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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 14 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Users of photogrammetric data have often been puzzled by conflicting advice given by companies regarding achievable height accuracies which could be expected from varying scales of aerial photography. The author chairs the Photogrammetry Group which is convened under the auspices of the Council of the UK Land and Hydrographic Survey Association (TSA). The first aim of this Group was to establish some common ground among TSA member companies with regard to achievable heighting accuracies. A series of tests was carried out on the most commonly used photographic scales and guidelines were published to clients based on these tests. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Les utilisateurs des données photogrammétriques ont été souvent déconcertés par les avis contraires émanant des entreprises concernant les précisions altimétriques accessibles à partir de diverses échelles des photographies aériennes. Dans ce contexte, le Conseil de ľ‘Association britannique des levées terrestres et hydrographiques (TSA) a mis sur pied un Groupe “Photogrammétrie” et en a confié la présidence àľauteur. Le premier objectif de ce Groupe a consistéàétablir des bases communes aux entreprises membres de la TSA, en ce qui concerne les précisions altimétriques réalisables. On a effectué un ensemble ď essais sur les échelles des photographies aériennes les plus communément utilisées et ľ on a publicé, à partir de ces essais un opuscule destinéà guider les clients. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Die Nutzer photogrammetrischer Daten werden oft durch widerspriich-liche Ratschläge der Firmen in bezug auf die bei verschiedenen Bildmaβstäben erreichbare Höhengenauigkeit verwirrt. Der Autor leitet den photogrammetrischen Ausschuβ, der unter Aufsicht des Council des UK Land and Hydrographic Survey Association (TSA) einberufen wurde. Erstes Ziel dieses Gremiums war es, eine gemeinsame Grundlage unter den TSA-Mitgliedsgesellschaften im Hinblick auf erreichbare Höhengenauigkeit zu schaffen. Es wurde eine Reihe von Versuchen zu den am meisten verwendeten Bildmaβstäben durchgeführt, undes wurden daraufberuhende Richtlinien für Kunden veröffentlicht.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 14 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Cartography andphotogrammetry have always been strongly linked and this paper emphasises a view of cartography as a process of spatial data representation, rather than as a method of creating a product, a map. Of course, the definition of cartography must change with developments in its practice. An outline of the historical background to the subject is presented, followed by a consideration of the relationship between the cartographer and the user of the product. The basic problems involved in the transfer of information from the complex real world to a generalized cartographic product are analysed and technological aspects of the discipline are described. Contemporary applications of cartography include hazard mapping, links with GIS, tactile products and electronic hydrographic representation, all of which represent customer driven progress. It is concluded that the future of cartography is, overall, dependent on a graphical representation of high quality being supplied to the end user, rather than on the methods used to attain this objective. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé La cartographie et la photogramétrie ont toujours été liées étroitement ľune àľautre, et ľ‘on souligne dans cet article ľ‘idée que la cartographie est un systéme de représentation des données à trois dimensions, plutôt qu‘un ensemble de procédés de fabrication ďun produit, la carte. II est évident que la définition de la cartographie doit changer au fur et à mesure que des évolutions apparaissent dans sa pratique. Aprés un aperçu du contexte historique de ce thème, on examine les relations qui se développent entre le cartographe et ľutilisateur du produit. On analyse les problèmes fondamentaux du transfert ďinformations du monde réel, complexe, à un produit cartographique géneralisé et ľ‘on décrit la technologie qu'utilise cette discipline. Les applications récentes de la cartographie concernent la cartographie des risques naturels, les relations avec les SIG, les cartes qui se lisent par le toucher, et la représentation electronique de ľ‘hydrographic produits qui tous sont issus de cheminements pilotés en aval, par le client. On en déduit que la cartographie est, àľ'avenir, par dessus tout fonction ďune represséntation graphique de haute qualityé fournie à un utilisateur final, plutôt que de processus utilisé pour parvenir à cet objectif.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Kartographie und Photogrammetrie waren immer eng verbunden, und dieser Beitrag betont starker eine Auffassung von der Kartographie als einem Prozeβ der Darstellung von Raumdaten als ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Erzeugnisses, der Karte. Natürlich muβ sich die Definition der Kartographie bei Entwicklungen in ihrer Praxis ändern. Es erfolgt eine Skizzierung des historischen Hintergrundes des Gegenstands, gefolgt von Betrachtungen zur Beziehung zwischen Kartographen und dem Nutzer des Erzeugnisses. Die mit der Übertragung von Informationen aus der komplexen realen Welt in ein generalisiertes kartographisches System verbundenen grundlegenden Probleme werden analysiert, und es werden technologische Aspekte der Disziplin beschrieben. Zeitgenössische Anwendungen der Kartographie schlieβen die Kartierung von Katastrophen, Verbindungen zu GPS, gefühlsmäβge Erzeugnisse und elektronische hydrographische Darstellungen ein, die alle den vom Nutzer beeinflufiten Fortschritt darstellen. Es wird geschluffolgert, daft die Zukunft der Kartographie vor allem von der graphischen Darstellung hoher Qualität, die dem Endnutzer geliefert wird, abhängig ist undnicht so sehr von den Methoden, me dieses Ziel erreicht wird.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 14 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Since its foundation in 1982, the Institut Cartogràfic de Catalunya has been dealing with digital images. Though digital images and techniques were initially confined to remote sensing, they have been gradually transferred to and combined with photogrammetry. In addition to the development of remote sensing and digital orthophotography systems, this expertise has facilitated the introduction of commercially available digital photogrammetric systems (scanning and stereocompilation) which are now in full operation. The paper describes the experience in scanning, orthophotography production and stereocompilation, draws some conclusions and gives an insight of the future of digital photogrammetry. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé L‘Institut Cartographique de Catalogue s‘est intéressé au traitement des images numériques depuis le moment où il a été crée, en 1982. Bien qu'au début les images numériques et leur technologie aient été réservées à la télédétection, elles se sont trouvées peu à peu transférées et intégrées à la photogrammétrie. Ce savoir-faire a permis le développement des systèmes de télédétection et ď orthophotographie numérique et a, de plus, facilité la mise à disposition sur le marché de systèmes de photogrammétrie numérique qui sont maintenant pleinement opérationnels. On présente dans cet article ľ expérience acquise dans le domaine du balayage, de la production des orthophotographies et de la stéréocompilation, on en tire quelques conclusions et ľ on termine par un aperçu sur ľ‘avenir de la photogrammétrie numérique. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Seit seiner Gründung im Jahre 1982 hat sich das Institut Cartogràfic de Catalunya mit digitalen Bildern beschäftigt. Obwohl digitate Bilder und Verfahren ursprünglich auf die Fernerkundung begrenzt waren, wurden sie schrittweise auf die Photogrammetrie übertragen bzw. mit ihr kombiniert. Zusätzlich zur Entwicklung von Fernerkundung und digitaler Orthophoto-Systeme hat diese Erfahrung die Einführung kommerziell verfügbarer digitaler photogrammetrischer Systeme erleichtert, die jetzt überall in der Praxis angewendet werden. Der Beitrag beschreibt die Erfahrung bei der Abtastung, der Herstellung von Orthophotos und bei der Stereoauswertung und gibt einige Schluβfolgerungen und Aussichten in bezug auf die Digitalphotogrammetrie wieder.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 14 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The paper entitled The Photogrammetric Society Analogue Instrument Project was published in The Photogrammetric Record, 14(82): 565–582 (October 1993) and contained, as Appendix A, an extract from the Archive concerned with the history of the Zeiss Stereoplanigraph in Great Britain. In The Photogrammetric Record, 14(83): 769–782 (April 1994), three further Appendices were published which dealt with the Williamson Multiplex equipment and other instruments. In this third extract, the history of five other instruments of the Multiplex type are described. This brings to a close that section of the Archive dealing with instruments using direct optical projection.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On a publicé dans le numéro 14(82) (pp 565–582) ďoctobre 1993 du“Photogrammetric Record”ľarticle intitulé“le projet de la Société (britannique) de Photogrammétrie sur les instruments analogiques” et inséré dans ľannexe A un extrait des Archives relatif a ľhistorie du Stereoplan-igraphe Zeiss en Grande-Bretagne. On a publicé dans le numéro 14 (83) ďavril 1994 du“Photogrammetric Record”(pp 769–782) trois annexes supplémentaires qui traitaient de ľappareil Multiplex de Williamson et ďautres instruments. Dans ce troisième extrait, on présente ľhistorie de cinq autres appareils du type Multiplex. Cette partie des Archives qui traitait des appareils basés sur ľemploi ďuneprojection optique directe, se trouve ainsi achevee.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag mit dem Titel“The Photogrammetric Society Analogue Instrument Project”wurde im Photogrammetric Record, 14(82): 565–582 (Oktober 1993) veröffentlicht und enthielt als Anlage A einen Extrakt vom Archiv, das mit der Geschichte des Zeiss Steroplanigraph in Groβbritannien verbunden war. Im Photogrammetric Record, 14(83); 769–782 (April 1984) wurden 3 weitere Anlagen veröffentlicht, die vom Williamson Multiplex und anderen Geräten handelten. In diesem 3. Auszug wird die Geschichte von 5 anderen Geräten des Multiplex-Typs beschrieben. Das führt zum Abschluβ desjenigen Teils des Archivs, das sich mit Geräten mit direkter optischer Projektion befaβt.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 14 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: An analysis is given of the modelling of XY stage errors in an analytical plotter by polynomial functions. This is discussed as an alternative to demanding strict mechanical accuracy in the stage construction. In an era of plentiful computational resources, it is concluded that apportioning more of the responsibility to the mathematical co-ordinate refinement is an effective strategy. A second degree polynomial is used for each of the two stages in an analytical plotter, modelling the systematic stage errors to within the variability of a single observation. A requirement for instrument stability is emphasized. Such techniques have application for other instruments such as image scanners. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On étudie la modélisation des erreurs des chariots XY ďun restituteur analytique en utilisant des fonctions polynomials. II s‘agit en fait de trouver une alternative à des exigences de prêcision mêcanique très strictes dans la réalisation de ces chariots. A une époque oùľon dispose ďune abondance de ressources en moyens de calcul, il apparait en effet relever ďune stratégie efficace de s'appuyer davantage sur les traitements mathématiques pour améliorer les valeurs des coordonnées. On utilise, pour chacun des deux chariots, un polynome du second degrè pour modéliser les erreurs systématiques des chariots, et les rendre inférieures aux erreurs propres à une observation unique. On insiste sur la nécessitéďune grande stabilityé instrumental. Ces processus peuvent également s'appliquer àďautres instruments comme les scanneurs ďimages. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Es wird die Modellierung von Fehlern des xy-Wagens bei analytischen Auswertegeräten mit Hilfe von Polynomen analysiert. Des wird als Alternative zur Forderung nach einer strengen mechanischen Genauigkeit bei der Bildwagenkonstruktion diskutiert. Im Zeitalter hervorragender Computer-Ressourcen, so wird geschluβfolgert, ist es eine effektive Strategie, sich mehr der mathematischen Koordinatenverbesserung zuzuwenden. Ein Polynom 2. Grades wird für jeden der 2 Bildträger eines analytischen Auswertegerätes genutzt, um die systematischen Fehler im Bereich der Variation von einzelnen Beobachtungen zu modellieren. Bezüglich der Stabilität des Instruments wird eine Anforderung formuliert. Solche Verfahren kännen auch bei anderen Geräten, wie zum Beispiel Bildscanner angewendet werden.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 14 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 14 (1993), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Earlier mathematical models that have been developed for use with data acquisition/data reduction systems in close range photogrammetry have not taken into consideration the geometry of video imagery. In this paper, a recently developed multi-application collinearity equation (MACE) model is analysed and assessed. The model is simple to apply and is adaptable to any data acquisition/data reduction system in close range photogrammetry.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 1 (1954), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 1 (1954), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 1 (1953), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 14 (1993), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The use of CCD cameras for digital photogrammetry has only slowly been taken up by the photogrammetric community. However, the pace of change is quickening with better understanding and cheaper equipment. Recently a decision was made to start some research into close range three dimensional digital measurement. The overall objective was to develop a low cost system for the automated measurement of small industrial objects. This shorter contribution describes the initial stages of this work.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 14 (1993), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper presents two mathematical models of the accuracy of digital terrain model (DTM) surfaces which have been linearly constructed from square gridded data, respectively with and without additional feature specific data. In these models, the accuracy of DTM surfaces is expressed as a function of a few parameters, such as slope angle, grid interval or the accuracy of raw data, which are familiar to practitioners in photogrammetry and other mapping related disciplines. These models are in a form similar to the conventional formulae for contour map accuracy and they are compared with experimental test results.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 14 (1993), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 1 (1954), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The effect of haze in vertical daylight air photography for various solar altitudes is considered. If appreciable haze is present the density of negatives exposed when the solar rays are inclined to the vertical at angles less than the lens field semi-angle may vary over the field to such an extent that the photographs will be unsuitable for survey purposes. A theoretical investigation is made and practical results analysed. Methods by which the phenomena may be avoided are suggested. The effect on negative density of the variation in shadow length across the picture is also discussed.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 1 (1954), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 1 (1954), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 14 (1993), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 14 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 14 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: In 1987, the Scottish Office commissioned vertical aerial photography for the whole of Scotland at 1:24 000 scale. The paper describes the need for this national coverage, the physical and economic constraints and the acquisition of the photographs. The principal use of the photography, as a database for measuring land cover change in Scotland, is summarised and numerous other projects are also described. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Le Bureau des Affaires Écossaises a commandé en 1987 une couverture photographique aérienne verticale au 1:24000 sur ľensemble de ľÉcosse. On présente dans cet article les besoins qui ont motivé cette couverture, les contraintes économiques el physiques correspondantes et le déroulement de sa saisie. On donne un aperçu de la principale utilisation de ces photographies, destiniées à constituter une base de données pour la détermination des modifications intervenues en Écosse dans ľoccupation du sol; de nombreux autres projets sont également mentionées. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Im Jahre 1987 gab das Scottish Office Auftrag zur Luftbildaufnahme im Maβstab 1:24000 von ganz Schottland. Im Artikel werden die Notwendigkeit für diese vollständige nationale Bedeckung, für die physikalischen und ökonomischen Zwangsbedingungen und für die Beschaffung der Fotos beschrieben. Die prinzipielle Nutzung der Fotografie als Datenbasis zur Bestimmung der Landnutzungsänderung in Schottland wird hervorgehoben und zahlreiche andere Projekte werden ebenso beschrieben.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 14 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Maintaining the quality of aerial photographic products with time requires a simultaneous retention of both image and dimensional characteristics. These factors are prerequisites for maintaining aesthetic value and ensuring no distortion of information occurs. It is, however, the recent experience of archivists that many negatives and prints are suffering irreversible deterioration. Degradation is typified by image fading, the presence of surface crystalline deposits which obscure any image and significant dimensional distortion. This paper relates those factors which influence stability, principally temperature, relative humidity and oxygen, and correlates them to structural changes in the materials. In addition an overview is given of methods of monitoring and of inhibiting breakdown. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Pour maintenir la qualité des produits photographiques aériens dans le temps, il faut satisfaire auxproblèmes de conservation à la fois de ľimage et de ses qualités dimensionnelles. Ce sont des préalables nécessaires au maintien de la qualité esthétique du document et àľabsence de distorsion dans ses données. C'est que ľexpérience récente des archivistes a montré que nombre de négatifs et de tirages subissaient actuellement des détériorations irréversibles. Ces détériorations sont caractérisees par ľaffaiblissement de ľimage, ľapparition de dépôts cristallins en surface qui obscurcissent ľimage et ľexistence de variations dimensionelles importantes. On examine dans cet article les facteurs qui pertubent cette conservation, essentiellement la température, ľhumidité relative et ľoxydation et on les corrèle avec les changements structured des matériaux. On donne de plus un aperçu des méthodes permettant de suivre et de freiner ces altérations. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Das Gewährleisten der Qualität von Luftbilderzeugnissen in Abhängigkeit der Zeit erfordert die gleichzeitige Bewahrung sowohl der Bild- als auch der Dimensionscharakteristika. Diese Faktoren sind die Voraussetzungen zur Erhaltung des ästhetischen Wertes und gewährleisten, daβ keine Verzerrung der Informationen auftritt. Es ist jedoch neuste Erfahrung von Archivaren, daβ viele Negative und Kopien irreversible Wertminderungen erleiden. Das wird sichtbar durch das Verblassen von Bildern, das Auftreten von kristallinen Ablagerungen aufder Oberfläche, die Bilddetails verdecken und durch signifikante Dimensionsänderungen. Der Betrag bezieht sich auf solche Faktoren, die die Stabilitat beeinflussen, vor allem Temperatur, relative Luftfeuchte und Sauerstoff und korreliert diese mit strukturellen Veranderungen des Materials. Zusätzlich wird ein Überblick über Verfahren zur Materialbeobachtung und der Verminderung von dessen Verderb gegeben.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 14 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: During both the First and Second World Wars, much effort was put into obtaining and interpreting aerial photographs for military reconnaissance purposes. Initially this material was classified; however, with the passing of time, much has now been declassified and is accessible to the general public. There is a large variety of information which can be of use to a number of disciplines. This material includes photographic prints, interpretation manuals, interpretation reports, plans of targets, and technical details of cameras, lenses and mountings. The use of this material will be demonstrated with examples from the United Kingdom, France and Italy, primarily for civil engineering site studies. The varied sources of this material will be discussed. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Au cours de la première et de la seconde Guerre Mondiale, on a déployé beaucoup ď efforts dans le receuil et ľ interprétation de photographies aériennes à des fins de reconnaissance militaire. Au début on classifia ces documents; mais maintenant, le temps ètant écoulé, on en a déclassifié une grande partie pour la rendre accessible au grand public. On peut ainsi y trouver toutes sortes ď informations qui peuvent être utiles à de nombreuses disciplines. Ces documents comprennent des tirages photographiques, des manuels ď interprétation, des rapports ď interprétation, des plans ď objectifs (militaires), et des détails techniques sur les chambres photographiques, leurs objectifs et leurs montures. Ľ intérêt du recours à ces documents est illustré par des examples provenant du Royaume-Uni, de France et ďItalie, essentiellement dans le domaine du génie civil pour des études de sites. On examine également les diverses origines de ces documents. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Während des 1. und 2. Weltkrieges wurde vielAufwand zur Gewinnung und Interpretation von Luftbildern für militärische Erkundungszwecke geleistet. Anfänglich wurde dieses Material unter Verschluβ gehalten, im Laufe der Zeitjedoch wurde vielesfreigegeben und ist nun der Öffentlichkeit zugänglich. Es gibt eine Vielzahl von Informationen, die für eine Anzahl von Disziplinen von Nutzen sein kann. Das Material umfaβt Fotokopien, Interpretationsmanuale, Interpretationsberichte, Pläne von Zielen und technische Details über Kameras, Objektive und Aufhängungen. Die Nutzung dieses Materials wirdan Hand von Beispielen aus dem Vereinigten Königreich, aus Frankreich und aus Italien gezeigt, und zwar vor allem für Analysen von Baustellen. Die vielfältigen Quellen für dieses Material werden diskutiert.
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    The @photogrammetric record 14 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Low cost analytical plotters for use with 35 mm and 70 mm metric and non-metric photography are increasingly being considered as a means of introducing photogrammetry to non-photogrammetrists. One of these instruments, an Adam Technology MPS-2, recently formed the basis for a research project into the feasibility of such non-specialist use. During the project, an MPS-2 users' group was formed and many of the current users were asked to complete a questionnaire detailing their experiences with the instrument. Almost 40 users responded and their replies are given in this paper, which begins by outlining the project and goes on to discuss the comments received. The paper ends with an appraisal of the MPS-2 as seen through the eyes of its users and concludes that, considering its relatively low cost, it is definitely worthy of consideration by non-specialists. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On considère actuellement de plus en plus que les appareils de réstitution analytiques bon marché, permettant ľemploi des photographies 35 mm et 70 mm, métriques et non-métriques, constituent un bon moyen ďinitiation des non-photogrammètres à la photogrammétrie. Ľun de ces instruments, le MPS-2 de la Société Adam Technology, a servi de base à une action de recherche sur lafaisabilitéďun tel emploi par des non-spécialistes. On a formé, dans le cadre de cette action de recherche, un groupe ďutilisateurs du MPS-2, à la plupart desquels on a adressé un questionnaire leur demandant de détailler leur expérience de cet appareil. On a reçu près de 40 réponses ďutilisateurs et ľon reproduit ces réponses dans cet article. Après avoir esquisé les grandes lignes de cette action de recherche, on commente les réponses reçues. On termine sur une appréciation du MPS-2 vu par les utilisateurs et on en conclut que, étant donné son coût relativement faible, cet appareil mérite absolument ďêtre pris en compte par les non-spécialistes. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Preiswerte analytische Auswertegeräte für die Auswertung von 35 mm-und 70 mm-Fotos, die mit Meβkammern und Nichtmeβkammern aufge-nommen wurden, werden zunehmend als Mittel zur Einführung der Phologrammetrie bei Nichtphotogrammetem angesehen. Eines dieser Geräte, ein MPS-2 von Adam Technology, bildete kürzlich die Grundlage für ein Forschungsprojekt zum Nutzen solcher Anwendungen für Nicht-spezialisten. Während des Projektes wurde eine MPS-2-Nutzergruppe gebildet und viele der gegenwärtigen Nutzer wurden gebeten, einen Fragebogen zu vervollständigen und ihre Erfahrungen mit dem Gerät mitzuteilen. Zunächst wird das Projekt skizziert, und dann werden die erhaltenen Kommentare diskutiert. Der Artikel schlieβt mit einer Bewertung des MPS-2, wie er mit den Augen seiner Nutzer gesehen wird und schluβfolgert, daβ er unter Beachtung seiner relativ geringen Kosten deutlich die Aufmerksamkeit der Nichtspezialisten verdient.
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    The @photogrammetric record 14 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The evolution of quality assurance at the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain (OS) is described. Quality control methods have been adopted to cope with the change from graphical to digital products and processes, but the human inspector remains indispensable. Following an agreement that the OS will archive large volumes of digital data captured by public utility contractors, quality assurance procedures for the acceptance of batches of digital maps have been based on an elaboration of standards BS 6001 (IS02859). A quality assurance certification scheme for land survey organisations based on BS 5750 (ISO9001) is under discussion. However, following recent government initiatives in quality management, the OS is now committed to the philosophy of total quality management and registration schemes for quality assurance could eventually become obsolete. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Cet article traite de ľévolution de ľassurance-qualitéàľOrdnance Survey (OS) de Grande-Bretagné. On a adopté a ľOS des méthodes de contrôle-qualité permettant de faire face aux changements résultant du passage de la forme graphique à la forme numérique pour les procédés el les produits, tout en conservant unepart ďintervention humaine indispensable dans les controles. Comme suite à une convention passée avec les services publics selon laquelle ľOS doit archiver ďimportantes quantités des donnees numiriques que ceux-ci auront receuillies, on se conformera à un système de normes BS 6001 (ISO 2859) pour les procédés ďassurance-qualité lors de la recette technique des lots de cartes numériques. La discussion porte actuellement sur un projet de certification ďassurance-qualité et de registre pour les organismes de levé foncier, en se basant sur la norme BS 5750 (ISO 9001). Toutefois, aprés les récentes initiatives gouvernementales en matière de gestion de la qualityé, ľOS se trouve maintenant confrontéà la philosophie ďune gestion de la qualityé-totale, ce qui pourrait finalement rendre périmés les projets ďassurance-qualité actuels. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Es wird die Entwicklung der Qualitätssicherung beim Ordnance Survey (OS) in Groβbritannien beschrieben. Dazu wurden Verfahren zur Qualitätskontrolle entwickelt, die dem Wechsel von graphischen zu digitalen Erzeugnissen und Prozessen genügen, aber der menschliche Faktor bleibt dabei unentbehrlich. Entsprechend einer Vereinbarung, wonach der OS groβe Mengen digitaler Daten archiviert, die durch öffentlich bestellte Vertragspartner erfaβt wurden, beruhen die Verfahren zur Qualitätssicherung für die Annahme von Datensätzen digitaler Karten auf der Ausarbeitung der Standards BS 6001 (ISO 2859). Diskutiert wird gegenwärtig ein auf dem Standard BS 5750 (ISO 9001) basierendes Nachweisschema zur Qualitätssicherung und ein Register für Organisationen, die sich mit Landvermessungen beschüftigen. Folgt man jedoch jüngsten Initiativen der Regierung in bezug auf die Behandlung der Qualität, so ist der OS der Philosophie zur totalen Qualitätsverwaltung und Registratur verpflichtet, denn die Qualitätsgewährleistung könnte möglicherweise unüblich werden.
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    The @photogrammetric record 14 (1992), S. 0 
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    The @photogrammetric record 14 (1992), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Photogrammetric measurements within environmental test chambers which incorporate viewing ports constitute an application of multi-media photogrammetry. Perturbations to the incident bundles of rays due to refraction must therefore be taken into account. In this paper, refraction compensation for the case of antenna measurements within thermal vacuum chambers is discussed. Correction models applicable to the camera invariant refracting surfaces of a glass window and vacuum chamber are reviewed, especially error compensation using the approach of analytical selfcalibration. Results of a sequence of measurements of a satellite antenna are then analysed to illustrate the high measurement accuracies which are afforded by the selfcalibration approach. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Les déterminations photogrammétriques dans un environnement de caissons ď essais munis de hublots de visée, constituent une application de la photogrammetrie à trovers des milieux multiples. II y a lieu par conséquent de tenir compte des perturbations que subissent lesfaisceaux de rayons lumineux incidents par suite de la réfraction. On examine dans cet article la compensation de la réfraction dans le cas de mesures sur des antennes placées dans des enceintes thermiques sous vide. On analyse les modèles de correction applicables aux surfaces réfractantes invariantes de la chambre photographique et de ľ enceinte à vide, comprenant des fenêtres en verre, en s'attachant plus particulièrement à une compensation ď erreurs basée sur des méthodes ď auto-étalonnage analytique. On présente ensuite les résultats ď une série de mesures portant sur une antenne de satellite, qui illustrent le haut degré de précision atteint par cette méthode ďauto-étalonnage. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Photogrammetrische Messungen innerhalb von Umwelt-Testkammern, die auch Öffnungen zum Durchblick enthalten, stellen eine Anwendung der Multimedien-Photogrammetrie dar. Demzufolge müssen Störungen wegen Refraktion bei den Aufnahmestrahlenbündeln berücksichtigt werden. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die Kompensation der Refraktion für Antennenmessungen in thermalen Vakuum-Kammern diskutiert. Korrekturmodelle, die auf die kamerainvarianten brechenden Oberflächen eines Fensterglases und die Vakuum-Kammer angewandt werden können, werden analysiert, besonders unter dem Gesichtspunkt, daß eine Fehlerkorrektur mittels Selbstkalibrierung erfolgt. Dann werden Ergebnisse einer Folge von Messungen an der Satellitenantenne analysiert, um die hohe Meßgenauigkeit darzustellen, die aus dem Ansatz zur Selbstkalibrierung resultiert.
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    The @photogrammetric record 14 (1992), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper describes some experimental investigations into the variation of digital terrain model (DTM) accuracy with sampling interval, based on data acquired using stereophotogrammetric methods. The main factors affecting DTM accuracy are reviewed and various alternative schemes for carrying out experimental tests on DTM accuracy are outlined. Detailed information is given about the test areas, source data sets and check point data sets, followed by a discussion concerning the special design of this experiment. The experimental results are reported and, finally, a critical analysis of the test results is presented.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On presente dans eel article quelques études expérimentales sur la variation de ľ exactitude ďun modèle numerique du terrain (MNT) en fonction de ľintervalle ďéchantillonnage de données obtenues à partir de méthodes stéréophotogrammétriques. On examine les facteurs principaux qui interviennent sur ľ exactitude ď un MNT et ľ on esquisse divers projets permettant de mener au choix des essais expérimentaux sur ľ exactitude ďun MNT. On fournit des informations détaillées sur les polygones ď essai utilisés, lesjeux de données concernant les points de vérification et ceux de l'altimétrie initiale, suivies ďune présentation de la conception particulière de ces études. On décrit les résultats expérimentaux obtenus et ľ on termine cet article par une analyse critique des résultats de ľ essai. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Im Artikel werden einige experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Variation der Genauigkeit von Digitalen Geländemodellen (DTM) beschrieben, wobei ein Rasterintervall verwendet wurde, das auf stereophotogrammetrischer Datenerfassung basierte. Es werden die Haupteinfluβfaktoren auf die Genauigkeit der DTM betrachtet und verschiedene alternative Wege zur Testung der DTM-Genauigkeit skizziert. Detaillierte Angaben erfolgen zu den Testgebieten, den Quelldaten-Sätzen und den Datensätzen der Kontrollpunkte mit anschlieβenden Ausführungen zur speziellen Gestaltung dieses Versuchs. Die Versuchsergebnisse werden angegeben, und abschlieβend erfolgt ihre kritische Analyse.
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    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The broad requirements of the geomorphologist for original mapping are reviewed. The extent to which aerial photogrammetry can meet these requirements is exemplified through typical approaches and mapping products in fluvial, coastal and glacial specialisms.
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    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: As part of the measurements of desert terrain characteristics in the United Arab Emirates, made in support of a study of airborne radar, close range vertical stereophotographs of various natural surfaces were taken with a pair of Hasselblad MK70 metric cameras. The technique is described and the constraints imposed by the ground conditions and the need for rapid measurements are explained. Various terrain types are illustrated and the method is described whereby variables summarising surface roughness and surface slope were generated from profiles of the microrelief. From a more general discussion of current equipment and geomorphological applications of close range photogrammetry, it is concluded that this flexible technique is presently under utilised by field scientists.
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    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The French topographic database is a three dimensional database whose content is very near to that of the IGN 1:25 000 scale maps. It has a metric accuracy and is designed to have three aims (maps at scales of 1:25 000 and 1:50 000 and the topographic part of the cadastral map at 1:5000 scale, providing located structured data). The structure, including topology information, is described. The process of data capture is based on photogrammetry and field completion. Experiments concerned with revision are being made in order to define the methodology precisely.
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: A mathematical model for pass processing of SPOT imagery is formulated. It is based on the fact that during one pass, the image data stream from each of the instruments in SPOT forms one single very long image. The geometry of this extended image can thus be rectified with as few control points as for only one scene if orbital constraints and attitude measurements are properly taken into consideration. SPOT imagery is, however, not available as this single long image, but only sectioned into scenes. This creates problems which are accounted for in the solution. The possibility of gaps in the sequence of scenes is also taken into consideration. Extrapolation over gaps is of special interest and, by investigating attitude variability, it is shown that extrapolation is successful over multiple scene gaps which is also verified in a real data test.
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Inner constraints, generalised matrix inverses and S-transformations are described in relation to least squares estimation of spatial positions. A simple example is used to illustrate some of the theory. The various roles and properties of covariance functions and matrices are presented with a discussion of their practical determination and use in least squares interpolation and collocation.
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    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1990), S. 0 
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    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1990), S. 0 
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    Notes: This review of digital image processing refers to the pioneer work of Helava and Hobrough which has influenced the most recent trends in photogrammetry. The author goes on to discuss aspects of digital image acquisition, storage and display, as well as digital photogrammetric procedures and systems.
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    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1990), S. 0 
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    Notes: Site procedures, instrumentation, analytical methods and accuracies achieved are described for the measurement of the deformation of a military steel bridge under load in a test gantry. Some remarks concerning the advantages and disadvantages of photogrammetry as a method of industrial measurement are made.
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    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1990), S. 0 
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    Notes: An account is given of the importance of photogrammetric techniques in industrial three dimensional problems and the way in which obtaining data in this environment differs from the more common applications. Possible system arrangements are discussed. The particular choice at Imperial College and the resulting system speed and accuracy are presented.
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    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1990), S. 0 
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    Notes: Lasertrace is a high accuracy measurement system for the remote, non-contact determination of position, velocity, or acceleration in two or three dimensions. It uses advanced two axis laser steering technology to locate and measure the angular position, from itself, of an identified point on an object under investigation. If the object subsequently moves, the steerable laser beam actually tracks the point providing updated position coordinates as it does so. An operating window of 40° in both axes guarantees system versatility in a wide range of applications.
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    Notes: Optical triangulation is used in the human visual system and surveying tacheometers to estimate distance. This method is now used in systems with solid state sensors which enable fast measurement of distance with sufficiently high accuracy for many applications. City University has built on past experience to develop the optical triangulation technique to gather data appertaining to cross sections or profiles of structures in the range 0.2 m to 20 m radius from the measurement axis. Results obtained using three prototypes are given.
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    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1990), S. 0 
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    Notes: The author, a research and development manager at Ordnance Survey, reviews current developments in photogrammetry including the automatic correlation of image points for aerial triangulation, digital photogrammetric map revision, mapping from SPOT imagery and progress in aerial photography.
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    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1990), S. 0 
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    Notes: This study of coastal air survey draws together the main characteristics of the coastal zone, scientific sites of interest, statutory spheres of responsibility, existing coastal photography and survey, and evidence of survey practices by many with responsibilities in these environments. In contrast to the surveyor/photogrammetrist steeped in survey techniques and map use, the majority of people who commission and use air photographs and photogrammetric mapping have very different backgrounds and interests and have widely differing objectives. They come largely from the disciplines of economics, planning, engineering, geography, biological sciences and accountancy. They, too, have their own view of the value of air survey and the analysis here of the trends in demand and use for such material suggests that these sources of information play only a minor and occasional part in their everyday work.
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    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper presents all the stages involved in the procedure for the determination of the shape of a fuel assembly, which is an essential part of a nuclear power plant and can only be handled underwater. Phototriangulation is used to obtain orientation elements, taking into account light refracting surfaces. Stereomodels are then set up for analytical restitution and the shape parameters for the object can be obtained. The project is a typical example of high precision underwater photogrammetry.
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    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
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    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1990), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Book review in this Article:PHOTOGRAMMETRY APPLIED TO SURVEYS OF MONUMENTS AND HISTORIC CENTRES. By M. Carbonnell. English translation by R. W. A. Dallas and K. V. Parker.ELECTRONIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENT. Third Edition. By J. M. Rüeger.RECONNAISSANCE, ASTRONOMY, REMOTE SENSING AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY. Edited b I Hirschberg.SATELLITE DATA: PROCESSING, ARCHIVING AND DISSEMINATION. Volume 1 Applications and Infrastructure. By D. R. Sloggett.SATELLITE DATA PROCESSING, ARCHIVING AND DISSEMINATION. Volume 2 Functions, Operational Principles and Design. By D. R. Sloggett.GPS: A GUIDE TO THE NEXT UTILITY. By J. Hurn.RADARGRAMMETRIC IMAGE PROCESSING. By F. W. Leberl.REMOTE SENSING OF SOILS AND VEGETATION IN THE USSR. By P. J. Curran, G. M. Foody, K. Ya. Kondratyev, V. V. Kozoderov and P. P. Fedchenko.ENGINEERING SURVEYING TECHNOLOGY. Edited by T. J. M. Kennie and G. Petrie.ACCURACY OF SPATIAL DATABASES. Edited b M. F. Goodchild and S. Gopal.CARTOGRAPHY PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE A Festschrift for F. J. Ormeling. Edited by D. W. Rhind and D. R. F. Taylor.HIGH PRECISION NAVIGATION. Edited by K. Linkwitz and U. Hangleiter.INVENTORY OF WORLD TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING. Volume 1 Western Europe, North America and Australasia. Compiled by R. Böhme.ADVANCED PHOTOGRAPHY. B M. Langford.PHOTOGRAMMÉTRIE ET SYSTÈMES D'INFORMATION DU TERRITOIRE. Directeur de la publication O. Kölbl.
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    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
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    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
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    The @photogrammetric record 14 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Photogrammetry is used extensively in British Coal Opencast to provide surface profiles of both new sites and existing sites. This paper will discuss the development of GPS within Opencast and its deployment as a tool to provide the ground control required for mapping. Comparisons with conventional equipment will also be made and relative cost effectiveness assessed. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On utilise largement la photogrammétrie dans British Coal Opencast, pour déterminer des profiles de surface, à la fois dans les sites nouveaux et dans les sites en cours. On examine dans cet article ľ emploi du GPS dans ces mines et son développement comme outil permettant ď obtenir les points ď appui sur le terrain nécessaires à la cartographie. On se propose defaire les comparaisons avec les équipements classiques et ďévaluer les avantages relatifs coût/efficacité. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Die Photogrammetrie wird bei den Britischen Kohlen-Tagebauen extensiv zur Beschaffung von Oberflächenprofilen sowohl bei Neuaufschlüssen als auch bei bestehenden Gruben eingesetzt. Im Artikel wird die Entwicklung von GPS und seine Entwicklung als Hilfsmittel zur Beschaffung der für die Kartenherstellung benötigten Paβpunkte diskutiert. Es erfolgen auch Vergleiche mit der konventionellen Ausrüstung und in bezug auf die relative Kosteneffektivität.
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    The @photogrammetric record 14 (1994), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: An investigation has been made into the feasibility of using a low cost GPS receiver fitted to a light fixed wing aircraft as an aid to flying parallel flight lines for block aerial vertical photography. Two cases were examined: (I) the pilot controlled the heading of the aircraft according to the indications on the course deviation indicator of the GPS receiver; (2) the autopilot, being connected to the GPS receiver, controlled the heading of the aircraft. The results obtained for both sidelap and endlap were equal to or superior to those obtained with a CCTV system. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn a mené une recherche sur la faisabilité du GPS comme aide au maintien du parallélisme des axes de prises de vues d'un bloc de photographies aériennes verticales, en utilisant un récepteur GPS bon marché fié a un avion léger. On a examiné deux cas: (i) celui ou le pilote a maintenu le cap de l'avion en suivant les indications de l'index de changement de route du récepteur GPS; (ii) celui ou c'est le pilote automatique qui, par une liaison au récepteur GPS, a maintenu le cap de l'uvion. Les résultats obtenus pour le recouvrement latéral et l'extrgmité des bandes se sont révélés égaux ou supérieurs ii ceux obtenus avec un systPme CCTV.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungEs wurde eine Untersuchung über die mögliche Nutzung billiger GPS-Empfanger, die in ein Kleinjlugzeug als Hilfsmittel zum Flug paralleler Bildstreifen für die blockweise Luftbildaufnahme eingebaut wurden, durchgefuhrt. Dabei wurden 2 Falle geprüft: (1) Der Pilot steuerte das Flugzeug entsprechend der Anzeige auf dem Kursindikator des GPS-Empfangers. (2) Der mit dem GPS-Empfänger verbundene Autopilot steuerte das Flugzeug. Die Ergebnisse sowohl für Querals auch Längsüberdeckung waren gleich oder besser als die mit einem CCTV-System erhaltenen.
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    The @photogrammetric record 14 (1994), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The authors provide an account of current Directorate of Military Survey approaches to the provision of photocontrol by use of GPS and they pay special attention to the requirements of height control. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉SummaryGPS now provides us with a rapid method for determining plan and height for photogrammetric control directly over the points required by the photogrammetrist. By utilizing the slope of the geoid model, orthometric heights can be obtained to an accuracy of 0.15 m to 0.2 m. Surveys can be carried out quickly in all weather conditions and with none of the traditional terrestrial survey skills. Time, cost and manpower are greatly reduced. The plan accuracies are well within any requirements of the photogrammetrist and heights can be achieved to within 0.15 m to 0.2 m on test areas of UK. As photogrammetric height accuracy requires at best 1 m for plotting a 10 metre contour interval, heighting by GPS and the use of a geoid model solves the heighting problem.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Les auteurs fournissent un compte-rendu de la façon dont le Directorate of Military Survey aborde actuellement le problème de la fourniture de points ďappui photos avec ľemploi du GPS et prêterit une attention particulière à celui des points ďappui altimétriques.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Die Autoren geben einen Bericht über die gegenwärtigen Versuche beim Directorate of Military Survey zur Paβpunktbestimmung mit GPS, wobei sie den Anforderungen an die Höhenbestimmung besondere Aufmerksamkeit zollen.
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    The @photogrammetric record 14 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The operational situation of precise airborne GPS positioning of camera air stations and its use in combined block adjustment for aerial triangulation is reviewed. The acceptance of systematic GPS errors, which occur especially with biased phase ambiguity solutions after loss of lock of signals in-flight, has motivated the method of additional linear GPS drift parameters which are to be solved in the combined block adjustment. It also implies that no absolute GPS co-ordinates are required and that the datum transformation is provided via a few ground control points. A great number of practical examples demonstrates that the method has been successfully applied within a wide range of photoscales and of block sizes. It has proved to be fully operational under various practical conditions. The high accuracy performance of GPS blocks and the economic benefit have been confirmed. It is particularly noticeable that the stationary receiver can be at a great distance, up to 500 km or more from the mission area. The conclusion is drawn that GPS supported aerial triangulation is ready to become standard. The potential improvement from dual frequency receivers and fast ambiguity solutions only enhances that conclusion. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On examine, dans cet article, le degréďopérationnalité atteint par le GPS aéroporté dans le positionnement précis des sommets de prises de vues des caméras aériennes, et son insertion dans la compensation par blocs en aérotriangulation. La possibilityéďerreurs systématiques dans le GPS, en particulier en cas de perte des signaux en vol, qui se manifeste par des ambiguïtés de phase et des biais dans les résultats, à conduit a introduire dans la compensation en bloc des inconnues supplémental s, traduisant une dérive linéaire du GPS. II en résulte qu'il n'est pas nécessaire de disposer de coordonnées GPS absolues et que quelques points ďappui sur le terrain suffisent à assurer les changements de coordonnées. On a utilisé avec succès cette méthode dans de nombreux essaispratiques comportant un large eventail ďéchelles de prises de vues et de tallies des blocs. On a pu ainsi mettre en évidence ľentière opérationnalité de cette méthode, dans des conditions réelles différentes. On a également confirmé la haute précision des résultats des blocs GPS et les avantages économiques de ce système. En particulier, il est tout à fait remarquable que le récepteur fixe puisse se trouver à une grande distance de la zone du lasé, 500 km ou plus. On peut en conclure que ľaérotriangulation appuyée sur le GPS est en train de devenir une méthode standard. Les améliorations possibles que peuvent apporter les récepteurs à deux fréquences et la résolution rapide des ambiguïtés, ne font que renforcer cette conclusion. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Die hochgenaue Kamera Positionierung durch GPS und ihre Anwendung für die Aerotriangulation wird zusammengefaβt dargestellt. Die Existenz systematischer GPS Fehler, wie sie inbesondere durch nur genäherte Phasen-Mehrdeutigkeitslösungen nach Signalabrissen im Flug verursacht werden, haben zu der speziellen Methode zusätzlicher linearer GPS Drift Parameter geführt, die in der kombinierten Blockausgleichung bestimmt werden. Ferner wird dabei die Datumtransformation mit Hilfe einiger weniger Paβpunkte bestimmt, d.h. es werden keine absoluten GPS Koordinaten vorausgesetzt. Mit einer groβen Zahl praktischer Beispiele wird demonstriert, daβ die Methode in einem groβen Bereich von Bildmaβstäben und Blockgröβen bereits erfolgreich angewendet wird. Sie hat sich unter den verschiedensten praktischen Bedingungen als voll operationell erwiesen. Dabei wurde die theoretisch erwartete hohe Genauigkeit der GPS Blöcke und ihre Wirtschaftlichkeit bestätigt. Besonders bedeutsam ist der empirische Nachweis, daβ der stationäre GPS Empfänger sehr weit, bis 500 km oder mehr, von dem Fluggebiet entfernt sein kann. Als Ergebnis wird empfohlen, die GPS gestützte Aerotriangulation als verfügbares photogrammetrisches Standardverfahren allgemein zu verwenden. Diese Schluβfolgerung wird durch die neuesten Entwicklungen von Zwei-Frequenz Empfängern und schnellen Mehrdeutigkeitslösungen, in die hohe Erwartungen gesetzt werden, nur noch bekräftigt.
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    The @photogrammetric record 14 (1994), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: A description is given of a heighting accuracy test carried out at Cartographical Services Limited on 1:2000 scale aerial photography. Premarked points, with ground surveyed heights, were established on a dual carriageway road near Worcester and photography was flown using a Leica RC20 aerial camera with EMC. Photogrammetric height measurement was carried out with both a Zeiss P3 analytical plotter and a Cartographic Engineering Limited/Carto Instruments AP190 plotter; respective r.m.s.e. accuracies of ± 25 mm and ± 30 mm were obtained. The new Cartographic Engineering Limited CP2 analytical plotter has subsequently been used for height measurement on similar photography and comparable accuracy has been achieved. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On présente un essai de précision altimétrique, effectué par la Société“Cartographical Services” de Southampton, sur des photographies aérienne àľéchelledu 1:2000. On a utilisé des points pré-balisés, repartis sur une route à double voie près de Worcester, et dont ľaltitude a été déterminé sur le terrain. La prise de vue a été fait avec une caméra Leica RC20 munie ďun système de compensation du filé longitudinal. On a effectué les déterminations photogrammétriques des altitudes en utilisant à la fois un restituteur analytique Zeiss P3 et une restituteur AP190 de la Société“Cartographic Engineering/Carto Instruments.” On a obtenu comme erreurs moyennes quadratique les valeurs de ± 25 mm et ± 30 mm respectivement. On a enfin utilisé le noveau restituteur analytique CP2 de la Société“Cartographic Engineering” pour ces déterminations altimétriques et ľon a obtenu une précision comparable. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Versuch zur Bestimmung der Höhengenauigkeit, der beim Cartographical Services Ltd. in Southampton für den Bildmaβstab 1:2000 durchgeführt wurde beschrieben. Signalisierte Punkte, deren Höhen im Gelände bestimmt wurden, wurden aufeiner Doppelfahrbahn in der Nähe von Worcester angeordnet undmit einerLeica RC20 mit EMC aufgenommen. Die photogrammetrische Höhenbestimmung erfolgte mit einem analytischen Auswertegerät P3 von Zeiss und einem AP 190 Plotter von Cartographic Engineering Ltd./Carto Instruments. Dabei wurden mittlere Fehler von ± 25 mm bzw. ± 30 mm erhalten. Das neue analytische Auswertegerät CP 2 von Cartographic Engineering Ltd. wurde danach für Höhenmessungen bei ähnlichen Luftbildern genutzt, wobei vergleichbare Genauigkeiten erreicht wurden.
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    The @photogrammetric record 14 (1994), S. 0 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper describes a method for modelling the SPOT satellite imaging process using a single Ground Control Point (GCP) and for extracting ground planimetric information. Satellite position is derived using the collinearity condition equations. Initial orbit is obtained from the given ephemeris data and refinement is carried out using an iterative least squares solution. Attitude variations are taken into account by fitting a third order polynomial in time to the attitudes derived from the ephemeris by integration. After refining the satellite position, planimetric co-ordinates can be derived using the collinearity equations with an accuracy of up to 38 m in latitude and 52 m in longitude (average of the r.m.s. errors from two tests) when the GCP used for modelling is obtained from the 1:50 000 scale map. These figures include the measurement errors as well as the modelling error. It has been found that the method is not sensitive to the location of the GCP used for modelling. Résumé On présente dans cet article une méthode de modélisation du traitement des images du satellite SPOT ne faisant appel qu'à un seul point ďappui au sol et permettant ďextraire des informations planimétriques. On obtient la position du satellite à partir des équations traduisant la condition de colinéarité. On part ďune orbite initiale issue des données fournies par les éphémerides, et on ľameliore par une résolution itèrative, basée sur les moindres carrés. On tient compte des variations ďattitude par ľintermédiaire ďun polynome du troisième ordre fonction du temps et correspondant aux attitudes dérivées des éphémérides par intégration. Une fois obtenue la position définitive du satellite, on peut tirer les coordonnees planimétriques des équations de colinéarité avec une précision qui atteint 38 m en latitude et 52 m en longitude (valeurs moyennes des erreurs moyennes quadratiques rèsultant de deux essais), lorsque le point ďappui au sol utilisé dans la modélisation provident de la carte au 1:50 000. Ces chiffres incluent les erreurs de mesure ainsi que ľerreur de modélisation. On a trouvé que la méthode nétait pas du tout sensible à la position qu'occupait le point ďappui au sol utilisé dans le modélisation. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Im Artikel wird ein Verfahren zur Geländemodellierung des SPOT-Abbildungsprozesses unter Verwendung eines einzelnen Geländepaβpunktes (GCP) und zur Ableitung planimetrischer Informational beschrieben. Die Satellitenposition wird mit Hilfe der Kollinearitätsgleichungen beschrieben. Die Näherungswerte für die Bahnkurve werden aus gegebenen Ephemeriden bestimmt, die durch einen iterativen Prozeβ nach der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate verbessert werden. Veränderungen der Bahn werden rechtzeitig durch Anpassung mit einem Polynom 3. Grades an die aus den Ephemeriden abgeleitete Bahn durch Integration angepaβt. Nach Verbesserung der Satelliten-position können die Lagekoordinaten mit Hilfe der Kollinearitätsgleichungen mit einer Genauigkeit bis zu 38 m in der Breite und 52 m in der Länge (Mittelwert der mittleren Fehler aus 2 Versuchen) bestimmt werden, wenn der Paβpunkt (GCP) aus einer Karte 1:50 000 entnommen wurde. Dabei ist der Meβfehler ebenso wie der Modellierungsfehler enthalten. Es zeigte sich, daβ das Verfahren nicht empfindlich ist in bezug aufdie Lage des zur Modellierung benutzten Paβpunktes.
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    The @photogrammetric record 14 (1994), S. 0 
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    The @photogrammetric record 14 (1994), S. 0 
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    Notes: In 1989, the Council of the Photogrammetric Society decided that some record of the use of analogue photogrammetric equipment in Great Britain should be preserved before it was too late. The author agreed to investigate this matter as a research project funded by a number of survey organisations. Work on the project so far has resulted in the completion of two documents. The first is a Catalogue of Analogue Instruments that list some 230 instruments of 30 different types. The second is an Archive that gives further details of the history and use of the 30 different types of instrument. The entry included in his paper, by way of example, is that concerned with the Zeiss Stereoplanigraph.Readers are encouraged to provide corrections and additional information wherever possible.
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    Notes: Feature extraction is the first and crucial step of all image analysis procedures. Together with their mutual relations, features form perceptual structures on which hypothesis generation and reconstruction processes are built. The article gives a framework for feature extraction within an interpretation system, discusses a possible object and image model useful for building up perceptual structures and gives examples for the use of various features for standard photogrammetric tasks.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméĽextraction automatique de silhouettes est la première étape fondamentale dans tout procédéďanalyse ďimages.Ces silhouettes constituent, en même temps que leurs relations mutuelles, des structures identifiables à partir desquelles on peut établir des hypothèses et procéder à la re constitution. On donne dans cet article un cadre général pour ľextraction de silhouettes dans un système ďinterprétation et ľon y discute ďune modélisation possible de ľimage et de ľobjet pour obtenir des structures identifiables. On fournit enfin des exemples sur ľemploi de diverses silhouettes d̄objets dans les travaux photogrammétriques courants.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDie Kantenextraktion stellt den I. wesentlichen Schritt aller Bild-analyseverfahren dar. Gemeinsam mit ihren wechselseitigen Beziehungen bilden die Kanten wahrnehmbare Strukturen, auf denen Hypothesen und Rekonstruktionsprozesse aufgebaut werden können. Im Artikel werden ein Grundgerüst z.ur Kantenextraktion angegeben, mögliche Objekt- und Bild-modelle zur Entwicklung von Wahrnehmungsstrukturen diskutiert und Beispiele zur Nutzung verschiedener Kanten für photogrammetrische Standardaufgaben angegeben.
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    The @photogrammetric record 1 (1953), S. 0 
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    Notes: Accurate and rapid planning techniques are of vital importance when competing for business in the deregulated telecommunications market. This requirement, together with the arrival of personal communication networks, demands more detailed spatial data than are available now. This paper examines difficulties in current planning methods and considers the specifications of future data sets. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Les méthodes de planification précises et rapides sont ď une importance vitale lorsque ľ on est en concurrence en affaires dans le marché déréglementé des télécommunications. Ce besoin, parallèlement àľ arrivée des réseaux personnels de communication, nécessite une disponibilité de données tridimensionnelles beaucoup plus détailées que celles que ľ on a actuellement. On examine dans cet article les difficultiés rencontrées dans les méthodes actuelles de planification, et ľ on réfléchit sur les spécifications des jeux de données dans ľ avenir. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Genaue und schnelle Planungsverfahren sind beim Geschäftswettbewerb aufdem nicht regulierten Telekommunikations-Markt von auβerordentlicher Bedeutung. Diese Anforderung in Verbindung mit dem Aufkommen von Personal-Kommunikations-Netzwerken erfordert detailliertere Raumdaten ah jetzt verfügbar sind. In dem Artikel werden die Schwierigkeiten der gegen-wärtigen Planungsmethoden geprüft und Anforderungen an künftige Datensätze erörtert.
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    Notes: The President's Medallist directs the Survey Services Branch of the Technical Services Group of English Heritage. This Branch includes the Photogrammetric Unit which was first established at the Institute of Advanced Architectural Studies of the University of York in 1975, with support from English Heritage's predecessor organisation. The Unit has played a leading part in the development of architectural photogrammetry in the UK, with particular reference to the recording of ancient monuments and historic buildings. The writer discusses some aspects of the application of photogrammetry in this area, illustrating the modern photogrammetric product in comparison with 18th and 19th century pictures and prints from his own collection. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé C'est le titulaire de la Médaile du Président de notre Société qui dirige le Département de Levés du groupe des services techniques du Patrimoine anglais. Ce Département comprend ľUnité de Photogrammétrie qui était installée initialiement àľInstitut des Études Architecturales Avancées ďYork en 1975, avec le soutien de ľorganisme qui précédait le Patrimoine anglais. Cette Unité a joué un rôle prépondérant dans le développement de la photogrammétrie architecturale au Royaume-Uni, et une mention particulière est à faire en ce qui concerne ľarchivage des constructions anciennes et des monuments historiques. Ľauteur discute de quelques aspects des applications de la photogrammétrie dans ce domaine, illustrant le produit photogrammétrique moderne par comparaison avec des tableaux et des gravures des 18èmeet 19ème siècles issus de sa collection personelle. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Der Träger der Präsidenten-Medaille leitet die Vermessungsabteilung innerhalb des Technischen Dienstes von English Heritage. Diese Abteilung schlieβt die Photogrammetrie-Einheit mit ein, die zunächst im Jahre 1975 im Institut für Moderne Architektur an der Universitat York mit unterstüt-zung der Vorgängerorganisation von English Heritage aufgebaut wurde. Diese Einheit hat eine führende Rolle bei der Entwicklung der Architektur-photogrammetrie im Vereinigten Königreich gespielt, wobei besonders altehrwürdige Denkmäler und historische Bauwerke aufgenommen wurden. Der Schreiber diskutiert einige Aspekte der Anwendung der Photogrammetrie aufdiesem Gebiet und illustriert das moderne photogrammetrische Erzeugnis im Vergleich mit Bildern und Kopien aus dem 18. und 19. Jahrhundert, die der eigenen Sammlung entstammen.
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    The @photogrammetric record 1 (1954), S. 0 
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    The @photogrammetric record 1 (1954), S. 0 
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    The @photogrammetric record 1 (1954), S. 0 
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    Notes: In Part I the visual processes involved in depth perception are briefly described and discussed, while in Part II their application in stereo plotting and allied observations is considered. Reference is made to the visual axis, the need for and nature of eye movements, the conception of the horopter space within which fusion of the binocular images occurs and objects are seen in three-dimensions, and the tolerances for fusion implied by the existence of Panum's areas. Monocular clues make an important contribution to the perception of depth, and the apparent location of an object in space is determined by the factors of retinal disparity, convergence, angular size, perspective, motion parallax, elevation, aerial haze, etc. The following problems are then discussed: The significance of the horopter in relation to the general contour in a stereo photograph; the fusion of the images in a stereo plotting machine; the arguments for and against some convergence of the eyepiece axes; the special problems of spectacle wearers; the functions of field stop. An analysis of the visual task in contour plotting is attempted, but a more complete analysis would be possible if records were available of the observer's eye movements while plotting. Finally, chromatic aberration in relation to the Multiplex system is considered, and also in connection with the stereoscopic effect observed with differently coloured objects lying in a plane.
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    The @photogrammetric record 1 (1953), S. 0 
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    Notes: The object of this paper is to provoke discussion and not to present a finished study. It deals briefly with quantitative analysis of drainage patterns in geomorphological studies and refers to methods that have recently received some attention in the United States. It points to the value of aerial photographs in such studies and asks for discussion of two important points: firstly, whether the mathematical approach is soundly based; and, secondly, whether the analytical method is likely to give useful practical results.
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    Notes: The reunification of Germany also paved the way for the reunion of Carl Zeiss in Jena and Oberkochen in 1991, after many months of negotiation. For the surveying and photogrammetry divisions, this means that a joint policy for development, production and marketing will be pursued in Jena and Oberkochen in the future. The two photogrammetry divisions in Jena and Oberkochen will continue to exist on the market, with both their advanced aerial survey cameras (LMK 2000 and RMK TOP) being available. While Oberkochen will concentrate on the further development of analytical plotters and aerial photograph rectification systems, Jena will increasingly specialise in software development, which is an expanding field. Due to its longstanding expertise in these fields, Jena will also continue its activities in the fields of interpretation and close range photogrammetry, including the taking and evaluation of images. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé La ré-unification de ľAllemagne a éalement ouvert la voie à celle des deux Zeiss, léna et Oberkochen, en 1991, après plusieurs mois de négotiation. Pour les divisions des levés et de la photogrammétrie, cela signifie qu ľon mènera dorénavant, à Iéna et à Oberkochen, une politique commune en ce qui concerne les developpements, la production et le marketing. Les deux divisions photogrammétriques, celle ďléna et celle ďOberkochen, continueront ďêtre présentes sur le marché, offrant toutes deux lews chambres photogrammétriques aériennes avancées LMK 2000 et RMK TOP. Tandis qu à Oberkochen on concentre les activités sur lapoursuite du développement des restituteurs analytiques et des systèmes de redressement des photographies aériennes, à léna on se spécialisera dans le développement des logiciels, domaine qui est en expansion. Etant donnée la compétence que ľon a acquise de longue date à Iéna dans le domaine de ľinterprétation et dans celui de la photogrammétrie à courte distance, on γ poursuivra les activités dans ces domaines, qui comprennent également la saisie et ľévaluation des images. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Die Wiedervereinigung Deutschlands bahnte im Jahre 1991 nach vielen Monalen der Verhandlung auch den Weg zur Vereinigung der Firmen von Carl Zeiss in Jena und Oberkochen. Für die Abteilungen Vermessung und Photogrammetrie bedeutet das, daβ in Zukunft für Entwicklung, Produktion und Vertrieb in Jena und Oberkochen eine abtestimmte Politik verfolgt wird. Die beiden photogrammetrischen Abteilungen in Jena and Oberkochen werden weiterhin mil ihren beiden Luftbildmeβkammern (LMK 2000 und RMK TOP) auf dem Markt vertreten sein. Wahrend sich Oberkochen auf die Weiterentwicklung analytischer Auswertegeräte und von Systemen zur Luftbildentzerrung konzentriert, wird sich Jena auf die Software-Entwicklung spezialisieren, was ein stark expandierendes Gebiet ist. Dank langjähriger Erfahrungen wird Jena seine Aktivitäten auf den Gebieten Photointerpretation und Nahbereichsphoto-grammetrie fortsetzen, wobei Bildaufnahme und Bildbewertung einges-chlossen sind.
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    Notes: The paper outlines the author's background and continuing education in photogrammetry. The potential of low cost instruments for non-specialists is examined from her viewpoint as a research student and as an employee of Leica UK Ltd. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Ľarticle retrace les compétences acquises par ľauteur en photogrammétrie et lew prolongement en formation continue. Ľauteur présente également les possibilityé des appareils à bas prix pour les non-spécialistes en so plaçant à un double point de vue, en tant qu'tudiant faisant de la recherche et en tant qu'employee de la Société Leica Ltd. (RU). 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung In dem Artikel werden die Ausbildung und die fortwährende Weiter-bildung der Autorin in Photogrammetrie skizziert. Der Nutzen preiswerter Gerdte für Nichtspezialisten wird unter ihrem Blickwinkel als Forschungs-student und Mitarbeiterin der Leica UK Ltd. beleuchtet.
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    Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:MONITORING BUILDING STRUCTURES. Edited by J. F. A. Moore.POSTCODES: THE NEW GEOGRAPHY. By J. F. Raper, D. W. Rhind and J. W. Shepherd.TEST OF TRIANGULATION OF SPOT DATA. Edited by I. J. Dowman.EUROPEAN SPACE DIRECTORY 1992. Seventh edition. Endorsed by Eurospace. Edited by D. Shirvanian.WISSENSBASIERTE METHODEN ZUR FERNERKUNDUNG DER UMWELT. Edited by O. Günther and W.-F. Riekert.PROCEEDINGS OF THE ISPRS AND OEEPE JOINT WORKSHOP ON UPDATING DIGITAL DATA BY PHOTOGRAMMETRIC METHODS, CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD UNIVERSITY, ENGLAND, 15–17 SEPTEMBER 1991. Edited by P. R. T. Newby and C. N. Thompson.GLIMPSES OF WORLD WAR By W. P. Roe.A GUIDE TO MAP AND IMAGE PROCESSING By M. P. Skrdla.MULTIPHOTO GEOMETRICALLY CONSTRAINED MATCHING. By E. P. Baltsavias.DIGITALE PHOTOGRAMMETRIE IN DER DREIDIMENSIONALEN STRÖMUNGSMESSTECHNIK. By H.-G. Maas.LONDON. AN AEROFILMS GUIDE. By I. Thomson.THE SOUTH DEVON COAST PATH: AN AEROFILMS GUIDE. By D. Hannigan.THE COTSWOLD WAY: AN AEROFILMS GUIDE. By T. Fryer.THE SOUTH DOWNS WAY: AN AEROFILMS GUIDE. By J. Godfrey.SURVEYING. Sixth edition. By A. Bannister, S. Raymond and R. Baker.INSTRUMENT MAKERS TO THE WORLD: A HISTORY OF COOKE, TROUGHTON AND SIMMS. By A. McConnell.TRANSIT CIRCLE–THE STORY OF WILLIAM SIMMS 1793–1860. By E. Mennim.TERRA-1: UNDERSTANDING THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT. THE ROLE OF EARTH OBSERVATIONS FROM SPACE. Edited by P. M. Mather.SPACE. By R. Gibson.KATASTER-ABC. Second edition. By O. Kriegel and D. Dresbach.
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    The @photogrammetric record 14 (1992), S. 0 
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    Notes: Hertfordshire County Council makes extensive use of aerial photography obtained from the ten yearly air survey of the entire county. This paper emphasises the value of the photography for specialist applications in the Planning and Estates Department, but also considers other uses. Details are given of photographic products and of a land use survey based on photo-interpretation. Finally, the future policy on the commissioning of aerial photography for Hertfordshire is considered, taking into account the potential of satellite imagery, the requirements of the existing GIS system for association with aerial photography and the possibility of additional revenue from more assertive marketing of photographic products. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Le Conseil du Comté de Hertfordshire se sert considérablement des photographies aériennes obtenues dans le cadre du levé aérien décennal de tout le comté. On souligne dans cet article ľintérét que trouvent, dans ces photographies, les spécialistes du Ministère de ľAménagement et ľon examine également ďautres utilisations. On fournit des détails sur les produits photographiques et sur un levéďusage du sol obtenu à partir ďune photo-interpretation. Enfin on examine la politique envisagée àľavenir pour ľexécution de la couverture aérienne de ľHertfordshire, qui prendre en compte les possibilityés de ľimagerie spatiale, les besoins ďintégration de la photographie aérienne dans les SIG actuels, et les revenus supplémentaires qui devraient provenir ďune démande commerciale plus soutenue sur les produits photographiques. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Der Hertfordshire County Council macht regen Gebrauch von Luft-bildern, die vor 10 Jarhen von der ganzen Grafschaft aufgenommen wurden. In dem Beitrag wird der Wert der Bilder für die Nutzung durch Spezialisten bei der Planning and Estates Department betont, aber est werden auch andere Anwendungen betrachtet. Es werden Details über fotografische Erzeugnisse und tiber eine auf der Photointerpretation basierende Land-nutzungserhebung angegeben. Schlieβlich wird die künftige Politik bei Aufträgen zur Luftbildaufnahme für Hertfordshire dargelegt, wobei das Potential von Satellitenbildern, die Anforderungen des bestehenden GISzur Verbindung mil Luftbildern und die Möglichkeit zusätzlicher Einnahmen dureh gröβere Vermarktung fotografischer Erzeugnisse in Betracht gezogen werden.
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    Notes: Woodland ecology necessarily involves a time dimension. It is seldom possible to understand the ecology of a wood without knowing its history. Although the history of many woods extends back far beyond the invention of photography, aerial photographs come at a period when the written record of woodland is often poor. They are also of great help in mapping woods as they are today. Some historic details can be learnt from recent photographs, others from historic aerial photographs. Photographs taken in the Second World War, such as those of England taken by the Germans and preserved in the United States, record an important and otherwise ill-documented period. This paper reviews the kinds of information that can be extracted from present and past aerial photographs and discusses the limitations of aerial survey and other forms of remote sensing as a means of measuring past and future changes. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Ľécologie sylvestre comprend la dimension du temps. Onne pent guère s'entendre àľéecologie ďun bois sans connaître son histoire. Bien que ľ histoire ďun grand nombre de bois s'étende longuement avant la découverte de la photographie, la photographie aérienne commence à une époque où il y à souvent des lacunes à la documentation écrite des bois. Elle est très utile, aussi, pour la cartographie des bois comme ils existent aujourd'hui. Des particulariés historiques s'apprennent ďaprès des photographies récentes, des autres ďaprès des photographies aériennes historiques. Parmi les photos les plus utiles sont celles de la IIe guerre mondiale, comme celles de la France prises par la Royal Air Force et conservées àľUniversité de Keele. Cette communication passe en revue les informations qu'on peut extraire des photographies aériennes du présent et du passé, et discute les bornes des levés aériens et spatiaux comme moyen de contrôler les changements du passé et du futur. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Die Waldökologie enthalt eine Zeitdimension. Selten ist es moglich, die Ökologie eines Waldes zu begreifen, ohne mit seiner Geschichte getraut zu sein. Obwohl die Geschichte mancher Wälder weit vor die Entdeckung der Photographie sich ausdehnt, die Luftphotographie kommt zu einer Zeit, wo schriftliche Urkunden der Wälder oft fehlen. Luftbilder sind auch sehr nutzvoll für die Kartographie von dem heutigen Zustandder Wälder. Einige historische Angaben werden von jungeren, andere von historischen Luftaufnahmen geschöpft. Unter den wertvollsten Luftbildern sind die von dem zweiten Weltkrieg, z. B. die britische Aufnahmen von Deutschland und Österreich, die jetzt in der Universität Keele aufbewahrt sind. Diese Abhandlung rezensiert die Auskünfte, die aus jüngere und historische Luftphotographie ausgeschöpft werden können, und diskutiert die Beschrankungen der Luft- und Weltraumvermessung als Zeugnis vergangener und zukünftiger Veranderungen.
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    Notes: In many photogrammetric applications, speed is often critical and high accuracy is only a secondary consideration. To use a metric camera in such situations would be quite uneconomical. Non-metric cameras are inexpensive to buy, use and maintain. A top quality 35mm amateur single lens reflex camera might cost £ 1000, an order of magnitude below that of a metric camera. In addition, they are robust, mobile and require a minimum of accessories. In short, they are ideal for rapid, medium to low accuracy work. However, in contrast with a metric camera, a non-metric camera lacks a stable inner orientation, fiducial reference system and standard method of calibration. This paper relates to a final year undergraduate project carried out at City University, London which dealt with such a calibration. The aim of the work was to determine (a) whether or not a 35mm SLR camera had a stable interior orientation and, if so, the best way of determining that orientation and (b) the accuracy of measurement that might be attained with such a camera. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Dans de nombreuses applications photogrammetriques la vitesse constitute souvent le paramètre critque, tandis que la haute précision ne vient seulement qu'en seconde position. Utiliser dans ces conditions une chambre métrique serait tout à fait anti-économique. Les chambres non métriques sont peu coûteuses àľ achat, en utilisation et pour leur entretien. Un appareil reflex, 35 mm, ď amateur, à lentille simple, de haute qualityé, peut coûter £1000, ce qui est inferieur ďun ordre de magnitude au coût ďune chambre métrique. De plus ces chambres non métriques sont robustes, faciles à transporter et n'ont besoin que d'un minimum ďaccessoires. En résumé elles sont idéales pour des travaux rapides et une précision de moyenne à faible. En revanche les chambres non métriques manquent de stabilityé dans leur orientation interne, sont dépourvues de systèmes de repères de fond de chambre et n‘ont pas de méthode ďétalonnage standard. Cet article, qui résulte ďun project effectuéà la City University de Londres par un étudiant, dans sa dernière année, trait ďun tel étalonnage. Son objectif est de déterminer (a) si un appareil 35 mm SLR a ou non une orientation intérieure stable, et si oui, quelle est la meilleure façon ď obtenir cette orientation et (b) la précision de mesure que ľ on peut atteindre avec un tel appareil. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Bei vielen photogrammetrischen Anwendungen ist die Geschwindigkeit oft kritisch, und hohe Genauigkeit ist erst von zweiter Bedeutung. In solchen Situationen eine Meβkammer zu benutzen, wäre sehr unökonomisch. Nichtmeβkammern sind bezüglich Anschaffung, Nutzung und Wartung billig. Eine Qualitäts-Spiegelreflexkamera mit 35 mm-Objektiv mag ca. £1000 kosten, was einen Bruchteil der Kosten für eine Meβkammer darstellt. Zusätzlich sind sie robust, mobil und erfordern ein Minimum an Zubehör. Kurzgefaβt, sie sind ideal für schnelle Arbeiten für mittlere und niedere Genauigkeit. Im Gegensatz zu Meβkammern fehlen bei Nichtmeβkammern jedoch eine stabile innere Orientierung, ein Rahmenmarken-Referenzsystem und ein Standardverfahren der Kalibrierung. Der Beitrag bezieht sich auf ein im Abschlufijahr an der City University in London durchgefuhrtes Projekt, das sich mit solch einer Kalibrierung beschäftigte. Zielstellung der Arbeit war es (a) zu bestimmen, ob eine 35 mm SLR-Kamera eine stabile innere Orientierung und (b) die mil solcher Kamera erhältliche Meβgenauigkeit herauszufinden.
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    Notes: Tests of Agfa-Gevaert A viphot Pan 200S air film were carried out by the authors, operationally and sensitometrically. Encouraging results are presented. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Les auteurs ont effectué des essais sur lefilm aérien Aviphot Pan 2005 ďAgfa-Gevaert, de façon à la fois pratique et sensitométrique. lis présentent les résultats encourageants obtenus. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Von den Autoren wurden operationelle und sensitometrische Tests mil dem Luftbildfilm Aviphot Pan 2005 von Agfa Gevaert durchgeführt. Dazu werden ermutigende Ergebnisse dargestellt.
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 14 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:GEODÄTISCHE ASTRONOMIE. By R. Sigl.PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF REMOTE SENSING. By W. G. Rees.EUROPEAN SPACE DIRECTORY 1991. Sixth Edition. Sponsored by Eurospace. Edited by D. Shirvanian.COMPUTER VISION AND IMAGE PROCESSING. Edited by A. Barrett.FRENCH-ENGLISH GLOSSARY ON SPOT, REMOTE SENSING AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. By S. T. Dyson.COLONEL SIR GEORGE EVEREST CB FRS: PROCEEDINGS OF BICENTENARY CONFERENCE AT THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 8th NOVEMBER 1990. Edited by J. R. Smith.GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS: THE MICROCOMPUTER AND MODERN CARTOGRAPHY. Edited by D. R. F. Taylor.OUR SECRET LITTLE WAR. By L. N. Abrams.BRITAIN'S CHANGING ENVIRONMENT FROM THE AIR. Edited by T. Bayliss-Smith and S. Owens.THE SECOND BOOK OF BRITAIN'S RAILWAYS FROM THE AIR. Text by C. Leigh with photographs by Aerofilms Ltd.THE LAKE DISTRICT FROM THE AIR. Photographs by Aerofilms Ltd. Captions by S. Acland and E. Leeming.PLANETARY MAPPING. Edited by R. Greeley and R. M. Batson.ELECTROMAGNETIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENT. By C. D. Burnside.INTERPRETABILITY OF SPOT DATA FOR GENERAL MAPPING. By E. Ahokas, J. Jaakkola and P. Sotkas.GEOMETRISCHE GRUNDLAGEN DER LUFTBILDINTERPRETATION. By B. Pfeiffer and G. Weimann.LOOKING AT PHOTOGRAPHS: A GUIDE TO TECHNICAL TERMS. By G. Baldwin.AERIAL ARCHAEOLOGY, VOLUME 12. Edited by D. A. Edwards.GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION 1991: THE YEARBOOK OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION. Edited by J. Cadoux-Hudson and D. I. Heywood.PHOTOGRAMMETRIE: ANWENDUNGEN IN WISSENSCHAFT UND TECHNIK. By K. Regensburger.
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  • 93
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 94
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Longer sequences of attitude data for SPOT 1 were constructed by concatenation of the attitude information in several consecutive scenes in selected orbits. The attitude time series were used to estimate models for the attitude variogram functions. Explicit expressions for these models are given, which can be used in multi-scene adjustment of SPOT imagery.
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  • 95
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Interior orientation (the initial step in comparator-based photogrammetry) requires a set of known photo co-ordinates to act as reference points. Fiducials serve this purpose on large format, metric cameras, as do réseau targets on small format, semi-metric cameras. Most small format cameras, however, have neither fiducials nor a réseau plate. The aim of this study was to establish fiducials in a small standard camera (Pentax 645) so that its imagery could be used for photogrammetric computations. This paper describes two methods of establishing fiducials, followed by a comparison of their stability and suitability for photogrammetric purposes.
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  • 96
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 97
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Book review in this aricle:MAPPING AND SPATIAL MODELLING FOR NAVIGATION. Edited by L. F. PauINTRODUCTORY READINGS IN GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS. Edited by D. J. Peuquet and D. F. Marble.CAD-KARTOGRAPHIE: ANWENDUNGEN IN DER PRAXIS. Edited by M. Schilcher.INTERPRETING SPACE: GIS AND ARCHAEOLOGY. Edited by K. M. S. Allen, S. W. Green and E. B. W. Zubrow.AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF THE RAF (BATTLE OF BRITAIN 50TH COMMEMORATIVE EDITION). By R. C. Nesbitt.RADAR EVALUATION HANDBOOK. By D. K. Barton, C. E. Cook, P. Hamilton (editors) and staff of ARNO Engineering, Inc.GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS: DEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATIONS. Edited by L. Worrall.BAYESIAN INFERENCE WITH GEODETIC APPLICATIONS. By K.-R. Koch.3D IMAGING IN MEDICINE: ALGORITHMS, SYSTEMS, APPLICATIONS. Edited b K. H. Höhne, H. Fuchs and S. M. PizerREMOTE SENSING YEARBOOK 1990. Edited by A. P. Cracknell, L. W. B. Hayes and H. Wei Gen.GEOLOGICAL MAPS AND SECTIONS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS. By P. R. Thomas.THE FIGURE OF THE EARTH: THEORETICAL GEODESY AND THE EARTH'S INTERIOR. By H. Moritz.THE ARCHITECTURE OF PETRA. British Academy Monographs in Archaeology I. By J. S. McKenzie.SOUND UNDERWATER IMAGES: A GUIDE TO THE GENERATON AND INTERPRETATION OF SIDE SCAN SONAR DATA. By J. P. Fish and H. A. Carr.
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  • 98
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    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper was presented at the 1990 Thompson Symposium. It distinguishes between geographical information systems (GIS) as a set of hardware and software tools and the institutional problems that arise when implementing GIS in an organisational environment. It examines issues such as data quality, that arise when treating information as a corporate resource, as well as the legal, economic and social constraints on the use of data.
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  • 99
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: A case study at the Norwegian Institute of Land Inventory (NIJOS) demonstrates that photogrammetry is an effective method for collecting data for geographical information systems (GIS). The process of establishing a photogrammetric data capture system is explained with special attention devoted to financial and personnel considerations. It is argued that photogrammetric data capture is viable provided that a stereodigitiser is used in conjunction with a modular solution GIS.
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  • 100
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1991), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Many organisations are today working at establishing information systems and quite a few exist already. When it comes to geographical information systems (GIS), the geographical reference will soon be solved. All new mapping in Denmark is digital and in 1992–93 the country will have complete coverage. In addition, many public registers are already computerised. A lot of other information sources, like utility networks, are still to be converted.As these developments are in the hands of many different organisations, both private and governmental, this paper will deal with the efforts made to co-ordinate various activities in a strongly competitive world.As there is a distinct difference between large scale and small scale GIS activities, this paper will deal mainly with large scale GIS, as should be the case when considering GIS and photogrammetry.
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