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  • Articles  (12)
  • structural engineering  (6)
  • travel behavior  (6)
  • 2010-2014  (6)
  • 1990-1994  (6)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1950-1954
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (12)
  • 1
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    On the Forecasting of Ground-Motion Parameters for Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (2011)
    Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-31
    Description: It is well understood that the range of application for an empirical ground-motion prediction model is constrained by the range of predictor variables covered in the data used in the analysis. However, in probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA), the limits in the application of ground-motion prediction models (GMPMs) are often ignored, and the empirical relationships are extrapolated. In this paper, we show that this extrapolation leads to a quantifiable increment in the uncertainty of a GMPM when it is used to forecast a future value of a given intensity parameter. This increment, which is clearly of epistemic nature, depends on the adopted functional form, on the covariance matrix of the regression coefficients, on the used regression technique, and on the quality of the data set. In addition, through some examples using the database of the Next Generation of Ground-Motion Attenuation Models project and some currently favored functional forms we study the increment in the seismic hazard produced by the extrapolation of GMPMs.
    Keywords: earthquake engineering ; extrapolation ; matrix algebra ; probability ; regression analysis ; structural engineering
    Print ISSN: 8755-2930
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Published by Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI)
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  • 2
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    Pipeline Vulnerability of Adapazarı during the 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey, Earthquake (2011)
    Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-31
    Description: Vulnerability of water pipelines in the city of Adapazarı during the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake (Mw = 7.4) is investigated in an attempt to provide a comparison of the observed damage with that which was predicted using empirical methods. The water supply pipeline system in Adapazarı experienced extensive damage during the 1999 earthquake. The main damage was observed on the distribution pipelines primarily due to ground deformations associated with liquefaction and softening of alluvial sediments. Recently, an updated pipeline damage inventory was compiled based on repair reports and interviews with waterworks personnel who worked in Adapazarı during that period. Vulnerability analysis for pipelines is carried out, first by evaluating earthquake characteristics on the ground surface based on site-specific response analyses and then by estimating pipeline damage by means of empirical functions. Agreement between the predicted and the observed damage distribution indicates the importance of site-specific permanent ground deformation (PGD) effects on pipeline vulnerability.
    Keywords: condition monitoring ; deformation ; earthquake engineering ; pipelines ; structural engineering
    Print ISSN: 8755-2930
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Published by Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI)
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  • 3
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    Static Pushover Analysis Based on an Energy-Equivalent SDOF System (2011)
    Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-31
    Description: In this paper, a new energy-based pushover procedure is presented in order to achieve an approximate estimation of structural performance under strong earthquakes. The steps of the proposed methodology are quite similar to those of the well-known displacement modification method. However, the determination of the characteristics of the equivalent single−degree−of−freedom (E-SDOF) system is based on a different rational concept. Its main idea is to determine the E-SDOF system by equating the external work of the lateral loads acting on the multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) system under consideration to the strain energy of the E-SDOF system. After a brief outline of the theoretical background, a representative numerical example is given. Finally, the accuracy of the proposed method is evaluated by an extensive parametric study which shows that, in general, it provides better results compared to those produced by other similar procedures.
    Keywords: earthquake engineering ; stress analysis ; structural engineering
    Print ISSN: 8755-2930
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Published by Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI)
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  • 4
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    Design Seismic Demands from Seismic Response Analyses: A Probability-Based Approach (2011)
    Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-31
    Description: Earthquake-resistant design guidelines commonly prescribe that when conducting seismic response analyses: (i) a minimum of three ground motions can be used; (ii) if less than seven ground motions are considered, the maximum of the responses should be used in design; and (iii) if seven or more ground motions are considered the average of the responses should be used in design. Such guidelines attempt to predict the mean seismic response from a limited number of analyses, but are based on judgment without a sound, yet pragmatic, theoretical basis. This paper presents a rational approach for determining design seismic demands based on the results of seismic response analyses. The proposed method uses the 84th percentile of the distribution of the sample mean seismic demand as the design seismic demand. This approach takes into account: (i) the number of ground motions considered; (ii) how the ground motions are selected and scaled; and (iii) the differing variability in estimating different types of seismic response parameters. A simple analytic function gives a ratio which, when multiplied by the mean response obtained from the seismic response analyses, gives the value to be used in design, thus making the proposed approach suitable for routine design implementation.
    Keywords: design engineering ; earthquake engineering ; probability ; structural engineering
    Print ISSN: 8755-2930
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Published by Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI)
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  • 5
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    A Quantitative Basis for Building Instrumentation Specifications (2011)
    Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-31
    Description: A quantitative basis for key building instrumentation specifications—namely, sample rate, system resolution, and time synchronization—is established by quantifying the sensitivities of engineering demand parameters of peak floor acceleration and peak interstory drift to the errors associated with data acquisition. Details of the realistic simulation and digitization of structural responses are provided and automation of the seemingly signal-dependent procedure of high-pass digital filtering of relative displacements obtained by double numerical integration of accelerations is presented. Results from these studies, along with prior results from similar sensitivity analyses with respect to intensity measures of peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, and peak spectral acceleration, are used to recommend potential updates to structural instrumentation specifications of major strong-motion instrumentation programs.
    Keywords: acceleration measurement ; data acquisition ; digital filters ; earthquake engineering ; floors ; high-pass filters ; integration ; intensity measurement ; structural engineering ; velocity measurement
    Print ISSN: 8755-2930
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Published by Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI)
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  • 6
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    Displacement-Based Preliminary Design of Tall Buildings Stiffened with a System of Buckling-Restrained Braces (2011)
    Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-31
    Description: A displacement-based methodology for the preliminary design of a system of buckling-restrained braces is introduced. The methodology applies to the case of tall buildings, whose dynamic response is significantly influenced by global flexural drift mode and higher modes. The methodology is applied to the preliminary design of a 24-story building located in the Lake Zone of Mexico City. From the evaluation of the global mechanical characteristics of the building and of its seismic performance, it is concluded that the proposed methodology yields tall buildings that adequately satisfy predefined deterministic performance levels.
    Keywords: buckling ; structural engineering ; supports
    Print ISSN: 8755-2930
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Published by Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modal shift in Eastern Germany (1994)
    Springer
    Transportation 21 (1994), S. 1-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: Eastern Germany ; modal-split ; socialism ; transport policy ; urban transportation ; travel behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The economic and political reunification of Germany in 1990 unleashed a transportation revolution in Eastern Germany. After forty years of public transport dominance under socialism, auto ownership and use skyrocketed with the transition to capitalism. In only three years, ridership on public transport fell by almost 50%, and auto registrations per 1,000 population rose by almost 60%. The main reason for the sudden shift in modal split is the large increase in real per-capita incomes of Eastern Germans. Their purchasing power rose dramatically thanks to massive financial aid from Western Germany and access to hard currency for the first time. In addition, the relative cost of auto use has fallen sharply since reunification because public transport fares rose ten-fold, while gasoline prices and auto prices fell. The massive shift from public transport to the auto has caused severe problems of pollution, safety, equity, and congestion in Eastern German cities, partly because of the suddenness of the modal shift. Urban transport policy in Eastern Germany should adopt some of the strategies used for years in Western Germany to tame the automobile, while at the same time allowing high levels of auto ownership. Such strategies include auto-free zones, traffic calming, extensive bicycle pathways, vehicle emission standards, and parking restrictions. Finally, large investments will have to be made in Eastern Germany's dilapidated roadway and public transport infrastructure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01119632
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stated preferences for investigating commuters' diversion propensity (1993)
    Springer
    Transportation 20 (1993), S. 107-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: route choice ; stated preferences ; travel behavior ; traveler information systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract A reasonable response to increasing traffic congestion may come from the rapidly developing traveler information systems. Such systems may be successful if they effectively influence drivers' enroute decisions; in this regard, a critical factor may be commuters' willingness to divert from their regular route in response to information about traffic congestion. This study evaluates the effects of real-time traffic information along with driver attributes, roadway characteristics and situational factors on drivers' willingness to divert. The empirical portion of this study is based on a survey of downtown Chicago automobile commuters. The stated preference approach was used to study commuters' diversion propensity. Drivers expressed a higher willingness to divert if expected delays on their usual route increased, if the congestion was incident-induced as opposed to recurring, if delay information was received from radio traffic reports compared with observing congestion, and if trip direction was home-to-work rather than work-to-home. Respondents were less willing to divert if their alternate route was unfamiliar, unsafe or had several traffic stops. Socioeconomic characteristics were also significant in predicting willingness to divert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01307055
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An investigation of the reliability of real-time information for route choice decisions in a congested traffic system (1993)
    Springer
    Transportation 20 (1993), S. 157-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: ATIS ; dynamic assignment ; IVHS ; reliability ; route guidance ; traffic simulation ; travel behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This paper investigates the reliability of information on prevailing trip times on the links of a network as a basis for route choice decisions by individual drivers. It considers a type of information strategy in which no attempt is made by some central controller or coordinating entity to predict what the travel times on each link would be by the time it is reached by a driver that is presently at a given location. A specially modified model combining traffic simulation and path assignment capabilities is used to analyze the reliability of the real-time information supplied to the drivers. This is accomplished by comparing the supplied travel times (at the link and path levels) to the actual trip times experienced in the network after the information has been given. In addition, the quality of the decisions made by drivers on the basis of this information (under alternative path switching rules) is evaluated ex-post by comparing the actually experienced travel time (given the decision made) to the time that the driver would have experienced without the real-time information. Results of a series of simulation experiments under recurrent congestion conditions are discussed, illustrating the interactions between information reliability and user response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01307057
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The puget sound transportation panel after two waves (1992)
    Springer
    Transportation 19 (1992), S. 141-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: attrition ; longitudinal ; panel survey ; travel behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract Begun in 1989, the Puget Sound Transportation Panel is the first general-purpose travel panel survey in an urban area in the United States. The overall survey sample was stratified by county of residence and by usual mode of travel to work. This paper reports descriptive results from the first two waves of survey data. Panel attrition between these waves was about 19 percent of all households. There was some demographic bias in panel attrition. The paper documents changes among the retained households in their demographics, their residence and work locations, their trip making, their work trip lengths, and their travel mode to work. Residential moves were numerous among young adults and young families, more outward from the city core than inward, and correlated with changes in work trip length. Work locations changed for 20 percent of continuing workers, with a tendency to increase trips and work trip length, and to change travel mode after a relocation. For all workers, there were clear shifts from transit to drive alone, from carpool to drive alone, and from drive alone to carpool as well. The PSTP continues, with a modified third wave in 1991, and a fourth wave scheduled in 1992.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02132835
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Telecommuting and travel: state of the practice, state of the art (1991)
    Springer
    Transportation 18 (1991), S. 319-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: telecommuting ; telecommuting centers ; telework ; transportation demand management ; travel behavior ; travel demand forecasting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This paper provides an overview of the status of telecommuting in the United States, especially as it relates to changes in travel behavior. Regarding the state of the practice, the paper discusses some refinements to the definition of telecommuting that have developed through increased operational experience. It reports several policy statements involving telecommuting, and explores the appeal of telecommuting as a public policy instrument. It highlights some trends in the implementation of home-based and work center-based telecommuting, and suggests that visible public-sector involvement has been crucial to the increased activity in this area. In sketching the state of the art, the paper outlines some frequently-stated hypotheses on telecommuting and travel behavior, and summarizes current empirical findings relating to those hypotheses. Finally, it suggests a variety of topics suitable for further research. These include studying factors influencing the ultimate adoption levels of telecommuting; impacts on energy/air quality, mode choice, and location/urban form; interactions with other transportation demand management strategies; relationships to the traditional urban travel demand forecasting process; cost/benefit tradeoffs; and telecommuting centers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186563
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parking subsidies and travel choices: Assessing the evidence (1990)
    Springer
    Transportation 17 (1990), S. 141-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: mode choice ; parking ; transportation demand management ; travel behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This article reviews empirical studies of how employer-paid parking affects employees' travel choices. A strong effect is found: parking subsidies greatly increase solo driving. When employers reduce or remove parking subsidies, a significant number of solo drivers shift to carpools and/or transit. This conclusion is based on studies of parking subsidies in a variety of circumstances, including central city and suburban areas, private and public employers, and clerical and professional employees. Three measures are developed to compare changes in commute patterns: changes in the share of solo drivers. changes in the number of autos driven to work per 100 employees, and the parking price elasticity of demand for solo driving. The studies reviewed here show that 19 to 81 percent fewer employees drive to work alone when they pay for their own parking. Because 90 percent of American commuters who drive to work receive employer-paid parking, these findings are significant for designing transportation policies to reduce air pollution, traffic congestion, and energy consumption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02125333
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