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  • Articles  (203)
  • PNAS Profiles  (103)
  • QnAs  (63)
  • Retrospectives  (37)
  • National Academy of Sciences  (203)
  • Copernicus
  • 2010-2014  (203)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984
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  • 1
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    QnAs with Carol S. Dweck [QnAs] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: In a classic psychological experiment performed in the late 1960s, animals in one group could stop administered shocks by pressing a lever, whereas those in another group could not stop the shocks despite pressing the lever. Later, when the powerless animals were eventually presented with a working lever, they didn’t...
    Keywords: QnAs
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
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    Profile of John J. Eppig [Profiles] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-25
    Description: On a spring afternoon in 1955, a 12-year-old boy hurried home on the well-trod path from school. As he dashed past the ponds of Long Island’s North Shore and rounded Shelter Rock, his thoughts turned to the collection of jars waiting in his bedroom, each one filled with water from...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Scott J. Hultgren [Profiles] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-25
    Description: During her lifetime, an adult woman has a 50% chance of developing a urinary tract infection—one of the most common types of infections (1). Most urinary tract infections are caused by strains of the bacterium Escherichia coli, and, for the most part, are easily treated with antibiotics. However, many of...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 4
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    Francis H. Ruddle [Retrospectives] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-06-12
    Description: Frank was born August 19, 1929, in West New York, New Jersey, to immigrant parents. It was said that his Welsh-English heritage defined his personality and his unique sense of humor. He joined the Air Force in 1946 to serve our country before finishing high school. After excellent service, he...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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  • 5
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    QnAs with Roger D. Cone [QnAs] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-06-12
    Description: The factors underlying obesity are multifaceted, but recent research suggests that the brain’s melanocortin circuits, which play a key role in controlling the balance between energy consumption and use, lie at the heart of obesity. According to Roger D. Cone, elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2010 and...
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 6
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    2012 Nobel Laureates in Medicine or Physiology [Profiles] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-04-10
    Description: We celebrate the 2012 Nobel Prize for Medicine awarded to Sir John Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka for their groundbreaking contributions to the field of cell reprogramming. In 1962, in a series of experiments inspired by Briggs and King (1), Gurdon demonstrated that the nucleus of a frog somatic cell could...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 7
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    2012 Nobel Laureates in Chemistry [Profile] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-04-03
    Description: Those of us that had been hammering away in the field for 40 years or more cannot deny the excitement in learning that Brian Kobilka, a former postdoctoral fellow of Robert Lefkowitz, in collaboration with Roger Sunahara, had determined the structure of the agonist-bound β2-adrenergic receptor-Gs protein complex (1). To...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 8
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    Profile of Janet Hemingway [Profile] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-04-03
    Description: As the wheels of a biplane approach a desolate airfield in the Solomon Islands, a man wearing only a loincloth breaks through the brush, brandishing a spear and a flail. From behind the plane’s windows four biologists watch with wary eyes and silently map an escape route. “You’re thinking, ‘What...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 9
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    Brown and Goldstein: The cholesterol chronicles [Classic Profile] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-11
    Description: When his parents took three-year-old John Despota to his primary care physician in Chicago in 1964, orange-tinted fat-laden bumps lined the skin on the back of his lower legs. Eruptions caused by excess cholesterol, the bumps spread across Despota’s body, mirroring a total blood cholesterol level that hovered above six-times...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 10
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    QnAs with Leroy E. Hood [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-08
    Description: Molecular biologist Leroy Hood says a transformation in medicine is gingerly afoot. The change, which he calls P4 medicine (predictive, preventive, personalized, and participatory), could turn today’s reactive approach to medicine into a proactive one in the future. Hood, president of the Institute for Systems Biology in Seattle, Washington, is no stranger to scientific revolutions. In the 1980s Hood helped invent automated DNA and protein synthesizers and sequencers, which made the Human Genome Project possible. Those technological feats snagged Hood many laurels, including the Kyoto Prize and the Lemelson-MIT Prize for Invention and Innovation. Hood tells PNAS how systems biology—the...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    Profile of Charles L. Sawyers [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-22
    Description: Charles Sawyers is a rock star in his own right. Last year, Sawyers, chair of the Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program at Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center and a member of the National Academy of Sciences, posed with singer Debbie Harry of the rock band Blondie to promote cancer research in a campaign sponsored by the Geoffrey Beene Cancer Research Center. The unlikely assemblage of rock star and researcher shined the spotlight on pioneering efforts in translational cancer research. Few physicians deserve that spotlight more than Sawyers, who co-discovered the targeted cancer drug, Gleevec, forging a path to cancer treatment that...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 12
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    Neal R. Amundson, a bold and brilliant leader of chemical engineering [Retrospectives] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-04
    Description: Neal R. Amundson (born 1916), Cullen Professor Emeritus of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Professor of Mathematics at the University of Houston, died February 16, 2011 in Houston at the age of 95.pnas;108/18/7285/UNFIG01F1unfig01Neal R. Amundson. Image courtesy of the University of Houston.There have been many descriptors of Amundson—transformational figure, father of modern chemical engineering, the preeminent chemical engineer in the history of the United States, and most prominent and influential engineering educator in the United States. For those of us with roots at the University of Minnesota, he will continue to be known as the Chief. Neal Amundson played a...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 13
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    QnAs with May R. Berenbaum [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-03
    Description: Insects and plants often share a complicated relationship, and University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign entomologist May Berenbaum has a fine understanding of its chemistry. Berenbaum, a member of the National Academy of Sciences, has long studied how insects and plants evolve chemical arsenals to survive together, pitting cunning defense against toxic offense. Author of a number of popular science books on coevolution, Berenbaum won the 2011 Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement for her contributions to entomology. Among her many pursuits is an exploration of the likely cause of honey bee die-offs across the United States, an affliction called colony collapse disorder....
    Keywords: QnAs
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  • 14
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    Profile of Stephen E. Plog [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-01
    Description: Within the confines of remote Chaco Canyon, large Pueblo great houses stand sentry among smaller dwellings, the palatial behemoths unoccupied and the nature of their growth and decline 1,000 years ago in this region of the American Southwest still under debate. In his Inaugural Article, archaeologist Stephen Plog, elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2007, uses evidence from burials within one of these great houses to assert that these societies were not as egalitarian as their more modern Pueblo counterparts are, but that they supported a social hierarchy (1). The dead can, and do, tell tales, yet with...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 15
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    Saul Roseman: His many contributions to biochemistry over eight decades [Retrospectives] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-09
    Description: Saul Roseman (born 1921) was the Ralph S. O'Connor Professor of Biology, Emeritus, at The Johns Hopkins University. He died of congestive heart failure on July 2, 2011 at the age of 90.pnas;108/45/18219/UNFIG01F1unfig01Saul Roseman.Roseman was born in Brooklyn and received his bachelor's degree in Chemistry from the City College of New York (CCNY) in 1941, one of a remarkable number of scientists of his generation to receive their science training at CCNY. He began graduate training in Biochemistry at the University of Wisconsin only to have it interrupted by service in the infantry in Europe in World War II, also...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of David M. Karl [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-02-08
    Description: From the moment 17-year-old David Karl first glimpsed the ocean from the summit of Cadillac Mountain on Maine's Mount Desert Island, he was captivated by the blue waters surrounding the fog-veiled islands. Since then, he has contributed to some of the world's most pivotal discoveries in oceanography. Karl, who was elected to the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in 2006 and is now a professor of oceanography at the School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology at the University of Hawaii, has witnessed iconic moments like the discovery of hydrothermal vents at the Galapagos Rift. His work on 23...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 17
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    QnAs with Ralph R. Isberg [QnAs] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2013-01-16
    Description: The moment a bacterium invades a human cell, the immune system triggers a series of events meant to destroy the pathogen and display the remnants like victory flags on the cell’s surface. National Academy of Sciences member Ralph R. Isberg, a professor of molecular biology and microbiology at Tufts University...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    Profile of Susan N. Coppersmith [Profiles] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2013-01-16
    Description: Physics ranges from the practical to the abstruse. Susan Coppersmith, a theoretical physicist at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, has applied her talents across this span, from modeling the assembly of mollusk shells to programming quantum computers. Coppersmith was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2009, and in...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Eckard Albert Friedrich Wimmer [Profiles] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2013-02-06
    Description: The finding caused an uproar. Researchers at Stony Brook University in New York had engineered poliovirus in a test tube (1). The discovery, led by Eckard Wimmer, elected in 2012 to the National Academy of Sciences, dispelled the belief that viruses require a live host to grow and spread.pnas;110/6/1973/UNFIG01F1unfig01Eckard Wimmer.The...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of James A. Birchler [Profiles] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2013-02-20
    Description: Food and fuel: two key elements of human prosperity and survival that have grown scarce as the global population has continued to grow. According to the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, droughts and increased demand have led to unacceptably high rates of child and maternal mortality across the...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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  • 21
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    QnAs with Subra Suresh [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-10-03
    Description: Expertise, transparency, impartiality, appropriateness, confidentiality, and integrity: Those are the guiding principles of scientific merit review espoused by a recent global summit hosted by the National Science Foundation (NSF). Led by the federal agency’s director Subra Suresh, former dean of engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a newly elected...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    Profile of Pamela J. Fraker [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-10-17
    Description: A busy factory with intricate connections to the bloodstream, bone marrow is one of the most extensive—and active—tissues in the body, churning out cellular precursors of the bloodstream, immune system, fat, and bone. For all its activity, the response of the bone marrow to conditions like obesity is often ignored....
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Eric D. Siggia [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-04-11
    Description: In the past two decades, microarrays, so-called omics technologies, and improved methods for nucleic acid sequencing have created a vast amount of biological data for researchers to sort through. Pioneering fields of science have sprung up in response to this challenge, eager to create helpful tools by leveraging the expertise of scientists in fields as diverse as mathematics and physics. Condensed matter physicist Eric Siggia, a recently elected member of the National Academies of Sciences, has been at the forefront of this movement.pnas;109/15/5551/UNFIG01F1unfig01Eric D. Siggia.In 1997, Siggia was one of only three physicists at The Rockefeller University in New York...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of R. Scott Hawley [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-08-29
    Description: Meiosis sets the stage for sexual reproduction through a trifold and tightly choreographed dance: Chromosomes from the mother and father form pairs, exchange genetic material, and then separate from their partners. Geneticist R. Scott Hawley, who has studied these three steps for the better part of his career, has dubbed...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Nancy L. Craig [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-09-05
    Description: Nancy Craig studies how DNA moves from place to place: a deceptively simple quest that has revealed how transposons, or so-called “DNA cut-and-paste elements,” snip themselves from one location on the chromosome and resettle in another. Craig, a professor of molecular biology and genetics at Johns Hopkins University School of...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    A man of science, vision, integrity, and kindness [Retrospectives] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-08-29
    Description: A man does what he must—in spite of personal consequences, in spite of obstacles and dangers and pressures—and that is the basis of all human morality.—Sir Winston Churchill, British politician (1874–1965)F. Sherwood (Sherry) Rowland was best known for his ground-breaking work on the impact of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) on stratospheric ozone....
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    QnAs with Baldomero M. Olivera [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-08-22
    Description: As an aspiring young biologist in the 1960s, Baldomero Olivera left Stanford University to return to his native Philippines, finding a laboratory devoid of equipment. While applying for research funding, Olivera decided to study something local and inexpensive, recalling from his childhood that certain cone snails use a harpoon-like tooth to inject prey with a deadly paralyzing venom. On a whim, Olivera decided to purify cone snail venom to see how it works. That off-the-cuff decision spawned a surprisingly successful career. Olivera, now a distinguished professor of biology at the University of Utah (Salt Lake City, UT) and recently elected...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    Profile of George M. Church [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-07-25
    Description: George Church wants to rewrite the genetic code. A virtual manual of protein synthesis, the code reflects how organisms interpret strings of letters in the genome into strings of amino acids in proteins. Exploiting the code's redundancy, Church, a recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences and a professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School, hopes to alter the genetic code of bacteria to enable the production of proteins with unnatural amino acids, a step toward radical genome tailoring that could someday lead to a range of applications in medicine and microbiology. To that end, Church's graduate student,...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Shinya Yamanaka [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-06-13
    Description: More than a decade ago, Shinya Yamanaka gazed through a microscope at human embryos growing in a laboratory dish at a fertility clinic in Osaka, Japan. The pulsating blobs struck a primitive chord in the young researcher. “Watching the embryos, I felt that if there was a way to find cures for human diseases without destroying them, then that's what I should pursue,” recalls Yamanaka, a stem cell biologist at Japan's Kyoto University and a newly elected foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences. That close encounter with a kernel of human life led to a scientific exploration with...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Sandra Diaz [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-07-18
    Description: Fluctuations in biodiversity are not just collateral damages in the face of global environmental change, according to Sandra Díaz, a professor of community and ecosystems ecology at Córdoba National University in Argentina and a senior principal researcher of the Argentine National Research Council. Díaz explores how the chemical and physical traits of plants—such as size, texture, and nutrient content of leaves, wood density, palatability to herbivores, and canopy architecture—influence a plant’s response to the environment and play an active role in the planet’s constant evolution in response to environmental change.pnas;109/29/11469/UNFIG01F1unfig01Sandra M. Díaz.Díaz has uncovered the important variables driving ecosystem functions...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    QnAs with Charles F. Stevens [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-09-12
    Description: Charles F. Stevens applies the methods of theoretical physics, molecular biology, and anatomy to answer fundamental questions about the brain. A professor of neurobiology at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies and a member of the National Academy of Sciences since 1982, Stevens has helped unravel the molecular details of...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    Profile of Kevan M. Shokat [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-07-11
    Description: Protein kinases are the workhorses of the cell, orchestrating complex cellular activities by carrying out a relatively simple chemical modification: the transfer of a phosphate molecule from ATP to a protein or lipid substrate via a process called phosphorylation. Kinases are crucial to the function of all living organisms, and deregulated kinase activity lies at the heart of humanity’s most pernicious diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, and diabetes. But deciphering the role of each of the more than 500 kinases encoded in the human genome has proven remarkably challenging.pnas;109/28/11057/UNFIG01F1unfig01Kevan M. Shokat.A kinase’s function—and its role in disease—can only become...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    QnAs with Shu Chien [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-06-20
    Description: Shu Chien is one of only 13 scholars to belong jointly to the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine—a testament to his expertise in biology, medicine, and engineering and his ability to fuse the three fields in his research. A professor of bioengineering and medicine at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) and Director of the UCSD Institute of Engineering in Medicine, Chien received the 2011 National Medal of Science, the highest honor bestowed to scientists and engineers by the United States government. His research has contributed greatly to our understanding...
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    QnAs with Peter M. Kareiva [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-06-27
    Description: For his strident advocacy of people-centered conservation, aimed at striking a balance between economic and ecological interests, Peter Kareiva has been often cast as a maverick among environmentalists. Thanks to a growing infusion of science into conservation efforts in the 21st century, Kareiva, elected in 2011 to the National Academy of Sciences, says the environmental movement has come a long way since its birth two centuries ago. As chief scientist at The Nature Conservancy, a bastion for environmental interests, Kareiva helped launch a collaborative endeavor called the Natural Capital Project in 2006 to develop scientific tools to evaluate the costs...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    QnAs with Kirk R. Smith [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-30
    Description: Nearly half of the world’s population relies on fuels such as wood or dung for cooking and heating. In the 1980s, Kirk R. Smith, a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a professor of global health at the University of California at Berkeley, sounded the alarm that these fuels, when burned in open fires or traditional cook stoves, produce high levels of indoor air pollution that prematurely kill about 2 million people each year—more than either malaria or tuberculosis, according to Smith. Cleaner alternatives to traditional cook stoves exist, but convincing funding agencies and decision makers to invest...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    Profile of Ira Mellman [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-06-06
    Description: Nestled in an industrial sprawl at the foot of California’s San Bruno Mountain, the biotechnology firm Genentech faces the steel-gray waters of the San Francisco Bay. From his perch in the postcard-worthy campus, National Academy of Sciences member Ira Mellman has presided over a small cadre of cancer biologists for nearly half a decade. When Mellman became vice president of research oncology at the firm in 2007, he was already a household name among the world’s leading cell biologists thanks to his discovery of microscopic vesicles called endosomes, which shuttle proteins between compartments within cells. Over the years, he has...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    QnAs with Ruth S. DeFries [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-06-06
    Description: Rising global demand for food, biofuels, and agricultural commodities such as soybeans and oil palm has driven the clearing of vast swaths of tropical forests to make way for cattle ranches and cropland. According to Columbia University geographer and National Academy of Sciences member Ruth DeFries, intensive high-yield farming is an often-proposed solution to simultaneously conserve tropical forests, increase food production, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from forest clearing. But whether this strategy works remains unclear. DeFries has long used satellite imagery to examine human transformation of the planet’s landscape. Here, DeFries shares her recent counterintuitive findings from a study...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    QnAs with W. E. Moerner [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-25
    Description: The interplay of light and matter has long preoccupied Stanford University physical chemist W. E. Moerner. As a scientist at IBM Research during the late 1980s, Moerner developed then-novel techniques to configure holograms by altering the light-refracting properties of a polymer. Today, Moerner uses the power of light to probe how individual biological molecules behave within and without the seeming clutter of living cells. Moerner was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in recognition of his work, in particular the optical detection and spectroscopy of single molecules. Those studies opened a window into the nanoscale world of cells, offering...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    Profile of Anthony J. McMichael [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-02
    Description: Smoking causes lung cancer. Diets high in fat and cholesterol clog arteries. Exercise is good for the heart. These links between behavior and disease represent the end products of epidemiological studies involving thousands of people that have taken years, even decades, to complete. But what happens when health issues crop up without a clear cause, or when the causes are too numerous to parse out? Traditionally, epidemiologists have steered clear of such relationships. By doing so, however, they ignore many of the world’s most pressing public health problems, says Anthony McMichael, head of the Environment, Climate, and Health research program...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Roy J. Britten, 1919-2012: Our early years at Caltech [Retrospectives] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-25
    Description: Roy Britten died in Costa Mesa, California on January 21, 2012, of pancreatic cancer at age 92. His work in the 1960s, in which he used renaturation kinetics to provide a quantitative image of the single-copy and repetitive sequence content of animal genomes, was of gigantic intellectual import, and it essentially built the ground floor of the edifice that we call genomics today. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1972. At the beginning of the 1970s, Roy and I teamed up as scientific partners, and we relocated to Caltech. At Caltech, we worked together...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Marc R. Montminy [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-09
    Description: At any given moment in the human body, a typical cell encounters a barrage of environmental cues—hormones, nutrients, growth factors, and other chemicals—surging through the bloodstream, ready to influence the pattern of genes expressed in the cell by tickling receptors on the cell’s surface. How an extracellular signal makes its way inside the cell to the nucleus, where it alters gene expression, is no simple task. But this molecular process is precisely what fascinates Marc Montminy, a professor at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies and a recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS). Three decades ago,...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Lee D. Ross [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-05-09
    Description: Social psychologist Lee Ross has never felt content to confine his research to the laboratory. He prefers to wade knee-deep through global issues, finding ways to apply his expertise to problems ranging from climate change and healthcare to education and the legal system. Ross, a professor of psychology at Stanford University (Stanford, CA) and recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences, has devoted a long and distinguished career to observing how people behave in real-life situations, including second-track negotiations and conflict resolution in the Middle East and Northern Ireland. His findings have offered valuable insights into the factors...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Michael Grunstein [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-16
    Description: In 2001, half a decade after researchers announced the arrival of Dolly, the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic stem cell, scientists in the private sector decided to clone a pet cat. A couple of years later the enterprise went commercial, and eager pet owners lined up for the service. However, disappointment inevitably ensued: although the clones were genetically identical to the original pets, cloned cats often looked and acted nothing like their predecessors. Michael Grunstein, were he so inclined, might have said, “I told you so.” Grunstein, a distinguished professor of biological chemistry at the University of California,...
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    Lennart Philipson: A fighter is gone [Retrospectives] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-23
    Description: Lennart Philipson was a monumental person with an impressive stature, a charismatic personality, and an intellect of high caliber. He was a born leader, and his accomplishments as a scientist and director of research institutions are breathtaking. Lennart was born in Stockholm and went to medical school at Uppsala University. Although he had a license to practice, his clinical experience was minimal and instead, science caught his interest. In 1958, he defended his PhD thesis, which dealt with respiratory viruses. He then stayed in Uppsala and started to interact with the department of biochemistry, which at the time, was headed...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of V. Craig Jordan [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-23
    Description: In the mid-1970s, breast cancer survival rates were dismal. Researchers hoped to find a drug capable of thwarting the disease, but the prospects were few and far between. In a laboratory on the campus of the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, a group of experimental rats were dying from breast cancer. A researcher gave them a triphenyl ethylene—a purported antiestrogen—with the slim hope that it would slow progression of the disease. The cancer disappeared (1). Within a few years, a clinical trial of the drug was launched among women suffering from breast cancer. The women's tumors, just...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Eugene Patrick Kennedy, 1919-2011 [Retrospectives] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-30
    Description: Eugene Patrick Kennedy died peacefully at his Cambridge home, age 92 years, on September 22, 2011. He was a giant of 20th century biochemistry, and his pioneering studies of lipid biosynthesis and function were a foundation of modern cell biology. He was also a man of immense intellect and genuine modesty, a devoted teacher who inspired his many students and colleagues, and a loving father, grandfather, and friend.Gene was born September 4, 1919, the fourth of five children of Irish immigrant parents. His early formal education was in the Catholic schools of Chicago, but his real education was from the...
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    Profile of Tak Wah Mak [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-30
    Description: Days after Tak Mak and colleagues (1) revealed a way that cancer cells adapt to environmental stress, the immunologist and his team announced the discovery of a protein that may cause heart failure (2). The two breakthroughs were all in a week's work for Mak, director of The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research at the Princess Margaret Hospital in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Throughout the course of his career, Mak has contributed to over 700 papers, received more than 65,000 citations in leading scientific journals, and garnered numerous prestigious international awards. In 2002, he became a foreign associate of...
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    Profile of Eric F. Lambin [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-30
    Description: A world without forests would challenge life on earth. Forests maintain biodiversity, influence the climate, and regulate the water cycle, says Eric Lambin, a professor of earth sciences at Stanford University and a recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences. However, as the world's population swells, forest loss accelerates. To feed the world's growing population, it will be necessary to clear an estimated 2.7–4.9 million hectares of cropland per year, even while expanding urban centers shrink the available land by 1.6–3.3 million hectares per year (1).pnas;108/48/19127/UNFIG01F1unfig01Eric F. Lambin.pnas;108/48/19127/UNFIG02F2unfig02Land use variations in the highlands of Vietnam. Courtesy of Patrick...
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    QnAs with Bruce M. Spiegelman [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-30
    Description: Like good and bad cholesterol, human body fat comes in two varieties: white fat cells, which store excess calories, and brown fat cells, which burn energy to generate body heat. Less well known outside the scientific community, brown fat cells have long been a fascination for National Academy of Sciences member Bruce Spiegelman, a professor of cell biology at Dana–Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School. Spiegelman’s work on fat metabolism is far-reaching: From finding ways to stimulate brown fat development in the body to unraveling the activity of drugs against diabetes, he has shown how understanding the genetics of...
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    QnAs with Arthur L. Horwich [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-29
    Description: In the late 1950s, biochemist Christian Anfinsen demonstrated that the sequence of amino acids in a protein contains all of the information required for the protein to acquire its functional shape. In recent years, researchers have found that many newly minted proteins make an important stop on their journey to the native shape: they bind to one or more helper proteins called molecular chaperones, which prevent the proteins’ exposed surfaces from sticking to one another. Such undesirable molecular association can lead to protein aggregation, a hallmark of many human diseases. Together, German biochemist F. Ulrich Hartl and Yale University geneticist...
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    QnAs with Porter W. Anderson, Jr. [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-07
    Description: The work of National Academy of Sciences (NAS) member Porter W. Anderson, Jr. has benefitted millions of people around the globe: Anderson has spent his career developing vaccines against some of the leading causes of infection in children. For his contributions to the development and commercialization of the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine—which has virtually eradicated one of the leading causes of meningitis in preschool-aged children—Anderson shared the 1996 Albert Lasker Clinical Medical Research Award with the late David Smith, Rachel Schneerson, and NAS member John Robbins. Since retiring from the University of Rochester in the late 1990s, Anderson...
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    Wylie Vale [Retrospectives] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-07
    Description: To die at the height of a man's career, the highest moment of his effort here in this world, universally honored and admired, to die while great issues are still commanding the whole of his interest, to be taken from us at a moment when he could already see ultimate success in view is not the most unenviable of fates.Winston Churchill (1940)Wylie Vale, professor and head of the Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology at The Salk Institute, member of the National Academy of Sciences, and leader in the field of neuroendocrinology, passed away in his sleep on January 3,...
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    Profile of Ken A. Dill [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-02-29
    Description: A protein is a chain of amino acids that has been folded into a precise shape, explains statistical physicist Ken Dill, a recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences and director of the Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology at Stony Brook University in New York. A protein with 100 amino acids can ball up in a staggering number of ways: roughly 3200 (1). Yet each protein molecule balls up into the exact shape needed to perform its desired role in the body. Even more impressive–the folding often occurs within milliseconds.pnas;109/9/3194/UNFIG01F1unfig01Ken A. Dill.How, researchers like Dill have...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    QnAs with John P. Grotzinger [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-09-21
    Description: In late November 2011, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) plans to launch its robotic explorer to scour Mars for signs of the planet’s ability to support life. The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) spacecraft is scheduled to lift off from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, shuttling Curiosity, an SUV-sized rover with a hefty scientific payload, to the red planet’s surface. John Grotzinger, a member of the National Academy of Sciences and professor of geology at the California Institute of Technology, helps oversee the mission. He became involved in the quest after studying how changes in the Earth’s...
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    Chris Raetz, scientist and enduring friend [Retrospectives] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-10-19
    Description: When Chris Raetz died of cancer on August 16, 2011, the scientific world lost a polymath, and we lost a cherished friend. Chris was born in East Berlin in 1946. At age 5, his family emigrated to Ohio, where his parents worked for Olin Chemicals. Chris attended Hopkins School in New Haven, Connecticut, and then Yale University, where he majored in chemistry. Bill Wickner, a fellow chemistry major, recalls leaving campus early one weekend, relying on Chris to take notes in their Friday chemistry course. Chris's notes were elegant and clear, except for the derivation of the Grabowski equation. Chris...
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    Edward (Ted) G. Jones, a neuroscientist and prolific neuroanatomist [Retrospectives] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-10-26
    Description: Edward G. (Ted) Jones, MD, PhD, internationally acclaimed neuroscientist and authority on the anatomy of the brain and central nervous system, died suddenly on June 6, 2011, at the age of 72.pnas;108/43/17597/UNFIG01F1unfig01Ted G. Jones.Jones’s research on the function and structure of the central nervous system was distinguished by its scope and breadth both technically and intellectually. He made pioneering contributions to the understanding of the cellular properties, circuitry, and basic organization of the cerebral cortex and the thalamus, their functional interrelationships, pathology, plasticity, and development. As a preeminent neuroanatomist, Jones wrote more than 20 books and 400 scientific publications. His...
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    QnAs with Vern L. Schramm [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-03-09
    Description: At Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University in New York City, Vern Schramm, a professor of biochemistry, devises ways to block cellular enzymes. Those enzymes, which catalyze a range of reactions at the heart of normal physiology, might hold keys to treating psoriasis, autoimmune disease, and some forms of cancer. Schramm’s studies on the mechanism of enzyme-catalyzed reactions have led to a handful of drugs now being tested in clinical trials. In 2009, he developed a test for ricin, a deadly toxin found in castor beans, which has the potential to be used by bioterrorists. Schramm tells PNAS...
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    QnAs with Gary King [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-03-30
    Description: Gary King, a professor of social science at Harvard University and a member of the National Academy of Sciences, fashions tools that harness the power of statistics, machine learning, and informatics to make sense of the numbers that matter to society. From evaluating the efficacy of a Mexican health policy reform to predicting the fate of the US Social Security trust fund, King’s sophisticated number crunching has important practical implications for disciplines as diverse as social, political, and health sciences. King tells PNAS how quantitative social science research can extend from academic journals into real-world scenarios.PNAS:You designed a health policy...
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    Profile of Donald E. Canfield [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-02-23
    Description: An ecologist might say that the answer to nearly every question about the origin and evolution of life on Earth can be found in the ocean, where reactions fueled by ancient microbes have changed our planet's chemistry over the eons. Donald Canfield, Professor of Ecology and Director of the Nordic Center for Earth Evolution at the University of South Denmark, has spent his career studying oceans and lakes to understand the progressive oxygenation of the atmosphere through time, ultimately permitting the development of large motile animals.pnas;108/8/3105/UNFIG01F1unfig01Donald E. Canfield.Canfield, 53, was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2007. His...
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    Profile of Peter H. Schiller [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-03-23
    Description: In a windowless laboratory on the sixth floor of the Brain and Cognitive Sciences Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), neuroscientist Peter Schiller lines up visual stimuli on a computer screen. The stimuli are pairs of cues flashed side-by-side, such as horizontal and vertical lines, upright and inverted triangles, and the words “car” and “his.” As Schiller flashes the stimuli on his monitor, a volunteer observes them through a stereoscope, which presents one cue in a pair to one eye and the other cue to the other eye. The volunteer identifies the stimuli in order: a cross, the Star...
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    QnAs with Gilbert Strang [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-03-16
    Description: Of the world’s mathematicians, Gilbert Strang is possibly the most visible—or at least among the most frequently viewed. Millions of students from the Americas, Africa, China, Europe, India, and Singapore have watched Strang’s lectures on linear algebra courtesy of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)’s OpenCourseWare Web site (1), and many have e-mailed him to ask for one-on-one help. A former president of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM), author of several textbooks (2–9), and 2009 electee to the National Academy of Sciences, Strang wrote the book on linear algebra—and his text has changed how the material is taught....
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    Profile of B. Rosemary Grant [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-27
    Description: Charles Darwin viewed evolution as a process so slow that it often evokes images of changes accumulated over near-geologic timescales. Rosemary Grant's research has revealed otherwise. Through painstaking documentation of the evolutionary process first described by Darwin, Grant has shown that evolution can be observed within a lifetime. Grant, an evolutionary biologist at Princeton University and a member of the National Academy of Sciences, has traced the evolution of Darwin's finches—14 species of songbirds of the genus Geospiza that inhabit the storied Galapagos islands of South America. For nearly four decades, Grant and her husband, Peter Grant, have followed the...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Charles M. Rice [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-25
    Description: The notoriety of hepatitis C belies its breathtaking toll. That is partly because many of the more than 4 million people in the United States infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) do not look or feel sick. Until, that is, their livers succumb to cirrhosis or cancer, says Charles Rice. Rice, a professor of virology at The Rockefeller University and a member of the National Academy of Sciences, has championed the development of an animal model for hepatitis C, a goal that has by turns tantalized and tormented researchers for decades. The lack of a suitable model has hampered the...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    QnAs with James E. Haber [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-04-06
    Description: As the director of the Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center at Brandeis University in Waltham, MA, James Haber seeks to understand how cells repair damaged DNA—and what happens when the process goes awry, triggering the onset of cancer and other devastating diseases. Haber’s work on yeast genetics has earned him some of the highest honors in science, including the Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal for lifetime contributions in genetics and election to the National Academy of Sciences in 2010. Haber recently spoke with PNAS about the technologies his laboratory has used to explore a form of DNA damage known as...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    Profile of Alexander S. Raikhel [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-01-04
    Description: Mosquitoes rely on blood for nutrition, putting them in position to transmit some of the world's deadliest diseases, like malaria and Dengue fever. Alexander S. Raikhel, elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2009, believes that preventing the mosquito from carrying the pathogen in the first place is the key to vector control. Raikhel has been studying the connection between blood meals and egg production in Aedes aegypti in hopes of co-opting egg production signals to activate the mosquito's immune system against incoming pathogens. In his Inaugural Article, Raikhel, a distinguished professor at the University of California, Riverside continues...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Stephen P. Goff [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-01-05
    Description: One gets the sense from virologist Stephen P. Goff that his achievements are the result of good timing and good company. With a woodworking father who restored antique clocks, an elder brother who studied phage genetics with James Watson at Harvard University, and Nobel Prize-winning mentors who saw the possibilities of manipulating DNA, perhaps Goff is right.pnas;108/1/9/UNFIG01F1unfig01Stephen P. Goff and his wife, Marian Carlson.Stephen Goff, Higgins Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics at the Columbia University Medical Center since 1990, and an investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute since 1993, was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Anthony R. Cashmore [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-01-12
    Description: Ask Anthony Cashmore about the unifying theme of his research career, which has spanned more than four decades on three continents, and he responds, “There was none.” Cashmore, a member of the National Academy of Sciences who recently retired as a professor of biology at the University of Pennsylvania, has spent much of his career studying how light controls gene expression in plants. However, his long journey through science is chronicled in quests as diverse as unraveling the structure of nucleic acids and understanding the biological basis of human behavior. Although Cashmore recently made waves for his provocative stance on...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Clifford M. Will [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-04-13
    Description: In the small industrial town of Hamilton, Ontario, a room of high school students listened attentively as their physics teacher described the classic Bohr model of the atom. It was 1963. After just a few minutes, the lecture was disrupted by muffled sniggering from a student near the front of the class.pnas;108/15/5935/UNFIG01F1unfig01Clifford M. Will.A voracious consumer of popular science, Clifford Will—now a professor of physics at Washington University in St. Louis and 2007 inductee to the National Academy of Sciences—had read enough to know that the Bohr model was obsolete. “I couldn't keep myself from laughing,” Will recalls. However, rather...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    The Sanger Memorium [Retrospectives] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-01-22
    Description: Of the three main activities involved in scientific research, thinking, talking, and doing, I much prefer the last and am probably best at it. I am all right at the thinking, but not much good at the talking. —Frederick Sanger, 1988 Fig. 1. Frederick Sanger 1918–2013. Image courtesy of MRC...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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    Profile of Paul Schulze-Lefert [Profiles] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-01-15
    Description: Growing up on his family’s farm in northwestern Germany, Paul Schulze-Lefert received an early introduction to plant biology that blossomed into a lifelong interest. In a fruitful career as a plant biologist, Schulze-Lefert has played a crucial role in elucidating mechanisms by which the plant immune system detects and fights...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    QnAs with Neil Shubin [QnAs] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-01-22
    Description: From the rust-brown sediments of long-dried streams that once rumbled through the rugged terrain of Canada’s Ellesmere Island, a team of paleontologists unearthed in 2004 fossils of a 375 million-year-old species of fish that may have nearly crossed an evolutionary Rubicon. Named Tiktaalik roseae, the now-extinct animal has come to...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    QnAs with Richard Scheller [QnAs] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-11
    Description: As electrical signals course through brain cells, a stepwise process of information transfer ensures that the signals are relayed across junctions called synapses. Orchestrating the process on either side of the synaptic gulf is a suite of proteins found on neuronal membranes and on tiny vesicles that ferry signaling molecules,...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    QnAs with William Bialek [QnAs] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-09
    Description: William Bialek works at the interface of physics and biology, searching for predictive mathematical theories that can quantify and explain diverse biological phenomena. A member of the National Academy of Sciences, Bialek is the John Archibald Wheeler/Battelle Professor in Physics at Princeton University, a member of Princeton’s multidisciplinary Lewis-Sigler Institute...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    Turekian reflections [Retrospectives] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-09
    Description: Karl Karekin Turekian (1927–2013) was a man of remarkable scientific breadth, with innumerable important contributions to marine geochemistry, atmospheric chemistry, cosmochemistry, and global geochemical cycles. He was mentor to a long list of students, postdoctorate scholars, and faculty (at Yale and elsewhere), a leader in geochemistry, a prolific author and...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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    QnAs with Ann M. Graybiel [QnAs] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-23
    Description: Much of our everyday behavior is guided by habits. By studying the electrical activity in the brains of animals as they acquire a habit, Ann M. Graybiel, a neuroscientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a National Academy of Sciences member, uncovers the neurobiological basis of how habits form...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    Michael S. Neuberger 1953-2013 [Retrospectives] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-26
    Description: Michael Neuberger’s untimely death on October 26 last year was a shock for his friends and the scientific community. The many obituaries written about him by friends and colleagues testify to his unique, overarching stature as a scientist, colleague, and human companion. I am writing this retrospective mourning a personal...
    Keywords: Retrospectives
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    QnAs with Joseph LeDoux [QnAs] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-26
    Description: In his 1933 inaugural address to the American people, President Franklin Roosevelt attempted to rouse the nation out of the stultifying Depression with his famous aphorism on fear as a self-fulfilling end. Decades later, a scientific understanding of fear continues to remain elusive, despite the unraveling of brain circuits triggered...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    Renato Dulbecco: Viruses, genes, and cancer [Retrospectives] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-28
    Description: Renato Dulbecco, renowned virologist and cancer researcher, passed away peacefully at his home in La Jolla, CA, February 19, 2012, 3 days before his 98th birthday. He was celebrated not only for his scientific achievements but also for inspiring a generation of younger scientists who went on to become distinguished in their own fields. Renato was a founding fellow of the Salk Institute, where he spent most of his career. He also served as president of the Institute from 1988 to 1992.pnas;109/13/4713/UNFIG01F1unfig01Renato Dulbecco.Renato was born and educated in Italy. He received his MD degree from the University of Torino in...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    James R. Arnold: From the Manhattan Project to the moon and beyond [Retrospectives] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-21
    Description: On January 6, 2012, the field of cosmochemistry (more specifically, meteoritics and lunar and planetary sciences) lost one of its founding scientists. Jim Arnold's scientific endeavors ranged widely, ranging from work on the Manhattan Project to the origin and use of cosmogenic nuclides in meteorites and lunar samples and to sampling cosmic dust with balloons.pnas;109/12/4339/UNFIG01F1unfig01Jim Arnold.Jim was born in Metuchen, N.J., on May 5, 1923. He often credited his imagination and curiosity to his early childhood in his family's home. His father, a lawyer and archaeologist, had a large and easily accessible library—a major boon for Jim, who found inspiration...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    QnAs with Richard T. Durrett [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-02-22
    Description: Richard Durrett’s work lies at the interface of mathematics and biology, where the tools of probability theory are used to study problems in ecology, genetics, and cancer biology. Durrett, a professor of mathematics at Duke University and a recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences, has devoted his career to developing models for biological questions ranging from the behavior of populations in ecological systems to the effects of mutations and natural selection on genomes. Durrett talks to PNAS about his recent work on the development and spread of cancer and how mathematical approaches can be applied to biological...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    Profile of Robert B. Goldberg [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-02-22
    Description: Over the next 50 years, as Earth's population races toward 9 billion inhabitants, we will need to produce more food than we have produced since the advent of agriculture 10,000 years ago (1). This challenge, warns National Academy of Sciences member Robert Goldberg, is particularly daunting given the finite and shrinking amount of arable land on which food crops can be grown. Increasing the yields of crop plants is therefore critical. With that goal in mind, Goldberg, a professor of molecular, cell, and developmental biology at the University of California at Los Angeles, has devoted his career to understanding the...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    QnAs with Peter H. Gleick [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-07-06
    Description: National Academy of Sciences member Peter Gleick is cofounder and president of the Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security in Oakland, California, where he explores new ways of thinking about water issues. His creative insights have resulted in the biennial book series The World’s Water, a MacArthur Fellowship award in 2003, multiple appearances as an expert witness before Congress and the courts, and the 2010 book Bottled and Sold: The Story Behind Our Obsession with Bottled Water. Peak water, the concept introduced in his PNAS Inaugural Article (1), became one of the New York Times’ “Words of...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    Profile of David M. Hillis [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-07-13
    Description: Philippe Padieu was called a modern-day Casanova. Women said they were drawn to him for his sweet personality and charm. However, Padieu harbored a secret. In 2009, he was found guilty of aggravated assault for purposefully infecting six women with HIV and sentenced to 45 years in prison. Credit for Padieu's guilty verdict goes partly to David Hillis, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Texas at Austin.pnas;108/28/11320/UNFIG01F1unfig01David M. Hillis.Hillis, elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2008, has devoted his research career to phylogeny, the study of evolutionary relationships. His work tackles some of the greatest questions of...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    QnAs with Eric S. Lander [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-13
    Description: This year marks the 10th anniversary of the sequencing of the human genome. More than two decades after the launch of the Human Genome Project, researchers have made remarkable inroads into unraveling human biology, evolution, and disease. As the tools of genome sequencing and analysis grow more sophisticated, insights into the human genome will slowly shift the terrain in the treatment of disease. To be sure, the shift has already begun. Eric Lander, founding director of the Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a member of the National Academy of Sciences, offers PNAS readers his perspectives...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    Profile of Gary Ruvkun [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-09-14
    Description: Awash in the faint glow of a fluorescent lamp, a pair of serpentine nematode worms lie on a Petri plate, their see-through bodies magnified 100-fold by one of several microscopes arrayed in a darkened bay in National Academy of Sciences member Gary Ruvkun’s laboratory at Massachusetts General Hospital. While one of the worms wiggles its way around the plate, the other shows no signs of life, its midsection ruptured and its innards strewn asunder. A filter slides into place, and the worms are bathed in a dull green haze. The wiggling worm has a beacon of nerve cells in its...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Venkatraman Ramakrishnan [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-09-21
    Description: On a bone-cold morning in February 2000, hours after their plane touched down at Chicago's O'Hare Airport, Venkatraman “Venki” Ramakrishnan, a structural biologist at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, England, and three of his colleagues hurried to Argonne National Laboratory, the US Department of Energy's sprawling research center southwest of Chicago. The men had 48 hours to complete their task: obtain high-resolution data on a portion of bacterial cells’ protein synthesizing machinery—the ribosome—by shining X-rays on their crystals to help reveal their structure. The trip was a gamble that Ramakrishnan had planned for months, one that could lead...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Philip N. Johnson-Laird [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-14
    Description: Our greatest technological accomplishments, from space travel to nuclear power and the creation of the Internet, stand as testaments to the scientific process and mankind's ability to reason. These advances, however, have been matched with equally spectacular technological catastrophes. “Scientists and technologists are rational in principle,” explains Philip Johnson-Laird, a professor of psychology at Princeton University and recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences. “But the more information they have to take into account, the more working memory they need and the longer time it takes them to make an inference.” When complex technology starts spiraling out of...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    QnAs with Susan L. Lindquist [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-14
    Description: Prions defy molecular biology’s central dogma. Misfolded proteins that self-perpetuate, prions were first isolated in the early 1980s as the cause of a fatal sheep disease called scrapie. Since then, prions have been implicated in human neurodegenerative diseases, composing a rogue’s gallery of deadly disease agents. Susan Lindquist, a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a professor of biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, has found that prions may have a little-appreciated positive side. Lindquist casts these seeming biochemical misfits in a surprising evolutionary role: Her studies have revealed that prions might...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    QnAs with David Baltimore [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-21
    Description: At the age of 37, David Baltimore accomplished what many researchers dream of but few achieve: reversing an entrenched dogma, eventually leading to a new view of life. In the early 1970s, Baltimore, a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a professor of biology at the California Institute of Technology, discovered reverse transcriptase—an enzyme found in some tumor viruses whose genetic code is written in the RNA alphabet. He found that reverse transcriptase can copy RNA into DNA, indicating that some viruses replicate via a DNA intermediate. The finding, which won Baltimore and others the 1975 Nobel Prize...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    Ralph M. Steinman: A man, a microscope, a cell, and so much more [Retrospectives] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-28
    Description: Ralph Steinman died from complications of pancreatic cancer on September 30, 2011, an event even more sad because it occurred a few days before he could hear the announcement that he was to receive the highest public recognition for the accomplishments of his truly remarkable career in biomedical research, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity. It is a devastating loss not only for his family, friends, and colleagues but for the much broader scientific community. Ralph was a basic scientist par excellence, but his impact was...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of David D. Laitin [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-21
    Description: A Muslim and a Christian woman apply for the same job in France. Their resumes are virtually identical, and their only obvious difference is their first names, Khadija and Marie. However, for every comparable job each woman applies for, Khadija, with her characteristically Muslim name, is, on average, 2.5 times less likely than Marie to receive a job interview.pnas;108/51/20301/UNFIG01F1unfig01David D. Laitin.That is the grim statistic David Laitin, a professor of political science at Stanford University and a recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences, puts forth in his Inaugural Article (1). Religious discrimination is typically impossible to measure,...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Ilkka A. Hanski [Profiles] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-14
    Description: Watching birds and collecting butterflies in the field behind his boyhood home, young Ilkka Hanski marveled at the isolated habitats in which many insects live. Decades later, the Director of the Metapopulation Research Group at the University of Helsinki in Finland admits that many of his most successful research projects on the study of metapopulations, or isolated yet interconnected populations of the same species, were inspired by childhood adventures in his own back yard. Hanski, elected to the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in 2010, has helped predict how plant and animal populations respond when their habitats are broken into...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    QnAs with Inder M. Verma [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-21
    Description: On November 1, 2011, Inder Verma, a professor of molecular biology at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California and a member of the National Academy of Sciences since 1997, took the reins of PNAS as Editor-in-Chief. Verma succeeds University of California, Berkeley cell biologist Randy Schekman as leader of the journal. Verma received a PhD from the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel and performed postdoctoral research in the laboratory of Nobel Laureate David Baltimore. Long recognized in the scientific community for his work in cancer genetics and gene therapy, Verma was most recently honored with...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    QnAs with Cynthia Kenyon [QnAs] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-12
    Description: For more than a decade, developmental biologist Cynthia Kenyon has sought the essence of youth in the soil-dwelling roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans. Through her studies on genes that control aging in the worm, Kenyon, a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a professor of biochemistry at the University of California, San Francisco, joined the quest for immortality that has tickled the imagination of thinkers since time immemorial. Kenyon’s work has uncovered aging-related genes that affect physiological processes like metabolism, respiration, and reproduction. Contradictory reports of experimental compounds purported to extend life or delay aging in animals have often roiled...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    Thomas Eisner: Interpreter extraordinaire of nature's chemistry [Retrospectives] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-07
    Description: On March 25, 2011, Thomas Eisner died after a long and courageous battle with Parkinson's disease. His tremendous legacy included founding and nurturing the scientific discipline of chemical ecology. Tom, though, might be the only person in the field to dispute his rights to the title, “Father of Chemical Ecology”—indeed, in one interview (1), he wryly opined that such claims cried out for DNA paternity tests.pnas;108/49/19482/UNFIG01F1unfig01Tom Eisner.Born in Berlin, Germany, on June 25, 1929, Tom was the son of the gifted painter Margarete Eisner and the chemist Hans E. Eisner, a student of Nobel Laureate Fritz Haber. His parents’ accomplishments...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Woese and Fox: Life, rearranged [Classic Profile] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-01-27
    Description: In April 2011 an international team led by researchers at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidelberg, Germany announced in Nature that the mind-boggling mix of microbes in the human gut could be neatly grouped into categories called enterotypes (1). Hailed as a finding that might someday help researchers address the long-intractable problem of antibiotic resistance, the discovery of gut microbial signatures in people raised the possibility that individuals might have a defined enterotype, like a blood type, regardless of age, sex, or ethnicity (1).pnas;109/4/1019/FIG01F1fig01Fig. 1.(A) Carl Woese examining film on which ribosomal signatures are displayed (2003). (Photo by Jason...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    QnAs with John A. Rogers [QnAs] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-01-12
    Description: Nature is full of curves. So it is only natural that manmade devices meant to interact with nature emulate its elements of design. That is the line of reasoning behind the innovations of John Rogers, a member of the National Academy of Engineering and a professor of materials science at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Rogers’ innovations have inspired an array of approaches to render supple rigid surfaces found in electronic devices. From stretchable electronic sensors that can be slapped onto human skin like removable tattoos to digital cameras that mimic the retina to create pin-sharp images, Rogers has attempted...
    Keywords: QnAs
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    Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (1921-2011) [Retrospectives] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-01-18
    Description: Rosalyn S. Yalow, a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the second woman to win a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, died on May 30, 2011, at the age of 89, having suffered recurrent strokes and a prolonged period of decline. She was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1977 for creation of the radioimmunoassay (RIA), a discovery that revolutionized almost every field of medicine by providing precise and specific measurements of the concentration of peptide hormones and many other biologically relevant substances in blood and other body fluids (1) (Fig. 1).pnas;109/3/669/FIG01F1fig01Fig. 1.Rosalyn Yalow with King Carl XVI...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Lynn Margulis, 1938-2011 [Retrospectives] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-01-25
    Description: On November 22, 2011, Lynn Margulis, visionary biologist and tireless champion of the microbial world, died of a massive stroke. Born in 1938, Lynn was intellectually precocious, earning her bachelor’s degree from the University of Chicago at age 18 and a Berkeley PhD 6 years later. Lynn’s enduring place in science was earned soon thereafter, with the publication of her theory of endosymbiosis, a radical and, as it turned out, lasting explanation for the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts, the organelles responsible for energy metabolism in eukaryotic cells. In Lynn’s view, the chloroplast originated as a free-living cyanobacterium engulfed by...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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    Profile of Jane I. Guyer [Profiles] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-15
    Description: Crude oil is extracted in Nigeria but refined overseas. With government policies and exchange rates in constant flux and shortages commonplace, the gasoline that reenters the country may exceed the means of ordinary people. Filling one's tank in Nigeria can be a tense experience, says economic anthropologist Jane Guyer, a recently elected member of the National Academy of Sciences and chair of the Department of Anthropology at The Johns Hopkins University. She recalls reading in a newspaper that a customer once became so frustrated waiting in line that he lit a match and blew up the gas station and the...
    Keywords: PNAS Profiles
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