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  • Articles  (29)
  • Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering  (29)
  • 2010-2014
  • 1980-1984  (29)
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  • Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology  (29)
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  • Articles  (29)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calculation of the Electrical Field within an Electrical Sensing Zone Counter (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 37-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Iterative numerical analysis methods, similar to those used for ray tracing in electron and ion guns, have been employed to calculate the electrical potential distribution in the vicinity of the orifice of an electrical sensing zone (esz) instrument. In particular, the electrical potential across the mouth of the orifice is considered and the effects of numerically bevelling the sharp peripheral edge are demonstrated.The results support the empirical equation: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm d}\phi {\rm /d}x \sim 1 + \alpha '\{(r/R)/(1 - r/R)\} ^{\beta '} $$\end{document} for the axial component of the potential gradient, dφ/dx, at the mouth of the orifice expressed as a function of the radial distance, r, from the centre of the orifice of radius R; α′ and β′ are empirical constants. This equation was derived from previously reported experimental data on relative shifts and heights of artefact peaks apparent on the coarse side of size distributions measured via the esz method on a series of latex copolymers.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010107
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Influence of Particle Shape and Particle Size Distribution on fluidisation behaviour of granular activated carbon in the aqueous phase (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 143-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper deals with the influence of particle shape and particle size distribution on the fluidisation behaviour of granular activated carbon in the aqueous phase. Methods for relating the degree of expansion, as a function of liquid velocity, to particle shape and particle size distribution are discussed and tested. Two different types of activated carbon, both containing irregularly shaped particles but with differences in shape, are used to test the models discussed. A tentative method which takes into account the influence of water temperature on fluidisation behaviour is proposed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010125
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Minimum Sintering Temperatures of Fluidizable Particles (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 171-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental methods to determine minimum sintering temperatures of a variety of granules such as polymers, glass, coal, inorganic salts, etc. are presented. These methods include the use of a dilatometer in which the contraction-dilation characteristics of a small sample is measured, a differential scanning calorimeter test and an Instron machine by which yield strengths are measured. It is clearly shown that for the majority of materials studied, the different methods give similar values for the minimum sintering temperature but that the dilatometer experiment is the simplest as well as the most reliable method. Since the minimum sintering temperature is always less than the solid's melting point, an efficient method of measuring this temperature is very important for all fluidizable granules subjected to high temperatures. The danger of agglomeration during fluidization increases tremendously at temperatures higher than minimum sintering and therefore special precautions must be taken to avoid defluidization under these conditions.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010129
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multifractal Description of a Rugged Fineparticle Profile (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 14-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mandelbrot has extended the concept of classical dimensional description of physical systems to include fractional values which describe the ruggedness of a structure. Thus if one has a dimension of 1.2 one knows that one is dealing with a line which fills space more efficiently than a line which has dimension of 1.1. A mathematical curve which exhibits ideal fractal structure has the same appearance when viewed at any level of scrutiny. Kaye and co-workers applied the concept of fractal mathematics to the description of the boundaries of fineparticle profiles. As demonstrated in this communication a natural fractal boundary in contrast with an ideal fractal can exhibit different fractal structures over different ranges of scrutiny. As a consequence one should always report the scale of scrutiny employed when examining the fractal structure of natural boundaries. Data is presented demonstrating the fractal/euclidean boundary structure manifest by aluminum shot fineparticles examined at various levels of scrutiny. The relationship between fractal descriptors of fineparticle boundaries and the Fourier analysis of geometric signature waveforms for describing the structure of fineparticles is explored. Data presented by Flook on the physical significance of the various co-efficients of a Fourier analysis of a signature waveform is correlated with the fractal description of the ruggedness of a profile.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010103
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of Techniques for Measuring the Size of Fine non-spherical particles (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 45-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Three general types of commercial particle sizing instruments have been tested with redispersed fly ash and devolatilised coal char in the size range 0.5 to 5 μm. Results are compared with volume-equivalent diameters obtained by Coulter Counter. Single-particle light-scattering counters are found to oversize fly ash, primarily because of the irregular particle shape, but generally to undersize the strongly absorbing char particles. The Malvern sizer, based on Fraunhofer diffraction analysis, grossly oversizes fly ash dispersed in water, probably because most of the particles are too small for the Fraunhofer approximation to be valid; results for carbon char are closer to the expected values, although results for particles dispersed in air and in water show some disagreement. The Aerodynamic Particle Sizer undersizes irregular particles substantially, probably because of increased drag resulting from the irregular shape and tumbling motion of these particles.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010108
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrochemical Properties of Constituent Minerals of Manganese Nodules (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 137-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Deep-sea manganese nodules must be potentially valuable one of the most mineral resources containing several economically valuable metal elements. Manganese minerals in the nodules are regarded principally as todorokite and δ-MnO2. The todorokite phase is porous and enriched in copper and nickel, while the porous δ-MnO2 phase is enriched in cobalt. Porosity and adsorption as well as dissolution characteristics have been observed for each constituent mineral. Furthermore the pore diffusion coefficient has been calculated. Moreover, the zeta potential of each constituent mineral has been measured in order to evaluate the electrochemical property. This has been applied successfully to the selective concentration of copper and nickel bearing or cobalt bearing minerals in deep-sea manganese nodules.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010124
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laser Diffraction Spectrometers/Experience in Particle Size Analysis (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 153-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Over the past few years, laser diffraction spectrometry has become a very important method of particle size analysis. Typical features include the large measuring range, the simplicity of operation and the speed with which analyses can be carried out. The principle of measurement and the set-up of three commerical instruments are described.The following points are discussed, with reference to examples:-Relevant parameters, such as particle shape, shape of distribution curve or dispersion, bution curve or dispersion,-reproducibility, comparison of the results obtained with different types of apparatus between one another and with other, analytical methods, and-on-line use of the instruments for the measurement of dynamic processes, eg. flocculation and dispersion processes.Operating experience gained with six instruments over a number of years is discussed.The measuring method which is described here is in a stage of rapid development and dissemination. It is for this reason that recent improvements and new developments cannot be dealt with here. For example, an apparatus named Helos from Sympatec GmbH, Remlingen, has appeared on the market. The external appearance of the instruments marketed by the Malvern and Leeds and Northrup companies has changed somewhat.The author's practical experience (in some instances extremely wide-ranging) with these devices is presented here in summary form.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010126
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comminution of Irregularly Shaped Particles by Slow Compression: Interpretation of the size distributions of progeny particles as mixed distributions (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 74-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The evaluation of particle size distributions of comminution products often shows that the experimental distributions cannot be represented by one of the well-known functions (GGS, RRSB, log-normal distributions). Although in some cases a more or less satisfactory approximation to one of these functions can be made, a physically meaningful interpretation is generally impossible. Using the frequency curve, it can often be shown that mixed distributions, represented by several statistical assemblies, do exist. In this paper the progeny size distributions of quartzite formed by slow compression comminution of single grains and particle beds as well as of the comminution products of a roller mill are interpreted as superpositions of several statistical assemblies each of which can be represented by a truncated log-normal distribution.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010112
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Online Measurement of the Grain Size Distribution of Sand 0-4 mm used for the production of concrete (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 85-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An apparatus is described for the fast and automatic measurement of the grain size distribution of sand ranging from 0 to 4 mm. A sample of sand continuously introduced at a rate of 30 g/min is separated by the apparatus into seven fractions of 0-0.063, 0.063-0.125, 0.125-0.25, 0.25-0.5, 0.5-1, 1-2, and 2-4 mm. The amount of sand in each of these fractions is determined and the results are given in time intervals of 1 minute. The sand is separated in a separation chamber through which water streams in a horizontal laminar flow. The samples are separated according to their settling velocities. The four coarse fractions descend to the bottom of the chamber. They are collected and weighed under water. The three fine fractions remain suspended in three effluent water streams. The quantity of sand is measured in flow cells by absorption of laser light. Control of the system as well as the collection and processing of the measured data are done by means of an electronic control unit and a microcomputer.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010114
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photometric Determination of Respirable Dust Concentration without Elutriation of coarse particles (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 96-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The principle of an instantaneous reading, respirable dust, photometer and its application are described. The instrument measures the infrared light (940 nm wavelength) scattered on airborne particles under a mean scattering angle of 70°. Its open measuring chamber, which is insensitive to daylight, is filled with total dust. The photometer reading, however, is calibrated in terms of mass concentration of respirable dust by means of a gravimetric respirable dust sampler. Experiments carried out with monodisperse test aerosols and with real dusts confirm the instrument's principle. The photometer values obtained for real dusts can be linearly converted into mass values of respirable dust as long as ultra-fine or ultra-coarse dusts are excluded. In several practical cases an increased flux of scattered light is compensated for by a higher density of the dust material.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010116
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation of Simultaneously Measured Droplet Sizes and Velocities in nozzle sprays (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 112-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The application of a new LDA method which simultaneously measures the size and velocity of small water droplets in the spray cone of a fan type water nozzle is described. As the phase difference between adjacent photomultipliers responding to signals from a fringe mode LDA is linearly proportional to the diameter of the spherical particle in the measuring volume, the new instrument allows, for long distances between the optical devices and the measuring volume in the spray, non-invasive measurements and from these the correlation of size and velocity of the individual droplet in order to establish two-dimensional distributions. From the new LDA instrument one receives definite information about the volume-flow concentration in the measuring point of an enclosed flow situation.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010119
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On-Line Analysis, Its Potential and Its Problems (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 7-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the application and the development of on-line methods for particle size analysis one has to distinguish three principally different problem areas:aallocation and preparation of a representative sample,banalysis of the sample,cevaluation of the results.Methods and problems connected with these areas will be discussed in this paper. Some of the methods available for rapid response analysis of particle size distributions mark the beginning of a new era of particle size analysis. One has to recognize however that a uniform solution of the problems of on-line particle size analysis is extremely difficult if not impossible to find. The boundary conditions vary to such an extent that similar methods or combinations of methods can rarely be used in different cases. Since instrument manufacturers will in most cases not be able to adopt their instruments to different industrial applications, specialists will have to solve the problem. One has to recognize, however, that not all of the steps described in this paper have been investigated to an extent which renders possible appropriate solutions. There is still room for improvement.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010102
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of the Coulter Counter® Model ZM to Spheres (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 32-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Most existing theories of the response of electrical sensing zone particle size analysers, for instance of the type Coulter Counter®, predict that a significant deviation from sizing linearity will occur at and above some 40% of the aperture diameter. Practical experience, at least for the only test models available - latex spheres - shows that this is not the case in practice. Linear particle response up to 80% of the aperture diameter has been established, confirming the prediction recently made by Scarlett in a new response theory.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010106
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    A Study of the Physical Significance of Three-Dimensional signature waveformsPresented at the Fineparticle Characterization Conference, Hawaii, 1-5 August 1983 (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 59-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It has been shown that the projected area of a rotating fineparticle can be used to construct a signature waveform which is descriptive of some aspects of the three-dimensional morphology of a fineparticle. If the fineparticle is rotated systematically about two mutually independent axes, through two sets of 90 degrees rotations, the signature waveform can be related to the surface area of the convex hull. It could be that the convex hull of a fineparticle is related to its fluid dynamic behaviour and its ability to modify the effective viscosity of a fluid in its suspension. This type of significance of different types of Cauchy signature waveforms are discussed. The concept of three-dimensional signature waveforms is extended to cover the structural shape waveform and the fractal waveforms which, respectively, describe the spatial structure and the ruggedness of a fineparticle profile. The possible utilization of all three types of waveforms to describe in a complete manner the three-dimensional structure of a rugged fineparticle is discussed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010110
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Representation and Evaluation of Particle Size Analysis Data (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 89-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: While editing the first issues of Particle Characterization it has been recognized by the editors that the papers submitted differ widely in the representation of data and in the nomenclature chosen to characterize such common variables as particle size, different equivalent particle diameters, average particle sizes, cumulative and density values of a distribution etc. In oder to make papers published in this Journal more readily assimilable and graphs representing particle size analysis data instantly recognizable by using agreed upon standardized nomenclature the following paper has been submitted by one of the editors. It was first presented at the Harold Heywood Memorial Symposium, September 1974, at the University of Technology, Loughborough, U. K.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010115
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calibration of Optical Particle Counters with Respect to Particle Size (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 108-111 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In optical particle counters the calibration function describing the relationship between the amplitude of the scattered light pulses and particle size depends on several parameters. In this paper, several calibration methods are discussed. As an example, the calibration of an optical particle counter (HC-15, Polytec GmbH & Co., Waldbronn, FRG) is demonstrated, using real aerosols with unknown particle shape and refractive index, and a precollector with known collection efficiency. The error analysis, when performed together with the results of an indirect check of the obtained calibration curve, provide evidence that this method yields good calibration curves for the aerosol being measured. The method is then applied to obtain the calibration curves for quartz dust, ash from a fluidized bed combustor and coal dust.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010118
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  • 17
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    Particle Technology - Manipulating the DividedThis paper is substantially the text of the inaugural lecture given by Professor B. Scarlett at the Technische Hogeschool, Delft, on October 26, 1983. The lecture relies heavily on experience gained during tenure at Loughborough University of Technology. It has been modified to remove personal and local connotations and is published here as an individual view of the subject of particle technology in general and of particle characterization in particular. (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 1-6 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Particle Technology is a broad and multidisciplinary subject of great importance but diffuse in definition. In this paper a view is presented of the underlying science and its technological applications. In particular a structured subject is dependent upon characterization techniques from which predictions can be made. In this paper the interrelationship between macroscopic and microscopic characterization is discussed. The standardisation and development of the microscopic techniques, particle analysis, is identified as the key to the development of the whole subject.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010101
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  • 18
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    The Role of Fractal Quantities, as Specific Surface and Tortuosities, for physical properties of porous media (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 66-73 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Besides the knowledge of material constants of the homogeneous phases of a disperse system, a good understanding of its geometrical properties is necessary for describing physical processes. In order to characterize the shape of the interface between solids and pore space with respect to the irregularities in all orders of magnitude, the fractal dimension has proved to be an informative parameter. By this study the theory of fractal dimensions, in three-dimensional space originally limited to topological curves, surfaces and volumes, is extended into physical properties like specific surface, tortuosity, porosity and formation factor with “physical” dimensions -1 or 0 as an exponent of the unit of length. The typical properties of the true fractals are transferable to some of these derived parameters. This leads to power laws describing the dependence of the particular measure on the resolution length. With special models, which seem to be of widespread validity in nature, petrophysical considerations lead to further power laws for the rest of the physical parameters, dependent on discrete length parameters such as grain radius and pore radius. By determination of the exponents of such independent power laws, a better particle characterization is possible, as the fractal dimension of the surface alone may be misleading, especially when the grain size of the particles is not uniform.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010111
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  • 19
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    Drop-Size Distributions Produced by Pressure NozzlesThis paper was presented at the Third European Symposium on Particle Characterization (PARTEC), Nürnberg, May 1984, and appears in German in the Preprints. (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 117-120 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Measured drop-size distributions are presented which were obtained by the atomization of water with hollow-cone nozzles. The drop-size distributions were determined using a scatteredlight particle size counting analyser at various locations in the droplet cone. These local distributions change systematically from the cone's axis to its border. To acquire the drop-size distribution of all the drops the local distributions have to be superimposed. The spatial mass flow distribution in the cone can be calculated from these measurements.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010120
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  • 20
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    Experimental Investigation of the Tensile Strength of a Powder bed by split cell type tensile testersPresented at Fine Particle Society, Pacific Region Meeting, Honolulu, August 1983. (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 133-136 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: New types of equipment for measuring the tensile strength of a powder bed, based on the Warren Spring type of split cell, have been developed by the authors and are reported in this paper. The main modification is an extension of the range of the porosity of the powder bed to be tested by improving the sliding mechanism of the split cell. Three versions of the modified equipment are introduced and explained, and the reduction of the sliding friction and the stability of the split cell at a high compression range are shown. The results obtained with beds of a wide porosity range are presented in a new equation for the adhesion force of a powder bed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010123
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  • 21
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    Electronic Resource
    Data Reduction in Fluid Classification Methods (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 167-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fluid classification methods for particle size analysis are based on the concept of cut size. The particles suspended in a fluid are passed through several separation stages, of progressively finer cut-size, so that each stage collects a fraction of the feed solids in the same way as each screen in a stack of sieves.There is an inherent error involved in the data reduction, which often leads to a poor comparison between the results of fluid classification and sedimentation, although both in principle measure the equivalent Stokes' diameter.This paper investigates the problem and attributes the above mentioned error to the difference between the equiprobable size and the analytical cut size. The paper presents a simple correlation which relates the analytical cut size and the equiprobable size if both the measured size distribution and the grade efficiency curve of the separator follow, approximately, log-normal functions. The usefulness of the correlation is exemplified in the case of the Bahco analyser. Measured grade efficiency curves for each separation stage provide the necessary data for the above mentioned correction and this is then applied to examples of practical particle size analysis.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010128
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sampling Powders for Shape Description (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 22-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For some time studies have been made relating the values obtained from simple shape description to bulk powder properties. More recently the detailed mathematical description of particle outline has become possible and quite powerful techniques have been developed. These techniques may be used for the regeneration by computer of the shape and, more importantly, for studies relating shape to individual particle behaviour and to bulk powder properties. Quite inadequate attention has been directed to the task of obtaining from the laboratory sample of the bulk powder a representative sample of shapes without bias. In this communication the considerations to be included in the sampling procedure are reviewed and a possible solution to the problems posed is presented.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010104
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dispersion of Samples and Sample-feeding for Counting Methods (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 28-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The currently used methods of sample preparation are examined and found to be unsatisfactory in case of counting methods for particle size analysis. It is the purpose of this paper to review the results of investigations of two different measuring principles (light extinction and electrical resistance change) by use of the same signal handling equipment. The commonly used techniques and units are compared with regard to the resulting density distributions of particle size below 0.25 mm. The final conclusions including recommendations to the use of ultrasonic treatment and to improvements of the sampling and the sample-feeding units are valid for all counting methods.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010105
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
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    Errors in the Determination of Particle Size Distributions Caused by coincidences in optical particle counters (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 53-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: When performing particle size analysis by scattered light, coincidences in the measuring volume of optical particle counters not only cause too small a particle concentration to be measured, but also a size distribution to be obtained which is systematically shifted towards coarser particle sizes. It is pointed out in this paper how this shift can be precalculated when the true distribution is given. The results show under which conditions a correction of the measured distribution is indispensable.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010109
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  • 25
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    The Application and Potential of Cluster Analysis in the Interpretation of multivariate particulate data (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 78-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The classification of powders into groups possessing specific behavioural identities has long been recognized as desirable. This has been approached by describing different powders using two variables and plotting the data on a scatter diagram. The property of interest is then inferred from a powder's position on the scatter diagram. Unfortunately, a powder's behaviour is rarely adequately described by only two variables. To describe a powder more fully requires more variables and this presents a problem in interpretation. Cluster analysis refers to a range of techniques for interpreting multivariate data sets and is used in many fields. This paper describes cluster analysis and considers the method and potential of its application to particle technology. By way of an illustration, a cluster analysis has been performed on twenty-seven powders resulting in groups recognizable by their characteristic fluidisation and flow properties. It is concluded that cluster analysis could be a powerful tool in predictive and analytical work in the field of particle technology.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010113
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of an Electrical Conductivity Microprobe for the Characterization of bubble behavior in gas-liquid bubble flow (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 102-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this paper a new electrical conductivity technique for the measurement of bubble size and velocity is presented. This measuring system is able not only to estimate size and velocity of particles (bubbles and droplets in liquids) but also to give complete information on the space related motion of particles. Thus a significant improvement is achieved in the accuracy of measurement.By using the simultanous measurement of both: bubble sizes and volumetric hold up of the dispersed phase, one is able to calculate the local interfacial area. In the first part of this paper the measuring system, its properties and limits are illustrated. In the second part results obtained in a bubble column will be presented.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010117
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Particle Size Analysis of Heterogeneous Powders by Sedimentation (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 121-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is often necessary to carry out sedimentation analysis of powders, consisting of two or more components, which differ in some physical properties. By means of theoretical studies of twocomponent systems the systematic errors of the measured particle size distributions were analysed for the case that differences exist in the following combinations of properties:-particle size distribution D(x) and solid density ϱs-D(x) and mass absorption coefficient μm-D(x) and ϱs and μmUsing real systems (SiO2 + Fe2O3, Al2O3 + SiO2, Al2O3 + Fe2O3) the partial and total errors were estimated and compared with the results obtained with a Sedigraph. Differences in the density of the components often result in negligible errors, even for the system SiO2 + Fe2O3, if the mass portion of one component is below about 10%. For the total error the differences of μm and D(x) are decisive. Its value is below 1% if the mass portion of the slightly absorbing component is 〈5% or if the strongly absorbing component is 〈1%.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010121
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Determination of Particle Size Distribution Using Combined gravitational and centrifugal sedimentation analysis (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 127-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Combined gravitational and centrifugal sedimentation analysis was studied using a Sedigraph X-ray sedimentometer and a Ladal pipette centrifuge. The test powders were talc, calcite and lead oxide. The purpose of the study was to examine the possibilities of extending the sedimentation analysis towards finer sizes by the use of centrifugal force. All the test samples could be analysed down to 0.04-0.05 μm by the combined sedimentation procedure with reasonable accuracy and the results were matched to give a uniform distribution. It was also shown to be preferable to present the size analysis data in a log-probability scale, as it gives the means to easily distinguish materials with different particle size characteristics and to estimate the actual distribution by a statistical function.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010122
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  • 29
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    A Special Feeder for Diffraction Pattern Analysis of Dry Powders (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 161-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Numerous unit operations in particle technology require that dry powders are fed into a system with as little fluctuation as possible in flow rate and velocity and that the powder is dispersed in flowing air. A feeding and dispersing system has been developed which allows mass throughputs between 0.1 and 20 kg/h. It has been used as a feeder unit for dry particle size analysis from diffraction patterns.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010127
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