einer Population von Nonnen, ihrer Lebens- und Vermehrungsfähigkeit im Zusammenhang mit dem Massenauftreten, aber auch dem Zusammenbrechen der Population KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Verringerung der Populationssichte durch Räuber kann bei 95% liegen KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Schlagwort(e): Deutschland ; 1900-1940 ; Insekten ; Forst ; Pflanzenschädling
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
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    Unbekannt
    Potential effects of global warming on oilseed rape pathogens in Northern Germany (2012)
    In:  Fungal Ecology 5 :6 2-7 2
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2012
    Beschreibung: Übersicht über bisherige, dokumentiere Zusammenhänge einer Klimaänderung und pilzliche Krankheiten in Raps, Abschätzungen über das Auftreten von Verticillium longisporum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Alternaria brassicae und Phoma lingam an Raps in der Zukunft KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Projektionen über das Auftreten von pilzlichen Pathogenen in Raps, Basiszeitraum 1971-2000, Szenario A1B, REMO, 2001-2030 und 2071-2100, Zusammenhang zwischen Grad-Tagen(〉0°C), Pflanzenentwicklung und Krankheitsparametern als Regressionsfunktionen im Artikel, jedoch sind feiner aufgelöste Projektion von RCM als Tageswerte erforderlich, um Wachstumszyklen zu simulieren und genauere Aussagen zu erhalten KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T +, dann Zunahme von Verticillium longisporum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Alternaria brassicae und Phoma lingam an Raps, Signal verstärkt im Szenarienzeitraum 2071-2100, Abnahme von Pyrenopeziza brassicae
    Schlagwort(e): Deutschland ; Sachsen, Niedersachsen, Norddeutschland ; 1971-2000 ; Szenarien ; Infektionskrankheiten ; Temperatur ; Raps
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
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    Unbekannt
    Das gegenwärtige und frühere Vorkommen der Malaria und die Verbreitung der Anophelesmücken im Gebiete des Deutschen Reiches (1927)
    In:  Arbeiten aus dem Reichsgesundheitsamte 59
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 1927
    Schlagwort(e): Deutschland ; Umweltmedizin ; Infektionskrankheiten
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Floren-Elemente und Temperaturverteilung in Deutschland. (1927)
    In:  Ber. Deut. Bot. Gesellschaft 45:638-643.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 1927
    Beschreibung: Einfluss der Temperatur auf die Flora und ihre Verteilung in Deutschland KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Schlagwort(e): Deutschland ; Botanik ; Klima ; Phänologie ; Temperatur
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
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    Unbekannt
    Studien über den Nutzwert von Gräsern und Kleearten unter dem Einfluss von Klima und Boden. (1926)
    In:  Landwirtschaftl. Jahrbuch (64)817-930.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 1926
    Beschreibung: Zusammenhang Klima, Witterung und Ertrag von Gräsern und Klee KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Schlagwort(e): Deutschland ; Boden ; Ertrag ; Klima ; Landwirtschaft
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
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    Unbekannt
    Inwieweit berücksichtigt der Landwirt den Klimafaktor? (1940)
    In:  Landw. Jahrbuch 89:793-808.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 1940
    Beschreibung: Allgemeiner Bericht über Anpassungen der Landwirtschaft an das Klima, wie beispielsweise extensive und intensive Landwirtschaft, Fruchtfolge, Bodenbearbeitung, Frostschadenverhütung und Düngung. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: - KATASTER-DETAIL: -
    Schlagwort(e): Deutschland ; 1. Hälfte 20. Jahrhundert ; Anbautermine ; Boden ; Landwirtschaft ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Verdunstung ; Wassermangel ; Düngung ; Frost ; Sonnenscheindauer
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Die Einwirkung des Windes auf die Pflanzen (1942)
    In:  Kl. Mitt. Ver. Wasser-, Boden-, Lufthyg. 18: 125-130
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 1942
    Beschreibung: Bedeutung des Windes für den Wuchs, die Wasserversorgung und die Verbreitung des Samens und der Früchte von Pflanzen KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Zusammenhang zwischen dem Wind und der mechanischen Schädigung von Blättern der Roßkastanie KATASTER-DETAIL: Wind +, dann Schädigung der Roßkastatienblätter +
    Schlagwort(e): Deutschland ; letzten 1000 Jahre ; Forst ; Wind
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
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    Unbekannt
    Einfluss von Temperatur und Niederschlag auf die Vegetation. (1926)
    In:  Met. Zeitschr. 43:352-355.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 1926
    Beschreibung: Einfluss von Temperatur und Niederschlag auf die Vegetation KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Schlagwort(e): Deutschland ; 1900-1925 ; Klima ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 11
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    Unbekannt
    Einfluss der Witterungs-Erscheinungen auf die Erträge unserer Kulturpflanzen. (1928)
    In:  Deut. Landwirtschaflt. Presse 55:94-95.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 1928
    Beschreibung: Übersicht über die Literatur zum Einfluss des Wetters auf die Kulturpflanzen KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Milder und trockener Winter wirkt positiv auf die Weizenerträge, kalter und niederschlagsreicher Winter eher negativ, Betrachung für Norddeutschland KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Schlagwort(e): Deutschland ; 1900-1926 ; Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Hafer ; Landwirtschaft ; Niederschlag ; Roggen ; Temperatur ; Trockenheit ; Witterung ; Gerste
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 12
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Das Betriebssystem und das Klima "Untersuchungen über die Beziehungen zwischen Betriebssystemen und Klima an Betrieben in ganz Deutschland" (1929)
    In:  Diss., Giessen.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 1929
    Beschreibung: Einfluss der Witterungsfaktoren auf verschiedene Kulturen und die Betriebssysteme KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Schlagwort(e): Deutschland ; Witterung
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 13
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    Unbekannt
    Die Maikäfer in Deutschland. Mitteilungen über Flugjahre und Entwicklungsdauer von Melolontha melolontha L. und Melolontha hippocastani F. (1925)
    In:  Arbeiten aus der biologischen Bunbdesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft 14, Heft 1; Parey, Springer, Berlin; p.1-76
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 1925
    Beschreibung: Detaillierte Auflistung des Maikäferauftretens verschiedener Jahre aus dem Zeitraum 1900-1920 aus ganz Deutschland in Bezirks- teilw. sogar Gemeindeauflösung wird gegeben. Der Einfluß der Temperatur in Form von 9°C Mitteltemperatur als Grenze für die Generationenanzahl der beiden Maikäferarten Melolontha melolontha L. und Melolontha hippocastani F. wird diskutiert. Eine Karte über die Generationsdauer der beiden Maikäferarten im deutschen Reich, teilweise auf Bezirksebene, ist enthalten. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Schlagwort(e): Deutschland ; 1855-1923 ; Forst ; Pflanzenschädling
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 14
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    Unbekannt
    Handbuch des Kartoffelbaus (1928)
    In:  P. Paray (Berlin), 317 Seiten
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 1928
    Beschreibung: Beziehung der Witterungseinflüsse auf die Knollenerträge, Auswertungen von Kartoffelkulturstationsergebnissen KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Schlagwort(e): Deutschland ; 1900-1925
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 15
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    Unbekannt
    Hitzetag im Jahr in Deutschland (2010)
    In:  Internes Arbeitsmaterial des PIK, .... fs01/guests\Martin.Wodinski\PIK-COLLECTION\SLIDES-POOL\RD2\
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2010
    Beschreibung: Kalkulation der Hitzetage (Tmax 〉 30°C) anhand es PIK/DWD Datensatzes für 1951-2006 im Jahr, und für den Zeitraum 2051-60, Szenario A1B, als Mittel und Differenzkarten KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Hitzetage (Tmax 〉 30°C) in Deutschland KATASTER-DETAIL: Zunahme der Hitzetage (Tmax 〉 30°C) 2051-2060 vs. 1951-2006 um bis zu 16 Tagen im Jahr, stärkste Zunahme Rheingragben, Rheinland-Pfalz, Niederrhein, Kölner Bucht und Mitteldeutschland
    Schlagwort(e): Deutschland ; 1951-2006, 2051-60 ; Temperatur ; Witterungsextreme
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 16
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Trend in den jährl. Hochwassermax. 1951-2003 (2012)
    In:  Hattermann, F. F., Z. W. Kundzewicz, H. S., T. Vetter, W. Kron, O. Burghoff, Y. Hauf, V. Krysanova, F.-W. Gerstengarbe, P. Werner, B. Merz, A. Bronstert (2012a), Flood risk in holistic perspective - observed changes in Germany. In: Changes of flood risk in Europe, IAHS Press, Wallingford, 212-237.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2012
    Beschreibung: Simulierte und beobachtete Trends der jährlichen Hochwassermaxima KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Trend der Zu- bzw. Abnahme der Andauer der jährlichen Hochwassermaxima in Deutschland für die Vergangenheit KATASTER-DETAIL: Abnahme des mittleren jährlichen Abflusses um 35 % in Baden-Württemberg (Pegel Achstetten/Baierzer Rot) bzw. 21 % in Brandenburg (Pegel Ketzin/Havel) Zunahme des mittleren jährlichen Abflusses um 84 % in Bayern (Pegel Breitenbachkamm/Breitach) bzw. 74 % in Bayern (Pegel Kalteneck/Ilz)
    Schlagwort(e): Deutschland ; 1951-2003 ; Witterungsextreme ; Hochwasser
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 17
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    Unbekannt
    Klimatische Wasserbilanz in Deutschland (2010)
    In:  Internes Arbeitsmaterial des PIK, .... fs01/guests\Martin.Wodinski\PIK-COLLECTION\SLIDES-POOL\RD2\
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2010
    Beschreibung: Kalkulation der Klimatischen Wasserbilanz (mm) anhand es PIK/DWD Datensatzes für 1951-2006 im Jahr, und für den Zeitraum 2051-60, Szenario A1B, als Mittel und Differenzkarten KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Jährliche Klimatischen Wasserbilanz WABI (Niederschlag - pot. Verdunstung nach Turc-Ivanov) für Deutschland KATASTER-DETAIL: Zu- bzw. Abnahme der (WABI) 2051-2060 vs. 1951-2006 von 200 - (-100) im Westen der BRD, in Ostdeutschland stärkere, einheitliche Abnahme der WABI um bis zu 300mmm
    Schlagwort(e): Deutschland ; 1951-2006, 2051-60 ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Witterungsextreme
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 18
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    Unbekannt
    Die Schwankungen der barometrischen Hochlagen über Mitteleuropa und ihr Einfluß auf die Ernteerträge in Deutschland (1929)
    In:  Kühn-Archiv, Berlin, XX, Seite 7-129
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 1929
    Beschreibung: Lage der Hochs nördlich und südlich des 50. Breitengrades und ihre Bedeutung für die Witterung und Ernteerträge in Mitteldeutschland KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL: Tmit+ (Janurar, Februar, März, Mai und Dezember) durch Abnahem der barometrischen Nordlagen Tmit- (August, September) durch Zunahme der barometrischen Nordlagen Nied+ (Janurar, Apri,, Mai, August, September, Dezember) durch Abnahmen der barometrischen Nordlagen (entspricht Zunahmen der Südlagen!) Nied- (Februar, März, Oktober und November) durch Abnahmen der barometrischen Nordlagen (entspricht Zunahmen der Südlagen!)
    Schlagwort(e): Deutschland ; 1900-1925 ; Luftfeuchte ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Landwirtschaft ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Trockenheit ; Witterung ; Sonnenscheindauer
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 19
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    Unbekannt
    Insektenschädigungen am Getreide (1925)
    In:  Georgine, Jahrgang 102, Nr. 68, p. 806-807
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 1925
    Beschreibung: Biologie und Bekämpfung von Fritfliege, Getreideblumenfliege, scheckige oder gelbe Halmfliege, Weizenfliege, Hessenfliege KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Temperatur, Niederschlag und Wind) auf die Schädlinge KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Winter) +, Anzahl Maden der Halmfliege +; Delta Nied (September) + und Delta Wind (September) +, dann Hessenfliege -
    Schlagwort(e): Deutschland ; 1903-1925 ; Insekten ; Anbautermine ; Boden ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Hafer ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenschädling ; Temperatur ; Vegetationsperiode ; Weizen ; Wind ; Witterung ; Düngung ; Gerste
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 20
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    Unbekannt
    Zum Auftreten des Gelbrostes des Weizens (1926)
    In:  Nassauer Land 108, p. 185
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 1926
    Beschreibung: Beobachtungen zum Gelbrostbefall von Weizen, Roggen und Gerste KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: - KATASTER-DETAIL: -
    Schlagwort(e): Deutschland ; 1926 ; Infektionskrankheiten ; Getreide ; Pflanzenkrankheit ; Roggen ; Weizen ; Gerste
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 21
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    Curved-flow, rolling-flow, and oscillatory pure-yawing wind-tunnel test methods for determination of dynamic stability derivatives (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-10-14
    Beschreibung: The test capabilities of the Stability Wind Tunnel of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University are described, and calibrations for curved and rolling flow techniques are given. Oscillatory snaking tests to determine pure yawing derivatives are considered. Representative aerodynamic data obtained for a current fighter configuration using the curved and rolling flow techniques are presented. The application of dynamic derivatives obtained in such tests to the analysis of airplane motions in general, and to high angle of attack flight conditions in particular, is discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: AGARD Dyn. Stability Parameters; 13 p
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 22
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    Unbekannt
    Total and spectral solar irradiance measured at ground surface (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2011-08-24
    Beschreibung: This paper presents the results of a series of total and spectral solar irradiance measurements made at ground surface (Table Mountain Facility, Calif., altitude 2.18 km). The spectral irradiance data are presented for the 0.3-3.0-micron spectral region for air mass 1.5.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 21; 3, Fe
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 23
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    Classification of volcanoes of the Kane Patera Quadrangle of Io: Proportions of lava flows and pyroclastic flows (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2009-11-16
    Beschreibung: Voyager 1 images show 14 volcanic centers wholly or partly within the Kane Patera quadrangle of Io, which are divided into four major classes: (1) shield with parallel flows; (2) shield with early radial fan shapd flows; (3) shield with radial fan shaped flows, surfaces of flows textured with longitudinal ridges; and (4) depression surrounded by plateau-forming scarp-bounded, untextured deposits. The interpretation attempted here hinges largely on the ability to distinguish lava flows from pyroclastic flows by remote sensing.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Rept. of Planetary Geol. Program, 1983; p 127-129
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 24
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    A proposal for observations of upper and middle tropospheric clouds (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2008-07-17
    Beschreibung: A proposal for a multi-institutional investigation of the processes involved in the growth and maintenance of high level extended clouds is presented. Mapping of variability of the cloud and of its radiative characteristics in terms of the meteorological environment of the cloud; performance of case studies involving observation of the cloud microphysics and radiation characteristics; and investigation of the processes responsible for the generation, maintenance, and dissipation of the cloud system are recommended. Both modeling and monitoring activities are considered. The specific research projects which the author proposes to carry out are described. Suggestions for the administrative organization of the total effort are presented.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Initial Studies of Middle and Upper Tropospheric Stratiform Clouds; 56 p
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 25
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    A middle and upper tropospheric cloud model (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2008-07-17
    Beschreibung: The interplay of the various physical processes involved in the formation, maintenance, and decay of middle and upper tropospheric stratiform clouds is discussed. Ice phase fair weather cloud forms are considered. Simulations of cirriform clouds which attempt to incorporate the physical processes in an interactive manner were performed. A two dimensional time dependent Eulerian numerical model, which incorporates all of the important physical processes in a simplified way, is employed to investigate the role of these processes in the evolution of a cloud in an isolated atmospheric layer. Physical parameters considered are the eddy viscosity and the thermal, water vapor, and ice water eddy diffusivities.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Initial Studies of Middle and Upper Tropospheric Stratiform Clouds; 189 p
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 26
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    Interpretation of planetary stress systems: Determination of tectonic over-printing in Northwest Wyoming (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-06
    Beschreibung: Structural and tectonic interpretations of planetary surfaces rely strongly on visual determination of regional structural grain. This grain can be very complex and confusing, and sorting out of discrete trends in time and space is of utmost importance. This study is a test of these techniques applied to a well known area having several discrete structural grains. In the Bighorn Basin region of Wyoming, a largely overlooked N10E structural grain has been verified with detailed structural analysis and indicates a significant change in stress orientation at the end of the Laramide orogeny.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geology Program, 1983; p 307-309
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 27
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    Volcanism in the Valles Marineris (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-06
    Beschreibung: Tectoism in the Valles Marineris appears to have been accompanied by volcanism. The proposed volcanic features, though probably contemporaneous with the gigantic ones in the Tharsis area, are composed of small, mafic and, possibly, somewhat larger felsic flows. The size of these features is similar to that of volcanic flows on the Earth.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geol. Program, 1983; p 135-137
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  • 28
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    Experiments on water/melt explosions, nature of products, and models of dispersal (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-06
    Beschreibung: Experiments were carried out in a steel pressure device using controlled amounts of water and thermite melt to examine the mechanical energy released on explosive mixing following the initial contact of the two materials. An experimental design was used to allow the direct calculation of the mechanical energy by the dynamic lift of the device as recorded both optically and physically. A large number of experiments were run to accurately determine the optimum mixture of water and melt for the conversion of thermal to mechanical energy. The maximum efficiency observed was about 12% at a water/thermite mass ratio of 0.50. These experiments are the basis for the development of models of hydroexplosions and melt fragmentation. Particles collected from the experimental products are similar in size and shape to pyroclasts produced by much larger hydrovolcanic explosions. Melt rupture at optimum ratios produces very fine particles whereas rupture at high or low water/melt ratios produces large melt fragments. Grain surface textures in the experimental products are also related to the water/melt ratio and the mechanism of explosive mixing. It is thus possible to have qualitative information about the nature of the explosion from the sizes and shapes of the fragments produced.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geol. Program, 1983; p 144-146
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  • 29
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    In-flight lift and drag measurements on a first generation jet transport equipped with winglets (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A KC-135A aircraft equipped with wing tip winglets was flight tested to demonstrate and validate the potential performance gain of the winglet concept as predicted from analytical and wind tunnel data. Flight data were obtained at cruise conditions for Mach numbers of 0.70, 0.75, and 0.80 at a nominal altitude of 36,000 ft. and winglet configurations of 15 deg cant/-4 deg incidence, 0 deg cant/-4 deg incidence, and baseline. For the Mach numbers tested the data show that the addition of winglets did not affect the lifting characteristics of the wing. However, both winglet configurations showed a drag reduction over the baseline configuration, with the best winglet configuration being the 15 deg cant/-4 deg incidence configuration. This drag reduction due to winglets also increased with increasing lift coefficient. It was also shown that a small difference exists between the 15 deg cant/-4 deg incidence flight and wind tunnel predicted data. This difference was attributed to the pillowing of the winglet skins in flight which would decrease the winglet performance.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: KC-135 Winglet Program Rev.; p 103-116
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  • 30
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    KC-135 winglet program overview (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A joint NASA/USAF program was conducted to accomplish the following objectives: (1) evaluate the benefits that could be achieved from the application of winglets to KC-135 aircraft; and (2) determine the ability of wind tunnel tests and analytical analysis to predict winglet characteristics. The program included wind-tunnel development of a test winglet configuration; analytical predictions of the changes to the aircraft resulting from the application of the test winglet; and finally, flight tests of the developed configuration. Pressure distribution, loads, stability and control, buffet, fuel mileage, and flutter data were obtained to fulfill the objectives of the program.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: KC-135 Winglet Program Rev.; p 1-46
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  • 31
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    KC-135 wing and winglet flight pressure distributions, loads, and wing deflection results with some wind tunnel comparisons (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A full-scale winglet flight test on a KC-135 airplane with an upper winglet was conducted. Data were taken at Mach numbers from 0.70 to 0.82 at altitudes from 34,000 feet to 39,000 feet at stabilized flight conditions for wing/winglet configurations of basic wing tip, 15/-4 deg, 15/-2 deg, and 0/-4 deg winglet cant/incidence. An analysis of selected pressure distribution and data showed that with the basic wing tip, the flight and wind tunnel wing pressure distribution data showed good agreement. With winglets installed, the effects on the wing pressure distribution were mainly near the tip. Also, the flight and wind tunnel winglet pressure distributions had some significant differences primarily due to the oilcanning in flight. However, in general, the agreement was good. For the winglet cant and incidence configuration presented, the incidence had the largest effect on the winglet pressure distributions. The incremental flight wing deflection data showed that the semispan wind tunnel model did a reasonable job of simulating the aeroelastic effects at the wing tip. The flight loads data showed good agreement with predictions at the design point and also substantiated the predicted structural penalty (load increase) of the 15 deg cant/-2 deg incidence winglet configuration.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: KC-135 Winglet Program Rev.; p 47-102
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  • 32
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    Status of advanced airfoil tests in the Langley 0.3-meter transonic cryogenic tunnel (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A joint NASA/U.S. industry program to test advanced technology airfoils in the Langley 0.3-meter Transonic Tunnel (TCT) was formulated under the Langley ACEE Project Office. The objectives include providing U.S. industry an opportunity to compare their most advanced airfoils to the latest NASA designs by means of high Reynolds number tests in the same facility. At the same time, industry would again experience in the design and construction of cryogenic test techniques. The status and details of the test program are presented. Typical aerodynamic results obtained, to date, are presented at chord Reynolds number up to 45 x 10(6) and are compared to results from other facilities and theory. Details of a joint agreement between NASA and the Deutsche Forschungs- und Versuchsantalt fur Luft- and Raumfahrt e.V. (DFVLR) for tests of two airfoils are also included. Results of these tests will be made available as soon as practical.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Advan. Aerodyn.: Selected NASA Res.; p 37-53
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  • 33
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    The tectonics of anorthosite massifs (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Anorthosite massifs developed approximately 1.4 to 1.5 billion years ago along an arch which developed parallel to a zone of continental separation as a block which included North America, Europe, and probably Asia separated from a block which included parts of South America, Africa, India, and Australia. Anorthosite massifs also developed at the same time along a belt which runs through the continents which comprise Gondwanaland (South America), Africa, India, Australia, and Antarctica. This was a zone of continental separation which subsequently became a zone of continental collision about 1.2 billion years ago. The northern anorthosite belt also parallels an orogenic belt which was active between 1.8 and 1.7 billion years ago. Heat generated during this mountain building period helped in the formation of the anorthosites.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Houston Univ. The 1981 NASA ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program, Vol. 2; 29 p
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  • 34
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    Joint Airport Weather Studies (AWS) project (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The joint airport weather studies (JAWS) project is discussed. The major objectives of the JAWS Project are a fundamental description of the phenomenon, a determination of the hazard potential and a definition of a protection and warning system, all of which are relative to low level wind shear. Aspects of the low level wind shear phenomenon. The principal focus, however, is the microburst. The microburst is fundamentally a rather simple atmospheric flow. It is a downdraft that, upon approaching the surface, spreads out horizontally, producing a diverging radial flow in all directions. For any direction that an aircraft flies through the microburst, it will first encounter increasing head winds; then the remnants of the downdraft; and then, increasing tail wind.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 85-95
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  • 35
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    Lightning strike experience in the NASA F-106B storm hazards program (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A heavily instrumented F-106B aircraft was flown in thunderstorms to gather data for characterizing lightning at aircraft operating altitudes. Conventional weather finding techniques are supplemented with UHF lightning mapping radar to select the most active storm cells and the most likely altitude for obtaining direct lightning strikes to the airplane. One hundred seventy-six strikes were obtained in a 3 year period, mostly at an altitude of above 25,000 feet.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 63-65
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  • 36
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    Wind shear and vortex wake research in UK, 1982 (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A wind shear and vortex wake and their impact on aircraft were investigated. The systems and advice to help pilots, and rational scientific methods to assist in advising certification authorities and those interested in improving flight safety were developed. Wind Shear and Vortex Wakes are related, they are both invisible enemies of aircraft in the form of large disturbances in the atmosphere, both cause major accidents. Problems of building wakes at airports are is considered. Research on wind shear was initiated by the American FAA following the Boston, New York and Denver accidents to civil airliners. This resulted in: useful advice to pilots about wind shear; better attempts by the meteorologists at forecasting wind shear conditions; and useful ideas for wind shear measurement and warning systems. Three major research tasks are outstanding: (1) Worldwide measurements to give reliable estimates of probability and details of the forms of large wind shears; (2) Developments of real time wind shear measuring systems for ground or airborne use; and (3) Establishing relationships between measured wind shear and the potential hazard to an aircraft, or class of aircraft.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 66-83
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  • 37
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    Marked surface inversions and wind shear: A safety risk for departing aircraft (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Marked surface inversions occur most frequently in dry continental climates, where low atmospheric humidity allows heat transfer by long wave thermal radiation. In the northern latitudes, surface inversions reach their maximum intensity during the winter, when the incoming Sun's radiation is negligible and radiative cooling is dominant during the long nights. During winter, air mass boundaries are sharp, which causes formation of marked surface inversions. The existence of these inversions and sharp boundaries increase the risk of wind shear. The information should refer to marked inversions exceeding a temperature difference of 10 deg C up to 1000 feet. The need to determine the temperature range over which he information is operationally needed and the magnitude of the inversion required before a notification to pilots prior to departure is warranted are outlined.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 61-62
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  • 38
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    A cursory glance at results from NASA's B-57B gust gradient program (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The Gust Gradient Program is a data intensive effort involving tripple Doppler radar, a surface weather station mesonet and other aircraft. The Joint Airport Weather Studies was utilized to gain additional data. The data were used to fill in the gap in turbulence modeling.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 38-42
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  • 39
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    GEM: Statistical weather forecasting procedure (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The objective of the Generalized Exponential Markov (GEM) Program was to develop a weather forecast guidance system that would: predict between 0 to 6 hours all elements in the airways observations; respond instantly to the latest observed conditions of the surface weather; process these observations at local sites on minicomputing equipment; exceed the accuracy of current persistence predictions at the shortest prediction of one hour and beyond; exceed the accuracy of current forecast model output statistics inside eight hours; and be capable of making predictions at one location for all locations where weather information is available.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 42-44
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  • 40
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    Department of Defense meteorological and environmental inputs to aviation systems (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Recommendations based on need, cost, and achievement of flight safety are offered, and the re-evaluation of weather parameters needed for safe landing operations that lead to reliable and consistent automated observation capabilities are considered.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 19-20
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  • 41
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    Aviation weather services (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The primary responsibilities of the National Weather Service (NWS) are to: provide warnings of severe weather and flooding for the protection of life and property; provide public forecasts for land and adjacent ocean areas for planning and operation; and provide weather support for: production of food and fiber; management of water resources; production, distribution and use of energy; and efficient and safe air operations.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 14-16
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  • 42
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    Federal Aviation Administration weather program to improve aviation safety (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The implementation of the National Airspace System (NAS) will improve safety services to aviation. These services include collision avoidance, improved landing systems and better weather data acquisition and dissemination. The program to improve the quality of weather information includes the following: Radar Remote Weather Display System; Flight Service Automation System; Automatic Weather Observation System; Center Weather Processor, and Next Generation Weather Radar Development.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 21-25
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  • 43
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    On the effect of temporal sampling on the observation of mean rainfall (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Rainfall characteristics using data from dense recording raingage networks is reviewed. Data from such networks have quantified temporal and spatial rainfall distributions, and have supplied specialized information about local and orographic effects. The natural variability, temporally and spatially, for annual, seasonal, monthly, and individual events is treated. Especially important are the spatial variations of precipitation as a function of synoptic type, precipitation type, amount, and duration. Results from dense raingage networks in Illinois, and some data from other climatic regions is also treated.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 8 p
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  • 44
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    Prospects for measuring phytoplankton bloom extent and patchiness using remotely sensed color images: An example (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-26
    Beschreibung: A 10 channel scanning radiometer, built as a prototype for the coastal zone color scanner on the Nimbus 7 satellite, was flown on a high altitude aircraft during a Gymnodium breve bloom along the west coast of Florida. The remotely measured ocean color imagery shows what is probably the patchy structure of a G. breve bloom extending over a 60 km by 100 km area. This conclusion is based on visual inspection of bathymetry to infer bottom reflection trends and on a single growth truth measurement of B G. breve obtained the previous day. The image shows coherent blooms which extend scales up to 60 km in length.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci., Collected Reprints 1978 - 1979, Vol. 2; p 680-685
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  • 45
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    Application of a snowmelt-runoff model using LANDSAT data (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-26
    Beschreibung: The snowmelt-runoff model developed for two small central European watersheds simulate daily streamflow on the 228 sq km Dinwoody Creek basin in Wyoming, using snowcover extent for LANDSAT and conventionally measured temperature and precipitation. For the six-month snowmelt seasons of 1976 and 1974, the simulated seasonal runoff volumes were within 5 and 1%, respectively, of the measured runoff. Also the daily fluctuations of discharge were simulated to a high degree by the model. Thus far the limiting basin size for applying the model has not been reached, and improvements can be expected if the hydrometeorological data can be obtained from a station inside the basin. LANDSAT provides an efficient way to obtain the critical snowcover input parameter required by the model.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci., Collected Reprints 1978 - 1979, Vol. 2; p 745-760
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  • 46
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    Arctic Sea ice decay simulated for a CO2-induced temperature rise (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-26
    Beschreibung: A large scale numerical time-dependent model of sea ice that takes into account the heat fluxes in and out of the ice, the seasonal occurrence of snow, and ice motions was used in an experiment to determine the response of the Arctic Ocean ice pack to a warming of the atmosphere. The degree of warming specified is that expected for a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide with its associated greenhouse effect, a condition that could occur before the middle of the next century. The results of three 5-year simulations with a warmer atmosphere and varied boundary conditions were: (1) that in the face of a 5 K surface atmospheric temperature increase the ice pack disappeared completely in August and September but reformed in the central Arctic Ocean in mid fall; (2) that the simulations were moderately dependence on assumptions concerning cloud cover; and (3) that even when atmospheric temperature increases of 6-9 K were combined with an order-of-magnitude increase in the upward heat flux from the ocean, the ice still appeared in winter. It should be noted that a year-round ice-free Arctic Ocean has apparently not existed for a million years or more.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci., Collected Reprints 1978 - 1979, Vol. 2; p 687-700
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  • 47
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    The 1977 tundra fire at Kokolik River, Alaska (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-26
    Beschreibung: During the summer of 1977, fire totaled 44 sq km of tundra vegetation according to measurements using LANDSAT imagery. Based on the experience gained from analysis of this fire using ground observations, satellite imagery, and topographic maps, it appears that natural drainages form effective fire breaks on the subdued relief of the Arctic coastal plain and northern foothills. It is confirmed that the intensity of the fire is related to vegetation type and to the moisture content of the organic rich soils.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci., Collected Reprints 1978 - 1979, Vol. 2; p 660-670
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  • 48
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    Development of the operational program for satellite meteorology (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: The geostationary and polar satellites comprising the current operational system are discussed. The data acquisition capabilities of both satellite types and their complementary functions are reviewed. The advanced very high resolution radiometer on the TIROS N satellites is particularly addressed along with the imaging and atmospheric sounding instrumentation aboard the GOES satellites. The dissemination of the satellite data to the prospective users is also discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 34-40
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  • 49
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    Forward scattering and backscattering of solar radiation by the stratospheric limb after Mount St. Helens eruption (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: Stratospheric limb radiance profiles versus altitude of closest approach of the line of sight to the Earth's surface have been measured before and after the Mount St. Helens eruptions by means of photographs taken from a Sun-oriented balloon gondola floating above 35 km altitude over France. Preliminary data were reported for flights in October 1979 and in May and June 1980. The radiance integrated along the line of sight as in-situ radiance (R) can be derived taking into account absorption by ozone and air. The onion peeling inversion method was used to derive the vertical radiance (R) profiles respectively. The values of R were determined in the solar azimuth. The solar elevation angles are chosen larger for the backscattering observation than for the forward scattering observation to deal with as similar illumination conditions as possible despite the Earth's sphericity.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 299-303
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  • 50
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    The mechanisms of fine particle generation and electrification during Mount St. Helens volcanic eruption (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: Microscopical investigation of volcanic ash collected from ground stations during Mount St. Helens eruptions reveal a distinctive bimodel size distribution with high concentrations of particle ranges at (1) 200-100 microns and (2) 20-0.1 microns. Close examination of individual particles shows that most larger ones are solidified magma particles of porous pumice with numerous gas bubbles in the interior and the smaller ones are all glassy fragments without any detectable gas bubbles. Elemental analysis demonstrates that the fine fragments all have a composition similar to that of the larger pumice particles. Laboratory experiments suggest that the formation of the fine fragments is by bursting of glassy bubbles from a partially solidified surface of a crystallizing molten magma particle. The production of gas bubbles is due to the release of absorbed gases in molten magma particles when solubility decreases during phase transition. Diffusion cloud chamber experiments strongly indicate that sub-micron volcanic fragments are highly hygroscopic and extremely active as cloud condensation nuclei. Ice crystals also are evidently formed on those fragments in a supercooled (-20 C) cloud chamber. It has been reported that charge generation from ocean volcanic eruptions is due to contact of molten lava with sea water. This seems to be insufficient to explain the observed rapid and intense lightning activities over Mount St. Helens eruptions. Therefore, a hypothesis is presented here that highly electrically charged fine solid fragments are ejected by bursting of gas bubbles from the surface of a crystallizing molten magma particles.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 211-217
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  • 51
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    Measurements of stratospheric aerosols over Mauna Loa, Hawaii and Boulder, Colorado (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: The direct solar radiation transmission record at Mauna Loa, dating from 1958 to the present, revealed with remarkable precision the presence of stratospheric aerosol from volcanic activity. This record can be used to quantify the intensity of the stratospheric volcanic aerosol perturbation following a significant eruption in reference to the Agung event in 1963. The Mount St. Helens' stratospheric cloud was first detected by lidar at 18 km over Mauna Loa on 17 July. The atmospheric transmission was seen to decrease slightly after that time, but only a few tenths of 1 percent. Although it is still fairly early to draw a definite conclusion on the ultimate magnitude of the Mount St. Helens stratospheric aerosol from the Mauna Loa results, it can be stated that the stratospheric aerosol optical depth presently observed is comparable with that observed from Fuego which erupted in 1974. At Boulder, Colorado, the atmospheric debris from Mount St. Helens was observed by lidar on a number of occasions. Also, observations of the diffuse, total and direct transmission of solar radiation were made on June 3 and 4. The latter set of observations is useful for deriving information on the scattering properties of the volcanic cloud. The lidar and solar radiation data are presented and some of their special features are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 117-123
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  • 52
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    Time variations of aerosols in the stratosphere following Mount St. Helens eruptions (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: Samples of stratospheric aerosols collected with U-2 aircraft for several months following the first three major eruptions of Mount St. Helens were analyzed for ash and liquid acid content. Ash grain sizes and compositions vary depending on collection altitude, location within the drifting cloud, and days following their injection. s computers Size distributions of ash particles vary with altitude. Generally small particles are depleted more rapidly at low altitudes (12 km) than at higher altitudes (17-18 km). Although samples collected 1 day after the first eruption of May 18, 1980, were dry, flow marks on the aircraft indicated parts of the cloud contained heavy acid concentrations. Indeed, all other samples obtained within 1 to 4 days after later eruptions (May 25 and June 12, 1980) were covered with copious amounts of liquid acid. Proportions of liquid to ash varied considerably depending on sampling location and cloud age. Because the acid-coated ash globules were large, they rapidly fell from the stratosphere until, by late June 1980, only a residue of acid droplets remained. Size distributions and concentrations of these droplets varied considerably.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 55-64
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    The utilization of spaceborne microwave radiometers for monitoring snowpack properties (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-26
    Beschreibung: Snow accumulation and depletion at specific locations can be monitored from space by observing related variations in microwave brightness temperatures. Using vertically and horizontally polarized brightness temperatures from the Nimbus 6 electrically scanning microwave radiometer, a discriminant function can be used to separate snow from no snow areas and map snowcovered area on a continental basis. For dry snow conditions on the Canadian high plains, significant relationships between snow depth or water equivalent and microwave brightness temperature were developed which could permit remote determination of these snow properties after acquisition of a wider range of data. The presence of melt water in the snowpack causes a marked increase in brightness temperature which can be used to predict snowpack priming and timing of runoff. As the resolutions of satellite microwave sensors improve the application of these results to snow hydrology problems should increase.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci., Collected Reprints 1978 - 1979, Vol. 2; p 745-760
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  • 54
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    Seasonal and daily snowmelt runoff estimates utilizing satellite data (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-26
    Beschreibung: Methods using snowcovered area to update seasonal forecasts as snowmelt progresses are also being used in quasi-operational situations. The input of snowcovered area to snowmelt models for short term perdictions was attempted in two ways; namely, the modification of existing hydrologic models and/or the use of models that were specifically designed to use snowcovered area. A daily snowmelt runoff model was used with LANDSAT data to simulate discharge on remote basins in the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming. Daily predicted and actual flows compare closely, and, summarized over the entire snowmelt season (April 1 - September 30), the average difference is only three percent. The model and snowcovered area data are currently being tested on additional watersheds to determine the method's transferability.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci. Collected Reprints 1978 - 1979, Vol. 2; p 742
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  • 55
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    The 1977 tundra fire in the Kokolik River area of Alaska (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-26
    Beschreibung: Presumably caused by lightning, a large fire occurred due east of Point Lay several kilometers southwest of the Kokolik River, the farthest north a fire was ever fought by Bureau of Land Management personnel in Alaska. The progress and area extent of the fire were determined by analysis of LANDSAT MSS band 5 and 7 imagery. Low altitude observations from helicopter showed the fire burned a range of vegetation and relief types which included low polygonized and upland tussock tundras. The burned area appeared wetter on the surface than the unburned area, due to a lack of moisture absorbing organic matter and the possible release of moisture from the deeper thawed zone. Suggestions for future investigations of the effects of fire on tundra and permafrost terrains are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci., Collected Reprints 1978 - 1979, Vol. 2; p 671-675
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  • 56
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    Early program development and implementation (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: Programs for the development and operation of meteorological satellites from the TIROS 1 satellite and the establishment of NASA through the 1960's are described. The technical problems confronted in the development of the early satellite systems are discussed in addition to issues in international involvement and program support. The TIROS and Nimbus series satellites are primarily addressed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 5-33
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  • 57
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    The climatic effect of explosive volcanic activity: Analysis of the historical data (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: By using the most complete available records of direct beam radiation and volcanic eruptions, an historical analysis of the role of the latter in modulating the former was made. A very simple fallout and dispersion model was applied to the historical chronology of explosive eruptions. The resulting time series explains about 77 percent of the radiation variance, as well as suggests that tropical and subpolar eruptions are more important than mid-latitude eruptions in their impact on the stratospheric aerosol optical depth. The simpler climatic models indicate that past hemispheric temperature can be stimulated very well with volcanic and CO2 inputs and suggest that climate forecasting will also require volcano forecasting. There is some evidence that this is possible some years in advance.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 191-202
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  • 58
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    Distribution of Mount St. Helens dust inferred from satellites and meteorological data (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: Visible and infrared pictures from two Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite Systems satellites, in circular orbits at about 19,000 nautical miles, are available continuously at approximately 30 minute intervals. Still pictures and film loops from this system vividly depict the events associated with the May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. The initial explosion, shock wave, and visible horizontal dust distribution during the following week are readily apparent. Meteorological wind and height fields permit the inference of the vertical distribution of volcanic dust as well as explain the atmospheric behavior which caused the visible and nonvisible dust distribution.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 131-140
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  • 59
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    Comments on satellite meteorology from geostationary satellites (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: Examples of the use of geostationary satellites in meteorology are given. Studies of the rate of change of cumulus clouds and cloud systems and wind parameter determination from cloud motions are reviewed. Computer processed imagery products are also discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 72-83
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  • 60
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    Military applications evolution and future (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program is described with particular emphasis on the military applications of METSAT data. Satellite operational support, data processing and image quality requirements are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 41-47
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  • 61
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    Early satellite program developments (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: A historical overview of the pioneer projects for the development of meteorological satellites is given. In addition, the parallel development of the responsible space agencies and panels is addressed. The Vanguard 2 satellite, the first Earth radiation experiment, and the vidicon equipped TIROS-1 satellite are discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 1-4
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  • 62
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    Problems in the climatology of the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruptions (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-12
    Beschreibung: A brief review of the effects of climate and weather on the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruptions and the subsequent dispersion of ash and gases and the reciprocal influences of the eruptions on climate and climatology is presented. The effects of mesoscale destruction of snow fields and vegetation, a revised mountain profile, and ash deposits are addressed along with impacts on hemispheric climate and disruption of normal climatological observations, in the areas directly affected by the explosions and ashfall. Environmental and economic consequences are also considered.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 203-209
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  • 63
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    Low-energy electron flux and its reaction to active experimentation of Spacelab (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-04
    Beschreibung: An instrument capable of observing the natural electron flux in the energy range from 0.1 to 12.0 kiloelectron volts is discussed for use in an experiment intended as a forerunner of a method that will utilize artificially accelerated electrons as tracer particles for electron fields parallel to the magnetic field. Effects that are of importance either as means of detecting the echo beam or as causes of beam perturbations (e.g., spacecraft charging effects and electron background) are to be studied. The use of electron accelerators as a tool to probe magnetospheric processes rather than to modify them is planned.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 3 p
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  • 64
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    Atmospheric emission photometric imaging (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-04
    Beschreibung: A dual-channel video system mounted on a stabilized two-axis gimbal system (mounted on the pallet) with associated optics and data handling electronics described the low light flux observations are required for: (1) investigating ionospheric transport processes by observing Mg+ ions; (2) supporting magnetospheric electron bounce experiments; (3) measuring electron cross sections for selected atmospheric species; (4) detecting small particle contamination; and (5) studying natural auroras.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 4 p
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  • 65
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    DC-magnetic field vector measurement (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-04
    Beschreibung: A magnetometer experiment was designed to determine the local magnetic field by measuring the total of the Earth's magnetic field and that of an unknown spacecraft. The measured field vector components are available to all onboard experiments via the Spacelab command and data management system. The experiment consists of two parts, an electronic box and the magnetic field sensor. The sensor includes three independent measuring flux-gate magnetometers, each measuring one component. The physical background is the nonlinearity of the B-H curve of a ferrite material. Two coils wound around a ferrite rod are necessary. One of them, a tank coil, pumps the ferrite rod at approximately 20 kilohertz. As a consequence of the nonlinearity, many harmonics can be produced. The second coil (i.e., the detection coil) resonates to the first harmonic. If an unknown dc or low-frequency magnetic field exists, the amplitude of the first harmonic is a measure for the unknown magnetic field. The voltages detected by the sensors are to be digitized and transferred to the command and data management system.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 2 p
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  • 66
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    Investigation on Atmospheric H and D through the measurement of their Lyman-alpha emissions (1981)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-04
    Beschreibung: Study of sources of Lyman-alpha emission in the atmosphere, in the interplanetary medium, and perhaps in the galactic medium is planned. Sources of Lyman-alpha emission are described and a schematic of the instrument presented.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 3 p
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    Space experiments with particle accelerators (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-06-04
    Beschreibung: The purpose of space experiments with particle accelerators (SEPAC) is to carry out active and interactive experiments on and in the Earth's ionosphere and magnetosphere. It is also intended to make an initial performance test for an overall program of Spacelab/SEPAC experiments. The instruments to be used are an electron beam accelerator, magnetoplasma dynamic arcjet, and associated diagnostic equipment. The accelerators are installed on the pallet, with monitoring and diagnostic observations being made by the gas plume release, beam-monitor TV, and particle-wave measuring instruments also mounted on the pallet. Command and display systems are installed in the module. Three major classes of investigations to be performed are vehicle charge neutralization, beam plasma physics, and beam atmosphere interactions. The first two are mainly onboard plasma physics experiments to measure the effect of phenomena in the vicinity of Spacelab. The last one is concerned with atmospheric modification and is supported by other Spacelab 1 investigations as well as by ground-based, remote sensing observations.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 4 p
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  • 68
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    Mercury: Topographic and geologic data from Earth-based radar observations (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-06
    Beschreibung: Significant new geologic information has been revealed by comparing 1:5 million scale geologic maps of the equatorial zone quadrangles of Mercury (H-6, H-7 and H-8) to Earth-based elevation profiles and surface reflectivity maps of Mercury obtained in the early 1970's at the Arecibo (PR) and Goldstone (CA) radar facilities. These data consist of 23 Goldstone images and profiles of polarized return data at 12.5-cm wavelength and one Arecibo profile. Radar data with 150-m vertical accuracy and 10- to 20-km horizontal resolution are available for areas between latitudes 13 N. and 11 S. In general, these data sets show excellent correlation between: (1) relative elevation and roughness differences that are reflected by mapped geologic contacts; (2) mapped ridges and scarps that display distinctive radar signatures; and (3) position and morphology of crater-and-basin topographic elements. Inferences can also be drawn about topographic and geologic terrain beyond the area imaged by Mariner 10 cameras.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Rept. of Planetary Geology Program, 1983; p 287
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  • 69
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    A regression model for the temporal development of soil pipes and associated gullies in the alluvial-fill valley of the Rio Puerco, central New Mexico (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-06
    Beschreibung: On Mars, the association of gullied escarpments and chaotic terrain is evidence for failure and scarp retreat of poorly consolidated materials. Some martian gullies have no surface outlets and may have drained through subterranean channels. Similar features, though on a much smaller scale, can be seen in alluvium along terrestrial river banks in semiarid regions, such as the Rio Puerco Valley of central New Mexico. Many of the escarpments along the Rio Puerco are developing through formation of collapse gullies, which drain through soil pipes. Gully development can be monitored on aerial photographs taken in 1935, 1962, and 1980. A regression model was developed to quantify gully evolution over a known time span. Soil pipes and their associated collapse gullies make recognizable signatures on the air photos. The areal extent of this signature can be normalized to the scarp length of each pipe-gully system, which makes comparisons between systems possible.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geol. Programs; p 196-197
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    Fluvial erosion of impact craters: Earth and Mars (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-06
    Beschreibung: Geomorphic studies of impact structures in central Australia are being used to understand the complexities of fluvial dissection in the heavily cratered terrains of Mars. At Henbury, Northern Territory, approximately 12 small meteorite craters have interacted with a semiarid drainage system. The detailed mapping of the geologic and structural features at Henbury allowed this study to concentrate on degradational landforms. The breaching of crater rims by gullies was facilitated by the northward movement of sheetwash along an extensive pediment surface extending from the Bacon Range. South-facing crater rims have been preferentially breached because gullies on those sides were able to tap the largest amounts of runoff. At crater 6 a probable rim-gully system has captured the headward reaches of a pre-impact stream channel. The interactive history of impacts and drainage development is critical to understanding the relationships in the heavily cratered uplands of Mars. Whereas Henbury craters are younger than 4700 yrs. B.P., the Gosses Bluff structure formed about 130 million years ago. The bluff is essentially an etched central peak composed of resistant sandstone units. Fluvial erosion of this structure is also discussed.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geol. Programs; p 175-177
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    Distribution and properties of small volcanoes in Acidalia Planitia (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-06
    Beschreibung: Eastern Acidalia Planitia contains a wide variety of terrain types on which are thousands of subkilometer volcanoes. Apparent morphometric variations were previously reported as a function of terrain type for the cones in the Cydonia area and extended to the rest of Acidalia for which high resolution Viking imagery exist. Crater counts are included for the six types of plains identified, density distributions of subkilometer cones found on each type of terrain, and orphometric data by morphological subclass as a function of terrain for more than 1400 cones.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geol. Program, 1983; p 130-132
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  • 72
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    East Butte: A volcanic dome of the Eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-06
    Beschreibung: Preliminary mapping shows East Butte to be a single, large cumulo-dome composed dominantly of rhyolite which can be classified into three main groups based on color and structure. The rhyolite of East Butte is aphanitic with phenocrysts of sanidine and quartz which vary from 1 to 5 mm in length. Vesicular reddish black inclusions of basalt up to 10 cm in length, found in all varieties of the East Butte rhyolites are believed to have originated from fragmentation of the basalt walls of the conduit by rhyolitic magma as it was emplaced. Most of the inclusions contain plagioclase phenocrysts. These phenocrysts measure up to 1 to 2 cm in length and have a typical euhedral, tabular habit. A 250-m diameter depression which has the appearance of a crater is located at the top of East Butte. Evidence supporting the fact that the depression is a crater is displayed by three small (3 to 5 m in height) mounds of massive rhyolite which border the depression.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA, Washington Rept. of Planetary Geol. Program, 1983; p 121-124
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  • 73
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    The 1950 sulfur flow of Mauna Loa: Considerations for Io (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-04-06
    Beschreibung: Some of the geological relationships observed in the Mauna Loa sulfur flow may apply in considering volcanic processes on Io. Given the presence of sulfur/sulfur compounds in the eruption plumes and on the surface of Io, it is likely that extensive secondary deposits of sulfur exist, some of which may be of fumarolic origin and analogous to the Mauna Loa deposit. Given the likelihood of silicate volcanism of Io based on the inferred material properties of some flows, and the attendant high temperatures for silicate volcanism, it is likely that the secondary surface deposits of sulfur would have been mobilized without being heated to the high viscosity stage. Mobilized sulfur flows on Io may flow long distances as a result of: (1) low viscosities in the melting range; (2) sustained effusion resulting from continued heating source area; (3) continued remobilization within the flow as a consequence of surges from the source; and (4) extension via lava tubes, or similar conduits through which there is little heat loss. Sulfur flows may form a relatively thin veneer over silicate flows and other surface units, given their fluidity and low mobilization temperature. Active splashing and splattering may spread sulfur over a wider area contributing the bright blooms observed in association with some Ionian flows.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geol. Program, 1983; p 133-134
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  • 74
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    Component testing for dynamic model verification (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Dynamic model verification is the process whereby an analytical model of a dynamic system is compared with experimental data, adjusted if necessary to bring it into agreement with the data, and then qualified for future use in predicting system response in a different dynamic environment. These are various ways to conduct model verification. The approach taken here employs Bayesian statistical parameter estimation. Unlike curve fitting, whose objective is to minimize the difference between some analytical function and a given quantity of test data (or curve), Bayesian estimation attempts also to minimize the difference between the parameter values of that funciton (the model) and their initial estimates, in a least squares sense. The objectives of dynamic model verification, therefore, are to produce a model which: (1) is in agreement with test data; (2) will assist in the interpretation of test data; (3) can be used to help verify a design; (4) will reliably predict performance; and (5) in the case of space structures, will facilitate dynamic control.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Recent Experiences in Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization, Part 2; 15 p
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    Post and a random-walk search mode (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Multidisciplinary analysis often requires optimization of nonlinear systems that are subject to constraints. Trajectory optimization is one example of this situation. The Program to Optimize Simulated Trajectories (POST) was used successfully for a number of problems. The purpose is to describe POST and a new optimization approach that has been incorporated into it. Typical uses of POST will also be illustrated. The projected-gradient approach to optimization is the preferred option in POST and is discussed. A new approach to optimization, the random-walk approach, is described, and results with the random-walk approach are presented.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Recent Experiences in Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization, Part 2; 23 p
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    Lightning research: A user's lament (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: As a user of devices and procedures for lightning protection, the author is asking the lightning research community for cookbook recipes to help him solve his problems. He is lamenting that realistic devices are scarce and that his mission does not allow him the time nor the wherewithal to bridge the gap between research and applications. A few case histories are presented. In return for their help he is offering researchers a key to lightning technology--the use of the Eastern Test Range and its extensive resources as a proving ground for their experiment in the lightning capital of the United States. A current example is given--a joint lightning characterization project to take place there. Typical resources are listed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Intern. Aerospace and Ground Conf. on Lightning and Static Elec.; 6 p
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    Wall interference measurements for three-dimensional models in transonic wind tunnels: Experimental difficulties (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The purpose is not to provide a detailed discussion of several wall interference experiments, but rather to use these experiments (recently accomplished in the Boeing Transonic Wind Tunnel (BTWT) to illustrate the problems associated with many of the measurements required by current wall interference assessment/correction (WIAC) procedures. The wall correction to lift is emphasized. It is shown that, because conventional tunnels and relatively small models continue to be used, the flow field or flow boundary measurements to be made impose severe requirements on the experiment itself. In some cases, existing instrumentation and test techniques may not be adequate to obtain the data accuracies needed.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Wind Tunnel Wall Interference Assessment and Correction, 1983; p 21-42
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  • 78
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    Adaptation of a four-wall interference assessment/correction procedure for airfoil tests in the 0.3-m TCT (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Based upon limited, initial observations of wall interference corrections obtained for one airfoil test, there is a need for assessing the upstream flow direction. If there is no direct measurement then a two-pass correction procedure similar to the one described here is required. Questions have arisen pertaining to the correct interpretation of the pressure coefficients measured on the slats of a slotted tunnel wall, the interpretation of just what the calculated equivalent body encompasses or should include, and what can or should be considered as quantitative criteria for data correctability. Further studies using this modified procedure will address these questions. Hopefully, a meaningful WIAC procedure can be validated for the airfoil tests in the 0.3-m TCT.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Wind Tunnel Wall Interference Assessment and Correction, 1983; p 393-414
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  • 79
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    Some experience with Barnwell-Sewall type correction to two-dimensional airfoil data (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A series of airfoils were tested in the Langley 0.3-Meter Transonic Cryogenic Tunnel (TCT) at Reynolds numbers from 2 to 50 million. The 0.3-m TCT is equipped with Barnwell slots designed to minimize blockage due to the tunnel flow and ceiling. This design suggests that sidewall corrections for blockage is needed, and that a lifting airfoil produces a change in angle of attack. Sidewall correction methods were developed for subsonic and subsonic-transonic flow. Comparisons of theory with experimental data obtained in the 0.3-m TCT for two airfoils, the British NPL 9510 and the German R-4 are presented. The NPL 9510 was tested as part of the NASA/United Kingdom Joint Aeronautical Program and R-4 was tested as part f the DFVLR/NASA Advanced Airfoil Research Program. For the NPL 9510 airfoil, only those test points that one would anticipate being difficult to predict theoretically are presented.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: Wind Tunnel Wall Interference Assessment and Correction, 1983; p 375-392
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  • 80
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    Experiences with a high-blockage model tested in the NASA Ames 12-foot pressure wind tunnel (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Representation of the flow around full-scale ships was sought in the subsonic wind tunnels in order to a Hain Reynolds numbers as high as possible. As part of the quest to attain the largest possible Reynolds number, large models with high blockage are used which result in significant wall interference effects. Some experiences with such a high blockage model tested in the NASA Ames 12-foot pressure wind tunnel are summarized. The main results of the experiment relating to wind tunnel wall interference effects are also presented.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center Wind Tunnel Wall Interference Assessment and Correction, 1983; p 345-360
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  • 81
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    An inerference assessment approach for a three-dimensional slotted tunnel with sparse wall pressure data (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The various procedures referred to as wall interference assessment and correction procedures presume the existence of a surface distribution of data (usually static pressure) measured over a surface on or near the tunnel walls for each test point to be assessed. An alternative approach in which a reasonably sophisticated computer model of the test section flow would be fitted parametrically to a sparse set of measured data is presented. The measurements provides line distributions of static pressure near the center lines of the top, side and bottom walls. The development of a test section model incorporating explicit recognition of discrete slots of finite length with controlled flow reentry into the solid wall downstream portion of the tunnel is shown.
    Schlagwort(e): AERODYNAMICS
    Materialart: NASA. Langley Research Center. Wind Tunnel Wall Interference Assessment and Correction, 1983; p 323-334
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  • 82
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    Ozone and aircraft operations (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The cabin ozone problem is discussed. Cabin ozone in terms of health effects, the characteristics of ozone encounters by aircraft, a brief history of studies to define the problem, corrective actions taken, and possible future courses of action are examined. It is suggested that such actions include avoiding high ozone concentrations by applying ozone forecasting in flight planning procedures.
    Schlagwort(e): GEOPHYSICS
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 5th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 40-44
    Format: text
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  • 83
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    A study of the geographic coverage properties of a satellite borne Doppler lidar wind velocity measuring system (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: Geographic coverage frequency and geographic shot density for a satellite borne Doppler lidar wind velocity measuring system are measured. The equations of motion of the light path on the ground were derived and a computer program devised to compute shot density and coverage frequency by latitude-longitude sections. The equations for the coverage boundaries were derived and a computer program developed to plot these boundaries, thus making it possible, after an application of a map coloring algorithm, to actually see the areas of multiple coverage. A theoretical cross-swath shot density function that gives close approximations in certain cases was also derived. This information should aid in the design of an efficient data-processing system for the Doppler lidar.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Alabama Univ. in Huntsville The 1981 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 26 p
    Format: text
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  • 84
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    The Joint Airport Weather Studies Project (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: A block diagram of the joint airport weather studies program is presented. Background leading to the development of the program is reviewed. Basic studies, aircraft performance, and detection and warning techniques used to develop fine scale structure of thunderstorm dynamics and kinematics in the vicinity of a major airport; effect of thunderstorm low level wind shear on aircraft performance; and development of real time testing of flow level wind shear detection and warning techniques and displays are described.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 5th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 91-95
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  • 85
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    Prototype Regional Observation and Forecast System (PROFS) (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The prototype regional observation and forecast system (PROFS) outputs are demonstrated, functional design specifications to be used to procure and implement operational systems are outlined. Advanced candidate technologies are evaluated as an integral part of the process that leads to these outputs. Evaluation insures that future weather service systems will contain the optimum mix of technologies to be most cost effective in reducing the annual losses and deaths that are directly attributed to severe weather.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 5th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 81-85
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  • 86
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    Progress on low altitude cloud icing research (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-02-14
    Beschreibung: The icing environment at altitudes below 10,000 feet were studied. The following questions are asked, are: (1) existing aircraft certification criteria applicable; (2) too stringent on icing for helos; (3) based on accurate data; (4) appropriate for low (10,000 ft) altitudes? The research plan is outlined: review historical icing data, obtain new measurements, collect modern icing data from other groups, and recommend LWC, OAT, and MVD criteria for helicopters. Estimated accuracies and known sources of error are included. It is concluded that the net effect of possible sources of error of both signs is uncertain.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 5th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 59-63
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  • 87
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    The program of the Techniques Development Laboratory in aviation weather forecasting (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Some operational and experimental products developed for aviation weather forecasting are briefly described. Experimental products include surface dew point, obstructions to vision, boundary layer model, computer-worded terminal forecasts, terminal alerting procedure, generalized equivalent Markov, and radar forecasts (0-2 hours).
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 209-212
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  • 88
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    Doctor Fujita's microburst analysis at Chicago (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Doppler radar measurements of an intense wind shear occurance are discussed. The data suggest the presence of an incredibly strong low level jet outflow component of the microburst event, reaching 60 knots only 50 meters above the surface. Evidence also suggests that microbursts more typically occur in very weak thunderstorms that have hardly reached thunderstorm stage.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 201-202
    Format: text
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  • 89
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    The microburst: Common factor in recent aircraft accidents (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The phenomenology of one class of strong thunderstorm downdrafts, microbursts, is described. Several aircraft accidents are analyzed in which a microburst was involved and a concept for an early warning wind shear sensor is presented.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 186-200
    Format: text
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  • 90
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    Clear air turbulence forecasting techniques (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: A method to improve clear air turbulence (CAT) forecasting by more effectively using the currently operational rawinsonde (RW) system is discussed. The method is called the Diagnostic Richardson Number Tendency (DRT) technique. The technique does not attempt to use the RW as a direct detector of the turbulent motion or even of the CAT mechanism structure but rather senses the synoptic scale centers of action which provide the energy to the CAT mechanism at the mesoscale level. The DRT algorithm is deterministic rather than statistical in nature, using the hydrodynamic equations (equations of motion) relevant to the synoptic scale. However, interpretation, by necessity, is probabilistic. What is most important with respect to its operational implementation is that this method uses the same input data as currently used by the operational National Meteorological Center prognostic models.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 203-208
    Format: text
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  • 91
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    The 1979 clear air turbulence flight test program (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: A clear air turbulence (CAT) flight test to evaluate and test four different sensors in the detection and measuring of CAT and other meteorological targets that relate to turbulence is discussed. The primary types of CAT investigated were mountain wave CAT, jetstream CAT, CAT in cirrus clouds, and CAT in frontal wind shears, troughs, and ridges. The sensors included the CO2 pulsed Doppler lidar and three radiometers. One of the radiometers, at a frequency of 55.5 GHz, looked at atmospheric temperature structure. Another, at a frequency of 180.1 GHz, looked at atmospheric water vapor and investigated the feasibility of measuring at the microwave frequency the turbulence features seen in the infrared (IR) frequencies. An IR radiometer at 27 to 33 microns was the fourth sensor. This last device and the temperature structure radiometer worked well at all flight levels.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 171-179
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  • 92
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    Very short range forecasts of visibility and ceiling (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The development of methods for the short range forecasting of visibility and ceiling conditions is discussed. Short range forecasts of one hour or less (5 or 30 minutes), immediately after a series of local observations can be expected to be more accurate and reliable than any forecast of more than one hour. These forecasts can be accomplished by the operational implementation of fully automated aviation observation systems and the utilization of statistical techniques such as the Generalized Equivalent Markov model.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 180-185
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  • 93
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    Measuring weather for aviation safety in the 1980's (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: Requirements for an improved aviation weather system are defined and specifically include the need for (1) weather observations at all airports with instrument approaches, (2) more accurate and timely radar detection of weather elements hazardous to aviation, and (3) better methods of timely distribution of both pilot reports and ground weather data. The development of the discrete address beacon system data link, Doppler weather radar network, and various information processing techniques are described.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 162-167
    Format: text
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  • 94
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    Observing lightning from ground-based and airborne stations (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The operational designs and performance capabilities of ground-based and airborne lightning detection systems are reviewed. The airborne Stormscope system is described and compared with onboard radar and the lightning detection and ranging system (LDAR). Two examples of difference-in-time-of-arrival systems for detecting spherics from discharges in electrified clouds are described: (1) The LDAR system and (2) Taylor's lightning mapping system. Next, an interferometric system adapted to lightning location is discussed. Finally, systems that are based upon crossed-loop magnetic direction finding principles but which have been refined and improved to accurately locate lightning discharges to ground are reviewed.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 130-139
    Format: text
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  • 95
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    Aeronautical concerns and National Aeronautics and Space Administration atmospheric electricity projects (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The phenomenology of lightning and lightning measurement techniques are briefly examined with a particular reference to aeronautics. Developments made in airborne and satellite detection methods are reported. NASA research efforts are outlined which cover topics including in-situ measurements, design factors and protection, remote optical and radio frequency measurements, and space vehicle design.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: Proc.: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 140-160
    Format: text
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  • 96
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    Remote probing of wind and wind shears (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The ability of various types of remote probes to measure wind is discussed. Two important advantages over in-situ sensors are reported: (1) their ability to measure atmospheric parameters without disturbing the air flow; (2) their ability to scan through large volumes of the atmosphere with relative ease. Direct measurement sensors such as anemometers and wind vanes are categorized into two groups; active and passive. Acoustic radar, microwave radar, and lidar are included in the first group and the latter group is typified by the infrared radiometers.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 109-124
    Format: text
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  • 97
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    Winds and wind shear in-situ sensors (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The problem of development of instrumentation for providing wind speed and direction information directly or indirectly to a pilot in the cockpit is considered. The pilots need for horizontal wind information at various stages of flight (i.e., at liftoff, in approach and departure corridors, and even in flight outside the terminal area) are emphasized.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 82-108
    Format: text
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  • 98
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    Clear air turbulence: Historical comments (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The basic reference material for gust design criteria are cited. The status of clear air turbulence meteorology (forecasting and detection) is discussed. The directions of further research technology is indicated.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meterol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 71-81
    Format: text
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  • 99
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    Aircraft icing instrumentation: Unfilled needs (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: A list of icing instrumentation requirements are presented. Because of the Army's helicopter orientation, many of the suggestions are specific to rotary wing aircraft; however, some of the instrumentation are also suitable for general aviation aircraft.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 61-65
    Format: text
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  • 100
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    Icing instrumentation (1980)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2006-01-16
    Beschreibung: The types and usage categories of icing instrumentation are discussed. The state-of-the-art for the technology governing the use of icing instrumentation is reported with particular emphasis on ground based facilities for icing tests.
    Schlagwort(e): METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Materialart: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc: Fourth Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 49-60
    Format: text
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