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  • Articles  (6,796)
  • Oxford University Press  (6,796)
  • 2010-2014  (3,355)
  • 1985-1989  (1,794)
  • 1970-1974  (1,426)
  • 1950-1954  (124)
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  • Economics  (6,083)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (1,041)
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  • Articles  (6,796)
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  • 1
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    Characteristics of Successful Environmental Courts and Tribunals (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-11-07
    Description: Over the course of the past few decades, there has been an exponential growth in environmental courts and tribunals (ECTs). At present, over 350 of these specialized fora for resolving environmental disputes exist, spanning across every region throughout the world. Some of the ECTs have been more successful but others have been less successful. This article identifies 12 characteristics that experience suggests are required for an environmental court or tribunal to operate successfully in practice, drawing upon examples from multiple jurisdictions. In identifying best practices, both substantive and procedural, from existing ECTs, this article will assist two groups: first, stakeholders who are in the process of planning or creating environmental courts or tribunals in their jurisdictions and, secondly, stakeholders and countries that are looking to improve the functioning and performance of their own ECTs.
    Print ISSN: 0952-8873
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-374X
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law
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  • 2
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    This is Not a Thing: Land, Sustainability and Legal Education (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-11-07
    Description: Legal education plays an important but under-acknowledged role in anthropogenic environmental change because it shapes and qualifies people to become lawyers, judges and policy makers. Their work can prohibit and legitimate particular environmental practices. The conceptual framework of law, its taxonomy, as taught to students of law, often perpetuates an unsustainable relationship to the environment where it separates questions of entitlement to land and natural resources from questions of responsibility for them. The implication of perpetuating this separation in law curricula is that generations of legal practitioners will remain unlikely to develop a coherent system of environmental law that aligns rights with responsibilities. Environmental education scholar David Orr argues that ‘all education is environmental education’. But legal education often excludes environmental considerations even where these are materially relevant. Given the role of legal education in shaping future law, this article contends that rethinking its categories opens the possibility to create sustainable land use practice laws and policy.
    Print ISSN: 0952-8873
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-374X
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law
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  • 3
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    The Limits of Interdisciplinarity and the Practice of Environmental Law Scholarship (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-07
    Description: This article utilises the concept of interdisciplinarity as a background against which to reflect on the nature of environmental law scholarship. The article argues that, while interdisciplinary scholarship has some tangible benefits in terms of expanding the perimeters of a discipline, the effects of interdisciplinary work are often exaggerated. In fact, interdisciplinary scholarship may have the unintended consequence of entrenching academic disciplines even further. In light of this, it is argued that environmental law scholarship is best perceived and defined as a deliberative practice which takes place within, and speaks to, a specific community of scholars—an interpretive community. In order to secure a vibrant discipline, the article argues that the community ought to maintain a flexible, open-ended and broadly defined approach to environmental law scholarship.
    Print ISSN: 0952-8873
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-374X
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law
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  • 4
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    Corporate Crops: Biotechnology, Agriculture and the Struggle for Control. By GABRIELA PECHLANER (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-07
    Print ISSN: 0952-8873
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-374X
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law
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  • 5
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    Significant International Environmental Law Cases: 2012-14 (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-07
    Print ISSN: 0952-8873
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-374X
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law
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  • 6
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    Above and Below the Surface: The Status of Sub-National Authorities in EU Climate Change Regulation (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-11-07
    Description: European Union (EU) legal studies generally picture the Member States’ local and regional authorities as implementers of national and supranational norms rather than independent regulators. Yet, sub-national authorities (SNAs) have become active regulators in the context of climate change mitigation and adaptation, a role not foreseen by EU primary law, which this article understands to constitute the surface of EU law. This article examines regulatory activity of SNAs from the perspective of EU law. It illustrates that sub-national, national, supranational and international actors are engaged in a process of mutual learning and experimentation and that, below its surface, EU law recognises that SNAs are not mere implementers of norms but also independent regulators.
    Print ISSN: 0952-8873
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-374X
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law
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  • 7
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    Bund Naturschutz in Bayern Revisited: The Required Standard of Protection under the EU's Habitats Directive Prior to a Site's Adoption as a Site of Community Importance (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-11-07
    Description: This article presents a fresh analysis of the implications of the 2006 judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in Case C-244/05 Bund Naturschutz in Bayern , which clarified the standard of legal protection afforded to sites eligible for adoption as Sites of Community Importance (SCIs) under the EU’s Habitats Directive. The article argues that, as a result of this line of case law, it will be unlawful ( at least in certain cases, and perhaps in all) to apply the Article 6(4) Habitats Directive derogation in respect of eligible sites which have not yet been adopted by the European Commission as SCIs. The Commission appears to have been aware of this potential implication, and acted swiftly to minimise the potentially disruptive impact of the judgment on plans and projects within the EU. The article also considers the relevance of the CJEU’s Sweetman judgment ( C-258/11 ) to the Bund Naturschutz in Bayern line of jurisprudence.
    Print ISSN: 0952-8873
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-374X
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law
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  • 8
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    Emissions Trading Schemes - Markets, States and Law. By SANJA BOGOJEVIC (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-11-07
    Print ISSN: 0952-8873
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-374X
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law
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  • 9
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    Nuisance and Environmental Protection - A Study of Nuisance Injunctions in Practice. By BEN PONTIN (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-07
    Print ISSN: 0952-8873
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-374X
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law
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  • 10
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    Reconceptualising the Role of the New Zealand Environment Court (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-07
    Description: What does the specialised nature of an environment court entitle it to do? The recent decision of the New Zealand Supreme Court in Environmental Defence Society Incorporated v Marlborough District Council (‘the King Salmon case’)[2014] NZSC 38 helps to answer this question. For the past 20 years, the New Zealand Environment Court has decided applications within a framework of the broadly defined statutory purpose of sustainable resource management. The King Salmon case narrows this wide discretion. This article analyses the implications of the decision, suggesting that it helps to delineate between functions of specialist environment courts that may be considered appropriate (adjudicative and legislative fact finding) and decision-making that strays too far into the policy-sphere.
    Print ISSN: 0952-8873
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-374X
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law
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  • 11
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    Enforcement at the EPA: High Stakes and Hard Choices. By JOEL A. MINTZ (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-11-07
    Print ISSN: 0952-8873
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-374X
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law
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  • 12
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    Protecting Wild Animals from Unnecessary Suffering (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-11-07
    Description: This article compares the protection from unnecessary suffering afforded to wild animals with that afforded to domesticated animals and animals under human control. It considers various forms of species-specific biodiversity- and conservation-based protection for wild animals, under legislation such as the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 and the Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010, as well as the general protection from intentionally inflicted unnecessary suffering afforded to wild mammals under the Wild Mammals (Protection) Act 1996. The article then compares the standard of protection afforded to wild animals with that afforded to non-wild animals under section 4 of the Animal Welfare Act 2006, which criminalises unnecessary suffering unreasonably caused to non-wild animals.
    Print ISSN: 0952-8873
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-374X
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law
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  • 13
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    Farmland Prices: Is This Time Different? (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-03
    Description: The historical behavior of farmland prices, rental rates, and rates of return are examined by treating farmland as an asset with an infinitely long life. It is found that high (low) farmland prices relative to rents have historically preceded extended periods of low (high) net rates of return, rather than greater (smaller) growth in rents. Our analysis shows that this attribute is shared with stocks and housing, and the financial literature provides ample evidence that other assets feature it as well. The long-run relationship linking farmland prices, rents, and rates of return is analyzed. Based on this relationship, we conclude that recent trends are unlikely to be sustainable. The study explores the expected paths that farmland prices and rates of return might follow if they were to eventually conform to the average values observed in the historical sample, and concludes with a discussion of the policy implications. Recommendations for policy makers include close monitoring of farmland lending practices and institutions to allow early identification of potential problems, and identifying in advance appropriate interventions in case recent farmland market trends were to suddenly change.
    Keywords: Q14 - Agricultural Finance
    Print ISSN: 2040-5790
    Electronic ISSN: 2040-5804
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 14
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    Subscription Page (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-03
    Print ISSN: 2040-5790
    Electronic ISSN: 2040-5804
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 15
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    Some Comments on "Taxes, Subsidies, and Advertising Efficacy in Changing Eating Behavior: An Experimental Study" (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-03
    Print ISSN: 2040-5790
    Electronic ISSN: 2040-5804
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 16
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    Hispanic American Opinions toward Immigration and Immigration Policy Reform Proposals (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-03
    Description: This study presents evidence from a survey and choice experiment on the preferences of Hispanic immigrants who entered the United States illegally for different immigration reform proposal attributes. Key components of the current competing US Senate and House immigration reform bills are considered including pathways to legal permanent residence, temporary work visas, family visitation rights, and access to medical care. The results quantify the value Hispanic immigrants place on different policy attributes and suggest that longer-term work visas are highly valued. Ability to legally work in the United States and a pathway to citizenship are substantially more valued than social services such as medical care and social security benefits.
    Keywords: J15 - Economics of Minorities and Races ; Non-labor Discrimination, K37 - Immigration Law, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 2040-5790
    Electronic ISSN: 2040-5804
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 17
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    What to Do about the "Cult of Statistical Significance"? A Renewable Fuel Application using the Neyman-Pearson Protocol (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-03
    Description: This research adapts the Neyman-Pearson testing protocol commonly used in biomedical research for ex post evaluation of the employment impacts of new ethanol bio-refineries in the U.S. Great Plains and the Midwest. By calculating the power of the test, the suggested protocol may provide policy-relevant information, even in the event of nonsignificant findings. The main obstacle to applying this protocol has been the need to posit an explicit alternative distribution, which runs counter to the empiricist tradition of mainstream econometrics. We resolve this problem by applying a data generating process with known parameters anchored to sample data to compute power.
    Keywords: C12 - Hypothesis Testing, Q42 - Alternative Energy Sources, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
    Print ISSN: 2040-5790
    Electronic ISSN: 2040-5804
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 18
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    Reply to Comment on Taxes, Subsidies, and Advertising Efficacy in Changing Eating Behavior: An Experimental Study (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-03
    Keywords: C91 - Laboratory, Individual Behavior, I18 - Government Policy ; Regulation ; Public Health
    Print ISSN: 2040-5790
    Electronic ISSN: 2040-5804
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 19
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    Subscription Page (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-22
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 20
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    Towards an Understanding of The Performance of Ambient Tax Mechanisms in The Field:Evidence from Upstate New York Dairy Farmers (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-22
    Description: Using a design characterized by heterogeneous firms and stochastic ambient pollution, this study explores how results from ambient tax experiments with student subjects translate to a richer field context with dairy farmers in Upstate New York. Results suggest that the ambient tax induces group-level compliance among students and farmers. However, relative to students, farmers operating "small" firms pollute less and farmers operating "large" firms tend to pollute more. Deviations from theory among farmers are tied to beliefs about the impacts of farming on water pollution, as well as knowledge of neighbors’ pollution. This study highlights the importance of framed field experiments in the policy test-bedding process.
    Keywords: C91 - Laboratory, Individual Behavior, C92 - Laboratory, Group Behavior, H23 - Externalities ; Redistributive Effects ; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies, Q52 - Pollution Control Costs ; Distributional Effects ; Employment Effects, Q53 - Air Pollution ; Water Pollution ; Noise ; Hazardous Waste ; Solid Waste ; Recycling, Q58 - Government Policy
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 21
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    The Benefits of Spatially Differentiated Regulation: The Response to Acid Rain by U.S. States Prior to the Acid Rain Program (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-22
    Description: Location is a crucial driver of both the marginal abatement and damage costs of sulfur dioxide emissions by U.S. coal-fired power plants. Before the start of the Acid Rain Program in 1995, old boilers were subject to emission rate standards set by individual states. We investigate how individual states adjusted their sulfur regulation laws in response to acid rain, and whether they accounted for differences in marginal abatement costs, vulnerability to agricultural damages, special industry interests, or inter-state externalities. The welfare gain compared to a uniform reduction in emission rate standards is estimated to be $21 million (in 1995 dollars) annually.
    Keywords: H77 - Intergovernmental Relations ; Federalism ; Secession, Q53 - Air Pollution ; Water Pollution ; Noise ; Hazardous Waste ; Solid Waste ; Recycling, Q58 - Government Policy, R50 - General
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 22
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    Cooperation against theft: A test of incentives for water management In Tunisia (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-22
    Description: Water theft carried out by manipulating water meters constrains volumetric pricing in semi-arid regions. Cooperative management can reduce theft and improve incentives for efficient water use by inducing peer monitoring. Using a theoretical model, we show that theft is more likely when prices are high, punishments are weak, and cooperatives are large. We also show how cooperative membership and punishment levels are determined endogenously by constraints on monitoring. We test the model on data from Tunisia for the years 2001–2003, relying on instruments that proxy for unobservable monitoring costs. The results confirm that well-designed incentives can reduce theft, and that constraints on monitoring costs affect institutional design.
    Keywords: D82 - Asymmetric and Private Information, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness, Q15 - Land Ownership and Tenure ; Land Reform ; Land Use ; Irrigation, Q25 - Water
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 23
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    When are Private Standards more Stringent than Public Standards? (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-22
    Description: Retailers’ private standards are increasingly important for addressing consumer concerns about safety, quality, and social and environmental issues. Empirical evidence shows that these private standards are frequently more stringent than their public counterparts. This article develops a political economy model that helps explain this stylized fact. We show that if producers exercise their political power to persuade the government to impose a lower public standard, retailers may apply their market power to install a private standard at a higher level than the public one, depending on several factors.
    Keywords: D72 - Models of Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior, L15 - Information and Product Quality ; Standardization and Compatibility
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 24
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    Is Timber Insurable? A Study of Wildfire Risks in the U.S. Forest Sector Using Spatio-Temporal Models (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-22
    Description: In the U.S. forest products industry, wildfire is one of the leading causes of damage and economic losses. While individual wildfire behavior is well studied, new literature is emerging on broad-scale (e.g., county-level) wildfire risks. Our paper studies wildfire risks using crucial informational variables across both spatial units and time periods. Several statistical models are used to quantify the risks. We develop several maximum likelihood estimation methods to account for spatio-temporal auto-correlation in conditional risks. A group index insurance scheme is proposed, and its associated actuarially fair premium rates are estimated and presented. Implications for wildfire management policies are also discussed.
    Keywords: G22 - Insurance ; Insurance Companies, Q23 - Forestry
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 25
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    Spatial Pattern of Yield Distributions: Implications for Crop Insurance (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-22
    Description: Crop insurance is similar to flood and hurricane insurance in that spatially correlated weather tends to cause violations of the independence assumption. Ideally, one would seek to pool uncorrelated risk drawn from the same distribution in crop insurance. This article proposes a testing procedure for the cross-sectional pooling of group units, and empirically analyzes whether the proposed test improves out-of-sample rating performance. We utilize a balanced panel of U.S. county-level corn yields for 510 counties, and the results of an out-of-sample crop insurance rating performance exercise provide economic significance to the proposed pooling methodology and results.
    Keywords: C12 - Hypothesis Testing, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 26
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    Cover Page (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-22
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 27
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    Input Subsidies, Cash Constraints, and Timing of Input Supply (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-22
    Description: Is low input use by poor, smallholder farmers caused by time-inconsistent behavior or by limited ability to buy inputs? Are input subsidies the best solution to stimulate input demand or are there smarter solutions? These issues are investigated by combining survey data, stated preference questions, and randomized experiments in Malawi. The demand for fertilizer at harvest time and at planting time, farm gate shadow prices for fertilizer, and the gap between the willingness-to-accept (WTA) and willingness-to-pay (WTP) prices for a standard input package were investigated. Significant effects of timing and of cash constraints were found, suggesting the possibility that smarter designs exist, such as distribution of smaller packages from harvest time to planting time.
    Keywords: Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 28
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    A Regional Bio-economic Model of Nitrogen Use in Cropping (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-22
    Description: We develop a programming model of crop production to predict the effects of environmental policies on agriculture and the environment. The model is calibrated against acreages, yields, and exogenous supply elasticities following positive mathematical programming. In addition, crop production functions are calibrated to yield elasticities with respect to nitrogen and irrigation obtained from a biogeochemical model. We study the effects of a nitrogen tax in Yolo County, California, intended to mitigate nitrogen pollution from field crops. The behavioral and environmental responses to the tax are largely due to intensive margin adjustments. Sizable reductions in nitrate leaching are achieved at a low social cost.
    Keywords: C60 - General, Q10 - General, Q50 - General
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 29
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    Predicting the Effects of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxes on Food and Beverage Demand in a Large Demand System (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-22
    Description: A censored Exact Affine Stone Index incomplete demand system is estimated for 23 packaged foods and beverages and a numéraire good. Instrumental variables are used to control for endogenous prices. A half-cent per ounce increase in sugar-sweetened beverage prices is predicted to reduce total calories from the 23 foods and beverages but increase sodium and fat intakes as a result of product substitution. The predicted decline in calories is larger for low-income households than for high-income households, although welfare loss is also higher for low-income households. Neglecting price endogeneity or estimating a conditional demand model significantly overestimates the calorie reduction.
    Keywords: D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis, D61 - Allocative Efficiency ; Cost-Benefit Analysis, H20 - General
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 30
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    The System of Rice Intensification and its Impacts on Household Income and Child Schooling: Evidence from Rural Indonesia (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-22
    Description: The yield potential of a set of improved rice management practices, known as the System of Rice Intensification (SRI), has attracted much attention. Yet we know surprisingly little about SRI's socio-economic impact. Using data from Indonesia in 2009, this study assesses the impact of SRI on household incomes and child schooling. We find that SRI generates significant estimated yield gains. However, because SRI induces a reallocation of family labor from non-farm to farm, SRI users enjoy no household income gains. Despite the increased labor demand for farming, we find no evidence that SRI has a child labor effect.
    Keywords: D10 - General, O13 - Agriculture ; Natural Resources ; Energy ; Environment ; Other Primary Products, O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences ; Diffusion Processes, Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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  • 31
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    Do Neighborhood Parks and Playgrounds Reduce Childhood Obesity? (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-22
    Description: Using the 2007 National Survey of Children's Health data, we find a statistically and economically significant effect of neighborhood parks and playgrounds on childhood obesity based on covariate matching estimators. The park/playground effect depends on gender, age, race, household income, neighborhood safety, and other neighborhood amenities. The results suggest that adding a neighborhood park/playground may reduce the obesity rate and make children more fit, but relevant interventions must consider socioeconomic status of the targeted children as well as other neighborhood amenities.
    Keywords: I18 - Government Policy ; Regulation ; Public Health, I38 - Government Policy ; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs, R53 - Public Facility Location Analysis ; Public Investment and Capital Stock
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-23
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    Topics: Economics
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    How Can Safety Nets Contribute to Economic Growth? (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-23
    Description: The paper provides an up-to date and selective review of the literature on how social safety nets contribute to growth. The evidence is carefully chosen to show how safety nets have the potential to overcome constraints on growth linked to market failures, and is organized into four distinct pathways: i) encouraging asset accumulation by changing incentives and by addressing imperfections in financial markets caused by constraints in obtaining credit, and from information asymmetries; overcoming such failures helps households to invest into their human capital or productive assets; ii) failures in insurance markets especially in low income setting; safety nets are assisting in managing risk both ex post and ex ante; iii) safety nets are overcoming failure to create assets and other local economy complementary factors to household-level investments; iv) safety nets are shown to relax political constraints on policy. Safety nets have a dual objective of directly alleviating poverty through transfers to the poor and of triggering higher growth for the poor. However, the trade-off between the dual objectives of equity and growth is not eliminated by the potential for productive safety nets; this remains critical for designing social policies.
    Keywords: H53 - Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs, I38 - Government Policy ; Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs, O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development, O15 - Human Resources ; Human Development ; Income Distribution ; Migration, P46 - Consumer Economics ; Welfare and Poverty
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    Topics: Economics
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-23
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    Topics: Economics
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    The Impact of Financial Literacy Training for Migrants (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-23
    Description: Remittances are a major source of external financing for many developing countries, but the cost of sending them remains high in many migration corridors. Despite efforts to lower these costs by offering new products and developing cost-comparison information sources, many new and promising inexpensive remittance methods have relatively low adoption rates. The lack of financial literacy among migrants has been identified as one potentially important barrier to competition and new product adoption. This paper presents the results of a randomized experiment designed to measure the impact of providing financial literacy training to migrants. Training appears to increase financial knowledge and information-seeking behavior and reduces the risk of switching to costlier remittance products, but it does not result in significant changes in the frequency of remitting or in the remitted amount.
    Keywords: C93 - Field Experiments, F24 - Remittances, O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
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    Topics: Economics
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    Political Reforms and Public Policy: Evidence from Agricultural and Food Policies (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-23
    Description: This paper studies the effect of political regime transitions on public policy using a new data set on global agricultural and food policies over a 50-year period (including data from 74 developing and developed countries over the 1955–2005 period). We find evidence that democratization leads to a reduction of agricultural taxation, an increase in agricultural subsidization, or both. The empirical findings are consistent with the predictions of the median voter model because political transitions occurred primarily in countries with a majority of farmers. The results are robust to different specifications, estimation approaches, and variable definitions.
    Keywords: D72 - Models of Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior, F13 - Trade Policy ; International Trade Organizations, O13 - Agriculture ; Natural Resources ; Energy ; Environment ; Other Primary Products, P16 - Political Economy, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
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    Topics: Economics
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    Food Security and Storage in the Middle East and North Africa (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-23
    Description: In times of highly volatile commodity markets, governments often try to protect their populations from rapidly rising food prices, which can be particularly harmful for the poor. A potential solution for food-deficit countries is to hold strategic reserves that can be called on when international prices spike. But how large should strategic stockpiles be, and what rules should govern their release? In this paper, we develop a dynamic competitive storage model for wheat in the Middle East and North Africa region, where imported wheat is the most significant component of the average diet. We analyze a strategy that sets aside wheat stockpiles, which can be used to keep domestic prices below a targeted price. Our analysis shows that if the target price is set high and reserves are adequate, the strategy can be effective and robust. Contrary to most interventions, strategic storage policies are counter-cyclical, and when the importing region is sufficiently large, a regional policy can smooth global prices. Simulations indicate that this is the case for the Middle East and North Africa region. Nevertheless, the policy is more costly than a procyclical policy similar to food stamps that uses targeted transfers to directly offset high prices with a subsidy.
    Keywords: F10 - General, O13 - Agriculture ; Natural Resources ; Energy ; Environment ; Other Primary Products, Q11 - Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis ; Prices, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
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    Topics: Economics
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    The Impact of Immigration Enforcement on the U.S. Farming Sector (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-22
    Description: We examine the effects of local immigration enforcement efforts on U.S. agriculture in dozens of U.S. counties from 2002–2010 by using variations in the timing of adoption of 287(g) programs, which permit local police to enforce immigration law. Difference-in-differences models using microdata from the American Community Survey (2005–2010 waves) and county tabulations from the Census of Agriculture (1997, 2002, and 2007) yield robust evidence that county enforcement efforts have reduced immigrant presence in adopting jurisdictions. We also find evidence that wages of farm workers, patterns of farm labor use, output choices, and farm profitability may have been affected in a manner consistent with farm labor shortages.
    Keywords: J61 - Geographic Labor Mobility ; Immigrant Workers, Q10 - General, Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    Neighbors and Extension Agents in Ethiopia: Who Matters More for Technology Adoption? (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-22
    Description: The increased adoption of fertilizer and improved seeds are two key aspects to raising the level of land productivity in Ethiopian agriculture. However, the adoption and diffusion of such technologies has been slow. We use data from Ethiopia between 1999–2009 to examine the role of learning from extension agents versus learning from neighbors for both improved seeds and fertilizer adoption. We combine farmers' spatial networks with panel data to identify these influences, and find that while the initial impact of extension agents was high, the effect wore off after some time, in contrast to learning from neighbors.
    Keywords: C31 - Cross-Sectional Models ; Spatial Models ; Treatment Effect Models, Q16 - R&D ; Agricultural Technology ; Agricultural Extension Services
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    Econometric Analysis of Grading Standards: The Ordered Fractional Approach (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-22
    Description: We present a method for estimating the quality of production when quality is measured by discrete grades and is thus both ordinal and fractional. Monte Carlo experiments indicate that our method estimates average partial effects of quality determinants more accurately than linear estimators, and provides estimates with low bias even with weak instruments. An application of the model to wheat production in Japan demonstrates the importance of disease control in determining wheat grade. Weather variable coefficients suggest that climate change could actually improve wheat quality in Japan, thereby allowing farmers to reduce fungicide use and other inputs, as well as switch varieties.
    Keywords: C33 - Models with Panel Data, C35 - Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models, Q10 - General
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    Back cover (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-22
    Print ISSN: 0257-3032
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    Topics: Economics
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    What Are We Learning from Business Training and Entrepreneurship Evaluations around the Developing World? (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-22
    Description: Business training programs are a popular policy option to improve the performance of enterprises around the world, and the number of rigorous impact evaluations of these programs is growing. A critical review reveals that many evaluations suffer from small sample sizes, measure impacts only within a year of training, and experience problems with survey attrition and measurement that limit the conclusions one can draw. Over these short time horizons, there are relatively modest effects of training on the survivorship of existing firms. However, there is stronger evidence that training programs help prospective owners launch new businesses more quickly. Most studies find that existing firm owners implement some of the practices taught in training, but the magnitudes of the improvement to practices is often modest. Few studies find significant impacts on profits or sales, although some studies with greater statistical power have done so. There is little evidence to guide policymakers regarding whether any identified effects are due to trained firms drawing sales from competing businesses rather than through productivity improvements or to guide the development of the provision of training at market prices. We conclude by summarizing some directions and key questions for future studies.
    Keywords: O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development, J16 - Economics of Gender ; Non-labor Discrimination, L26 - Entrepreneurship, M53 - Training
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    Orderly Sovereign Debt Restructuring: Missing in Action! (And Likely To Remain So) (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-22
    Description: An orderly sovereign debt restructuring should place the debtor nation's public debt on a sustainable trajectory while minimizing procrastination and contagion. However, the experiences with the debt crisis of the 1980s, Russia 1998, Argentina 2001, and Greece 2010 indicate that orderly debt restructurings remain elusive, even with high-powered official intervention. When solvency problems are present, the chances of success increase if official money is lent at the risk-free rate, reflecting its low risk, and if private creditors receive an upfront haircut. The paper examines the obstacles, which include moral hazard, difficulty in distinguishing between solvency and liquidity crises, and the "political economy" resistance to upfront haircuts. Orderly sovereign debt restructurings are likely to remain elusive notwithstanding recent evidence that the official mindset may be changing.
    Keywords: E61 - Policy Objectives ; Policy Designs and Consistency ; Policy Coordination, E65 - Studies of Particular Policy Episodes, F34 - International Lending and Debt Problems
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    Network Proximity and Business Practices in African Manufacturing (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-23
    Description: Patterns of correlation in innovation and contractual practices among manufacturing firms in Ethiopia and Sudan are documented. Network data that indicate whether any two firms in the utilized sample do business with each other, buy inputs from a common supplier, or sell output to a common client are used for the analysis. Only limited support is found for the commonly held idea that firms that are more proximate in a network sense are more likely to adopt similar practices. Indeed, for certain practices, adoption decisions appear to be local strategic substitutes: if one firm in a given location uses a certain practice, nearby firms are less likely to do so. These results suggest that the diffusion of technology and new business practices may play a more limited role in spurring growth in Africa's manufacturing sector than is often assumed in the present policy discussion.
    Keywords: D20 - General, D40 - General, O10 - General
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    Does the Jack of All Trades Hold the Winning Hand? Comparing the Role of Specialized versus General Skills in the Returns to an Agricultural Degree (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-22
    Description: This paper examines the roles of specialized versus general skills in explaining variation in the returns to an agriculture degree among graduates working both inside and outside the agricultural industry. The focus on returns by sector of employment is motivated by our finding that most agricultural graduates are employed in non-agricultural jobs. In that study, a sample of alumni graduating from a large Midwestern public university between 1982 and 2006 shows that alumni with majors more specialized in agriculture earned a premium from working in the agriculture industry, but this advantage has diminished over time. Agricultural graduates with more general training earn more outside than inside agriculture. Higher-ability graduates in more industry-focused curricula tend to sort into the agricultural industry, while higher-ability graduates in broader curricula tend to choose jobs outside of agriculture. All graduates are more likely to accept agricultural employment when the farm economy is strong, but agricultural graduates who enter agricultural jobs when the farm economy is weak suffer lifetime earnings reductions. These findings suggest that greater levels of specialization may limit a graduate's ability to adjust to changing economic circumstances. Agriculture degree programs could benefit from curriculum innovations that focus on developing more generalized skills.
    Keywords: A20 - General, J31 - Wage Level and Structure ; Wage Differentials, J43 - Agricultural Labor Markets
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    Is the Shale Energy Boom a Bust for Nearby Residents? Evidence from Housing Values in Pennsylvania (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-22
    Description: Profitable extraction of previously inaccessible shale energy reserves has led to the rapid expansion of shale exploration across the United States. We present one of the first empirical studies to measure the impact of early shale exploration on surrounding homeowners using data from Washington County, Pennsylvania, from 2008 to mid 2010. We find that property values are negatively impacted by shale gas exploration activity, but this impact depends on the proximity and intensity of shale activity and is largely transitory. The negative effects are larger for households located close to major highways and sourced with private well water.
    Keywords: Q33 - Resource Booms, Q40 - General, Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects, Q53 - Air Pollution ; Water Pollution ; Noise ; Hazardous Waste ; Solid Waste ; Recycling
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    A Natural Resource Theory of U.S. Crop Insurance Contract Choice (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-22
    Description: A large variety of subsidized crop insurance products are available to U.S. crop growers. Distinct and perhaps puzzling patterns in the choices of insurance products and coverage levels can be discerned. Where production conditions are better and yields are less risky then ( a ) higher insurance coverage levels are chosen; and ( b ) revenue insurance is preferred over yield insurance. Also, ( c ) the extent of preference for revenue insurance is stronger in more productive areas. Assuming, as many do, that growers seek to maximize subsidy transfers, point ( a ) can be explained by the interaction between yield technology and natural resource endowments. Points ( b ) and ( c ) can be explained by location in conjunction with the "natural hedge" and a contract design bias in how revenue insurance guarantees are computed. Empirical study of Risk Management Agency data on corn, soybean, and wheat yields, and insurance contract choices lend support to our model inferences.
    Keywords: Q15 - Land Ownership and Tenure ; Land Reform ; Land Use ; Irrigation, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy, Q24 - Land
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    Information Transmission in Irrigation Technology Adoption and Diffusion: Social Learning, Extension Services, and Spatial Effects (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-22
    Description: In this article, we investigate the role of information transmission in promoting agricultural technology adoption and diffusion through extension services and social learning. We develop a theoretical model of technology adoption and diffusion, which we then empirically apply, using duration analysis, on a micro-dataset consisting of recall data covering the period 1994–2004 for olive-producing farms from Crete, Greece. Our findings suggest that both extension services and social learning are strong determinants of technology adoption and diffusion, while the effectiveness of each of the two informational channels is enhanced by the presence of the other.
    Keywords: C41 - Duration Analysis, O16 - Economic Development: Financial Markets ; Saving and Capital Investment ; Corporate Finance and, O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences ; Diffusion Processes, Q25 - Water
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    Inequality in China: An Overview (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-22
    Description: This paper provides an overview of research on income inequality in China over the period of economic reform. It presents the results of two main sources of evidence on income inequality and, assisted by various decompositions, explains the reasons income inequality has increased rapidly and the Gini coefficient is now almost 0.5. This paper evaluates the degree of income inequality from the perspectives of people's subjective well-being and government concerns. It poses the following question: has income inequality peaked? It also discusses the policy implications of the analysis. The concluding comments of this paper propose a research agenda and suggest possible lessons from China's experience that may be useful for other developing countries.
    Keywords: D31 - Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions, D63 - Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement, O15 - Human Resources ; Human Development ; Income Distribution ; Migration
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    Topics: Economics
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    Population, Poverty, and Climate Change (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-22
    Description: This literature review focuses on the relationships between population, poverty, and climate change. Developed countries are largely responsible for global warming, but the brunt of the fallout will be borne by developing countries in forms such as lower agricultural output, poorer health, and more frequent natural disasters. Although carbon emissions per capita have leveled off in developed countries, they are projected to rise rapidly in developing countries because of economic growth and population growth. Unfortunately, the latter will rise most notably in the poorest countries, combining with climate change to slow poverty reduction. These countries have many incentives to lower fertility. Previous studies indicate that in high fertility settings, fertility decline facilitates economic growth and poverty reduction. It also reduces the pressure on livelihoods and frees resources that can be used to cope with climate change. Moreover, slowing population growth helps avert some of the projected global warming, which will benefit the poorest countries far more than it will benefit developed countries that lie at higher latitudes and/or have more resources to cope with climate change. Natural experiments indicate that family-planning programs are effective and highly pro-poor in their impact. While the rest of the world wrestles with the complexities of reducing emissions, the poorest countries will benefit from simple programs to lower fertility.
    Keywords: Q56 - Environment and Development ; Environment and Trade ; Sustainability ; Environmental Accounting ; , Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters ; Global Warming, J13 - Fertility ; Family Planning ; Child Care ; Children ; Youth, J18 - Public Policy
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    Topics: Economics
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    Subscription Page (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-22
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    Can Civil Society Overcome Government Failure in Africa? (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-22
    Description: Government failures are widespread in Africa. Symptoms include absentee teachers, leakage of public funds, monopolized trucking, and employment-restricting regulations. Can civil society do anything about these failures? Would external donor support to civil society help? We argue that the challenge for civil society is to improve government functioning by strengthening political incentives—the underlying cause of government failure—rather than bypassing or supplanting the state. This paper reviews the available evidence on civil society interventions from this perspective. Although the current increase in political competition and extensive citizen engagement in Africa seems to create the potential for civil society influence, we find that there are large knowledge gaps regarding what works, where, and how. Some rigorous evaluations find significant impacts of civil society involvement on development outcomes, but these studies typically pay insufficient attention to the mechanisms. For example, are impacts due to overcoming government failure or to changing private household behavior, leaving the wasteful allocation of public resources untouched? We conclude that donor support to civil society should take an approach of learning by doing through ongoing experimentation backed by rigorous, data-based evaluations of the mechanisms of impact.
    Keywords: H41 - Public Goods, O19 - International Linkages to Development ; Role of International Organizations, P26 - Political Economy ; Property Rights
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    Preferential Market Access Design: Evidence and Lessons from African Apparel Exports to the United States and the European Union (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-23
    Description: The least developed countries rely on preferential market access. To benefit from these preferences, proof of sufficient transformation must be provided to customs in importing countries by meeting the rules of origin requirements. These rules of origin are complicated and burdensome to exporters in least developed countries. Since 2001, under the U.S. Africa Growth Opportunity Act (AGOA), 22 African countries that export apparel to the United States have been able to use fabric of any origin (single transformation) and still meet the criterion for preferential access (the so-called Special Rule). In contrast, the EU has continued to require yarn to be woven into fabric and then made into apparel in the same country (double transformation). Panel estimates for the 1996–2004 period exploit this quasi-experimental change in the design of preferences. Estimates show that this simplification contributed to an increase in export volume of approximately 168 percent for the top seven beneficiaries, or approximately four times as much as the 44 percent growth effect from the initial preferential access under the AGOA without single transformation. This change in design was also important for diversity in apparel exports because the number of export varieties grew more rapidly under the AGOA special regime.
    Keywords: F12 - Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies, F13 - Trade Policy ; International Trade Organizations, F15 - Economic Integration
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    Policy Barriers to International Trade in Services: Evidence from a New Database (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-01-23
    Description: Surprisingly little is known about policies that affect international trade in services. Previous analyses have focused on policy commitments made by countries in international agreements, but in many cases, these commitments do not reflect actual policy. This paper describes a new initiative to collect comparable information on trade policies for services from 103 countries across a range of service sectors and relevant modes of service delivery. The resulting database reveals interesting policy patterns. Although public monopolies are now rare and few services markets are completely closed, we observe numerous "second-generation" restrictions on entry, ownership, and operations. Even in instances in which there is little explicit discrimination against foreign providers, market access is often unpredictable because the allocation of new licenses remains opaque and highly discretionary in many countries. Across regions, some of the fastest-growing countries in Asia and the oil-rich Gulf states have restrictive policies in services, whereas some of the poorest countries are remarkably open. Across sectors, professional and transportation services are among the most protected industries in both industrial and developing countries, whereas retail, telecommunications, and even finance tend to be more open.
    Keywords: F13 - Trade Policy ; International Trade Organizations, F14 - Country and Industry Studies of Trade, L80 - General
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    Olen, Beau. "Irrigation Decisions for Major West Coast Crops: Water Scarcity and Climatic Determinants." MS Thesis, Oregon State University. Outstanding Master's Thesis Honorable Mention (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-21
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    Chen, Xi. "Essays on Social Networks: Relative Concerns, Social Interactions, and Unintended Consequences." PhD Dissertation, Cornell University. Outstanding Doctoral Dissertation Honorable Mention (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-21
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    The Ethics and Economics of Agrifood Competition (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-21
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    BrasilAgro: Organizational Architecture for a High-Performance Farming Corporation (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-21
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    Certifying the Quality of Agricultural and Applied Economics (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-21
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    Cross-Context Benefit Transfer: A Bayesian Search for Information Pools (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-21
    Description: Commodity equivalence and population similarity are two widely accepted paradigms for the valid transfer of welfare estimates across resource valuation contexts. We argue that strict adherence to these rules may leave relevant information untapped, and propose a Bayesian model search algorithm that examines the probabilities with which two or more sub-sets of meta-data, each corresponding to a different combination of commodity and population, share common value distributions. Using a large meta-data set of willingness-to-pay for diverse outdoor activities across various regions of the United States as an example, we find strong potential for contexts that would not traditionally be considered as transfer candidates to form information pools. Exploiting these commonalities leads to substantial efficiency gains for benefit estimates.
    Keywords: C11 - Bayesian Analysis, C52 - Model Evaluation and Selection, Q26 - Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources, Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    Cover Page (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-21
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    Deer Creek Farms: Tradition into the Future (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-21
    Description: The Deer Creek Farms case study illustrates a family farm operation that is trying to identify how to transition the business to include the next generation. The family is currently growing corn, soybeans, and contract hogs. The family is faced with decisions to expand production in one or more of the current enterprises, exit out of one or more of the current enterprises, or diversify into additional enterprises. Each member of the family is given the task of proposing their vision of the farm's future. The examples illustrated through the Deer Creek Farms case study will assist agricultural producers as they monitor, identify, and manage strategic risk on their farms.
    Keywords: Y90 - Other
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    2013 Fellow Keijiro Otsuka (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-21
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    China's Economic Development: Institutions, Growth and Imbalances (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-21
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    Julie A. Caswell 2013-2014 President (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-21
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    The Economics of Sustainable Development (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-21
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    Reversing Property Rights: Practice-Based Approaches for Controlling Agricultural Nonpoint-source Water Pollution When Emissions Aggregate Nonlinearly (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-21
    Description: Nonpoint-source water pollution remains a major issue despite decades of research and sizable conservation programs. We suggest that by taking advantage of contemporary modeling and optimization approaches, good approximations to physical relationships can be constructed so that even in the presence of unobservable field emissions and nonlinear fate and transport relationships, standard economic tools of command-and-control requirements, performance standards, and trading can be implemented. The Boone River Watershed in the U.S. state of Iowa is used for empirical demonstration. Although the approach can be used to construct voluntary conservation policies, the described policies involve imposing requirements on agricultural polluters rather than relying on voluntary actions alone.
    Keywords: C63 - Computational Techniques, Q20 - General, Q28 - Government Policy, Q53 - Air Pollution ; Water Pollution ; Noise ; Hazardous Waste ; Solid Waste ; Recycling
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    The Opportunity Cost of Travel Time as a Noisy Wage Fraction (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-21
    Description: Few issues are more important to welfare estimation with recreation demand models than the specification of the opportunity cost of travel time. The two most common approaches to specifying this cost treat it as a fixed fraction of the recreationist's wage, and either estimate the fraction (done infrequently) or assume it takes some value (done commonly), with references to results from the commute time literature used to justify the latter. However, these approaches lack firm conceptual rationales, and the consequences of using them are not fully understood. Recognizing that information limitations often preclude more general approaches, we use a joint recreation travel-labor supply model to show that under relatively modest assumptions the opportunity cost of travel time can be expressed as a wage fraction with noise. This formulation is straightforward to implement as part of random parameters-based recreation demand models. We then evaluate the welfare consequences of using the two approaches noted above, which are special cases of the noisy wage fraction specification. Our results suggest that the more critical restriction to relax in opportunity cost of travel time specifications is the absence of noise, rather than the specific level of the wage fraction.
    Keywords: C35 - Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models, Q22 - Fishery ; Aquaculture, Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects, Q58 - Government Policy
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    Recovering Individual Preferences for Non-Market Goods: A Collective Travel-Cost Model (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-21
    Description: Traditional recreation demand models do not make a distinction between a household and an individual as the reference decision-making unit, thus assuming that a family maximizes a single utility function, even if the family consists of different individuals. Such models ignore the possibility of family members’ divergent preferences for non-market goods. This study proposes a novel approach—the collective travel-cost model (CTCM)—to eliciting individual preferences for a non-market good, such as a recreation site, by using revealed preference data. This approach accounts for the intra-household resource allocation and the role of each household member's preferences. We show that the collective travel-cost model can be applied to estimating a recreation demand model that yields individual welfare estimates appropriate for policy analysis of non-market goods, such as the willingness to pay to access a recreation site. We find that how resources are distributed within the household reflects significant differences in welfare measures.
    Keywords: D13 - Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation, H41 - Public Goods, Q26 - Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources, Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    Estimating Endangered Species Interaction Risk With the Kalman Filter (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-21
    Description: To address the tradeoff between biodiversity conservation in marine ecosystems and fishing opportunity, it is important to quantify the risk of endangered species interactions in commercial fisheries. We propose a Kalman filter suitable for rare events to estimate the endangered leatherback turtle take risk in the California drift gillnet fishery in the years 1990–2010, conditional on spatiotemporal factors that affect take rates. Results suggest interaction risk has remained stable, but with substantial variation over the spatiotemporal distribution of effort. Our methods might also apply to recreation demand analysis with rare event risk, or to applications involving irregularly spaced observations, like trade-level stock market data.
    Keywords: Q22 - Fishery ; Aquaculture, Q57 - Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services ; Biodiversity Conservation ; Bioeconomics, Q58 - Government Policy
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    Hedging and Speculative Trading in Agricultural Futures Markets (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-21
    Description: Regulators and industry participants have expressed concern that excessive speculation harms agricultural futures markets. Such harm may arise if speculators cause prices to systematically differ from the price sequence that would arise in markets populated by equally informed traders with rational expectations (RE). We show theoretically that, when traders exhibit differences of opinion (DO) about the expected value of the commodity, futures prices may diverge from the RE equilibrium. Moreover, we develop a testable prediction, namely that positions held by different trader groups are correlated with prices in a DO equilibrium but not correlated in a RE equilibrium. We find strong empirical support for the DO-type environment; changes in positions held by managed money traders are positively correlated with prices, and changes in positions held by producers are negatively correlated. In the context of our DO model, this finding implies that prices change by more on average than producers think they should and by less than managed money thinks they should. However, the evidence suggests that neither group is systematically more prescient than the other.
    Keywords: G10 - General, Q10 - General
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    The Behavior of Bid-Ask Spreads in the Electronically-Traded Corn Futures Market (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-21
    Description: This is the first paper to analyze liquidity costs in agricultural futures markets based on the observed bid-ask spread (BAS) faced by market participants. The results reveal a highly liquid corn market that mostly offers order execution at minimum cost. The BAS responds negatively to volume and positively to price volatility, but also affects volume traded and price volatility. While statistically significant, these responses on a cents/bushel or a percentage basis are generally small. Liquidity costs are also virtually impervious to short-term changes in demand for spreading and trend-following trader activity, as well as differences from day-of-the-week changes in market activity. Much larger cents/bushel and percentage changes in BAS occur during commodity index trader roll periods and on USDA report release days. The roll period findings indicate a sunshine trading effect, while announcement effects identify the importance of unexpected information and adverse selection on order execution costs. Overall, our research demonstrates that the transition to electronic trading in the corn futures market has led to low and stable liquidity costs, despite the market turbulence in 2008–2009.
    Keywords: C36- Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation, G12 - Asset Pricing ; Trading volume ; Bond Interest Rates, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    Angel Investment and Collective Agricultural Marketing: The Case of the Minnesota Food Network (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-21
    Description: The Minnesota Food Network is a limited liability company comprised of 52 farmers producing a variety of high-quality, sustainably produced agricultural products in southern Minnesota. The network's goal is to develop a regional food system to provide locally grown food at a price that "is fair" to both consumers and producers. This case outlines the challenges that the network faces in their efforts to expand to take advantage of a market opportunity. One of their biggest challenges is that they face high operating costs because of their disaggregated distribution system and need to purchase a distribution and storage facility and two vehicles. They will fund the purchase of a building through an angel investor. An angel investor is necessary because the network cannot sustain traditional loan payments in its current form. Students are asked to consider a number of questions pertaining to the decisions in this case outlined in the final section of the case study.
    Keywords: A22 - Undergraduate, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    2013 Books Reviewed (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-21
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    Subscription Page (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-21
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    Fellows, 1957-2013 (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-21
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    2013 Fellow Bruce Babcock (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-21
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    2013 Fellow Jeffrey H. Dorfman (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-21
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    2013 Fellow Scott H. Irwin (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-21
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    Presidents, 1910-2013 (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-21
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    Social Networks and New Product Choice (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-21
    Description: To successfully market new products in a social network it is essential to identify influential individuals whose product recommendations influence the consumption choices of their peers. In this study, we use spatial econometric methods to determine how individuals revise their preferences for product attributes when exposed to product recommendations from peers, and how different individuals who vary in their degree of network connectedness exert influence on the product choices of others. We find evidence that consumers look to others for guidance from peers in their preference for subjective, taste-specific parameters, but tend not to respond to peer price choices. Our spatial methods allow us to empirically determine the influence exerted by individual members on the consumption choices of other members of the social network. We find that connected members of the social network are not always the most influential in revising the consumption choices of others. Our estimates reveal that network proximity explains only 8.8% of influence.
    Keywords: D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    Portfolio Speculation and Commodity Price Volatility in a Stochastic Storage Model (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-21
    Description: Simulated prices from a stochastic storage model are used to examine the price impacts of speculation by rational investors who diversify their financial portfolios by holding agricultural commodity futures. The main result is that rather than destabilizing commodity prices, as is commonly believed, portfolio speculation actually reduces price volatility. Portfolio speculation can potentially destabilize a commodity's price because the additional demand for long futures by speculators is expected to drive up the cash price during both periods of low net demand, when the cash price is below average, and periods of high net demand, when the cash price is above average. Our theoretical analysis demonstrates that the higher level of inventory that is associated with portfolio speculation results in a larger release of stocks during periods of high net demand. The price simulations reveal that this stock adjustment effect is strong since overall price volatility is smaller rather than larger with portfolio speculation.
    Keywords: Q11 - Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis ; Prices, Q14 - Agricultural Finance, Q18 - Agricultural Policy ; Food Policy
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    The Economics of Information, Deep Capture, and the Obesity Debate (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-21
    Description: The economic theory of regulatory capture predicts that industry groups will attempt to influence their regulators (for example, by lobbying for rules that exclude competition). It has been suggested that the same logic applies to any powerful institution with the ability to affect industry profits. When the aim of industry is to alter the public’s perception of its product (for example, by disseminating favorable messages to the news media or via an advertising campaign, or by funding industry-friendly scientific research), the end result has been dubbed deep capture. We develop a formal model of deep capture, in which consumers have imperfect information about product quality, and a dominant producer is able to increase his profits by altering the parameters of the consumer’s search problem. We demonstrate the empirical relevance of the phenomenon with a discussion of the food industry response to the obesity epidemic.
    Keywords: D18 - Consumer Protection, D83 - Search ; Learning ; Information and Knowledge ; Communication ; Belief, I18 - Government Policy ; Regulation ; Public Health, L15 - Information and Product Quality ; Standardization and Compatibility, L51 - Economics of Regulation
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    Qin, Lin. "The Economics of a Research Program: Knowledge Production, Cost, and Technical Efficiency." PhD Dissertation, Oregon State University. Outstanding Doctoral Dissertation (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-21
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    Annan, Francis. "Spatial Pattern of Yield Distributions: Implications for Crop Insurance." MS Thesis, Mississippi State University. Outstanding Master's Thesis Award (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-21
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    Innovation in Agri-Food Clusters: Theory and Case Studies (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-21
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
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    Cover (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-01-28
    Print ISSN: 1750-6816
    Electronic ISSN: 1750-6824
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Political Science , Economics
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    Nuclear power plant financing post-Fukushima, and international investment law (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-26
    Description: The essential thesis of this article is that, as corporate and project finance trends continue in nuclear power plant financing, resulting in diversified and much broader and more complex structures of foreign investment, international investment law will become increasingly relevant to and influential upon these transactions. This in turn will spawn a new wave of disputes based in international investment law claims, before international arbitral tribunals including the ICSID. After discussing the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, and the first international investment law case directly related to an investment in a nuclear power plant, the article begins by describing recent trends in the financing of nuclear power plants. These trends include a shift from almost exclusively sovereign-assumed financing cost and risk, to other financing models which increasingly access global capital markets, and spread risk among a larger and more diverse set of investors. It then proceeds to review and consider the international legal sources addressing nuclear energy development and related international trade and investment transactions, focusing on the sources of international investment law. It considers both the primary ways in which the current trends in nuclear power plant financing are making international investment law increasingly relevant to nuclear-power-plant-related investments, as well as the secondary effect this increasing relevance will likely have upon future structuring of financing arrangements for new nuclear power plants. The article provides detailed consideration of the application of international investment law to foreign investments in nuclear power plants, including areas in which host states of such investments are most likely to experience increased exposure to liability due to current financing trends. It concludes with a further consideration of the secondary effects caused by this increased host state exposure to liability, including effects on future structuring of financing arrangements for new nuclear power plants, and effects on (re)negotiations of international investment law instruments between actual or potential host states, and states that are actual or potential home states of nuclear vendors and investors.
    Print ISSN: 1754-9957
    Electronic ISSN: 1754-9965
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law , Economics
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    Escaping the valley of death? Comparing shale gas technology policy prospects to nuclear and solar in Europe (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-26
    Description: Shale gas developments in the USA have led to a hype about the energy security prospects for other world regions, eager to replicate the American success story. In Europe, shale gas developments have remained in their infancy. As we argue in this piece, it is likely that this situation will continue and the shale gas ‘revolution’ is one that remains restricted. We compare shale gas technology to solar and nuclear, each at the time coined a game changer for energy security, and hyped as key to a sustainable energy future. We argue that shale gas perceived as an unproven and risky technology, fails to surpass essential policy, industry and social barriers required for a new energy technology innovation to succeed.
    Print ISSN: 1754-9957
    Electronic ISSN: 1754-9965
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law , Economics
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    Liberian production sharing contracts: a new model for West Africa? (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-26
    Description: Liberia has huge potential to be an oil-producing nation in the near future. With an increasing number of hydrocarbon discoveries in West Africa over the past few years and oil discovery in February 2012 in the Narina well offshore Liberia by African Petroleum, interest in Liberia and West Africa should only accelerate. Indeed, major oil and gas companies such as Chevron, Tullow, Repsol, Anadarko and ENI already hold acreage in Liberia, and ExxonMobil recently acquired an interest. This article looks at a new model of Production Sharing Contract, which was developed as part of a recent transaction whereby Canadian Overseas Petroleum (Bermuda) Limited (COPLB) and ExxonMobil Exploration and Production Liberia Limited (ExxonMobil Liberia) acquired 20 per cent and 80 per cent, respectively, of Liberia Offshore Block LB-13 (Block LB-13). This article examines certain key features of the Production Sharing Contract entered into as part of the above transaction and how the issues addressed in this Production Sharing Contract might be applied to other emerging oil nations in West Africa.
    Print ISSN: 1754-9957
    Electronic ISSN: 1754-9965
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law , Economics
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    The recent regulatory changes in Brazilian petroleum exploration and exploitation activities (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-26
    Description: The Brazilian regulatory framework for petroleum exploration and production activities was significantly altered after the discovery of pre-salt province. In addition to Act No. 9.478, of 6 August 1997, four new Laws were launched since 2010, creating a new oil company—Pre-Sal Petroleo S.A. (PPSA)—and establishing two other types of international petroleum agreement—production sharing contract (PSC) and onerous assignment agreement. This article aims to explain the new rules launched, and also assess the role of the agents involved and their competences. Present article will also analyse the three petroleum agreements provided by Brazilian Law: concession agreements, onerous assignment and PSC.
    Print ISSN: 1754-9957
    Electronic ISSN: 1754-9965
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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    LNG price reviews: a sign of the times (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-26
    Description: James Baily and Rachel Lidgate consider current issues arising in relation to LNG price reviews, set against the historical background to such disputes and the recent, unprecedented volatility seen in gas markets.
    Print ISSN: 1754-9957
    Electronic ISSN: 1754-9965
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law , Economics
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    Saudi Aramco: a look ahead (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-26
    Description: A lawyer’s perspective on the history of what has become the largest integrated oil and gas company in the world, the challenges faced by Saudi Aramco as the national oil company of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and its response to those challenges.
    Print ISSN: 1754-9957
    Electronic ISSN: 1754-9965
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law , Economics
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    Mexico's energy sector reform (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-26
    Description: During the week of 9 December 2013 Mexico’s Congress officially launched Mexico’s long awaited, heavily debated, and much talked about Energy Sector Reform. Indeed, in less than 10 days Mexico’s Congress and States passed the Energy Reform and rendered the Energy Reform a reality. After Congressional and State approval, the Reform was then signed into law by President Peña Nieto. The Law also published in the Federal Official Gazette on 20 December 2013.
    Print ISSN: 1754-9957
    Electronic ISSN: 1754-9965
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law , Economics
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    Tae think again: the reversal of the Scottish government's position on maritime boundary delimitation in the North Sea (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-26
    Description: ‘It’s Scotland’s oil.’ This Scottish National Party (SNP) electoral slogan encapsulates the importance of oil in the debate on Scotland’s constitutional future. In contrast therefore, the decision by the SNP-led Scottish Government in 2013 to apparently give up a claim to around 6,000 square miles of territory in the North Sea, encompassing several oilfields, is puzzling. This article contends that any dispute over North Sea boundaries would have resulted in unwelcome legal and diplomatic uncertainties for a putative independent State. The Scottish Government therefore may have taken the pragmatic decision to sacrifice this portion of its territory in favour of stability and certainty.
    Print ISSN: 1754-9957
    Electronic ISSN: 1754-9965
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law , Economics
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    Excalibur v Gulf Keystone: a victory for common sense (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-26
    Print ISSN: 1754-9957
    Electronic ISSN: 1754-9965
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law , Economics
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    Peter Roberts, Petroleum Contracts, English Law and Practice (2014)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-26
    Print ISSN: 1754-9957
    Electronic ISSN: 1754-9965
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law , Economics
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    Subscription Page (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-05
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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    Crying Wolf? A Spatial Analysis of Wolf Location and Depredations on Calf Weight (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-05
    Description: Combining a novel panel dataset of 18 Montana ranches with spatial data on known wolf pack locations and satellite-generated climatological data from 1995-2010, we estimate the spatial impact of changing wolf pack locations and confirmed wolf depredations on the weight of beef calves. We find no evidence that wolf packs with home ranges that overlap ranches have any detrimental effects on calf weights. Other non-wolf factors, notably climate and individual ranch-specific husbandry practices, explained the majority of the variation in the weight of calves. However, ranches that experienced a confirmed cattle depredation by wolves had a negative and statistically significant impact of approximately 22 pounds on the average calf weight across their herd, possibly due to inefficient foraging behavior or stress to mother cows. For ranches experiencing confirmed depredation, the costs of these indirect weight losses are shown to potentially be greater than the costs of direct depredation losses that have, in the past, been the only form of compensation for ranchers who have suffered wolf depredations. These results demonstrate a potentially important and understudied aspect of economic conflict arising from the protection and funding of endangered species recovery programs.
    Keywords: Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets, Q51 - Valuation of Environmental Effects, Q57 - Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services ; Biodiversity Conservation ; Bioeconomics
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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