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  • Books
  • Articles  (4,642)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (3,268)
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  • 2010-2014  (1,374)
  • 1995-1999  (1,294)
  • 1980-1984  (1,974)
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  • Articles  (4,642)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 26 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The basic premise of this article is that the historic location determinants literature is unduly pessimistic regarding the economic prospects of rural areas. Most historic location research has treated rural areas as homogeneous regions. This study demonstrates that rural counties should be treated as differentiated sets of economic environments rather than as an aggregate. The locational potential of specific industries differs dramatically among differentiated rural regions. When examined in this way, a number of high-growth industries surface as having development potential under specified rural conditions. In addition this work raises serious questions about the adequacy of product life-cycle theory (Erickson 1976) and high-technology filtering-down theory (Glasmeier 1991) in identifying the variables critical to industrial location. This work indicates that neither small size nor remoteness is as limiting as suggested by earlier research.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 26 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 3
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 26 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Nonstationary behavior in regional economies must be recognized and categorized before activity indicators can be properly used in analyses. The nonstationary behavior of gross product by one-digit industry and personal income from all of the 50 states is examined. Tests to discriminate between stochastic and deterministic trends are pursued and the results indicate that the former dominate the latter. State-nation linkages in the presence of stochastic trends are explored and it is shown that stable, long-term relationships between nonstationary state and national outputs are rare at both the industry and aggregate levels.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 26 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 5
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 26 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Tax Increment Financing (TIF) is a popular yet controversial tool that allows local governments to use property tax revenue to fund the public costs of economic development. Since TIF gives one local government the power to affect the tax bases of the overlapping jurisdictions, there is uncertainty and argument on the part of government officials and taxpayers as to who really finances the program. To evaluate the alternative contentions, this paper presents a general methodology that identifies which taxpayers in which locations fund the TIF's expenditures, and sets forward the conditions under which such a local economic development policy can be beneficial to taxpayers. The paper applies the model to study the TIF program currently active in downtown Des Moines, Iowa. The evidence indicates that the taxpayers in the entire metropolitan area subsidized the downtown activities in the early years, but now pay lower property tax rates due to the city's TIF-financed urban revitalization program.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 15 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 7
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 15 (1984), S. 0 
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  • 8
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 15 (1984), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 9
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 15 (1984), S. 0 
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 15 (1984), S. 0 
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 15 (1984), S. 0 
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 15 (1984), S. 0 
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 15 (1984), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Be It Ever So Humble
 Stephen Merrett with Fred Gray, Owner-Occupation in Britain.Life in the Barriadas
 Susan Lobo, A House of My Own: Social Organization in the Squatter Settlements of Lima, Peru.More about Unemployment
 Philip L. Martin, Labor Displacement and Public Policy.From Goods to Services
 Thomas M. Stanback, Jr. and Thierry J. Noyelle, Cities in Transition: Changing Job Structures in Atlanta, Denver, Buffalo, Phoenix, Columbus (Ohio), Nashville, and Charlotte.Supply-side Housing Program
 James P. Zais, Raymond J. Struyk, and Thomas Thibodeau, Housing Assistance for Older Americans: The Reagan Prescription.Four Case Studies
 Richard Hellman and Caroline J. C. Hellman, The Competitive Economics of Nuclear and Coal Power.Canada and the United States
 Gary Sands, Land-Office Business: Land and Housing Prices in Rapidly Growing Metropolitan Areas.Internal Cleavages
 Kent A. Price, ed., Regional Conflict and National Policy.Development from Below
 Guy Gran, Development by People: Citizen Construction of a Just World.Also of Interest
 Robert E. Looney, Saudi Arabia's Development Potentid: Application of an Islamic Growth Model.Dean E. Mann, ed., Environmental Policy Implementation: Planning and Management Options and Their Consequences.Michael Marien, ed., Future Sumey Annual, 1980–81: A Guide to the Recent Literature of Trends, Forecasts, and Policy Proposals.William H. Miernyk, Regional Analysis and Regional Policy.Caròl A. OConnor, A Sort of Utopia: Scarsdule, 1891–1981.
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  • 15
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 16
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 17
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 23
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book Review in this ArticleE. Owen Smith, ed., Trade Unions in the Developed EconomiesNorman Walzer and Glenn W. Fisher, Cities, Suburbs, and Property TuxesStephen Steinberg, The Ethnic Myth: Race, Ethnicity, and Class in AmericaW. Patrick Beaton, John H. Weyland, and Nancy C. Newman, Energy Forecasting for Planners: Transportation ModelsRobert Emil Botsch, We Shall Not Overcome: Populism and Southern Blue-Collar WorkersRichard C. Carlson, Willis W. Harman, and Peter Schwartz, Energy Futures, Human Values, and Lifestyles: A New Look at the Energy CrisisK. J. Button, A. D. Pearman, and A. S. Fowkes, Car Ownership Modelling and ForecastingFred C. Shapiro, Radwaste: A Reporter's Investigation of a Growing Nuclear MenaceDonald Appleyard, Livable Streets
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  • 24
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 13 (1982), S. 0 
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  • 25
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 15 (1984), S. 0 
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  • 26
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 15 (1984), S. 0 
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  • 27
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 15 (1984), S. 0 
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  • 28
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 15 (1984), S. 0 
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  • 29
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 13 (1982), S. 0 
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  • 30
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 13 (1982), S. 0 
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  • 31
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 13 (1982), S. 0 
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  • 32
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 13 (1982), S. 0 
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  • 33
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 34
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book Review in this ArticleRalph M. Kramer, Voluntary Agencies in the Welfare State.Boris S. Pushkarev with Jeffrey M. Zupan and Robert S. Cumella, Urban Rail in America: An Exploration of Criteria for Fixed-Guideway Transit.Jon Van Til, Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities.Robert Orr Whyte and Pauline Whyte, The Women of Rural Asia.William P. Browne and Don F. Hadwiger, eds., Rural Policy Problems: Changing Dimensions.Alan Lewis, The Psychology of Taxation.A. G. Aganbegyan, ed., Regional Studies for Planning and Projecting: The Siberian Experience.Yusuf J. Ahmad and Frank G. Müller, eds., Integrated Physical, Socio-economic, and Environmental PlanningBela Balassa, Development Strategies in Semi-industrial Economies.Steven C. Ballard et al., Water and Western Energy: Impacts, Issues, and ChoicesDennis Bloodworth, The Messiah and the Mandarins: Mao Tsetung and the Ironies of Power.Landrum R. Bolling with Craig Smith, Private Foreign Aid: U.S. Philanthropy for Relief and Development.Coralie Bryant and Louise G. White, Managing Development in the Third World.V. Bulmer-Thomas, Input-Output Analysis in Developing Countries: Sources, Methods, and Applications.Robert W. Burchell and David Listokin, eds., Energy and Land Use.Canada, Department of Regional Economic Expansion, A Guide to Regional Multiplier EstimationMichael J. Carter and William H. Leahy, eds., New Directions in Labor Economics and Industrial Relations.E. William Colglazier, Jr., ed., The Politics of Nuclear Waste.Martin Counihan, A Dictionary of Energy.
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  • 35
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    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 36
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 37
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    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 38
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    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 39
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    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 40
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    Growth and change 14 (1983), S. 0 
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  • 41
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    Growth and change 13 (1982), S. 0 
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  • 42
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    Growth and change 13 (1982), S. 0 
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  • 44
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    Growth and change 11 (1980), S. 0 
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    Growth and change 11 (1980), S. 0 
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    Growth and change 11 (1980), S. 0 
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    Growth and change 12 (1981), S. 0 
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    Growth and change 12 (1981), S. 0 
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    Growth and change 12 (1981), S. 0 
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    Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Numbers Racket
 Richard A. Easterlin, Birth and Fortune: The Impact of Numbers on Personal Welfare.The Decision to Work
 James P. Smith, ed., Female Labor Supply: Theory and Estimation.The Character of a People
 Solomon B. Levine and Hisashi Kawada, Human Resources in Japanese Industrial Development.Beyond Nine to Five
 Sarah Fenstermaker Berk, ed., Women and Household LaborOwner's Manual
 Karen R. Polenske, The U.S. Multiregional Input-Output Accounts and Model.Collective Concerns
 Scott Cummings, ed., Self-Help in Urban America: Patterns of Minority Business Enterprise.St. Louis Blues
 Eugene I. Meehan, The Quality of Federal Policymaking: Programmed Failure in Public Housing.The Hard-Soft Path
 Gregory A. Daneke and George K. Lagassa, eds., Energy Policy and Public Administration.Also of Interest
 Ralph Andreano and John J. Siegfried, eds., The Economics of Crime.Regina Belz Armstrong et al., Regional Accounts: Structure and Performance of the New York Region's Economy in the Seventies, ed. Boris S. Pushkarev and Peter J. Bearse.Malcolm Gillis and Ralph E. Beak, Tax and Investment Policies for Hard Minerals: Public and Multinational Enterprises in Indonesia.Arthur P. Solomon, ed., The Prospective City: Economic, Population, Energy, and Environmental Developments.George Sternlieb, James W. Hughes, et al., America's Housing: Prospects and Problems.Edward L. Ullman, Geography as Spatial Interaction, ed.
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    Notes: Book reviews in this article:Gray Area W. Kip Viscusi, Welfare of the Elderly: An Economic Analysis and Policy Prescription.A Soft Futur Walter A. Rosenbaum, Coal and Crisis: The Political Dilemmas of Energy Management.Putting out Fires Malcolm Getz, The Economics of the Urban Fire Department.Inequities Continue Elizabeth McTaggart Almquist, Minorities, Gender, and Work.The Federal Physician J. H. U. Brown, The Politics of Health Care.A Method to the Masses Leslie Corsa and Deborah Oakley, Population Planning. Ann ArborConservative Innovations Alan Altshuler with James P. Womack and John R. Pucher, The Urban Transportation System: Politics and Policy Innovation.Why, and Whither? David P. Varady, Ethnic Minorities in Urban Areas: A Case Study of Racially Changing Communities.Undermining Authority Susan Rose-Ackerman, Corruption: A Study in Political Economy.A Question of Power Robert Lawrence, ed., New Dimensions to Energy Policy.Briefer Mention What Works, What Doesn't William H. Whyte, The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces.
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    Growth and change 29 (1998), S. 0 
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    Notes: Over the last twenty-five years local governments in the United States and Canada have increasingly used impact fees and other development exactions as methods of financing capital and infrastructure requirements mandated by residential growth. While several studies have examined the effects of impact fees on housing and land prices, rigorous empirical analysis of their effects on residential development is lacking. In this paper a sample of all municipalities in DuPage County, Illinois from 1977 through 1992 is used to examine the effects of impact fees on the rate of residential development. The empirical results show that impact fees reduce rates of residential development by more than 25 percent.
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    Growth and change 30 (1999), S. 0 
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    Notes: This paper takes seriously the idea that international trade has played an important role in explaining both some convergence between developed economies as well as rising inequalities at the personal level. Previous studies used traditional trade theory as a reference framework. The empirical consensus is now that differences in factor endowment explain at best a small fraction of rising wage inequalities. This argument, by contrast, builds on labor specialization and increasing returns. Deeper economic integration allows trade in differentiated intermediate goods and primary tasks, thus transforming local increasing returns into global increasing returns. This pushes towards geographical equalization. At the same time, deeper integration also increases the size of the pool of available skilled workers. This may lead them to a‘technological secession’as it makes more skill-demanding technologies more profitable. Technological secession in turn fosters wage inequalities at the personal level.
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    Growth and change 30 (1999), S. 0 
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    Notes: The effects of state public capital investment on economic growth is an important question that has been the focus of a recent substantial research effort. But the majority of this research has ignored these investments’influence on the intra-state pattern of economic activity. Yet if external agglomeration economies are important determinants of growth, then investments may indirectly affect growth by fostering or discouraging agglomeration. This paper discusses the effect of state infrastructure investments on the distribution of employment within states and the implications of these spatial effects for aggregate state employment growth. Preliminary empirical results suggest that state infrastructure investments tend to redistribute growth from areas of dense employment to other parts of the state. This redistribution may diminish agglomeration benefits offered by cities, which has the potential to reduce state growth. The paper concludes with a discussion of implications of the work for research and policy.
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    Growth and change 30 (1999), S. 0 
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    Notes: This article examines diverse transnational corporations’(TNC) strategies in response to labor shock and specific conditions that enhance TNCs’local embedding in export processing zones (EPZs). The goal of this paper is to understand the rationale behind TNCs’choice between spatial differentiation (mobility) and spatial fmity (immobility). Based on field research and data analysis from the Masan Free Export Zone (MAFEZ) in South Korea, it is argued that TNCs do not always withdraw from EPZs in reaction to wage costs and growing labor militancy. Higher labor costs can be overridden by other advantages: existing physicalkocial inhstructure, tax benefits, fured assets, localized labor skills and technology, cultural proximity, and advantages from geographical proximity to market, raw materials, and TNCs’headquarters. This paper criticizes the overly simplistic view of capital mobility. However, TNCs that choose to remain in the EPZs use both upgrading and cheapening strategies, and their remaining does not necessarily result in upgrading labor skills or improving labor conditions. This article raises a critical question of the firm-centered view of the global enterprise literature and the local embeddedness literature of TNCs on workers’welfare. It emphasizes the important role of firms and of unions in training workers for purposes of technology and skill upgrading.
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    Notes: Overall total inequality for state per capita personal income as well as total inequality for nonmetropolitan and metropolitan areas are examined for the period 1969 to 1995. In each case, the total inequality was partitioned into between-and within-region variations. Statistical testing shows no perceptible differences between the major categories, nonmetropolitan and metropolitan. Further, this study uses a model to test for narrowing of income gaps within these categories. It was found that for both nonmetropolitan and metropolitan, a general trend toward equality was evidenced during the early 1970s decade. In that decade, the nonmetropolitan areas’incomes approached the metropolitan areas’incomes but showed significant divergences in the 1980s, followed again by a narrowing of the gaps in the 1990s.
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    Growth and change 28 (1997), S. 0 
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    Notes: Although flexible specialization is regarded as one of the hallmarks of industrial districts, its consequences for firm performance have not attracted much empirical attention. Using event-history data on a complete population of textile-clothing firms in Baden-Württemberg in the Reutlingen (Germany) district from 1946 to 1993, this paper tests the proposition that specialized firms have a survival advantage over more integrated firms. Logistic regression models of failure probabilities show that, contrary to predictions derived from the district model, horizontally and vertically integrated firms have outlived more specialized firms. This study demonstrates the importance of dynamic research designs that incorporate information on strategic differences in a complete population of district firms, observed over an extended time frame.
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    Notes: Nuclear power plants can theoretically influence property values through a number of different channels. The public perception of risk associated with the potential hazard from the operation of a nuclear reactor and the storage of nuclear waste may lead to lower bids on properties in close proximity to the plant. In contrast, workers at the plant may be less concerned with any potential hazards, and may actually value being in proximity to the workplace. Hence, one cannot a priori sign the distance gradient of homes in the vicinity of a nuclear power plant. In this study, a hedonic model coupled with geographic information system (GIS) techniques is used to estimate housing price surfaces around two nuclear power plants in California. The use of GIS software allows more potential influences to housing prices to be accurately incorporated than previously included in hedonic studies. Based on the evidence from the plants chosen, these findings do not support the contention that negative imagery surrounding nuclear power plants or stored nuclear waste has a significant detrimental influence on residential home prices in the immediate vicinity of these facilities.
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    Growth and change 29 (1998), S. 0 
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    Notes: Previously it was reported that regional variations in well-being (poverty, per capita income, and family income) among Appalachian counties did not originate from regional variations in urbanization, but from regional differences in well-being among nonmetropolitan counties. It was argued that southern Appalachian counties had higher levels of well-being at the end of the 1980s because nonmetropolian counties in southern Appalachia experienced greater economic growth during the 1980s than did nonmetropolitan counties in other Appalachian regions. In this paper these data are reanalyzed to test to what extent the original findings are affected by the presence (and failure to control) spatial autocorrelation. Using a spatial lag model it is shown that correcting for spatial autocorrelation statistically altered the original results. However, substantively, the conclusions from the original analysis did not change: regional differences in county well-being in Appalachia are largely the product of regional differences among nonmetropolitan counties, even after correcting the model for spatial autocorrelation.
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    Growth and change 28 (1997), S. 0 
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    Notes: This paper explores the effect of plant profitability on the closure decision in multi-locational manufacturing firms where the firm is selecting between different sites undertaking similar production activities. The paper draws upon a new interview survey of large multi-locational manufacturing firms. Analysis of the interview data shows that plant profitability is the key to understanding only one-third to one-half of selective closures and that decisions taken by subsidiaries are more likely to rely on plant profitability measures than decisions taken at the corporate head office. In analyzing a regional economy, a poor level of plant profitability is indicative of a plant at risk of closure but the absence of such a characteristic is not necessarily an indication of an assured future for a plant.
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    Growth and change 28 (1997), S. 0 
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    Notes: This paper focuses on cyclical and regional variations in vacancy dynamics in labor markets with persistent imbalances between demand and supply. In particular the so-called matching approach is used to investigate labor market efficiency across regions and over the business cycle. In this matching approach the relationship between the flow of filled vacancies and regional stocks of unemployed job seekers and vacant jobs is specified in a “search production” function. The matching approach is applied to the Dutch labor market, which is characterized by strong disequilibria and persistent regional differences in unemployment and vacancy rates. To explore the development of these regional imbalances from a demand side perspective, the dynamic structure of regional data on vacancies is analyzed over the business cycle. The movements of vacancy duration and the change in the vacancy stock over time appear to be similar across Dutch regions. Moreover, an investigation of the structural causes of regional variations in vacancy duration via shift-share analysis makes clear that regional differences in sectoral composition of unfilled vacancies do not contribute to regional differences in vacancy duration in the period 1989–93. Estimation results of a matching model reveal that there are no region-specific differences in labor market efficiency to produce filled vacancies. The ratio of vacancies to unemployment appears to be the critical determinant of the matching process in the Dutch regions. Another general (non region-specific) finding is that the estimated labor market efficiency increases during recessionary and recovery periods while it decreases during an economic boom.
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    Notes: A major controversy during the debate over the North American Free Trade Agreement focused on the impact of NAFTA on Mexico's environment. This paper examines the evidence of impact specifically on Mexico's environmental policy. Criteria of impact are developed, and comparisons made for three periods: before 1990 as the baseline period; 1990-93 when NAFTA was being negotiated; and beginning in 1994 when NAFTA came into effect. Much evidence indicates that Mexico's environmental policymaking and enforcement did improve in the early 1990s while NAFTA was being debated. Some evidence also suggests that the NAFTA-influenced environmental commitment was sustained during the 1995 financial crisis. Thus, it is concluded that NAFTA has contributed significantly to Mexico's environmental policy.
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    Notes: This paper develops a model of the relationship between the solid waste recycling activities of industrial-commercial-institutional (ICI) firms and two sets of explanatory variables: characteristics of the firm and characteristics of the waste materials. The model is tested for six types of waste material (paper, paperboard, plastic, glass, wood, and metal) using logistic regression analysis and drawing on waste quantity and composition data collected from a sample of over 400 ICI firms in metropolitan Toronto. The percentage of firms recycling materials ranged from a high of 46 percent for paperboard to a low of 8 percent for plastics. In all of the models tested, quantity of waste material produced was found to be a significant explanatory variable in determining whether a firm will recycle that material. Other variables which were found to be significant in explaining recycling of some, but not all, material types were floor space of the firm, and type of economic activity. Despite theoretical support for its inclusion, employment was not found to be significant in any of the models.
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    Growth and change 27 (1996), S. 0 
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    Notes: A large literature within industrial geography suggests that contemporary production systems are characterized by vertical disintegration processes and the emergence of agglomerations of small manufacturing establishments. According to Allen Scott, one of the most influential contributors to this literature, centers of economic activity in California are especially susceptible to the processes of vertical disintegration and agglomeration. Our concern in this paper is that this “California thesis” has serious empirical difficulties that need to be addressed. Accordingly, this paper reexamines general indicators of vertical disintegration, comparing their temporal record in California to that of the nation as a whole. We examine changes to these indicators for a set of industries that, according to Scott, are characterized by vertical disintegration. Our findings indicate that the weight of evidence does not support the conclusions of Scott concerning vertical disintegration in California. Therefore, his explanation of recent economic growth in California and the utility of his theory as an economic development paradigm require reevaluation.
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    Growth and change 26 (1995), S. 0 
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    Notes: A semi-structural VAR time-series model was used to examine movements in Flint Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) employment levels and determine how area employment was affected by movements in different sectors of the U.S. economy. Flint was chosen because in 1958 over 50 percent of the area's population was employed by the transportation industry, the majority in automobile production, and therefore Flint should be considered as a company town prototype for this modeling technique. Due to the dependency of this area's employment base on the automotive industry and the highly volatile nature of area employment levels, the Choleski decomposition was used instead of the structural Bernanke method.It was found that the effects of movements in the automotive industry were a major impact on aggregate area employment as well as on virtually all manufacturing sectors. These results are more robust than those for the Detroit Metropolitan Statistical Area (PSA)/〉. This is due primarily to Flint's greater degree of area dependency on the automotive-industry.
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    Growth and change 26 (1995), S. 0 
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    Notes: The persistence of the grass balds of the southern Appalachians represents an ecological enigma and a conservation dilemma. These high altitude treeless expanses, well known to native Americans and later grazed by white settlers, are now undergoing rapid succession which threatens a unique community of plants and animals. Whatever the balds' origin and in spite of the apparent antiquity of some, much of the botanical literature insists that they are largely an artifact of relatively recent human disturbance, and, except for rare plant preservation, deserve only limited conservation effort. Such an interpretation lacks both a historical perspective and an appreciation of the possible dynamic nature of this community. The presence of both rare, endemic plants and northern relicts requiring open habitat suggests a long evolutionary history. Also, balds that are still grazed today have maintained both their biota and size. We suggest that some balds are indeed ancient and were maintained during the late Pleistocene by mammalian herbivores. Excavations at Saltville, Virginia and elsewhere reveal the presence of up to 20 species of large herbivores, including mammoth, mastodon, bison, horse, tapir, musk ox, and ground sloth until 10,000 years ago. Thereafter, the mountains supported bison, elk, and deer until European settlement. It is likely that, as in many other parts of the world, this special natural community is the result of long-term plant-animal interactions and thus worthy of preservation. Such preservation might best be affected by the use of wild and/or domestic herbivores.
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    Notes: The lack of success with the endangered species approach to conserving biodiversity has led to calls for programs that are designed to maintain viable populations of species before they become endangered. While wildlife preserves are an important component of biodiversity conservation, effective protection of species will often take place on land that is used primarily for purposes other than wildlife habitat. The suitability of these lands as wildlife habitat can be influenced by government programs. An important example of a program affecting agricultural land use is the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), which is the largest land retirement program in US. history. The expected down-sizing of the program in the mid 90s sharpens the need for improved targeting if the program is to continue to provide wildlife benefits. This paper studies how well the current CRP fares as a biodiversity conservation program and suggests possible ways to target the CRP to conserve wildlife habitat. A methodology for tackling this task in Oregon is outlined.
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    Notes: Spatial scarcities are integral to basic models that account for the organization of land use, including wilderness. The purpose of this paper is to consider the evaluation of wilderness from the perspective of spatial scarcity. Spatial scarcity usually can be taken as relative depending upon scale of analysis. At the more local scale, the relative scarcities of competing land uses are relevant to wilderness evaluation while at larger national and global scales scarcities in certain wilderness qualities may be more important. The paper begins with a brief review of existing approaches to evaluating wilderness and lays out an explicitly spatial approach to the problem. Then, local scale evaluation is considered in the context of von Thunen types of land use transition models which concern relative scarcity payments, or rents. The paper also takes up larger geographic scales and uses the concept of spatial scarcity in linking the hedonic and travel cost models of wilderness evaluation with central place theory in the consideration of wilderness potential.
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    Notes: Nongovernmental organizations frequently receive donations of land that have unknown characteristics. This paper presents an analytical model of the option to preserve such land. The nongovernmental organizations' option value arises from the option to preserve or sell the land to generate funds for other preservation projects. We show that die preservation option is equivalent to an option that allows the nongovernmental organization to choose between he maximum of the market value of the land and the preservation value of the land. From the resulting closed from solution of the option to preserve, we perform comparative statics showing how the relevant factors (preservation value of the land, the development value of the land, the length of the that the option is available, and the uncertainty surrounding the relative values of preservation and development) influence the value of the preservation option. In addition, to the basic model, we present three model modifications. The first examines the effects of costly preservation and costly nonpreservation. In the second extension, we examine the effects of freeriding modeled by a continuous variable. In the final modification, we relax the assumption of the fixed survey period and show the optimal development date.
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    Growth and change 26 (1995), S. 0 
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    Notes: Does public infrastructure affect state output? This paper uses both a Cobb-Douglas and a translog production function to examine the impact of public infrastructure spending on state output. Like labor and private capital, the stock of public capital is considered to be an input into the production process. The data are based on Alicia Munnell's work and were provided by the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. Unlike many of the earlier studies employing Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) techniques, this analysis employs estimating methods that take advantage of the longitudinal nature of the data set. While these methods lend support to the public capitol hypothesis, there is evidence that studies relying on OLS have reported a coefficient on public capital that is upward biased. This paper, which controls for heterogeneity in the data, finds the coefficient on public capital to be smaller than that presented in previous studies. This finding has important policy implications. It indicates that while investment in public capital may have a positive impact on the private sector, this impact will be much smaller than predicted by previous studies.
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    Growth and change 26 (1995), S. 0 
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    Notes: This article reviews methodological issues confronting authors and users of economic impact studies of public colleges and universities. Questions addressed include the following: How should economic impact of regional public colleges and universities be defined? What considerations should govern the definition or the geographical study area? How should tax support of publicly supported institutions be addressed? The article includes perspectives from recent literature considering these questions from both short-term and long-term perspectives. Resolution of these issues depends upon careful delineation and communication of the alternative states of world between which the hypothetical impact is measured.
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    Growth and change 26 (1995), S. 0 
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    Notes: Competitiveness can be defined as the ability of an economy to maintain stable or increasing market shares in an economic activity while sustaining stable or increasing living shares for those who participate in it. Government policy in all countries has strong effects on competitiveness. With the turn away from a Cold War economy the Clinton Administration has pursued a technology policy explicitly linked to the quest for heightened national competitiveness. It is based on a rejection of Reagan-Bush era analyses of the competitiveness problem, which centered on cost reduction in industry. There are many different forms of technology policy for competitiveness, however. Some center on labor quality, while others center on technological spillovers between industries. An effective policy should promote technological spillovers in the economy. All such policies, moreover, are only effective if they are organized and governed properly. The Clinton-Gore policy has many different programs and methods of governance. This paper argues that it should reinforce the regional level of organization of technology policy formulation and implementation.
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Using an expanded shift share technique to impute international trade-related industrial job change, the extent to which structural changes in trade and defense spending appear to explain state economic performance differentials is explored. The findings show there is limited support for the “trade perimeter” argument, but strong support for the hypothesized relationship between military procurement spending and state trade performance. To the extent that defense commitments, especially to private sector procurement and R & D, have operated as an informal industrial policy, particularly by guaranteeing strong domestic sales, they have enabled a significant number of states peripheral to the traditional industrial heartland to build a strong international trade posture. The conclusion offers observations on the economic development implications of these findings.
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  • 93
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 27 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Recent trends suggest increasing reliance on private markets to provide for local economic well-being. This research demonstrates the study of regional household income distribution patterns associated with productive activities important to many rural areas. A social accounting matrix analysis was used to examine agricultural production, agricultural processing, forestry production, forest products processing, and tourism in a small rural region in Wisconsin to illustrate the variable distributional characteristics of private market structures and related local economic development policy. The results showed that while high income households comprised 22 percent of total regional households in the study area, they received between 57 percent and 63 percent of earned income associated with changes in sectoral factor income. Medium income households (34 percent of regional households) received between 32 percent and 41 percent of earned income, and low income households (44 percent) received between 2 percent and 6 percent. The ability of local policy to influence distributional patterns is implied to the extent that local action can facilitate variable growth rates of targeted economic sectors.
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  • 94
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 27 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Interindustry employment requirements are examined in nonmetropolitan communities ranging in population size between 1,000 and 15,000. A ten-sector economic base model is first used to estimate the demand for nonbasic employment in five different functional types of communities. A new and improved method for community impact assessment is then outlined. Here a distance-weighting procedure is applied to the various type-specific estimates of nonbasic employment so that a composite employment requirements matrix can be calculated for any study community. Finally, postimpact interindustry requirements are decomposed into two effects: preimpact employment requirements plus nonbasic employment shifts reflecting structural change. All estimates and findings are based on the Arizona Community Data Set.
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  • 95
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 27 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper explores the use of empirical evidence to determine whether the exposure of minorities to environmental risks constitutes aversive racism. Connections are drawn between definitions of aversive racism and statistical approaches to research into the relationship between race and risk, paying particular attention to the influence of both non-racial discrimination and industrial location factors. Federal judicial and executive remedies to aversive racism are examined in light of the standards of evidence presented. An empirical study of the connection between race and exposure to toxic releases is then presented for Census block groups in Georgia and Ohio. It was found that the significance of race depends on the breadth of the explanatory model used in the analysis. A model of overall exposure to toxic releases shows that race is significant in a narrow model of discrimination but not in a broader model including industrial location factors. However, a model of targeting of minorities in the recent location of toxics-emitting facilities fails to show discrimination in any of the regression analyses. These findings support the view that environmental justice concerns cannot be addressed through reform of siting processes; broader remedies involving more stringent protection of exposure to toxic emissions are more likely to be effective.
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  • 96
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 27 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Book Reviews in This Article:Lessons From an Optical Illusion. On Nature and Nurture, Knowledge and Values. by Edward M. Hundert.Enforcement At The Epa: High Stakes and Hard Choices. by Joel A. Mintz.The Road to Love Canal: Managing Industrial Waste Before EPA. By Craig E. Colten and Peter N. Skinner.Lewis Mumford And The Ecological Region: The Politics Of Planning. Mark Luccarelh.Cities Without Suburbs by David Rusk. (Second Edition.)Immigration And Its Impact Upon American Cities. By Stephen C. Loveless, Clifford P. McCue, Raymond B. Surette, and Dorothy Norris-Tirrell.From Combines To Computers: Rural Services and Development In The Age of Information Technology. By Amy K. Glasmeier and Marie Howland.Cities and Natural Process. By Michael Hough.
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  • 97
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 27 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This study examines the effects of selected policies on economic efficiency in 81 developing countries by pooling cross-country data over various subperids between 1961–90. An incremental output-capital ratio is the measure of economic efficiency, while the policy variables include: export orientation, size of the public sector, directed credit program through development bank lendings, financial depth (computed as the ratio of the flow of real value of monetary liabilities to real GDP), inflation rate, real interest rate, and real exchange rate distortion. The export-orientation, financial depth, and real interest rate are found to promote economic efficiency, while other policy variables are found to hinder it.
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  • 98
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 27 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Access to credit in lower-income communities has become an increasingly central public policy issue in financial sector regulation over the past five years. One important reform was the establishment of purchasing goals for the government-sponsored secondary mortgage markets (Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac) in 1992. This paper examines the central city lending goal, using the St. Louis MSA as a case study. Census tracts are clustered according to five variables argued to impede secondary market purchases of home loans in some neighborhoods. Borrower characteristics and lending patterns are compared across the clusters of tracts, and across central city and suburban tracts. Clustered tracts are found to be more strongly related to a set of key lending variables than are tracts divided according to central city/ suburban boundaries. The paper concludes that targeting affirmative lending requirements on the basis of neighborhood characteristics rather than political or statistical divisions may provide a more appropriate framework for efforts to expand access to credit. However, the analysis of spatial differences in lending patterns raises a number of questions that require further research.
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  • 99
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 27 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The aim of this study is to broaden the understanding of the impact of tourism on local government expenditures. Specifically, a regression model is developed to examine the hypothesis that there is a direct relationship between the degree of reliance of the local economy on tourism and local government expenditures. This study indicates that the degree of reliance of a local economy on tourism does have a statistically significant impact on the level of capital outlays, transportation, police protection, fire protection, corrections, parks and recreation, financial administration, and general government administration expenditures. This analysis indicates that the share of tourism in the local economy can influence expenditures on a variety of local government services, thus tourism should not be regarded as a totally costless instrument of economic development.
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  • 100
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 27 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of locational and individual characteristics upon interstate retiree migration, particularly in state-level public policy variables. Data regarding the characteristics of individual movers are drawn from the 1990 US. Census of Population and Housing 5% Public Use Microdata Sample. The household data are merged with location-specific attributes including both natural amenities and local fiscal variables. Three specifications of the model are estimated. The “push” model analyzes the impact of origin characteristics upon migration between states, while the “pull” model demonstrates the influence of destination characteristics upon interstate migration. The final specification is the “difference” model, which measures the actual changes in site characteristics experienced by migrants in their location decisions. The results indicate that both personal and locational characteristics are important factors determining the decision of elderly migrants to change their state of residence. While there is some limited support for the push and pull specifications, the difference model is found to provide the best overall fit.
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