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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2014-12-31
    Print ISSN: 0034-0111
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2014-08-31
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2014-04-30
    Description: The notion of resilience is being utilised by an increasing number of authors keen to understand the dynamics of local and regional economies and particularly how they deal with economic shocks and recessionary crises. Within the burgeoning literature however, fairly limited attention has been paid to date to developing a robust conceptual understanding of what role policy-makers, particularly at sub-national level, might play in building economic resilience in regions. The purpose of this paper is to address this gap. Drawing on resilience literatures which employ a complex adaptive systems perspective, the paper seeks to develop a conceptual framework within which policy action, particularly at the subnational level, can be theorised and understood. It identifies three critical dimensions which frame the role and scope for policy intervention in the management of regional economic resilience: the modes and structures of governance, the types of policy interventions which help build resilience, and the horizons or timings for appropriate intervention. The paper concludes by considering what this framing means for the nature and scope of subnational policy intervention for regional economic resilience.
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2014-06-30
    Description: Zusammenfassung In der Stadtforschung und Stadtplanung fungiert die „Dichte“ als eines der wichtigsten Maße für die Beschreibung der baulichen Physis einer Stadt. Im Vergleich zu anderen Maßen – genannt seien beispielhaft die „Nutzungsmischung“, die „Polyzentralität“ oder die „Kompaktheit“ – erscheint die „Dichte“ auf den ersten Blick als objektiv ermittelbar und gut verständlich. Bei näherer Betrachtung handelt es sich jedoch um ein Konzept, das sich einer einfachen empirischen Ermittlung weitgehend entzieht. Bis heute gibt es kein international anerkanntes Dichtemaß und Dichteangaben für verschiedene Länder, Regionen und Städte sind in der Regel nicht oder nur eingeschränkt vergleichbar. In diesem Beitrag werden die analytischen Möglichkeiten neuer Geodatenanwendungen für eine objektive und transparente Ermittlung der baulichen und nutzungsbezogenen Dichte städtischer Siedlungsgebiete aufgezeigt. Eine Fallstudie für das Gebiet der Stadt Köln demonstriert an ausgewählten Themen die Einsatzmöglichkeiten kleinräumiger Dichtedaten.
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2014-06-30
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2014-10-31
    Description: Zusammenfassung Angesichts steigender Studierendenzahlen und zunehmender Wohnungsknappheit gewinnen Diskussionen über das Segment des studentischen Wohnens in Politik, Medien, Wohnungswirtschaft und Wissenschaft erneut an Aufmerksamkeit. Verlässliche und umfassende Informationen über die Märkte und Marktentwicklungen dienen in diesem Zusammenhang als wichtige Voraussetzung für sozialpolitische und wohnungswirtschaftliche Entscheidungen. Dabei wird deutlich, dass in Wissenschaft und Praxis nur geringe Kenntnisse über die aktuelle Entwicklung und Struktur des Segments und seinen Auswirkungen auf die lokalen Wohnungsmärkte vorhanden sind. Der Beitrag setzt an dieser Forschungslücke an. Für das Segment des studentischen Wohnens werden zunächst die Faktoren der steigenden Wohnungsnachfrage Studierender herausgearbeitet und Untersuchungen zum studentischen Wohnen im Hinblick auf ihre wohnungsmarktpolitische Bedeutung vorgestellt. Weiterhin werden die Entwicklung und Struktur der Angebots– und Nachfrageseite in ihrer jeweiligen Besonderheit charakterisiert und Kopplungseffekte mit dem lokalen Wohnungsmarkt abgeleitet. Vor dem Hintergrund der derzeitigen Diskussion um Wohnungsknappheit werden die Folgen der Marktbedingungen auf Mieter- und Vermietermärkten für Studierende herausgearbeitet sowie marktspezifische Handlungsansätze zur Erhöhung der Markttransparenz dargestellt.
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2014-04-30
    Description: This article aims to identify the resilience of the Pomorskie Region in Poland. The analysed region belongs to a group of European regions where the negative impact of the economic crisis has not been distinctively visible. In a unitary state like Poland the resilience of the region to the crisis results to a high degree from the external macroeconomic factors of the country. However some regional features play an important role in strengthening resilience. We analysed socio-economic structures in the context of their significance for the region's resilience. Walker's and Salt's (Resilience Thinking. Sustaining ecosystems and people in a changing world, 2006) resilience attributes were used as a template for the findings. Although it is difficult to determine the level of a region's resilience in a situation of ongoing and growing recession, some conclusions may be derived from the analysis. One of the most important factors of the Pomorskie Region's resilience is the diversity of economic and social structures. The community and its social capital is undoubtedly one of the strongest attributes of the regional resilience. The Pomorskie Region's richness in ecosystem services also strengthens its resilience significantly. Overlaps in governance are mainly connected with the development of institutional embeddedness. However the current lack of governance on the level of the most dynamically developing metropolitan areas is an impediment to more dynamic development. The post-totalitarian tradition of centralised governance continues to negatively influence the tight feedbacks attribute of resilience.
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2014-04-30
    Description: This introductory paper looks at recent debates on the concept of regional economic resilience and focuses on three elements of debate: (1) indicator systems and consideration of the normative content of the concept; (2) the evolutionary dimension of the concept and its inter-disciplinary linkages; (3) the policy dimension and challenges for the development of policy recommendations. The author discusses the state of the debate and presents some directions for future research priorities.
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2014-02-28
    Description: Zusammenfassung Die Bedeutung von großen Städten und Metropolen steht im Zusammenhang mit dem Strukturwandel zugunsten der Dienstleistungs- und Wissensökonomie und den weltweiten wirtschaftlichen Verflechtungen, die strategische Orte bzw. Knotenpunkte an Kontroll- und Steuerungsfunktionen hervorbringen. An diesen Knoten konzentrieren sich hochrangige Funktionen, die sich von anderen Räumen abheben. Gegenstand des Beitrags ist eine theoretische Systematisierung und Operationalisierung solcher höherrangigen metropolitanen Funktionen von Städten auf Basis internationaler Stadtkonzepte sowie der Typologie der Metropolfunktionen – Entscheidungs- und Kontrollfunktion, Innovations- und Wettbewerbsfunktion, Gatewayfunktion und Symbolfunktion. Dazu wird eine Datenbank mit 48 Indikatoren erstellt, die sich auf lokalisierte funktionale Attributeigenschaften bezieht, um den Grad der Metropolität sämtlicher 439 kreisfreien Städte/Kreise und funktional-analytischen Metropolräume zu erfassen. Es wird geprüft, welche Städte metropolitane Funktionen haben und wie sich diese im Hinblick auf die Prozesse der räumlichen Konzentration und funktionalen Spezialisierung zwischen 1995 und 2010 entwickelt haben. Es wird angenommen, dass aufgrund von Agglomerationsvorteilen (z. B. räumliche Nähe oder Entwicklungssvorsprünge) die „großen“ Metropolräume als Gewinner der Metropolisierungsprozesse hervorgehen.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2014-03-01
    Description: The paper presents numerical simulation of hysteretic live load effect in a soil-steel bridge. The effect was originally identified experimentally by Machelski [1], [2]. The truck was crossing the bridge one way and the other in the full-scale test performed. At the same time, displacements and stress in the shell were measured. The major conclusion from the research was that the measured quantities formed hysteretic loops. A numerical simulation of that effect is addressed in the present work. The analysis was performed using Flac finite difference code. The methodology of solving the mechanical problems implemented in Flac enables us to solve the problem concerning a sequence of load and non-linear mechanical behaviour of the structure. The numerical model incorporates linear elastic constitutive relations for the soil backfill, for the steel shell and the sheet piles, being a flexible substructure for the shell. Contact zone between the shell and the soil backfill is assumed to reflect elastic-plastic constitutive model. Maximum shear stress in contact zone is limited by the Coulomb condition. The plastic flow rule is described by dilation angle ψ = 0. The obtained results of numerical analysis are in fair agreement with the experimental evidence. The primary finding from the performed simulation is that the slip in the interface can be considered an explanation of the hysteresis occurrence in the charts of displacement and stress in the shell.
    Print ISSN: 0137-6365
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2014-03-01
    Description: Liquefaction has always been intensely studied in parts of the world where earthquakes occur. However, the seismic activity is not the only possible cause of this phenomenon. It may in fact be triggered by some human activities, such as constructing and mining or by rail and road transport. In the paper a road embankment built across a shallow water reservoir is analyzed in terms of susceptibility to liquefaction. Two types of dynamic loadings are considered: first corresponding to an operation of a vibratory roller and second to an earthquake. In order to evaluate a susceptibility of soil to liquefaction, a factor of safety against triggering of liquefaction is used (FSTriggering). It is defined as a ratio of vertical effective stresses to the shear stresses both varying with time. For the structure considered both stresses are obtained using finite element method program, here Plaxis 2D. The plastic behavior of the cohesionless soils is modeled by means of Hardening Soil (HS) constitutive relationship, implemented in Plaxis software. As the stress tensor varies with time during dynamic excitation, the FSTriggering has to be calculated for some particular moment of time when liquefaction is most likely to occur. For the purposes of this paper it is named a critical time and established for reference point at which the pore pressures were traced in time. As a result a factor of safety distribution throughout embankment is generated. For the modeled structure, cyclic point loads (i.e., vibrating roller) present higher risk than earthquake of magnitude 5.4. Explanation why considered structure is less susceptible to earthquake than typical dam could lay in stabilizing and damping influence of water, acting here on both sides of the slope. Analogical procedure is applied to assess liquefaction susceptibility of the road embankment considered but under earthquake excitation. Only the higher water table is considered as it is the most unfavorable. Additionally the modified factor of safety is introduced, where the dynamic shear stress component is obtained at a time step when its magnitude is the highest - not necessarily at the same time step when the pore pressure reaches its peak (i.e., critical time). This procedure provides a greater margin of safety as the computed factors of safety are smaller. Method introduced in the paper presents a clear and easy way to locate liquefied zones and estimate liquefaction susceptibility of the subsoil - not only in the road embankment.
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2014-03-01
    Description: This paper is a presentation of landslide monitoring, early warning and remediation methods recommended for the Polish Carpathians. Instrumentation included standard and automatic on-line measurements with the real-time transfer of data to an Internet web server. The research was funded through EU Innovative Economy Programme and also by the SOPO Landslide Counteraction Project. The landslides investigated were characterized by relatively low rates of the displacements. These ranged from a few millimetres to several centimetres per year. Colluviums of clayey flysch deposits were of a soil-rock type with a very high plasticity and moisture content. The instrumentation consisted of 23 standard inclinometers set to depths of 5-21 m. The starting point of monitoring measurements was in January 2006. These were performed every 1-2 months over the period of 8 years. The measurements taken detected displacements from several millimetres to 40 cm set at a depth of 1-17 m. The modern, on-line monitoring and early warning system was installed in May 2010. The system is the first of its kind in Poland and only one of several such real-time systems in the world. The installation was working with the Local Road Authority in Gorlice. It contained three automatic field stations for investigation of landslide parameters to depths of 12-16 m and weather station. In-place tilt transducers and innovative 3D continuous inclinometer systems with sensors located every 0.5 m were used. It has the possibility of measuring a much greater range of movements compared to standard systems. The conventional and real-time data obtained provided a better recognition of the triggering parameters and the control of geohazard stabilizations. The monitoring methods chosen supplemented by numerical modelling could lead to more reliable forecasting of such landslides and could thus provide better control and landslide remediation possibilities also to stabilization works which prevent landslides.
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2014-03-01
    Description: The paper presents results of laboratory investigation and analysis of crack initiation threshold identification of dolomite samples. First, selected methods for determining crack initiation thresholds are briefly described with special attention paid to four methods: crack volume strain method [14], change in Poisson’s ratio [8], lateral strain response method [16], and dilatancy method [4]. The investigation performed on dolomite samples shows that for the uniaxial and conventional triaxial compression tests, the above mentioned methods give quite similar values, except for the crack volume strain method. Crack initiation threshold determined by this method has a distinctively lower value than that obtained by the other methods. The aim of the present paper was to review and assess these methods for identifying crack initiation threshold based on laboratory tests of dolomite samples.
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2014-03-01
    Description: DC resistivity methods, soundings and Electrical Resistivity Tomography, were applied to study shallow geology in the place of planned construction of an experimental flood bank. The geoelectrical surveys provided quantitative information about the spatial presence of the various geoelectrical/geological layers: alluvial soils, sands, gravels and clays. ERT allowed maps to be constructed showing subsurface structure. A combination of geoelectrical and geological information resulted in a much better identification of the geological structure.
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2014-03-01
    Description: Crashed or dimensional rocks have been used as natural construction material, decoration stone or as material for artistic sculptures. Especially old historical towns not only in Slovakia have had experiences with use of stones for construction purposes for centuries. The whole buildings were made from dimensional stone, like sandstone, limestone or rhyolite. Pavements were made especially from basalt, andesite, rhyolite or granite. Also the most common modern construction material - concrete includes large amounts of crashed rock, especially limestone, dolostone and andesite. However, rock as any other material if exposed to exogenous processes starts to deteriorate. Especially mechanical weathering can be very intensive if rock with unsuitable rock properties is used. For long it had been believed that repeated freezing and thawing in relation to high absorption is the main reason of the rock deterioration. In Slovakia for many years the high water absorption was set as exclusion criterion for use of rocks and stones in building industry. Only after 1989 the absorption was accepted as merely informational rock property and not exclusion. The reason of the change was not the understanding of the relationship between the porosity and rock deterioration, but more or less good experiences with some high porous rocks used in constructions exposed to severe weather conditions and proving a lack of relationship between rock freeze-thaw resistivity and water absorption. Results of the recent worldwide research suggest that understanding a resistivity of rocks against deterioration is hidden not in the absorption but in the structure of rock pores in relation to thermodynamic properties of pore water and tensile strength of rocks and rock minerals. Also this article presents some results of research on rock deterioration and pore structure performed on 88 rock samples. The results divide the rocks tested into two groups - group N in which the pore water does not freeze even when the temperature decreases to -20 ºC, and the second group F in which the pore water freezes. It has been found that the rocks from group N contain critical portion of adsorbed water in pores which prevents freezing of the pore water. The presence of adsorbed water enables thermodynamic processes related to osmosis which are dominantly responsible for deterioration of rocks from group N. A high correlation (R = 0.81) between content of adsorbed water and freeze-thaw loss was proved and can be used as durability estimator of rocks from group N. The rock deterioration of group F is caused not only by osmosis, but also by some other processes and influences, such as hydraulic pressure, permeability, grain size, rock and mineral tensile strength, degree of saturation, etc., and the deterioration cannot be predicted yet without the freeze-thaw test. Since the contents of absorbed water and ratio between adsorbed and bulk water (of which the absorbed water consists) is controlled by the porosity and pore structure, it can be concluded that the deterioration of some rocks is strongly related to rock pore structure.
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2014-03-01
    Description: The needle probe test, as a thermal conductivity measurement method, has become very popular in recent years. In the present study, the efficiency of this methodology, for the case of composite materials, is investigated based on the numerical simulations. The material under study is a two-phase composite with periodic microstructure of “matrix-inclusion” type. Two-scale analysis, incorporating micromechanics approach, is performed. First, the effective thermal conductivity of the composite considered is found by the solution of the appropriate boundary value problem stated for the single unit cell. Next, numerical simulations of the needle probe test are carried out. In this case, two different locations of the measuring sensor are considered. It is shown that the “equivalent” conductivity, derived from the probe test, is strongly affected by the location of the sensor. Moreover, comparing the results obtained for different scales, one can notice that the “equivalent” conductivity cannot be interpreted as the effective one for the composites considered. Hence, a crude approximation of the effective property is proposed based on the volume fractions of constituents and the equivalent conductivities derived from different sensor locations.
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2014-03-01
    Description: The paper is focused on changes of geomechanical properties with regard to loss of long-term resistance in studies on the influence of salt spray on the structure of selected rocks from Poland. The investigation has shown that the analyzed rock material shows variable susceptibility to this corrosive factor. The most susceptible to ageing by salt mist were Śmiłów sandstones, whose progressive deterioration was observed in subsequent cycles. Analysis of resistance parameters has shown decreased resistance to uniaxial compression exceeding 30% also in the case of the Józefów limestones. Limestones from Raciszyn have revealed high resistance to ageing by salt mist.
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2014-03-01
    Description: Based on a literature review concerning methane emissions in Poland, it was stated in 2009 that the National Greenhouse Inventory 2007 [13] was published. It was prepared firstly to meet Poland’s obligations resulting from point 3.1 Decision no. 280/2004/WE of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 February 2004, concerning a mechanism for monitoring community greenhouse gas emissions and for implementing the Kyoto Protocol and secondly, for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Kyoto Protocol. The National Greenhouse Inventory states that there are no detailed data concerning methane emissions in collieries in the Polish mining industry. That is why the methane emission in the methane coal mines of Górnośląskie Zagłębie Węglowe - GZW (Upper Silesian Coal Basin - USCB) in Poland was meticulously studied and evaluated. The applied methodology for estimating methane emission from the GZW coal mining system was used for the four basic sources of its emission. Methane emission during the mining and post-mining process. Such an approach resulted from the IPCC guidelines of 2006 [10]. Updating the proposed methods (IPCC2006) of estimating the methane emissions of hard coal mines (active and abandoned ones) in Poland, assumes that the methane emission factor (EF) is calculated based on methane coal mine output and actual values of absolute methane content. The result of verifying the method of estimating methane emission during the mining process for Polish coal mines is the equation of methane emission factor EF.
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2014-03-01
    Description: The article presents an application of X-ray microtomography for identification of the carbonation zone in concrete material. A concrete specimen subjected earlier to harsh environmental conditions is investigated. The material is firstly checked with the use of chemical corrosion indicators and then is subjected to microstructural analysis performed with the use of X-ray microtomography. Two different settings of scanning parameters are applied implying the image resolutions of approximately 14 μm per 1 pixel and about 7 μm per 1 pixel, respectively. The results obtained are then compared and analyzed. The depth of the carbonation zone is evaluated based on the attenuation curve. The paper highlights also the significance of the corrosion phenomenon in concrete structures. Details of the deterioration mechanisms in concrete are shortly presented.
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2014-03-01
    Description: Polish standards concerning field investigation with the use of a Weight Sounding Test (WST) probe give interpretation of results for non-cohesive soils only. The lack of such interpretation for cohesive soils excludes this testing equipment from use. This paper presents the results of geotechnical site investigation and laboratory tests performed for Miocene clays in Carpathian Foredeep in the Cracow area. Based on the analysis of the results a correlation was determined between the characteristic values for the WST probe (number of half-turns NWST) and the selected properties of Miocene clays. The article is an attempt to create a complete interpretation of test results obtained for cohesive soil with WST equipment.
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2014-03-01
    Description: During the construction of an airport terminal it was found that as a result of the hydrostatic pressure of underground water the foundation plate of the building had dangerously shifted in the direction opposite to that of the gravitational forces. The only effective measure was to introduce a drainage system on the site. The complex geology of the area indicated that two independent drainage systems, i.e., a horizontal system in the Quaternary beds and a vertical system in the Tertiary water-bearing levels, were necessary. This paper presents numerical FEM calculations of the two drainage systems being part of the airport terminal drainaged esign. The computer simulation which was carried out took into consideration the actual effect of the drainage systems and their impact on the depression cone being formed in the two aquifers.
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2014-03-01
    Description: Most of underground hydrocarbon storage are located in depleted natural gas reservoirs. Seismic survey is the most economical source of detailed subsurface information. The inversion of seismic section for obtaining pseudoacoustic impedance section gives the possibility to extract detailed subsurface information. The seismic wavelet parameters and noise briefly influence the resolution. Low signal parameters, especially long signal duration time and the presence of noise decrease pseudoimpedance resolution. Drawing out from measurement or modelled seismic data approximation of distribution of acoustic pseuoimpedance leads us to visualisation and images useful to stratum homogeneity identification goal. In this paper, the improvement of geologic section image resolution by use of minimum entropy deconvolution method before inversion is applied. The author proposes context and adaptive transformation of images and edge detection methods as a way to increase the effectiveness of correct interpretation of simulated images. In the paper, the edge detection algorithms using Sobel, Prewitt, Robert, Canny operators as well as Laplacian of Gaussian method are emphasised. Wiener filtering of image transformation improving rock section structure interpretation pseudoimpedance matrix on proper acoustic pseudoimpedance value, corresponding to selected geologic stratum. The goal of the study is to develop applications of image transformation tools to inhomogeneity detection in salt deposits.
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2014-12-31
    Description: Zusammenfassung In Gemeinden mit schrumpfender Bevölkerungszahl und in der Folge einer ,Perforierung' der Siedlungsstruktur entwickeln sich die Gebühren für Infrastrukturen, Abgaben und Steuern mehr und mehr zu einer „zweiten Miete". Zudem verlieren Immobilien aufgrund der dispersen Schrumpfung der Siedlungen an Wert, wodurch eine Trading-down-Spirale angestoßen werden kann. Um einerseits die Kosten für die Abfallentsorgung zumindest konstant zu halten und andererseits eine kompakte Siedlungsform zu forcieren, sollte trotz Schrumpfung einer dispersen Ausdünnung gegengesteuert werden. In diesem Sinne wird in diesem Beitrag aufgezeigt, wie sich die Kosten für die Sammlung der Restmüllfraktion reduzieren und gleichzeitig die Abfallentsorgung als Steuerungsinstrument für die Siedlungsentwicklung einsetzen ließe. Über den gesamten Prozess hinweg – von der Untersuchung von lokalen Wanderungen, der Verteilung von Wohneinheiten und Innenentwicklungspotenzial innerhalb des Gemeindegebietes bis zur Abfallentsorgungsplanung – wurde auf Geodaten verschiedenster Stellen zurückgegriffen, die zusammen mit unterschiedlichen beschreibenden Daten in einer freien Geoinformationssoftware verarbeitet wurden. Durch Überlagerung der Gesamt- und Fachplanungen lässt sich beispielsweise über eine GIS-gestützte Standort- und Erreichbarkeitspotenzialanalyse von Abfallsammelinseln eine Teilzentralisierung der Abfallentsorgung realisieren. Diese Zentralisierung kann eine ressourcenschonende und strategische Gesamtplanung unterstützen.
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2014-10-31
    Description: Zusammenfassung Wenn durch Hochwasserereignisse ausgelöste Katastrophen Schäden in Städten hervorrufen, stellt der Wiederaufbau danach ein komplexes Handlungsfeld dar, das den städtischen Raum, intervenierende staatliche Institutionen und nicht zuletzt betroffene Bürger umfasst. Es ist möglich, dass der Wiederaufbau nicht gleichmäßig, sondern asymmetrisch verläuft. Im Fall der US-amerikanischen Stadt New Orleans, 2005 vom Orkan Katrina schwer getroffen, lässt sich dies seitdem beobachten, insbesondere im Quartier Lower Ninth Ward. Hier sollte eigentlich ein auf Hauseigentümer ausgerichtetes Wiederaufbauprogramm den Bürgern die Rückkehr erleichtern. Warum konnten die Pläne und Programme des Wiederaufbaus das Entstehen einer Asymmetrie beim Wiederaufbau des Lower Ninth Ward nicht verhindern? Der Beitrag stellt fest, dass diese Pläne und Programme nicht adäquat auf städtebauliche und soziale Rahmenbedingungen reagierten und nicht auf die Verwundbarkeit der betroffenen Stadtbewohner ausgerichtet waren. Der Beitrag enthält hierzu mittels quantitativer und qualitativer Methoden 2007 und 2009 erhobene empirische Daten. Das Ziel ist, wissensbasierte Planungsempfehlungen zu unterstützen, die auf die Verwundbarkeit betroffener Bürger eingehen, und zu einer Diskussion über gerechten und nachhaltigen Wiederaufbau in und von Städten nach Katastrophen anzuregen.
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2014-06-30
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2014-12-31
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2014-10-31
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2014-10-31
    Description: Zusammenfassung Sowohl das sozialräumliche Wohnumfeld als Nukleus von Stadtentwicklungsstrategien als auch internetbasierte Collaborative-Consumption-Ansätze (teilweise auch als Sharing Economy oder in Deutschland als Ko-Konsum bezeichnet) sind in Wissenschaft und Politik vieldiskutierte Themen, die sich im Spannungsfeld zwischen Globalität und Lokalität bewegen. In diesem Beitrag werden erstmals die Konzepte des Quartiers bzw. der Quartiersentwicklung und der Collaborative Consumption auf mögliche prozessuale Zusammenhänge überprüft. Um zu explorieren, inwieweit alternative, communitybasierte Konsummodelle zu einer Stärkung der Quartiersentwicklung im Sinne eines Local Shifts beitragen können, stellen wir eine Typologie verschiedener Collaborative-Consumption- Arten vor, die sich konzeptionell am Sozialkapital und dessen Verwertbarkeit im Quartierskontext orientiert. Aus dieser Systematisierung folgt, dass viele der Angebote – trotz des erklärten Ziels einer „Nachbarschaftsstärkung" - nicht notwendigerweise zu einer Akkumulation von lokalem Sozialkapital im Quartier führen müssen. Lediglich ein bestimmter, von uns definierter „autotelisch orientierter Collaborative-Consumption-Typ" hat das Potenzial, Quartiersentwicklung positiv zu beeinflussen. Dieser Typ könnte insofern für die Quartiersforschung von weiterem Interesse sein und auch für die Stadtentwicklungspraxis im Sinne eines durch webbasierte Vernetzung gestärkten „Quartiers 2.0" fruchtbar gemacht werden.
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2014-12-31
    Description: Zusammenfassung Im Rahmen des demographischen Wandels kommt es in Deutschland neben der fortschreitenden Alterung der Bevölkerung und des Bevölkerungsrückganges zu einer zunehmenden Internationalisierung und Diversifizierung der Gesellschaft. Bereits ein Fünftel der Bevölkerung hat einen Migrationshintergrund, mit steigender Tendenz. Umso bemerkenswerter ist es daher, dass bislang in Deutschland kaum gesicherte Erkenntnisse über das Mobilitätsverhalten von Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund vorliegen. Der Beitrag basiert auf einer Pilotstudie in Offenbach am Main, in der die Bevölkerung mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund zu ihrer Alltagsmobilität befragt wurde. Die Ergebnisse zeigen Unterschiede in Bezug auf verschiedene Mobilitätsindikatoren wie Führerscheinbesitz, Haushaltsausstattung mit Pkw und Fahrrad sowie auf die allgemeine Nutzung der verschiedenen Verkehrsmittel. Ergänzende multivariate Analysen zeigen verschiedene Einflussfaktoren der Verkehrsmittelnutzung. So können die empirische Basis zu diesem bis dato unerforschten Themenfeld erweitert und erste Hinweise auf mögliche Effekte durch die zunehmende Internationalisierung auf die Alltagsmobilität abgeleitet werden.
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2014-12-31
    Description: Zusammenfassung Klein- und mittelstädtisch geprägte Regionen zählen in Zeiten der ökonomischen und fiskalischen Krise häufig zu den Verlierern der Gesamtentwicklung, zumal dort Innovationen und Impulse aus den Regionen heraus eher gering sind. Da solche Räume in besonderem Maße auf externe Investitionen oder die öffentliche Hand angewiesen sind, machen sich die sozialen, ökonomischen und demographischen Auswirkungen der Krise hier besonders gravierend bemerkbar. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird in diesem Aufsatz gefragt, welchen Beitrag endogene Potenziale – wie sie in den neusten Programmen der Europäischen Union (EU) zur Territorialen Entwicklung thematisiert werden – zur Stabilisierung dieser Regionen leisten können. Anhand zweier Altindustrieregionen, die abseits der großen Zentren liegen, werden die Inwertsetzung regionaler Potenziale, die damit verbundenen Entwicklungsstrategien sowie die Rolle der involvierten Akteure beleuchtet. Dabei wird an die ältere Diskussion um die Bedeutung von endogenen Faktoren in der Regionalentwicklung aus den 1980er und 1990er Jahren angeknüpft und diese an der heutigen Situation gespiegelt. Allerdings sind die Erwartungen heute weniger auf direkte ökonomische Effekte ausgerichtet. Die Rolle endogener Potenziale wird vielmehr darin gesehen, regionale Entwicklungsprozesse anzustoßen (Katalysatorfunktion), Alleinstellungsmerkmale zu betonen (Identifikationsfunktion) und das Selbstwertgefühl der Regionen zu stärken (symbolische Funktion).
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2014-10-31
    Description: Zusammenfassung Der vor über zwei Jahrzehnten eingeleitete Paradigmenwechsel der Förderpolitik für ländliche Regionen hin zu einer kooperativen, akteursorientierten Regionalentwicklung wird heute kaum noch angezweifelt. Gleichwohl gibt es nur wenige Erkenntnisse über die Wirksamkeit dieser Förderansätze für die Regionalentwicklung. In diesem Beitrag wird das Ergebnis einer bundesweiten regionalstatistischen Auswertung zum Zusammenhang des Einsatzes von Programmen der kooperativen Regionalentwicklung auf der einen und gängigen regionalen Entwicklungsindikatoren auf der anderen Seite vorgelegt. Die Besonderheit gegenüber anderen Analysen liegt dabei in der gleichzeitigen Betrachtung einer Reihe von Förderprogrammen auch unterschiedlicher Ressorts über einen längeren Zeitraum hinweg. Das Ergebnis zeigt, dass nachhaltige Wirkungen für die Regionalentwicklung praktisch nicht messbar sind. Dieser bedenkenswerte Befund sollte Anstöße für die Weiterentwicklung dieser Förderinstrumente ländlicher Entwicklung geben.
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2014-08-31
    Description: Weisen Wohnungen von Finanzinvestoren ein vom Mittel abweichendes Niveau der Mietpreise auf? Die Untersuchung in diesem Beitrag vollzieht auf der Basis schriftlich erhobener Wohnungscharakteristika und Mietpreisangaben über die Zuordnung der zur Preisfindung gültigen ortsüblichen Vergleichsmieten eine vergleichende Querschnittsbetrachtung der Mietpreisgestaltung verschiedener Eigentümergruppen an drei ausgewählten Standorten mit Präsenz neuer Investorentypen. Diese Standorte befinden sich in Dresden, Lübeck und Wuppertal. Für sie konnte erstmals belegt werden, dass entgegen der weit verbreiteten Annahme für die Wohnungen von Finanzinvestoren keine signifikant überdurchschnittlichen Mietpreisniveaus feststellbar sind. Vielmehr konnten für andere Eigentümergruppen signifikant vom Gesamtmittel abweichende Mietpreise und damit ein Einfluss bestimmter Eigentümerschaften auf das Mietpreisniveau belegt werden. Diese standortübergreifenden Ergebnisse bestätigten sich auch anhand der Betrachtung von Neuvertragsmieten und anhand standörtlicher Untersuchungen. Bei der Analyse wurden unter Verwendung des hedonischen Ansatzes die verschiedenen wohnwertbestimmenden Eigenschaften der einzelnen Mieteinheiten, die in erster Linie Einfluss auf die Höhe der Kaltmieten haben, berücksichtigt.
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2014-06-30
    Description: Zusammenfassung Vor dem Hintergrund der knapper werdenden Ressource Boden und den Herausforderungen des Klimawandels beschäftigt sich das Projekt „CC-Land-StraD“ mit den Wechselwirkungen zwischen Klimawandel und Landnutzung. Es werden Szenarien der künftigen Landnutzung in Deutschland bis zum Jahr 2030 entwickelt. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf der Siedlungs- und Verkehrsflächenentwicklung. Dafür kommt ein Simulationsmodell zum Einsatz, das unterschiedliche Daten verarbeitet und miteinander kombiniert. Dazu zählen einerseits statistische Informationen der sozioökonomischen Entwicklung, aber auch zahlreiche räumliche Daten, die die aktuelle Landnutzung, natürliche Gegebenheiten, aber auch planerische Festlegungen beschreiben. Der Beitrag stellt die verwendeten Daten vor und beschreibt die Methodik, wie diese im Simulationsmodell „Land Use Scanner“ verwendet werden, um ein räumliches Landnutzungsszenario für Deutschland zu erstellen. Damit integriert das Modell Daten unterschiedlicher räumlicher, zeitlicher und thematischer Auflösung und führt Daten unterschiedlicher Skalenebenen konsistent zusammen. Die Ergebnisse des Modells zeigen, dass trotz demographischen Wandels in einigen Regionen Deutschlands ein hoher Siedlungsdruck bestehen bleibt.
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2014-08-31
    Description: Zusammenfassung Der Berufsstand der Planer erhielt in Deutschland von 1968 an mit den neuen Raumplanerstudiengängen ein eigenes Profil abseits der in die Architekturfakultäten integrierten Stadtplanerausbildung. In den seither vergangenen rund 45 Jahren hat sich das planerische Denken der Planerstudiengänge fundamental verändert, was hier in Langzeitbetrachtung nachvollzogen wird. Der Weg führte vom relativ autonomen Start gegenüber der etablierten Planung hin zur Akzeptanz sich selbst regulierender Märkte und Governance-Strukturen und inkrementalistischem Prozessdenken. Raumplaner haben zuletzt das Beharren auf Leitvorstellungen und darauf bezogene formale Pläne aufgegeben – und damit auch den Anspruch auf eine fundierende Planungstheorie. Stadtplaner haben sich auf informelle Pläne mit schwacher Durchsetzungskraft zurückgezogen. Die Planerstudiengänge für Stadtwie Raumplaner sahen sich zu entsprechenden Reformen zugunsten marktfähiger Berufsabschlüsse veranlasst. Seit der Finanzkrise nach 2000 sind beide Berufsgruppen mit verstärkten neoliberalen Arrangements auf politischer Ebene von Kommunen, Ländern und Bund konfrontiert. Informelle Governance-Strukturen und Pläne haben es seither weit schwerer, sich gegenüber den veränderten Machtstrukturen zu behaupten. Mit zunehmender Schärfe stellen sich Fragen nach der Zukunftsfähigkeit der räumlichen Entwicklung. Die Hochschulen mit Planerstudiengängen und Forschungspools sind erneut herausgefordert, ihre Orientierungen zu überdenken und über transdisziplinäre Kooperationen zu den ungelösten großen Fragen der Zeit beizutragen und die Konkurrenz beider Berufsgruppen zu überwinden.
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2014-06-30
    Description: Zusammenfassung Meeresraumordnung in Europa ist eine noch junge und entsprechend dynamische Erweiterung der traditionellen Raumordnung auf dem Festland. Stärker noch als diese ist sie auf grenzüberschreitende Verständigung und transnationalen Datenaustausch angewiesen. Dabei stehen jedoch insbesondere regionale Akteure vor der Herausforderung, dass transnationale Geodaten oft nur mit erheblichem Aufwand und Vorkenntnissen erschlossen werden können. Vorgestellt werden die Möglichkeiten, mithilfe neuer Geodaten und internetbasierter Kartenanwendungen den Bedarfen und Problemen von Akteuren im Bereich der Meeresraumordnung begegnen zu können. Am Beispiel eines Geodatenportals werden die Erfahrungen mit dem Einsatz neuer Geodaten wiedergegeben und der aktuelle Entwicklungsstand sowie die Potenziale neuer Geodaten reflektiert. Deutlich wird dabei, dass die Schaffung eines leichten und zentralen Zugangs zu planungsrelevanten Geodaten heute gut möglich ist und dem Bedarf zahlreicher Akteure entspricht. Ebenfalls deutlich wird aber auch, dass Planungsbehörden allein oftmals nicht ohne Weiteres in der Lage sind, ein solches grenzüberschreitendes Angebot zu schaffen, sondern zivilgesellschaftliche Akteure hierbei eine wesentliche Rolle spielen können.
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2014-04-30
    Description: Zusammenfassung Die Resilienz einer regionalen Ökonomie hängt maßgeblich davon ab, inwiefern relevantes spezifisches Humankapital zwischen deren Wirtschaftsaktivitäten wieder verwertet werden kann. Zu diesem Zweck wird das Instrumentarium Industry Space, das sich auf die Ähnlichkeiten in der Nutzung von Humankapital bzw. Skill-Relatedness zwischen Branchen stützt, zur Beschreibung der Wissensbasis zwischen den vorhandenen Wirtschaftszweigen einer Region sowie zur Analyse von dessen Wachstumsperspektiven und Resilienz vorgestellt. Beim Industry Space handelt es sich um ein Netzwerk von Branchen, die skill-related sind. Am Beispiel des Saarlandes wird mithilfe dieses Instrumentariums für den Zeitraum 2008 bis 2012 gezeigt, dass dessen Resilienz durch die Spezialisierung auf traditionelle Industriezweige, welche miteinander skill-related sind, gestärkt wird. Aber die im Zuge des Strukturwandels dieser Altindustrieregion entstandenen jungen technologieintensiven Branchen sind nicht mit dem älteren verarbeitenden Gewerbe verbunden, so dass hierdurch regionale Wachstumspotenziale unausgeschöpft bleiben.
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2014-02-28
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2014-02-28
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2014-02-28
    Description: Zusammenfassung In dem vorliegenden Beitrag wird der Versuch unternommen, unterschiedliche Regional Governance-Stile auf europäischer Maßstabsebene herauszuarbeiten. Dies soll es ermöglichen, von der nahezu unendlichen Zahl verschiedener kontextueller Interpretationen von Governance zu abstrahieren und damit eine weiterführende Perspektive für Analyse und Vergleich von Regional Governance-Phänomenen zu entwickeln. Diesem Vorhaben liegen Ergebnisse einer vergleichenden Fallstudienuntersuchung zugrunde, die im Rahmen eines von der DFG geförderten Forschungsprojektes in den Jahren 2008 bis 2011 in ausgewählten peripheren ländlichen Räumen der EU durchgeführt wurde. Es handelt sich dabei um die Regionen Extremadura (Spanien), Warminsko-Mazurskie (Polen) und Western Isles (Schottland). Konkreter Gegenstand der Untersuchung waren dabei in allen drei Regionen die Entstehung, Handlungsorientierungen, Akteurskonstellationen und Legitimationsgrundlagen ausgewählter LE ADER-Akteursnetzwerke.
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2014-08-31
    Description: Zusammenfassung Die Berücksichtigung alternativer Standorte für erneuerbare Energien darf nicht erst eine Reaktion auf die schwindende Akzeptanz der Energiewende sein. Sie sollte vielmehr am Beginn jeder Standortplanung stehen und dadurch einen transparenten, demokratischen Aushandlungsprozess zur nachhaltigen Flächennutzung ermöglichen. Standortalternativen können sich zum einen daraus ergeben, dass ein Standortsuchraum durch Minimierung bzw. Maximierung von Restriktionskriterien sukzessive erweitert bzw. eingeschränkt wird. Zum anderen lässt sich ein Standortsuchraum um eine bislang nicht ins Standortkalkül miteinbezogene Flächenkategorie erweitern. Beide Aspekte werden im Folgenden aufgegriffen, wenn es darum geht, räumliche Korridore zur Umsetzung der bayerischen Windenergiewende zu erarbeiten. Die Raummuster, die sich aus den GIS-gestützten Standortanalysen für Windenergieanlagen ergeben, können der Raumordnung als Grundlage zur Ausweisung von Ausschluss-, Vorbehalts- und Vorranggebieten dienen. Allein ein einheitliches, auf Potenzialanalysen basierendes Vorgehen der regionalen Planungsverbände kann einen Flickenteppich von Energiekonzepten verhindern und Standortplanungsprozessen den Weg hin zu einer ausgewogenen Raumentwicklung weisen. Daher besteht das Ziel des Beitrags darin, die windenergetische Eignung von Offenland- und Waldstandorten zu prüfen und jene räumlichen Muster der Windenergie zu identifizieren, die nicht nur den quantitativen Vorgaben des bayerischen Windenergieerlasses, sondern darüber hinaus dem qualitativen Anspruch einer größtmöglichen sozialökologischen Verträglichkeit Rechnung tragen.
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2014-10-31
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2014-10-31
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2014-08-31
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2014-12-31
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2014-12-31
    Description: ZusammenfassungMit der umfassenden Bestandsaufnahme im Enquetebericht des Deutschen Bundestages „Kultur in Deutschland" von 2007 rücken neben öffentlichen und privatwirtschaftlichen Infrastrukturen auch zunehmend alternative Einrichtungen des zivilgesellschaftlichen Kultursektors in das Blickfeld von Kulturpolitik, Raumplanung und Kreativwirtschaft. Der Beitrag argumentiert am Beispiel der materiellen und diskursiven Entwicklungen soziokultureller Zentren seit den 1960er Jahren, dass kultur- und kreativwirtschaftliche Perspektiven zentrale Dimensionen kultureller Infrastrukturen systematisch ausblenden. Erstens implizieren berufsbezogene Abgrenzungen von Kreativität eine qualitative Trennung von professionellen, wertschöpfenden Tätigkeiten einerseits und laienhaften, profanen Praktiken andererseits. Eine Folge ist die Hierarchisierung der jeweiligen Sozialräume. Zweitens wird kulturelle Kreativität aktualitätsbezogen auf ökonomisch verwertbare Praktiken reduziert, was die historischen Entwicklungslinien kulturpolitischer Diskussionen um Frei- und Spielräume für eine demokratische und emanzipierte Teilhabe an Kultur verdeckt. Drittens unterschätzt ein bevorzugt innerstädtischer Fokus die Rolle von Kultureinrichtungen im suburbanen Raum und auf dem Lande, deren zivilgesellschaftliche Formen dort wichtige und die oftmals einzigen Ankerpunkte für kreative Praktiken darstellen. Die Diskussion zeigt, dass ein rein ökonomischer Fokus auf kulturelle Infrastrukturen dazu tendiert, historisch, funktional und sozialräumlich selektiv zu argumentieren.
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2014-10-31
    Description: Zusammenfassung Im Zuge der Problematisierung des demographischen Wandels befasst sich die Mobilitätsforschung seit einigen Jahren verstärkt mit der Mobilität älterer Menschen. Dabei ist die Forschung überwiegend durch den Blick der Planungspraxis geprägt, mit der Folge, dass die Mobilität älterer Menschen gewöhnlich als technisches oder organisatorisches Problem aufgefasst wird. Versteht man Mobilität hingegen als ein soziales Phänomen, ist man unmittelbar mit der Frage konfrontiert, wie Mobilität und Lebenswirklichkeit miteinander verflochten sind. Dieser Beitrag nähert sich der Alltagsmobilität älterer Menschen aus einer akteurszentrierten Perspektive. Ziel ist es zunächst, ein Verständnis darüber zu vermitteln, wie ältere Menschen auf dem Land ihre Mobilität sehen und in ihren Alltag einbetten. Ausgehend von den Ergebnissen einer qualitativen Studie, verdeutlicht der Beitrag die handlungsleitenden Momente ihres Unterwegsseins, skizziert den Stellenwert von Emotionen und den funktionellen Aspekt der Gesunderhaltung. Vor allem jedoch wird die Bedeutung sozialer Kontakte veranschaulicht: Auch wenn sich alltägliche Erfordernisse, wie der Einkauf oder Arztbesuch, als wesentliche Anlässe von Mobilität erweisen, vorrangig sind es Ereignisse der Zusammenkunft, die das Leben älterer Menschen auf dem Land prägen. Die Erkenntnisse münden in Schlussfolgerangen für die Planungspraxis.
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2014-10-31
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2014-06-30
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2014-08-31
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2014-04-30
    Description: Resilience refers to the ability of a regional economy to recover from external shocks and to return to a sustainable growth path afterwards. This paper departs from the assumption that by improving a region's organising capacity, cluster policies can strengthen regional resilience. We argue that the impact of cluster policies on regional resilience depends on the portfolio of clusters targeted for promotion, which may increase specialisation, unrelated or related variety in a region's economic fabric. Based on a multidimensional model of cluster policies, case study evidence from seven German regions is drawn from an interview survey of 145 practitioners, policy advisors and independent observers. By illustrating the connections between cluster policy, organising capacity, and specialisation versus variety, these findings can be linked conceptually to regional economic resilience. This argument allows for some policy recommendations and the formulation of issues for further research.
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2014-04-30
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2014-06-30
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2014-02-28
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2014-02-28
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2014-02-28
    Description: Zusammenfassung In diesem Beitrag wird die Nutzerperspektive zu räumlichen Fragen der Bildungsplanung eingenommen: die der Eltern und Schüler. Welche Rolle spielen angesichts gestiegenen Bildungswettbewerbs, Leistungsdrucks in den Schulen und einem immer weiter qualitativ differenzierten Bildungsangebot überhaupt noch räumliche Aspekte im Bildungsverhalten von Schülern und deren Eltern? Ist die räumliche Nähe von Schulen angesichts allgemein vergrößerter Aktionsräume überhaupt noch wichtig? In einer empirischen Untersuchung in zwei Kreisen in Schleswig-Holstein wird der Aspekt der räumlichen Entfernung in mehrfacher Hinsicht thematisiert: Es werden die objektiven Schulweglängen abgefragt, ebenso die latente Bedeutung der räumlichen Nähe zwischen Wohnort und Schulstandort für den Bil-dungserfolg des Kindes, die Kontakte zwischen den Schülern und das soziale Engagement der Eltern in der Schule, die konkrete Bedeutung der räumlichen Nähe zwischen Wohnort und Schulort in der Entscheidungssituation der Schulortwahl sowie die für zumutbar gehaltenen Wegelängen für die Schüler. Weiterhin werden diverse Aspekte zur Verkehrsmittelwahl untersucht. Schließlich ist auch die forschungsmethodische Frage von Interesse, welchen Erklärungsgehalt latente Einstellungsvariablen im Vergleich zu Variablen, die sich auf konkrete Entscheidungssituationen beziehen, haben.
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2014-04-30
    Description: This paper takes up the Schumpeterian argument that innovations drive economic recovery following cyclical phases of recession and depression. The performance of the regional innovation systems of two contrasting regions in England is examined in the light of this argument. It is shown that the long-term development of the regions' respective innovation systems contributed significantly to the long-run adaptation and consequential economic resilience of their economies in the face of periodic external economic shocks. It is also argued that regional innovation systems policies can contribute to the adaptation of regional economies and therefore their economic resilience.
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2014-06-30
    Description: Zusammenfassung In den letzten Jahren ist die Grünlandfläche in Deutschland stark zurückgegangen. Dieser Rückgang wird von vielen Seiten kritisch gesehen, da Grünland im Vergleich zum Ackerland in Bezug auf Kriterien des Umwelt- und Naturschutzes besser bewertet wird. In der öffentlichen Diskussion wird der Rückgang des Grünlandes unter anderem mit der Zunahme des Maisanbaus aufgrund der Förderung der Biogasproduktion im Rahmen des Erneuerbaren-Energien-Gesetzes (EEG) in Verbindung gebracht. In diesem Beitrag wird ein Geoinformationssystem vorgestellt, das verschiedene hoch aufgelöste Daten zur Landnutzung, zu Landnutzungsänderungen und Standortbedingungen verarbeitet. Mithilfe dieses Systems wird für den Zeitraum von 1999 bis 2007 untersucht, ob die Biogaserzeugung die Hauptursache für den beobachteten Landnutzungswandel ist. Die Analyse erfolgt für Deutschland als Ganzes sowie mit einem höher aufgelösten Datenbestand für Niedersachsen (2005–2007), das ein Zentrum der Biogaserzeugung ist. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Anbau von Gärsubstraten vor allem auf schon bestehenden Ackerflächen erfolgt. In Betrieben mit Anbau von Gärsubstraten wird Grünland eher umgebrochen, allerdings bewirtschaften diese Betriebe nur sehr wenige ehemalige Grünlandflächen. Mit abnehmender Entfernung zur nächsten Biogasanlage steigt die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass Grünland umgewandelt wird. Der Großteil der Umwandlung von Grünland in Ackerflächen erfolgt allerdings durch Betriebe, die keine Gärsubstrate anbauen. Hier sind insbesondere intensiv wirtschaftende Milchviehbetriebe zu nennen. Grünland wird vor allem dann umgewandelt, wenn der Bewirtschafter der Fläche wechselt. Auf der Basis der Ergebnisse werden verschiedene Ansätze zum Schutz des Dauergrünlandes im Speziellen und zur Begrenzung von direktem und indirektem Landnutzungswandel im Allgemeinen diskutiert.
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2014-08-31
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2014-08-31
    Description: Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag beschreibt räumlich-demographische Prozesse in der Stadtregion Hamburg und sucht dabei Antworten auf die Fragen, inwieweit die Veränderungsprozesse tatsächlich eine stabile (Re)Konzentration von Bevölkerung in verkehrssparsamen, das heißt funktionsgemischten und gut an den öffentlichen Verkehr angebundenen Räumen bewirken und ob zumindest Ansätze neuer Stadtaffinität zu entdecken sind. Ausgehend von dem Befund, dass in Hamburg Reurbanisierung nach verschiedenen Konzepten messbar ist, werden die Wanderungsmuster der Bevölkerung in der Stadtregion anhand von Daten der amtlichen Statistik genauer untersucht. So wird ersichtlich, dass der Bevölkerungsgewinn der Stadt bzw. die Bevölkerungskonzentration in der Stadt dadurch entsteht, dass sie Einwohner von außerhalb der Region – vorwiegend aus Städten – gewinnt und die Stadtbewohner seltener ins Umland ziehen. Die Ursache für die innerregionalen Veränderungsprozesse ist das veränderte Wanderungsverhalten von Personen über 30 Jahren und Kindern sowie Kohorteneffekte der über 45-Jährigen, während die Bildungswanderer und Berufseinsteiger (18- bis 29-Jährige) als Träger des zunehmenden überregionalen Austauschs bezeichnet werden können. Diese empirischen Befunde stützen bestehende Thesen zu Ursachen der Reurbanisierung. Besonders hervorzuheben ist, dass die quantitativen Daten auch der These von ,Alten' als Träger der Reurbanisierung entsprechen.
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2014-12-31
    Description: Zusammenfassung Ziel des Beitrags ist es, Koordinationsfunktionen in der Regionalplanung mit den Diskussionen um „Regional Governance" und Führung zu verbinden. Koordination ähnelt einem Kollektivgut, das einen allgemeinen Nutzen, aber individuell zu tragende Kosten erzeugt. Die Führung einer Organisation hat ähnliche Schwierigkeiten zu meistern, was ihr dadurch gelingt, dass bei den Beteiligten ein Bewusstsein entwickelt wird, in einem Boot zu sitzen und vom Führungserfolg auch individuelle Vorteile ableiten zu können. Anders als Führer in Organisationen müssen Planer jedoch die Governance-Arrangements erst schaffen, damit sich die Beteiligten zu einer Koordinationsgemeinschaft zusammenfinden, die gemeinsam die Regionalentwicklung vorantreibt. Auch ist ihre Führungsaufgabe schwieriger, weil sie nicht über die Einflussressourcen einer Unternehmensführung verfügen. Welche Möglichkeiten es dennoch gibt, wird im Beitrag kurz skizziert.
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2014-08-31
    Description: The maritime economy as a heterogeneous innovation system has ongoing relevance to the successful spatial and functional development of regions in Europe. A strong technological knowledge base underpins the competitiveness of the maritime economy, which is grounded in distinct spatial structures and proximities. The simultaneous relevance of global and local knowledge is particularly pronounced in the maritime economy through its inherent relevance to globalization and structural change. Conventional classifications of the maritime economy embedded in the discussion of the spatialization of knowledge-intensive activities and global value chains, however, limit the analysis to certain parts of the maritime cluster. This paper examines the applicability of various discourses on interactive knowledge generation and application as a process, based on a comprehensive dataset derived from cooperative links within the maritime economy of northern Germany. It suggests a framework for analysis that is activity based and focuses on the concurrent presence of different dimensions of proximity across value-creating systems. We explore spatial patterns by means of social network analysis. These patterns are industry-specific and have the potential to inform efforts to increase functional as well as physical connectivity in regions. The empirical analysis begins with the individual firm as an actor seeking to optimize its location for the purpose of competitiveness. It proposes an approach that is rooted in the ongoing discussion on spatial and functional dispositions for innovation activity and that bridges the dichotomy of knowledge-intensive services and manufacturing activities in the maritime economy.
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2014-06-30
    Description: Zusammenfassung Sowohl die bestandsorientierte Siedlungsentwicklung als auch GIS-gestützte baulich-räumliche Analysen werden zukünftig an Bedeutung gewinnen. Es scheint aber eine Wissenslücke zwischen Planern und Geodaten-Bereitstellern bezüglich quantitativer baulichräumlicher Daten zu geben. Der Beitrag behandelt daher den Nutzen und Mehrwert von kleinräumigen baulichräumlichen Daten für die Planung, indem Forschungsarbeiten zur Siedlungsentwicklung, Innenentwicklung und zu Veränderungen am Wohnungsmarkt ausgewertet werden. Es zeigt sich, dass mit baulich-räumlichen Daten Muster und Veränderungen von Siedlungsstrukturen sowie beispielsweise in Verbindung mit Sozialdaten gebäudetypbasierte Bevölkerungsmuster und -Veränderungen detaillierter als zuvor beschrieben werden können. Dadurch entstehen wichtige Entscheidungsgrundlagen für die raumbezogene Planung, zur Formulierung und Bewertung von Zielvorgaben sowie für konkrete Maßnahmen. Die amtliche Datenlage ist derzeit jedoch eingeschränkt, so dass für die zukünftige Bereitstellung von baulich-räumlichen Daten Anforderungen formuliert und vorgeschlagen werden. Abschließend wird für eine Verwendung von kleinräumigen baulich-räumlichen Daten im Rahmen von Monitoring-Systemen und Geodateninfrastrukturen plädiert, da diese eine wichtige Grundlage für kommunale strategische Entwicklungskonzepte und ein computergestütztes Stadtmanagement darstellen können.
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2014-06-30
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2014-08-31
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2014-04-30
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2014-04-30
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2014-04-30
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2014-04-30
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2014-02-28
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2014-02-28
    Description: Zusammenfassung Soziale Disparitäten zwischen Arm und Reich sowie das Armutsrisiko, insbesondere Alleinerziehender, von Personen mit niedrigem Erwerbseinkommen sowie vermehrt auch Älterer, nehmen in Deutschland stetig zu. Dieser Missstand stellt nicht nur gesellschaftlich, sondern auch für die Städte und Gemeinden eine große Herausforderung dar. Dabei wird die Ausgangslage vielerorts zusätzlich durch eine angespannte Wohnungsmarktsituation verschärft. Diese ist vor allem dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass zu wenig Wohnraum für einkommensschwächere Haushalte zur Verfügung steht und dass bezahlbarer, bedarfsorientierter Wohnraum durch Segregation und Gentrifizierung verknappt wird. Mit Hilfe verschiedenster Strategien und Maßnahmen, etwa Mietpreisbindung oder veränderter Vergabepraxis städtischer Wohnbauflächen, wird bereits versucht, die Wohnraumversorgung und Wohnqualität einkommensschwacher Haushalte sicher zu stellen, Verdrängungstendenzen entgegen zu wirken und sozial durchmischte Quartiere zu erhalten. Der vorliegende Beitrag befasst sich in diesem Zusammenhang mit zwei ausgewählten Strategieansätzen, der Kooperation zwischen Wohnungswirtschaft und Stadtentwicklung sowie der integrierten Quartiersentwicklung. Am Beispiel des Quartiers Sonnenberg in Chemnitz werden entsprechende Handlungsmöglichkeiten und Grenzen der Wohnraumversorgung exemplarisch ausgelotet und in den wissenschaftlichen Kontext einer kooperativen und sozial ausgleichenden Stadtentwicklungspolitik eingeordnet.
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2014-06-01
    Description: Google Earth is a virtual globe, map and geographical information program that is controlled by Google corporation. It maps the Earth by the superimposition of images obtained from satellite imagery, aerial photography and GIS 3D globe. With millions of users all around the globe, GoogleEarth® has become the ultimate source of spatial data and information for private and public decision-support systems besides many types and forms of social interactions. Many users mostly in developing countries are also using it for surveying applications, the matter that raises questions about the positional accuracy of the Google Earth program. This research presents a small-scale assessment study of the positional accuracy of GoogleEarth® Imagery in Riyadh; capital of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The results show that the RMSE of the GoogleEarth imagery is 2.18 m and 1.51 m for the horizontal and height coordinates respectively.
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2014-06-01
    Description: Different gravitational force models are used for determining the satellites’ orbits. The satellite gravity gradiometry (SGG) data contain this gravitational information and the satellite accelerations can be determined from them. In this study, we present that amongst the elements of the gravitational tensor in the local north-oriented frame, all of the elements are suitable for this purpose except Txy. Three integral formulae with the same kernel function are presented for recovering the accelerations from the SGG data. The kernel of these integrals is well-behaving which means that the contribution of the far-zone data is not very significant to their integration results; but this contribution is also dependent on the type of the data being integrated. Our numerical studies show that the standard deviations of the differences between the accelerations recovered from Tzz, Txzand Tzyand those computed by an existing Earth´s gravity model reduce by increasing the cap size of integration. However, their root mean squared errors increase for recovering Tyfrom Tyz. Larger cap sizes than 5 on is recommended for recovering Txand Tzbut smaller ones for Ty.
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2014-06-01
    Description: The publication has a cognitive research character. It presents a comparative analysis of free Internet services in Poland and abroad, used to adjust the data obtained using satellite measurement techniques. The main aim of this work is to describe and compare free tools for satellite data processing and to examine them for possible use in the surveying works in Poland. Among the many European and global services three of them dedicated to satellite measurements were selected: ASG-EUPOS (Poland), APPS (USA) and CSRS (Canada). The publication contains the results of calculations using these systems. Calculations were based on RINEX files obtained via postprocessing service (ASG-EUPOS network) POZGEO D for 12 reference stations in the South Poland. In order to examine differences in results between the ASG-EUPOS, APPS and CSRS the transformation points coordinate to a single coordinate system ETRF 2000 (in force in Poland) was made. Studies have shown the possibility of the calculation in Poland (in postprocessing mode) using the analyzed applications with global coverage.
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2014-03-01
    Description: GNSS observations carried out in a network of Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) are a complex systems which offer post-processing as well as corrections sent in realtime. In Poland, such a system has been in operation since June 2008, known as the Polish Active Geodetic Network (ASG-EUPOS). Usually the measurements performed in real time characterized lower accuracy than static measurements. For users who demand the highest precision results the post-processing services are provided. The paper presents an analysis of the position determination accuracy using ASG-EUPOS POZGEO service. It is well known that the final accuracy is e.g. the measuring conditions, time of observations or number of measured frequencies dependent. We processed 4 consecutive days of GPS data to determine how the accuracy of derived positional coordinates depends on the length of the observing session, the characteristics of horizon visibility on points and the used in post-processing observations (L1 or L1+L2). The POZGEO results show that horizontal accuracies of about 1-2 cm and vertical accuracies of 4 cm are achievable provided 0.5 hours dual frequency GPS data. The accuracy clearly decreases for point measured under conditions of strongly limited satellite availability
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2014-12-01
    Description: How to accelerate signal acquisition and shorten starting time are key problems in the Global Positioning System (GPS). GPS satellite almanac plays an important role in signal reception period. Almanac accuracy directly affects the speed of GPS signal acquisition, the start time of the receiver, and even the system performance to some extent. Combined with precise ephemeris products released by the International GNSS Service (IGS), the authors analyse GPS satellite almanac from the first day to the third day in the 1805th GPS week (from August 11 to 13, 2014 in the Gregorian calendar). The results show that mean of position errors in three-dimensional coordinate system varies from about 1 kilometer to 3 kilometers, which can satisfy the needs of common users.
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2014-09-01
    Description: The Chinese Area Positioning System (CAPS) is an area positioning system based on Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) communication satellites. Transponders on the satellites are used to retransmit navigation message and ranging signals generated from the ground master station, while users receive navigation signals to perform navigation and positioning tasks. Meanwhile, CAPS also develops bidirectional communication receivers using abundant transponders resources on Slightly Inclined Geostationary Orbit (SIGSO) communication satellites, thus realizing integration of navigation and communication in the coverage region.
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2014-09-01
    Description: In the previous investigation (Pashkevich, 2013) the high-precision Rigid Earth Rotation Series (designated RERS2012) dynamically adequate to the JPL DE406/LE406 (Standish, 1998) ephemeris over 2000 and 6000 years were constructed. The main aim of present research is improvement of the Rigid Earth Rotation Series RERS2012 by using the JPL DE422/LE422 (Folkner, 2011) ephemeris, and as a result is produced construction of the new high-precision Rigid Earth Rotation Series dynamically adequate to the JPL DE422/LE422 ephemeris over 2000 and 6000 years. The discrepancies in Euler angles between the high-precision numerical solutions and the semi-analytical solutions of the rigid Earth rotation problem are investigated by least squares and spectral analysis methods using the iterative algorithm (Pashkevich, 2013). In order to demonstrate the good convergence of this iterative algorithm are constructed additional solutions of the rigid Earth rotation dynamically adequate to the JPL DE422/LE422 over 2000 years by improvement solutions SMART97 (Bretagnon et al., 1998) and S9000 (Pashkevich and Eroshkin, 2005a). As the results of this investigation, the new improved high-precision Rigid Earth Rotation Series RERS2013 dynamically adequate to the DE422/LE422 ephemeris over 2000 and 6000 years have been constructed. The discrepancies in Euler angles between the numerical solution and RERS2013 do not surpass: 4 uas over 2000 years, 1 mas over 6000 years. The RERS2013 series is more accurate than the RERS2012 series, which is dynamically adequate to the DE406/LE406 ephemeris. The good convergence of the iterative algorithm of this study has been confirmed.
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2014-09-01
    Description: The total zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) and its components, hydrostatic and wet parts are important parameters of the atmosphere and directly or indirectly reflect climate processes. This possibility can be more adaptive when meteorological data are combined to co-located meteorological sensors with GPS stations. In this paper eighteen months with one hour time interval ZTD estimates of a permanent GPS station are analyzed with the associated atmospheric parameters provided from a co-located meteorological sensor. The mathematical relationship through the multiple stepwise regression analysis reflects the plausible physical link of temperature and relative humidity values with ZTD’s. This regression equation is assessed by a second data set performed by a small GPS baseline few months later for the same study area. It was found that mainly due to the zenith wet delay variations and with the help of fundamental meteorological equations the behavior of water vapor pressure can be monitored and estimated. This is possible when an appropriate setup of GPS stations and a co-located meteorological sensor exist and if the GPS stations sound the same part of atmosphere. Therefore, the GPS tropospheric products are good indicators for a climate monitoring tool and can help address the physics of a climate model.
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2014-03-01
    Description: The GNSS standard positioning solution determines the coordinates of the GNSS receiver and the receiver clock offset from measurements of at least four pseudoranges. For GNSS positioning, a direct solution was derived for five and ten observed satellites without linearisation of the observation equations and application of the least squares method. The article presents the basic principles of methods for solving the positioning problem, the formulas and their derivation. The numerical examples with simulated pseudorange data confirm the correct performance of the proposed algorithm. The presented algorithms should be further tested with real measurements in other domains of positioning and navigation as well.
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2014-03-01
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2014-12-01
    Description: The integration of GPS with GLONASS is very important in satellite-based positioning because it can clearly improve reliability and availability. However, unlike GPS, GLONASS satellites transmit signals at different frequencies. This results in significant difficulties in modeling and ambiguity resolution for integrated GNSS positioning. There are also some difficulties related to the antenna Phase Center Variations (PCV) problem because, as is well known, the PCV is dependent on the received signal frequency dependent. Thus, processing simultaneous observations from different positioning systems, e.g. GPS and GLONASS, we can expect complications resulting from the different structure of signals and differences in satellite constellations. The ASG-EUPOS multifunctional system for precise satellite positioning is a part of the EUPOS project involving countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The number of its users is increasing rapidly. Currently 31 of 101 reference stations are equipped with GPS/GLONASS receivers and the number is still increasing. The aim of this paper is to study the height solution differences caused by using different PCV calibration models in integrated GPS/GLONASS observation processing. Studies were conducted based on the datasets from the ASG-EUPOS network. Since the study was intended to evaluate the impact on height determination from the users’ point of view, a so-called “commercial” software was chosen for post-processing. The analysis was done in a baseline mode: 3 days of GNSS data collected with three different receivers and antennas were used. For the purposes of research the daily observations were divided into different sessions with a session length of one hour. The results show that switching between relative and absolute PCV models may cause an obvious effect on height determination. This issue is particularly important when mixed GPS/GLONASS observations are post-processed.
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2014-09-01
    Description: For the first time, a homogeneous coordinate solution in the IGS05 reference frame and the values of the zenith tropospheric refraction for the GPS weeks 935-1399 (from December 12, 1997 to November 4, 2006) were obtained at the GNSS Data Center Analysis of the Main Astronomical Observatory NAS of Ukraine. The obtained solution is devoid of effects, brought by changes in the methods of processing models, a priori data and software (absolute phase center model combinations of antenna-dome instead of relative models, model of ocean loading FES2004 instead of GOT00.2_PP, the elevations cut-off angle 3° instead of 10°, etc. were used). To estimate the quality of the solution, a comparison with the international combined solutions using the Helmert transformation was carried out. The RMS of direct station coordinate differences and correlation coefficients between the solutions estimated by the Main Astronomical Observatory, European GNSS Permanent Network and International GNSS Service are presented. The obtained results allow making the conclusion that the solution obtained at the GNSS Data Center Analysis of the Main Astronomical Observatory shows a good quality and agrees well with other solutions.
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2014-12-01
    Description: Among many sources of errors that influence Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations, tropospheric delay is one of the most significant. It causes nonrefractive systematic bias in the observations on the level of several meters, depending on the atmospheric conditions. Tropospheric delay modelling plays an important role in precise positioning. The current models use numerical weather data for precise estimation of the parameters that are provided as a part of the Global Geodetic Observation System (GGOS). The purpose of this paper is to analyze the tropospheric data provided by the GGOS Atmosphere Service conducted by the Vienna University of Technology. There are predicted and final delay data available at the Service. In real time tasks, only the predicted values can be used. Thus it is very useful to study accuracy of the forecast delays. Comparison of data sets based on predicted and real weather models allows for conclusions concerning possibility of using the former for real time positioning applications. The predicted values of the dry tropospheric delay component, both zenith and mapped, can be safely used in real time PPP applications, but on the other hand, while using the wet predicted values, one should be very careful.
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2014-03-01
    Description: Precise Point Positioning (PPP) has been used for the last decade as a cost-effective alternative for the ordinary DGPS-Differential GPS with an estimated precision sufficient for many applications. PPP requires handling different types of errors using proper models. PPP precision varies with the use of observations from different satellite systems (GPS, GLONASS and mixed GPS/GLONASS) and the duration of observations. This research presents an evaluation study for the variability of Static-PPP precision based on different observation types (GPS, GLONASS and mixed observations) and observation duration. It can be concluded that Static-PPP solution using mixed observations is offering similar accuracy as the one using GPS-only observations and saving 15 minutes observation time. For 30 minutes of observation duration, mixed observations offers improvement percentages of 14%, 26% and 25% for latitude, longitude and height respectively.
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2014-12-01
    Description: The paper presents the method of satellite measurements, which gives users the ability of GNSS continuous precise positioning in real time, even in the case of short interruptions in receiving the correction of the local ground system of measurements support. The proposed method is a combination of two satellite positioning technologies RTN GNSS and RTX Extended. In technology RTX Extended the xFill function was used for precise positioning in real time and in the local reference system. This function provides the ability to perform measurement without the need for constant communication with the ground support satellite system. Test measurements were performed on a test basis located in Krakow, and RTN GNSS positioning was done based on the national network of reference stations of the ASGEUPOS. The solution allows for short (up to 5 minutes) interruptions in radio or internet communication. When the primary stream of RTN correction is not available, then the global corrections Trimble xFill broadcasted by satellite are used. The new technology uses in the real-time data from the global network of tracking stations and contributes significantly to improving the quality and efficiency of surveying works. At present according to the authors, technology Trimble CenterPoint RTX can guarantee repeatability of measurements not worse than 3.8 cm (Trimble Survey Division, 2012). In the paper the comparative analysis of measurement results between the two technologies was performed: RTN carried out in the classic way, which was based on the corrections of the terrestrial local network of the Polish system of active geodetic network (ASG-EUPOS) and RTK xFill technology. The results were related to the data of test network, established as error free. The research gave satisfactory results and confirmed the great potential of the use of the new technology in the geodetic work realization. By combining these two technologies of GNSS surveying the user can greatly improve the overall performance of real-time positioning.
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2014-06-01
    Description: In this paper, the main work is focused on designing and simplifying the orbit determination algorithm which will be used for Low Earth Orbit (LEO) navigation. The various data processing algorithms, state estimation algorithms and modeling forces were studied in detail, and simplified algorithm is selected to reduce hardware burden and computational cost. This is done by using raw navigation solution provided by GPS Navigation sensor. A fixed step-size Runge-Kutta 4th order numerical integration method is selected for orbit propagation. Both, the least square and Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) orbit estimation algorithms are developed and the results of the same are compared with each other. EKF algorithm converges faster than least square algorithm. EKF algorithm satisfies the criterions of low computation burden which is required for autonomous orbit determination. Simple static force models also feasible to reduce the hardware burden and computational cost.
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2014-03-01
    Description: The reliability of precision GNSS positioning primarily depends on correct carrier-phase ambiguity resolution. An optimal estimation and correct validation of ambiguities necessitates a proper definition of mathematical positioning model. Of particular importance in the model definition is the taking into account of the atmospheric errors (ionospheric and tropospheric refraction) as well as orbital errors. The use of the network of reference stations in kinematic positioning, known as Network-based Real-Time Kinematic (Network RTK) solution, facilitates the modeling of such errors and their incorporation, in the form of correction terms, into the functional description of positioning model. Lowered accuracy of corrections, especially during atmospheric disturbances, results in the occurrence of unaccounted biases, the so-called residual errors. The taking into account of such errors in Network RTK positioning model is possible by incorporating the accuracy characteristics of the correction terms into the stochastic model of observations. In this paper we investigate the impact of the expansion of the stochastic model to include correction term variances on the reliability of the model solution. In particular the results of instantaneous solution that only utilizes a single epoch of GPS observations, is analyzed. Such a solution mode due to the low number of degrees of freedom is very sensitive to an inappropriate mathematical model definition. Thus the high level of the solution reliability is very difficult to achieve. Numerical tests performed for a test network located in mountain area during ionospheric disturbances allows to verify the described method for the poor measurement conditions. The results of the ambiguity resolution as well as the rover positioning accuracy shows that the proposed method of stochastic modeling can increase the reliability of instantaneous Network RTK performance.
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2014-01-26
    Description: Precision, reliability and cost are the major criteria applied in optimization and design of geodetic networks. The terrestrial networks are being replaced quickly by permanent and campaign Global Positioning System (GPS) networks. These networks must be optimized using the same three criteria. In this article the optimization of the observational plan of local GPS networks (Second Order Design (SOD)) is considered using the precision criterion. This study is limited to the selection of optimal numbers and the best distribution of the non-trivial baselines throughout the network. This objective is accomplished based on the SOD solution through the analytical method in operational research by the means of quadratic programming algorithm. This presented method is tested on a real GPS network and appears to be a useful technique in terms of cost reduction in the field work by the provided observational plan and optimal distribution of the baselines throughout the network. Results indicate that weights of almost 36% of the baselines are negligiblewhen compared to the weights of the rest of the baselines; therefore, they could be eliminated fromthe observational plan, resulting in a 36% saving in the fieldwork cost.
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2014-01-25
    Description: When processing satellite altimetry data for Mean Sea Surface (MSS) modelling in coastal environments many problems arise. The degradation of the accuracy of the Sea Surface Height (SSH) observations close to the coastline and the usually irregular pattern and variability of the sea surface topography are the two dominant factors which have to be addressed. In the present paper, we study the statistical behavior of the SSH observations in relation to the range from the coastline for many satellite altimetry missions and we make an effort to minimize the effects of the ocean variability. Based on the above concepts we present a process strategy for the homogenization of multi satellite altimetry data that takes advantage ofweighted SSH observations and applies high degree polynomials for the adjustment and their uniffcation at a common epoch. At each step we present the contribution of each concept to MSS modelling and then we develop a MSS, a marine geoid model and a grid of gravity Free Air Anomalies (FAA) for the area under study. Finally, we evaluate the accuracy of the resulting models by comparisons to state of the art global models and other available data such as GPS/leveling points, marine GPS SSH’s and marine gravity FAA’s, in order to investigate any progress achieved by the presented strategy
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2014-01-01
    Description: The Gravity field and steady state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) maps variations in the gravity field by observing second order derivatives (gradients) of the Earth gravitational potential. Flying in the low altitude of 255 km and having a spatially dense data distribution of short wavelengths of the gravity field, GOCE may be used to enhance the time varying gravity signal coming fromthe GRACE satellites.The GOCE gradients may potentially be used for the determination of residual masses in local regions. This can be done using Least-Squares Collocation (LSC) or the Reduced Point Mass (RPM) method. In this study, different gravity field solutions are calculated by the use of RPM, LSC and GOCE gradients, respectively. Gravity field time series are created and presented for the six consecutive months of GOCE gradient observations, data being acquired between November 2009 and June 2010. Corresponding gravity anomaly results are used for the calculation of ice mass changes by the use of theRPMmethod. The results are then compared with the computed topographic effect of the ice by the use of a modified topographic correction and the Gravsoft TC program.The maximal gravity changes at the ground predicted from GOCE gradients are between 2 and 4 mGal for the period considered. The gravity anomaly estimation error arising from the GOCE gradient data using only T
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2014-01-01
    Description: State of the art Precise Point Positioning (PPP) is currently based on dual-frequency processing of GPS and Glonass navigation systems. The International GNSS Service (IGS) is routinely providing the most accurate orbit and clock products for these constellations, allowing point positioning at centimeter-level accuracy. At the same time, the GNSS landscape is evolving rapidly, with the deployment of new constellations, such as Galileo and BeiDou. The BeiDou constellation currently consists of 14 operational satellites, and the 4 Galileo In-Orbit Validation (IOV) satellites are transmitting initial Galileo signals. This paper focuses on the integration of Galileo and BeiDou in PPP, together with GPS and Glonass. Satellite orbits and clocks for all constellations are generated using a network adjustment with observation data collected by the IGS Multi-GNSS Experiment (MGEX), as well as from Fugro proprietary reference station network. The orbit processing strategy is described, and orbit accuracy for Galileo and BeiDou is assessed via orbit overlaps, for different arc lengths. Kinematic post-processed multi-GNSS positioning results are presented. The benefits of multiconstellation PPP are discussed in terms of enhanced availability and positioning accuracy.
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2014-01-01
    Description: The first triangulation activity on Danish ground was carried out by the astronomer Tycho Brahe who resided on the island Hven. He wanted to determine the longitude difference of his observatory Uraniborg to Copenhagen. A by-product was a map of his island made in 1579. In 1761 the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters initiated a mapping project which should be based on the principle of triangulation. Eventually 24 maps were printed in varying scales, predominantly in 1:120 000. The last map was engraved in 1842. The Danish GradeMeasurement initiated remeasurements and redesign of the fundamental triangulation network. This network served scientific as well as cartographic purposes in more than a century. Only in the 1960s all triangulation sides were measured electronically. A combined least-squares adjustment followed in the 1970s
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2014-01-01
    Description: Interannual fluctuations of the global mean sea level are highly correlated with El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, with positive/negative anomalies during El Niño/La Niña. In a previous study we showed that during the 1997 - 1998 El Niño, a positive anomaly observed in the global mean sea level was mostly caused by an increase of the ocean mass component rather than by steric (thermal) effects. This result was related to an increase of precipitation over the tropical ocean and a deficit in land water storage. In the present study, we investigate the effect of the recent 2008 and 2011 La Niña events on the satellite altimetry-based global mean sea level. We find that the large global mean sea level drop associated with the 2011 La Niña results from the combined decrease of the steric and ocean mass components, with a slightly dominant contribution from the latter. We show that the ocean mass contribution to the global mean sea level drop is spatially confined over the north eastern tropical Pacific (just as was found previously for the 1997 - 1998 El Niño, but with opposite sign). Corresponding ocean mass spatial pattern is closely correlated to observed sea level and steric spatial patterns over the duration of the La Niña event. This is also observed for previous El Niño and La Niña events. Such a drop in ocean mass during ENSO in the eastern part of the tropical Pacific has not been reported before. It is possibly related to a temporary decrease in the net precipitation over the north eastern Pacific (opposite situation was found during the 1997 - 1998 El Niño).
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2014-01-24
    Description: Geodetic and geophysical time series may contain sinusoidal oscillations of unknown angular frequency. Often it is required to decide if such sinusoidal oscillations are truly present in a given time series. Here we pose the decision problem as a statistical hypothesis test, an approach very popular in geodesy and other scientific disciplines. In the case of unknown angular frequencies such a test has not yet been proposed.We restrict ourselves to the detection of a single sinusoidal oscillation in a one-dimensional time series, sampled at non-uniform time intervals.We compare two solution methods: the likelihood ratio test for parameters in a Gauss-Markov model and the analysis of the Lomb-Scargle periodogram. Whenever needed, critical values of these tests are computed using the Monte Carlo method. We analyze an exemplary time series from an absolute gravimetric observation by various tests. Finally, we compare their statistical power. It is found that the results for the exemplary time series are comparable. The LR test is more flexible, but always requires the Monte Carlo method for the computation of critical values. The periodogram analysis is computationally faster, because critical values can be approximately deduced from the exponential distribution, at least if the sampling is nearly uniform.
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2014-01-01
    Description: This study formulates regression of vector data that will enable statistical analysis of various geodetic phenomena such as, polar motion, ocean currents, typhoon/hurricane tracking, crustal deformations, and precursory earthquake signals. The observed vector variable of an event (dependent vector variable) is expressed as a function of a number of hypothesized phenomena realized also as vector variables (independent vector variables) and/or scalar variables that are likely to impact the dependent vector variable. The proposed representation has the unique property of solving the coefficients of independent vector variables (explanatory variables) also as vectors, hence it supersedes multivariate multiple regression models, in which the unknown coefficients are scalar quantities. For the solution, complex numbers are used to rep- resent vector information, and the method of least squares is deployed to estimate the vector model parameters after transforming the complex vector regression model into a real vector regression model through isomorphism. Various operational statistics for testing the predictive significance of the estimated vector parameter coefficients are also derived. A simple numerical example demonstrates the use of the proposed vector regression analysis in modeling typhoon paths.
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2014-01-01
    Description: Space geodetic techniques provide highly accurate methods for estimating bedrock stability at subcentimetre level. We utilize data derived from Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR), Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) and Global Positioning Systems (GPS) techniques, collocated at the Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory, to characterise local plate motion and compare the solutions from the three techniques. Data from the GNSS station were processed using the GAMIT/GLOBK (version 10.4) software, data from the SLR station (MOBLAS-6)were processed using the Satellite Laser Ranging Data Analysis Software (SDAS) and the VLBI data sets were processed using the Vienna VLBI Software (VieVS) software. Results show that there is a good agreement between horizontal and vertical velocity components with a maximum deviation of 1.7 mm/yr, 0.7 mm/yr and 1.3 mm/yr between the North, East and Up velocity components respectively for the different techniques. At HartRAO there is no significant trend in the vertical component and all the techniques used are consistent with the a-priori velocities when compared with each other. This information is crucial in monitoring the local motion variations since geodetic instruments require a very stable base to minimise measurement errors. These findings demonstrate that station coordinate time-series derived with different techniques and analysis strategies provide comparable results.
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2014-01-01
    Description: Global degree-1 coefficients are derived by means of the method by Swenson et al. (2008) from a model of ocean mass variability and RL05 GRACE monthly mean gravity fields. Since an ocean model consistent with the GRACE GSM fields is required to solely include eustatic sea-level variability which can be safely assumed to be globally homogeneous, it can be empirically derived from GRACE aswell, thereby allowing to approximate geocenter motion entirely out of the GRACE monthly mean gravity fields. Numerical experiments with a decade-long model time-series reveal that the methodology is generally robust both with respect to potential errors in the atmospheric part of AOD1B and assumptions on global degree-1 coefficients for the eustatic sea-level model. Good correspondence of the GRACE RL05-based geocenter estimates with independent results let us conclude that this approximate method for the geocenter motion is well suited to be used for oceanographic and hydrological applications of regional mass variability from GRACE,where otherwise an important part of the signal would be omitted.
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2014-01-01
    Description: In the classical geodetic data processing, a non- linear problem always can be converted to a linear least squares adjustment. However, the errors in Jacob matrix are often not being considered when using the least square method to estimate the optimal parameters from a system of equations. Furthermore, the identity weight matrix may not suitable for each element in Jacob matrix. The weighted total least squares method has been frequently applied in geodetic data processing for the case that the observation vector and the coefficient matrix are perturbed by random errors, which are zero mean and statistically in- dependent with inequality variance. In this contribution, we suggested an approach that employ the weighted total least squares to solve the nonlinear problems and to mitigate the affection of noise in Jacob matrix. The weight matrix of the vector from Jacob matrix is derived by the law of nonlinear error propagation. Two numerical examples, one is the triangulation adjustment and another is a simulation experiment, are given at last to validate the feasibility of the developed method.
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2014-01-17
    Description: Traditional gravimetric geoid determination relies on Stokes’ formula with removal and restoration of the topographic effects. It is shown that this solution is in error of the order of the quasigeoid-to-geoid difference, which is mainly due to incomplete downward continuation (dwc) of gravity from the Earth’s surface to the geoid. A slightly improved estimator, based on the surface Bouguer gravity anomaly, is also biased due to the imperfect harmonic dwc the Bouguer anomaly. Only the third estimator,which uses the (harmonic) surface no-topography gravity anomaly, is consistent with the boundary condition and Stokes’ formula, providing a theoretically correct geoid height. The difference between the Bouguer and no-topography gravity anomalies (on the geoid or in space) is the “secondary indirect topographic effect”, which is a necessary correction in removing all topographic signals.
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2014-01-01
    Description: While the Errors-In-Variables (EIV) Model has been treated as a special case of the nonlinear Gauss- Helmert Model (GHM) for more than a century, it was only in 1980 that Golub and Van Loan showed how the Total Least-Squares (TLS) solution can be obtained from a certain minimum eigenvalue problem, assuming a particular relationship between the diagonal dispersion matrices for the observations involved in both the data vector and the data matrix. More general, but always nonsingular, dispersion matrices to generate the “properly weighted” TLS solution were only recently introduced by Schaffrin and Wieser, Fang, and Mahboub, among others. Here, the case of singular dispersion matrices is investigated, and algorithms are presented under a rank condition that indicates the existence of a unique TLS solution, thereby adding a new method to the existing literature on TLS adjustment. In contrast to more general “measurement error models,” the restriction to the EIV-Model still allows the derivation of (nonlinear) closed formulas for the weighted TLS solution. The practicality will be evidenced by an example from geodetic science, namely the over-determined similarity transformation between different coordinate estimates for a set of identical points.
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