ALBERT

Description: Behavior of different planar multilayer periodic structures due to plane wave excitation has been studied using the transfer matrix method. Multilayer structure is composed of odd number of slabs and the layers at odd locations have same characteristics and layers at even locations have same characteristics. For each structure, layers at odd locations are of chiral nihility metamaterial whereas three different cases are considered for layers at even locations, i.e., dielectric, chiral and chiral nihility. Effects of polarization rotation due to the optical activity of material's chirality is studied with respect angle of incidence and frequency in THz region. Chiral nihility adds property of transparency to the structure for normal incidence. Chiral nihility-chiral nihility structure for normal incidence yields transparency whereas same structure for oblique incidence yields total rejection at higher frequencies. Content Type Journal Article Pages - DOI 10.3233/JAE-131724 Authors Nayyar Abbas Shah, Department of Electronics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Faiz Ahmad, Department of Physics, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan Aqeel A. Syed, Department of Electronics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Qaisar A. Naqvi, Department of Electronics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416

Description: The contact behavior between a transversely isotropic piezoelectric material and a rigid-conducting punch of flat-end was analyzed under the condition that there is no biased-electric potential applied to the punch. Two limiting cases were studied; one was for semi-infinite piezoelectric materials and the other for piezoelectric films with contact radius much larger than the film thickness. Analytical relationships were derived between the indentation load and the indentation depth and between the indentation-induced potential and the indentation depth. Both the indentation load and the indentation-induced potential are proportional to the indentation depth. For the adhesive contact, the pull-off force is proportional to the 3/2 power of the punch radius for semi-infinite piezoelectric materials and to the square of the punch radius for piezoelectric films. The piezoelectric charge coefficient determined from the contact deformation of a piezoelectric film with contact radius much larger than the film thickness is only dependent on dielectric constant and piezoelectric constant. Content Type Journal Article Pages - DOI 10.3233/JAE-131721 Authors Fuqian Yang, Materials Program, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA. Tel.: +1 859 257 2994; Fax: +1 859 323 1929; E-mail: fyang0@engr.uky.edu Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416

Description: This paper deals with the novel structure and coupling analysis of a 3-degrees of freedom (3-DOF) conical magnetic bearing. The conical stators of the bearing are designed symmetrical to provide the axial control exclusively, and the radial stators are separated by nonmagnetic material between X and Y channels, so the magnetic flux path can be separated among different channels. The configuration and working principle of the bearing are provided, and the mathematical model is derived based on the bias and control magnetic circuits. In order to evaluate the degree of force coupling between different channels, the concept of coupling factor is proposed, which is defined as the ratio of force variation caused by coupling to the original force when there is no coupling. The coupling factors are analyzed not only among the translational movement of X, Y and Z channels but also between the translational and rotational degrees of freedom. The calculation results show that although the component coupling factors of each magnetic poles are a little larger, the resultant ones in X, Y and Z directions of the designed bearing are all less than 4%. Therefore, the magnetic forces and torques of different channels are weakly coupled, and it is convenient for the control of the magnetic bearing. Content Type Journal Article Pages - DOI 10.3233/JAE-131725 Authors Chun'e Wang, Science and Technology on Inertial Laboratory, Fundamental Science on Novel Inertial Instrument and Navigation System Technology Laboratory, Beihang University, Beijing, China Jiancheng Fang, Science and Technology on Inertial Laboratory, Fundamental Science on Novel Inertial Instrument and Navigation System Technology Laboratory, Beihang University, Beijing, China Jiqiang Tang, Science and Technology on Inertial Laboratory, Fundamental Science on Novel Inertial Instrument and Navigation System Technology Laboratory, Beihang University, Beijing, China Jinji Sun, Science and Technology on Inertial Laboratory, Fundamental Science on Novel Inertial Instrument and Navigation System Technology Laboratory, Beihang University, Beijing, China Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416

Description: In order to improve recycling quality of asphalt mixtures based on microwave heating, thermoelectric coupling theory is researched. Heat conduction equation is built according to Fourier's Law. Series model, parallel model and Maxwell model are studied to solve thermal conductivity of asphalt mixtures. Radiation field model of pyramidal horn antenna is set up and mean value of electric field intensity is measured by experiment. Thermoelectric coupling model is built on the basis of dielectric property of asphalt mixtures. Numerical simulation is performed for the model. It is found that influence of asphalt-aggregate ratio on temperature field is not distinct. Average temperature of asphalt mixtures is related to microwave power and increases with microwave power linearly. The asphalt mixtures using diorite as aggregate have a strongest adsorption capability to energy. The result can simulate hot in-place regeneration process, and has important significance to improve regeneration quality of asphalt mixtures. Content Type Journal Article Pages - DOI 10.3233/JAE-131722 Authors Tongsheng Sun, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, Anhui, China. Tel.: +86 553 287 1252; E-mail: suntongsheng@ahpu.edu.cn Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416

Description: Design optimization of antennas is challenging, in most cases it involves electromagnetic (EM) simulations. High-fidelity simulation is computationally expensive and, therefore, employing EM solver in an optimization loop may be prohibitive. In this paper, we discuss optimization approaches that exploit coarse-discretization EM simulations as a low-fidelity model, and allow us to locate the optimum design of the antenna at a low computational cost. Some practical issues, including the importance and selection of the model fidelity are also discussed. Content Type Journal Article Pages - DOI 10.3233/JAE-131726 Authors Slawomir Koziel, School of Science and Engineering, Engineering Optimization and Modeling Center, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland Stanislav Ogurtsov, School of Science and Engineering, Engineering Optimization and Modeling Center, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416

Description: The paper proposes an optimization procedure suited to design the shape and the current feed of active coils. A suitable spline-based basis is used for the coil geometry modeling, based on a rather limited number of optimization parameters. In order to simplify the constraints treatment, a set of knot points are introduced, linked with the design degrees of freedom. Content Type Journal Article Pages - DOI 10.3233/JAE-131727 Authors Andrea Gaetano Chiariello, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e della Informazione, Seconda Università di Napoli, Aversa, Italy Alessandro Formisano, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e della Informazione, Seconda Università di Napoli, Aversa, Italy Raffaele Martone, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e della Informazione, Seconda Università di Napoli, Aversa, Italy Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416

Description: Polysaccharides account for more than 90% of the content of fungal cell walls, but the mechanism underlying the formation of the architecture of the cell walls, which consist of microfibrils embedded in an amorphous wall matrix, remains unknown. We used electron microscopy to investigate ten different fungal cell-wall polysaccharides to determine whether they could self-assemble into the fibrillar or amorphous component of fungal cell walls in a test tube without enzymes. The ultrastructures formed by precipitating β-1,3-glucan and β-1,6-glucan are different depending on the existence of branching in the molecule. Linear β-1,3-glucan and linear β-1,6-glucan precipitate into a fibrillar ultrastructure. Branched β-1,6-glucan, mannan and glycogen precipitates are amorphous. Branched β-1,3-glucan forms a fibrillar plus amorphous ultrastructure. Self-assembly among combinations of different linear and branched cell-wall polysaccharides results in an ultrastructure that resembles that of a yeast cell wall, which suggests that self-assembly of polysaccharides may participate in the development of the three-dimensional architecture of the yeast cell wall.

Description: When considering drug delivery, the amount of drug that can be carried at a particular time and how the drug is incorporated efficiently into cells are important parameters. Transferrin (Tf)-conjugated nanocarriers have been used for the targeted delivery of drugs to cancer cells due to the availability of receptor-mediated clathrin-dependent endocytosis. In general, however, endocytosis seems to differ according to the size and shape of carriers. Large substances are generally internalized into cells by phagocytosis. We studied the internalization mechanism of Tf-conjugated nanoparticles (diameter, 522 nm). Tf-conjugated polystyrene particles were incorporated into cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis with large clathrin-coated vesicles even though their diameter was 〉500 nm and despite that fact that clathrin-coated vesicles have a diameter of 100 nm. This finding suggests that signals for internalization generated by stimulated Tf receptors (TfRs) activate clathrin-mediated endocytosis preferentially. Whether these larger particles could deliver drugs more efficiently than smaller particles was then examined. The toxicity of larger Tf-conjugated biodegradable nanoparticles (poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)) encapsulating doxorubicin (diameter, 216 ± 38 nm) was appreciably dependent on the number of Tf molecules conjugated on a particle and the number of TfRs expressed on the cell membrane. Larger Tf-conjugated particles delivered drugs to cancer cells expressing many TfRs more selectively than their smaller counterparts (diameter, 56 ± 9 nm) if they were decorated with an appropriate number of Tf molecules.

Description: Structural biology relies on good-quality protein crystals in order for structure determination. Many factors affect the growth process of a protein crystal including the way it nucleates and the types of damage and contamination during its growth. Although the nucleation process and quality of a crystal is vital to structure determination, they are both under-studied areas of research. Our research begins to explore ways of measuring the quality of protein crystals, using TEM, thus overcoming the problems associated with viewing wet specimens in a vacuum. Our current understanding of nucleation is that it is a two-step mechanism involving the formation of nuclei from dense liquid clusters; however; it is still unclear whether nuclei first start as amorphous aggregates or as crystalline lattices. Potentially, electron diffraction may be capable of uncovering this process. Using TEM imaging and diffraction of lysozyme as a model protein crystal, we report the internal two-dimensional strain and the density of crystallites in a protein crystal, at a resolution never seen before. The TEM diffraction shows unique features of crystal mosaicity that can be directly correlated to TEM images.

Description: The cotyledon of legume seeds is a storage organ that provides nutrients for seed germination and seedling growth. The spatial and temporal control of the degradation processes within cotyledons has not been elucidated. Calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals, a common calcium deposit in plants, have often been reported to be present in legume seeds. In this study, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) was employed at the SPring-8 facility to examine the three-dimensional distribution of crystals inside cotyledons during seed maturation and germination of Lotus miyakojimae (previously Lotus japonicus accession Miyakojima MG-20). Using this technique, we could detect the outline of the embryo, void spaces in seeds and the cotyledon venation pattern. We found several sites that strongly inhibited X-ray transmission within the cotyledons. Light and polarizing microscopy confirmed that these areas corresponded to CaOx crystals. Three-dimensional observations of dry seeds indicated that the CaOx crystals in the L. miyakojimae cotyledons were distributed along lateral veins; however, their distribution was limited to the abaxial side of the procambium. The CaOx crystals appeared at stage II (seed-filling stage) of seed development, and their number increased in dry seeds. The number of crystals in cotyledons was high during germination, suggesting that CaOx crystals are not degraded for their calcium supply. Evidence for the conservation of CaOx crystals in cotyledons during the L. miyakojimae germination process was also supported by the biochemical measurement of oxalic acid levels.

Description: The electron irradiation damage of MFI-type zeolite was estimated under various accelerating voltages of 100, 200 and 300 kV from successively captured high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images. To determine the optimal accelerating voltage for HRTEM imaging of electron-sensitive MFI zeolite, the critical dose was estimated from the disappearance of a specific fast Fourier transform spot calculated from experimental images. Based only on the electron dose, a higher voltage was more advantageous. However, taking into account the minimum dose for imaging with a CCD camera, the optimal accelerating voltage for imaging MFI zeolite was 200 kV. The minimum dose for image detection with a CCD camera was surmised from the output/input signal ratio dependence on the accelerating voltage and the contrast range in simulated HRTEM images.

Description: The magnetic field generated by a magnetic recording head is evaluated using electron holography. A magnetic recording head, which is connected to an electric current source, is set on the specimen holder of a transmission electron microscope. Reconstructed phase images of the region around the magnetic pole show the change in the magnetic field distribution corresponding to the electric current applied to the coil of the head. A simulation of the magnetic field, which is conducted using the finite element method, reveals good agreement with the experimental observations.

Description: A new multilayer-coated varied line-spaced grating, JS4000, was fabricated and tested for extending the upper limit of a grating X-ray spectrometer for electron microscopy. This grating was designed for 2–3.8 keV at a grazing incidence angle of 1.35°. It was revealed that this new multilayer structure enables us to take soft-X-ray emission spectra continuously from 1.5 to 4.3 keV at the same optical setting. The full-width at half maximum of Te-L α1,2 (3.8 keV) emission peak was 27 eV. This spectrometer was applied to indium tin oxide particles and clearly resolved Sn-L α (3444 eV) and In-L β1 (3487 eV) peaks, which could not be resolved by a widely used energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer.

Description: For development of advanced materials, characterization using a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) including analysis via X-ray energy-dispersive spectrometry and electron energy-loss spectrometry is essential. Recent advances in aberration-corrected instruments have offered large-scale data acquisition at a high resolution for limited acquisition times both in imaging and in analysis. Further advanced procedures are required to analyze such large-scale datasets more efficiently including quantification. In addition, more simplified tuning procedures are crucial to the best possible resolution in the latest aberration-corrected instruments. In this review article, several approaches to perform advanced electron microscopy, which the author has been developing with his colleague, are described as ‘Microscopy Hacks’. These are (i) quantification and elemental/chemical-imaging procedures, (ii) advanced statistical approaches to handle large-scale datasets and (iii) instrument characterization and tuning procedures including the latest development of an ad hoc autotuning procedure for aberration-corrected STEM imaging.

Description: The crystal structure of a new type of molybdenum oxide crystal encapsulated in a single-walled carbon nanotube (CNT) was examined via diffraction and spectroscopic techniques using both X-rays and electron beams. This new type of molybdenum oxide crystal has a chemical bonding state of MoO 3 , as confirmed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and the MoO 3 units exhibit axial symmetry, as clarified by electron diffraction from bundled and individual CNTs encapsulating the crystal. To obtain three-dimensional information on the structure, a cross-sectional sample was prepared using a conventional dimple and ion-mill method. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy images exhibit ring-like shapes that originated from the arrangement of the MoO 3 units inside the CNTs, as observed along the tube axis. The units are spaced 0.36 nm from each other in a ring arrangement and the distance between each ring is 0.391 nm.

Description: This review summarizes the recent advances in three-dimensional (3D) imaging techniques and their application to polymer nanostructures, for example, microphase-separated structures of block copolymers. We place particular emphasis on the method of transmission electron microtomography (electron tomography for short; hereafter abbreviated as ET). As a result of recent developments in ET, truly quantitative 3D images of polymer nanostructures can now be obtained with subnanometer resolution. The introduction of scanning optics in ET has made it possible to obtain large amounts of 3D data from micrometer-thick polymer specimens by using conventional electron microscopes at a relatively low accelerating voltage, 200 kV. Thus, ET covers structures over a wide range of thicknesses, from a few nanometers to several hundred nanometers, which corresponds to quite an important spatial range for hierarchical polymer nanostructures. ET provides clear 3D images and a wide range of new structural information that cannot be obtained using other methods. Information traditionally derived from conventional microscopy or scattering methods can be directly acquired from 3D volume data. ET is a versatile technique that is not restricted to only polymer applications; it can also be used as a powerful characterization tool in energy applications such as fuel cells.

Description: The performances of a newly developed 80–200 kV cold field emission gun (CFEG) transmission electron microscope (TEM) integrating a spherical aberration corrector for a TEM image-forming lens have been evaluated. To begin, we show that the stability of both emission and probe currents makes use of this new CFEG much friendlier. The energy spread of electrons emitted from the CFEG has been measured as a function of emission current and shows a very last 0.26 eV energy resolution at 200 kV and even 0.23 eV at 80 kV. The combination of the CFEG and the CEOS™ aberration corrector, associated with enhanced mechanical and electrical stabilities of this new microscope, allows reaching an information transfer below 75 pm at 200 and 80 pm at 80 kV. This unseen resolution at 200 kV has allowed us to study the structure of CoPt nanoparticles by observing direct images of their atomic arrangement along the high indexes zone axis. We have evidenced the presence of defects in these nanostructures that are not parallel to the electron beam. The precise stoichiometry of two iron oxides, FeO and Fe 2 O 3 , has been determined from an analysis of iron valence state that was obtained from a direct analysis of EELS fine structures spectrum of the two oxides.

Description: Data mining from noisy data/images is one of the most important themes in modern science and technology. Statistical image processing is a promising technique for analysing such data. Automation of particle pickup from noisy electron micrographs is essential, especially when improvement of the resolution of single particle analysis requires a huge number of particle images. For such a purpose, reference-based matching using primary three-dimensional (3D) model projections is mainly adopted. In the matching, however, the highest peaks of the correlation may not accurately indicate particles when the image is very noisy. In contrast, the density and the heights of the peaks should reflect the probability distribution of the particles. To statistically determine the particle positions from the peak distributions, we have developed a density-based peak search followed by a peak selection based on average peak height, using multi-reference alignment (MRA). Its extension, using multi-reference multiple alignment (MRMA), was found to enable particle pickup at higher accuracy even from extremely noisy images with a signal-to-noise ratio of 0.001. We refer to these new methods as stochastic pickup with MRA (MRA-StoPICK) or with MRMA (MRMA-StoPICK). MRMA-StoPICK has a higher pickup accuracy and furthermore, is almost independent of parameter settings. They were successfully applied to cryo-electron micrographs of Rice dwarf virus. Because current computational resources and parallel data processing environments allow somewhat CPU-intensive MRA-StoPICK and MRMA-StoPICK to be performed in a short period, these methods are expected to allow high-resolution analysis of the 3D structure of particles.

Description: The sensory nerve endings of the rat tongue, cheek and palate were studied using immunohistochemical staining and transmission electron microscopy analysis. The specimens were fixed in modified Karnovsky solution and embedded in Spurr resin. Substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)- and protein gene product 9.5 (PGP b9.5)-containing nerve fibers in the rat tongue, cheek and palate were examined by electronic microscopical analysis and immunohistochemical localization. These fibers run very close to the basal lamina of the epithelium and extend into the filliform and fungiform papillae. Numerous plexiform fibers immunoreactive for substance P, CGRP and PGP 9.5 were found in the connective tissue of mucosa. Electron microscopic observations showed clearly immunostained nerve fibers, which are located very close to the basal lamina of epithelial cells. Some electron-dense granules may be observed in the axoplasms of both substance P and CGRP immunoreactive fibers. Several lamellar corpuscles into the subepithelial connective tissue papillae, Merkel corpuscles and numerous thin unmyelinated and myelinated axons were observed. The terminal axons revealed numerous mitochondria, neurofilaments, microtubules and clear vesicles in the base of axoplasmic protrusions. The lamellar cells showed caveolae and interlamelar spaces filled by amorphous substance. Between the lamellar cells and axoplasmic membrane, and in the adjacent lamellae region, desmosome-type junctions were observed. The quantitative and morphometric analysis showed nerve endings with an average area of 4.83 ± 3.4 μm 2 and 19.4 internal mitochondria in this site and the organized corpuscles with an average area of 79.24 ± 27.24 μm 2 and 24.23 internal mitochondria in this place. All the structures observed are involved in the transmission of pain and mechanoreceptors stimulus of these oral mucosae.

Description: The F-actin cytoskeleton of Cryptococcus neoformans is known to comprise actin cables, cortical patches and cytokinetic ring. Here, we describe a new F-actin structure in fungi, a perinuclear F-actin collar ring around the cell nucleus, by fluorescent microscopic imaging of rhodamine phalloidin-stained F-actin. Perinuclear F-actin rings form in Cryptococcus neoformans treated with the microtubule inhibitor Nocodazole or with the drug solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or grown in yeast extract peptone dextrose (YEPD) medium, but they are absent in cells treated with Latrunculin A. Perinuclear F-actin rings may function as ‘funicular cabin’ for the cell nucleus, and actin cables as intracellular ‘funicular’ suspending nucleus in the central position in the cell and moving nucleus along the polarity axis along actin cables.

Description: To evaluate the advantages of combination of two advanced electron microscopic technologies such as serial block-face scanning electron microscopy and double-axis electron beam tomography, we analyzed the three-dimensional morphology of cellular relationships between dendritic and plasma cells in the synovial membrane from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, using the combined approach.

Description: The low-energy Ar-ion milling method was used to prepare ultrathin specimens for transmission electron microscope observation. The samples were thinned initially by a usual focused ion beam technique or typical Ar-ion milling with a high energy of 2–10 keV and were thinned additionally by an Ar-ion beam with an energy less than 1 keV, typically 500–900 eV. This low-energy ion beam was scanned over the specimen, and secondary electrons induced by the ion beam could be detected to form secondary electron images with a resolution of a few micrometre. Because a desired area can be selected and thinned by the low-energy ion beam, redeposition or cross contamination from irradiation of a metal grid that supports the sample can be prevented. It was shown that the low-energy Ar-ion beam thins a surface amorphous damage layer preferentially and effectively rather than a crystal specimen. Images from ultrathin specimens of two different materials revealed a detailed structure.

Description: We propose a general global optimal algorithm to optimize the miniature permanent magnet structure of a micro magnetic resonance chip (μ NMR-chip). For this purpose, we analyze the sensitivity of the permanent magnet structure to the design variables and determine the optimization variables. After this, radial basis function neural networks (RBFNNs) are constructed to model the objective functions, and the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA II) is improved by introducing a different weighting factor for each objective function in calculating the crowding distance. Combining the RBFNN with the improved NSGA II optimizes the miniature permanent magnet structure. Through comparison, the optimization solutions are proven effective. Finally, the optimized permanent magnet structure is manufactured and tested experimentally. After optimization, the volume of the permanent magnet block is reduced by 39%, and the permanent magnet becomes easier to manufacture. Content Type Journal Article Pages - DOI 10.3233/JAE-131678 Authors Rongsheng Lu, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Hong Yi, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Weiping Wu, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Yun Jiang, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Zhonghua Ni, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416

Description: In this paper, we propose a new method for solving the Loney's solenoid benchmark problem based on stem cells algorithm (SCA). The key idea of the algorithm is using a modified version of our proposed stem cells optimization method that can efficiently achieve the best solution for the position and size of two correcting coils in the famous Loney's solenoid problem. The results show the superiority of the proposed method on other previously proposed methods for electromagnetic optimization. Content Type Journal Article Pages - DOI 10.3233/TAD-131675 Authors Mohammad Taherdangkoo, Taba Medical Imaging Center, 444 Felestin Street, Shiraz, 713 475 3151, Iran. Tel.: +98 711 231 7801; Fax: +98 711 235 7088; E-mail: mtaherdangkoo@yahoo.com Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416

Description: In this paper the dynamical characteristics of a ferrofluid acceleration sensor are studied experimentally and theoretically. The stiffness coefficient and damping coefficient are key factors in dynamical characteristics of a ferrofluid acceleration sensor. The damping coefficient depends on the viscosity of ferrofluid. The experimental data is very close to theoretical calculation. Content Type Journal Article Pages - DOI 10.3233/TAD-131677 Authors Qiang Li, Department of Mechatronic Engineering, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, Hubei, China Zuobin Yuan, Department of Mechatronic Engineering, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, Hubei, China Yongming Yang, Department of Mechatronic Engineering, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, Hubei, China Jun Lv, Department of Mechatronic Engineering, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, Hubei, China Hui Xiang, Department of Mechatronic Engineering, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, Hubei, China Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416

Description: In this paper, radar target recognition is given by KSDA (kernel scatter-difference discriminant analysis) pattern recognition on RCS (radar cross section). The kernel method converts the traditional FLDA (Fisher linear discriminant analysis) to a nonlinear high-dimensional space and such a kernel technique is called KFDA (kernel Fisher discriminant analysis). The basic concept of KFDA is to map training samples in the original space to a high-dimensional feature space via a nonlinear mapping function. Pattern recognition is then implemented in the feature space through extracted nonlinear discriminant features. However, as the kernel within-class scatter matrix is singular, the optimal discriminant features can not be achieved directly. To improve this drawback of KFDA, this study utilizes the scatter difference as the discriminant function, i.e., KSDA, to implement radar target recognition. The KSDA can modify the Fisher discrimination function and then serves as an efficient tool of radar target recognition. As a result, the computational complexity is reduced and then the computational speed is increased. Of great importance, the proposed target recognition scheme (based on KSDA) can still work well even though the kernel within-class scatter matrix is singular. Our KDSA based target recognition scheme is accurate, efficient and has good ability to tolerate random noises. Content Type Journal Article Pages - DOI 10.3233/JAE-131673 Authors Sheng-Chih Chan, Department of Systems and Naval Mechatronic Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan Kun-Chou Lee, Department of Systems and Naval Mechatronic Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416

Description: As a novel electromagnetic non-destructive evaluation (NDE) technique, capacitive imaging (CI) has been successfully used on a various types of materials, including concrete, glass/carbon fibre composite, steel, etc. In this work, studies on the design principles for the CI probes were presented. Firstly, measures for the evaluation of the CI probe performance are presented. The concept of volume of influence is then raised, to evaluate the imaging ability of a given CI probe. Examples of CI probe designs are then provided, namely symmetric and concentric geometries. Design factors, such as separation between electrodes, guard electrodes, and electrode shapes are also discussed and examined experimentally. CI scans were performed on two typical specimens, namely Perspex and aluminium, to evaluation the imaging performance of CI probes with different geometries. Content Type Journal Article Pages - DOI 10.3233/JAE-131676 Authors Xiaokang Yin, Center for Offshore Engineering and Safety Technology, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, Shandong, China David A Hutchins, Advanced Imaging and Measurement Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK Guoming Chen, Center for Offshore Engineering and Safety Technology, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, Shandong, China Wei Li, Center for Offshore Engineering and Safety Technology, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, Shandong, China Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416

Description: The railgun system is an electromechanical coupled system. The electromagnetic field may cause an essential change of the dynamic behaviors of the railgun system. Here, considering the changes of the electromagnetic force caused by the rail displacement, the electromechanical coupled dynamic equations for the rail are given. Using these equations, the natural frequencies of the railgun system and their changes along with the system parameters are investigated, the vibration modes of the railgun system are discussed, and the forced responses of the rail to the running electromagnetic force are analyzed. The results show that the moving electromagnetic force causes the changes of the natural frequencies for the railgun system. As the armature moves, the vibration modes of the rail are change as well. The electromechanical coupled effects change the forced responses of the rail to the running electromagnetic load. The effects are more obvious for larger armature distance and current, small distance between the two rails and stiffness of the elastic foundation. The results are useful for design and application of the railgun system. Content Type Journal Article Pages - DOI 10.3233/TAD-131671 Authors Yanbo Geng, Xuzhou Jiangsu Construction Machinery Research Institute, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China. E-mail: yanbo211@163.com Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416

Description: Mostly in industrial spray applications pneumatic systems are utilized for operating the automatic spray gun. Linear motor can be one of the alternatives for triggering the spray gun instead of pneumatic systems due to its accuracy in valve positioning according to the required flow rate. From this point of view a tubular linear permanent magnet motor has been designed using Permeance Analysis Method (PAM) and developed. Three permeance models have been developed for PAM analysis. Among these three models, only one model is selected as a PAM model which can be produced the required amount of thrust for triggering the spray gun. After selecting the PAM thrust model, the size of the motor has been optimized by analyzing the effect of thrust constant, electrical and mechanical time constant. Finally based on the optimized data, the motor has been fabricated and tested that shows the good argument with the analysis result. Content Type Journal Article Pages - DOI 10.3233/JAE-131723 Authors A.K.M. Parvez Iqbal, Center for Advanced Mechatronics and Robotics, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia Ishak Aris, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Selangor, Malaysia M. Norhisam, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Selangor, Malaysia Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416

Description: The aim of this study is to analyze and investigate some techniques to reduce eddy current losses in permanent magnets. First, a model using Maxwell's equations to analyze eddy current in permanent magnets is presented. Second, the effect of magnet circumferential segmentation on the eddy current losses in case of a surface mounted permanent magnets synchronous machine is investigated. A simple analysis of magnet demagnetization due to its eddy current losses is also studied. In a third step, second technique for reducing eddy current losses is presented. It relates to the stator slots skew, where the best skewing angle is obtained by means of an optimization process using genetic algorithm. A 2D nonlinear finite elements code is developed to achieve the purposes of the presented work. Content Type Journal Article Pages - DOI 10.3233/JAE-131720 Authors Belli Zoubida, Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jijel, Jijel, Algeria Mohamed Rachid Mekideche, Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jijel, Jijel, Algeria Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416

Description: A crawling robot with a magnetic binder called CROMAB is developed and the finite element magnetic analysis and the speed control system of the robot are studied. CROMAB is designed to be used on the slopped surface and to perform pipe-cutting, welding, or similar process onto the work-surface. The robot binds itself to the magnetic-permeable surface using magnetic force and autonomously travels along the work-path. In the current research, the particular application of pipe-cutting process is considered. A repetitive learning controller is designed and implemented to maintain a constant velocity and consistent cutting performance by compensating the varying gravitational effect caused by the position change of the robot and the nonlinear disturbances caused by mechanical defects of the robot. An accelerometer-based angular displacement estimation system is developed and implemented for the improved control performance.The magnetic binding system is analyzed by using an finite element analysis tool. The numerical analysis of the magnetic system and the experimental results of the control system verify the effectiveness of CROMAB. Content Type Journal Article Pages 191-205 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2011-1358 Authors Sung-Whan Lee, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea Jeonghoon Yoo, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea Sungsoo Rhim, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 1-2 / 2011

Description: This paper describes the development of a hand rehabilitation system for stroke patients. Our objective is to provide fine motion assistance in exercises for a hand and fingers. Thus, a hand rehabilitation device that assists patient's finger movements was developed. Because this device has 18 degrees of freedom, it is difficult for disabled patients to use it by themselves. Therefore, an appropriate control strategy and a control system are required to allow it to be used safely and effectively. In light of this requirement, a control system was developed that comprises four separate controllers. This paper presents the structure of the control system and introduces the control protocols used in the hand rehabilitation system. Content Type Journal Article Pages 151-158 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2011-1353 Authors Satoshi Ito, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan Satoshi Ueki, Toyota National Colleges of Technology, Toyota, Japan Koji Ishihara, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan Masayuki Miura, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan Haruhisa Kawasaki, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan Yasuhiko Ishigure, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan Yutaka Nishimoto, School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 1-2 / 2011

Description: Human characteristics are supposed to be applied to the control systems of the human-friendly robots. Therefore, it is important to know the human characteristics in human-robot cooperative tasks. In this study, we considered a single rotational degree of freedom experimental system as well as a mass-spring-damper-friction dynamic model for the human arm, measured the torque acting on the armload from subject's forearm and the angular displacement of subject's forearm using the force sensor and the eddy current sensor, analyzed their mutual relation, and attained the characteristics of the human arm with the effect of the gravity load. We compared this cooperative motion to that studied without the gravity load and found that the damping and friction characteristics remained unchanged and the spring characteristics disappeared. In this case, the characteristics of the follower's arm had no relationship with the weight of the load. Content Type Journal Article Pages 95-107 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2011-1348 Authors Yuanxin Wang, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mie University, Tsu, Japan Ryojun Ikeura, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mie University, Tsu, Japan Nan Zhang, RIKEN-TRI Collaboration Center for Human Interactive Robot Research, Nagoya, Japan Hideki Sawai, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mie University, Tsu, Japan Soichiro Hayakawa, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mie University, Tsu, Japan Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 1-2 / 2011

Description: A new possibility of residual stress detector is proposed for iron based materials through measurement of angle resolved Barkhausen noise which is known as phenomena of dynamic magnetic process. It is important for keeping safety of our society to early detect metal fatigue, therefore the convenient residual stress detector will be available especially for machines including any robots given heavy loads Content Type Journal Article Pages 71-74 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2011-1345 Authors Katsuhiko Yamaguchi, Faculty of Symbiotic Systems Science, Fukushima University, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan Kazuhito Imae, Faculty of Symbiotic Systems Science, Fukushima University, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan Osamu Nittono, Faculty of Symbiotic Systems Science, Fukushima University, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan Toshiyuki Takagi, Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Koji Yamada, Faculty of Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Saitama, Japan Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 1-2 / 2011

Description: This paper presents a method for indoor personal positioning especially addressing on a simple gait measurement using a body-mounted inertial sensor, a walk path estimation algorithm, and a trajectory identification technique. Considering utility of on-site customer traffic tracking, the method was designed to be autonomous needless of neither external measures nor cumbersome installations to the environment. The inertial sensor combining three-dimensional accelerometer, angular rate sensors, and geomagnetic sensors was used to assess walking dynamics and to obtain changes of heading directions. To avoid an inherent problem of the walk trajectory estimation by conventional dead-reckoning algorithm, an advanced probabilistic map matching method which employs a Particle filter was developed. The experiment with healthy male adults was evaluated to confirm the utility of the method in a condition of small retail store. The result showed that the proposed method demonstrated sufficiently feasible tacking which delineated personal trajectories and positioning while shopping. The method showed possible availability with the portable instrument and improved estimation accuracy by the advanced probabilistic map matching which identifies proper routings on the basis of the maximum likelihood. The method will be useful to enhance ambulatory personal tracking technique in daily indoor environment. Content Type Journal Article Pages 75-83 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2011-1346 Authors Yasuaki Ohtaki, Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan Dan Hu, Yokogawa Electric Corporation, Tokyo, Japan Koichi Hashimoto, Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan Hikaru Inooka, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 1-2 / 2011

Description: The lack of carers for senior citizens and physically handicapped persons in our country has now become a huge issue and has created a great need for carer robots. The usual carer robots (many of which have switches or joysticks for their interfaces), however, are neither easy to use it nor very popular. Therefore, haptic devices have been adopted for a human-machine interface that will enable an intuitive operation. At this point, a method is being tested that seeks to prevent a wrong operation from occurring from the user's signals. This method matches motions with EMG signals. Content Type Journal Article Pages 121-130 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2011-1350 Authors S. Horihata, Laboratory of Physics, School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Nihon University, Chiba, Japan H. Iwahara, Gifu University, Japan K. Yano, Mie University, Japan Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 1-2 / 2011

Description: To solve energy supply problems for ubiquitous equipment, dynamic analysis of a gyroscopic power generator that uses the kinetic energy developed from human movement is proposed. In the generator, a rotor increases its spinning velocity by precession and friction caused by input vibration. This paper first presents an analytical method of rotor movement. The equations of motion are derived by using Euler's equation and their approximate solution is obtained by assuming the spinning velocity is constant. Then the output power of the prototype generator is estimated by using the solution. The output power of the ideal generator was shown to be 0.11 W and 0.85 W during walking and running, respectively. Content Type Journal Article Pages 131-139 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2011-1351 Authors Tomohiro Ishii, Department of Human and Engineered Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Jun Iwasaki, Department of Human and Engineered Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Hiroshi Hosaka, Department of Human and Engineered Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 1-2 / 2011

Description: In this paper an active random noise control using adaptive learning rate neural networks with an immune feedback law is presented. The adaptive learning rate strategy increases the learning rate by a small constant if the current partial derivative of the objective function with respect to the weight and the exponential average of the previous derivatives have the same sign, otherwise the learning rate is decreased in proportion to its value. The use of an adaptive learning rate attempts to keep the learning step size as large as possible without inducing oscillation. In the proposed method, because an immune feedback law is changing the learning rate of the neural networks individually and adaptively, it is expected that the neural cost function will reach its minimum rapidly, resulting in a reduced training time. Numerical simulations and experiments of active random noise control with the transfer function of the error path will be performed to validate the convergence properties of the method. Control results show that the adaptive learning rate neural network control structure can outperform linear controllers and conventional neural network controllers for active random noise control. Content Type Journal Article Pages 29-39 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2011-1341 Authors Minoru Sasaki, Department of Human and Information Systems Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan Takumi Kuribayashi, Department of Human and Information Systems Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan Satoshi Ito, Department of Human and Information Systems Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan Yoshihiro Inoue, Department of Mechanical and Systems Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 1-2 / 2011

Description: This paper presents a frequency-dependent damping element, called an analog input shaper (AIS), to improve the stability of haptic interaction with virtual or real environments. High frequency inputs to a haptic interface, which usually occur in the collision with very stiff objects, can bring limit cycle oscillations and instabilities. In order to reduce these high frequency inputs and thus to improve the stability of haptic interaction, the AIS is added to the haptic system. Moreover, the AIS is applied to a passivity-based haptic stability control algorithm, called an energy-bounding algorithm (EBA), to increase the displayed impedance range by the EBA. Through scaled teleoperation experiments using an atomic force microscope (AFM), we show that the AIS can enhance stability during haptic interaction and consequently increase impedance range that a haptic interface can stably display. Also, we show that the AIS can alleviate conservativeness of the passivity-based haptic control algorithms. Content Type Journal Article Pages 11-27 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2011-1340 Authors Yo-An Lim, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea Jong-Phil Kim, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Korea Jeha Ryu, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 1-2 / 2011

Description: This paper presents a system identification process and control system design of an artificial neural network based suspension assembly with self-sensing micro-actuator for hard disk drives. Artificial neural networks can be used effectively for the identification and control of nonlinear dynamical systems such as flexible micro-actuators and self-sensing systems. Three neural networks are developed for the self-sensing micro-actuator. The first for system identification, the second for inverse modeling for control using the signal from a laser sensor, and the third for inverse modeling for control using the signal from a self-sensing piezoelectric. We also use a neural network inverse model to control the suspension assembly which includes a micro-actuator pair. Simulation and experimental results show that good control performance can be achieved using artificial neural networks. Content Type Journal Article Pages 63-70 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2011-1344 Authors Minoru Sasaki, Department of Human and Information Systems Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan Hiroyuki Yamada, Department of Human and Information Systems Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan Yoonsu Nam, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kangwon National Univeristy, Chunchon, Korea Satoshi Ito, Department of Human and Information Systems Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan Yoshihiro Inoue, Department of Mechanical and Systems Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 1-2 / 2011

Description: Tracking position control of a linear magnetic actuator implemented on distributed control network was studied. In the distributed control system involving a discrete-time controller and a linear magnetic actuator, time delay happens as the controller reads the sensor data or sends out the control input to the actuator located at a local or a remote site. In many cases the time delay is not ignorable, and has significant effect on the control system performance. In order to compensate for the adverse effect of the time delay, the modified Smith predictor was introduced to the control system. The results of simulation and experiment show that the performance of linear magnetic actuator can be improved by augmenting the modified Smith predictor onto the existing control system. With the modified Smith predictor, the position error is reduced and the constant disturbance is suppressed. Content Type Journal Article Pages 3-10 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2011-1339 Authors Ki Won Song, School of Information, Communications, and Electronics Engineering, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea Gi Sang Choi, Department of ECE, University of Seoul, Seoul, Korea Gi Heung Choi, Departemnt of Mech Systems Engg, Hansung University, Seoul, Korea Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 1-2 / 2011

Description: A robot manipulator control method using an electromyogram (EMG) from a human face is proposed. The robot has a three-degree-of-freedom arm with an end effector installed on the tip of the robot. The amplitude of the EMG signal generated from the masseter, a jaw muscle, is used to control the robot hand velocity and to grasp the object. The difference of the EMG level between right and left masseter determines the hand's direction of movement. The open-close control of the robot hand is activated by detecting double clenches performed within 0.6 s. Low-pass filters of two kinds are applied to the measured EMG to enable reliable and effortless control of the velocity and grasping task. Picking, transferring, and placing of a brick object are performed. The effectiveness of the proposed method was verified. Content Type Journal Article Pages 85-93 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2011-1347 Authors Koichi Sagawa, Faculty of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan Orie Kimura, Nihon System Design, Inc., Hokkaido, Japan Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 1-2 / 2011

Description: The problem in improving the high positioning precision of permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM) for direct drive conveyer is the large detent force, which contains two components: one is the cogging force caused by the interaction between the permanent magnet (PM) and the iron core, the other is the end effect caused by the finite mover length. In this paper a force compensator in the field oriented control (FOC) algorithm is employed to reduce this detent force, thus the thrust and the normal force characteristics analyses of PMLSM are of the most importance. First the characteristics of the thrust and the normal force are simulated by finite element method (FEM), and the relation of the thrust and the normal force to the q-axis current is analyzed. Then the components of detent force are defined by Fourier series using the curve fitting method, and compensated by injecting the instantaneous currents using the FOC method. Finally the dynamic characteristics of this PMLSM for direct drive conveyer are investigated, and the numerical results are reported to validate the effectiveness of this proposed method. Content Type Journal Article Pages 41-48 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2011-1342 Authors Yu-wu Zhu, Power Electronics Application Lab. Dong-A University, Busan, Korea Sang-geon Lee, Power Electronics Application Lab. Dong-A University, Busan, Korea Yun-hyun Cho, Power Electronics Application Lab. Dong-A University, Busan, Korea Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 1-2 / 2011

Description: This paper describes quick and stable standing and sitting motion of an inverted pendulum type robot by whole-body motion including force control. The whole-body motion is achieved by controlling composite center of gravity of the robot, and damping force control of a wrist-roller is employed to assure the stability of inverted pendulum control on a contact situation with the ground. Motion planning of standing and sitting based on the proposed control method is also proposed. Standing and sitting motion using the proposed motion control and motion planning is simulated with a dynamic simulator, ODE (Open Dynamics Engine). From the simulation results, it was confirmed that the robot successively realized the standing and sitting motion quickly and stably. Content Type Journal Article Pages 167-175 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2011-1355 Authors Seonghee Jeong, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Osaka Electro-Comunication University, Neyagawa, Japan Takayuki Takahashi, Faculty of Symbiotic Systems Science, Fukushima University, Fukushima, Japan Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 1-2 / 2011

Description: A new kind of motion base is proposed for the purpose of setting up a user-friendly interaction system on a desktop. It aims at generating motion in various situations with a large range of movement using a simple mechanism, and generating motion adequate for an interaction with a man and for computer application. In this paper, a prototype of the motion base is developed. Its mechanism consists of a combination of a wheel drive locomotion mechanism and a 3-degrees of freedom (DOF) parallel link mechanism in parallel. It is aimed at generating 3 DOF translational motion on a desktop with a simple mechanism as a whole and with a large range of movement, especially in the horizontal direction. In consideration of application for man-computer interaction, the prototype is controlled by a microprocessor, a microcontroller and FPGA. This paper presents a description of the concept of the motion base for a desktop interaction system, the prototype mechanism, the control system and the preliminary experiment which demonstrates typical translational motions. Content Type Journal Article Pages 183-189 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2011-1357 Authors Susumu Tarao, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo National College of Technology, Tokyo, Japan Toshihiko Koiwa, Group of Production and Manufacturing, Ichinoseki National College of Technology, Hagisho, Japan Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 1-2 / 2011

Description: This paper presents a passivity based control method combined with velocity estimation by an extended Kalman filter for a magnetically levitated flexible beam with both ends free by two electromagnets. An energy-based analysis concludes that the system can be decomposed into two passive subsystems: a mechanical subsystem consisting of the flexible beam and an electrical subsystem consisting of the electromagnets. We designed a passivity based controller independently for each subsystem. An output feedback controller for the mechanical subsystem computes the desired force that is required to achieve position convergence and vibration suppression of the flexible beam. A feed forward controller for the electrical subsystem computes the input voltage for the electromagnets to generate the desired force. In a practical point of view, structural and economic considerations restrict simultaneous usage of both position sensors and velocity sensors while the control strategy requires accurate measurements of the position and velocity of the flexible beam. We employ the extended Kalman filtering technique in order to estimate the velocity of the flexible beam from the measured micro-displacement vibration at a high sampling frequency. Effectiveness of the proposed controller and velocity estimator is demonstrated by a numerical simulation. Content Type Journal Article Pages 141-149 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2011-1352 Authors Toshimi Shimizu, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ibaraki University, Ibaraki, Japan Minoru Sasaki, Department of Human and Information Systems Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan Tokuji Okada, Department of Biocybernetics, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 1-2 / 2011

Description: In this paper, we develop a meal assistance robot for people with disabilities of upper limbs and pacemakers in the body. In the robot, ultrasonic motors are used because the motors do not generate an electromagnetic field. The robot is handled using acts of user's eyes so that the people can use it. Moreover, the vibration is small because the arms of our robot move independently of each other. In this paper, we introduce structure of our robot and show the advantage with experiment results. Content Type Journal Article Pages 177-181 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2011-1356 Authors K. Tanaka, Graduate school of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan Y. Kodani, Brother Industries, Co., Ltd., Japan M. Oka, Ube National College of Technology, Ube, Japan Y. Nishimura, Graduate school of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan F.A. Farida, Graduate school of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan S. Mu, Graduate school of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 1-2 / 2011

Description: The present paper describes a two-degree-of-freedom control of a self-sensing micro-actuator for a dual-stage hard disk drive. The two-degree-of-freedom control system is comprised of a feedforward controller and a feedback controller. Two controllers are designed for the two-degree-of-freedom control system, one using the inverse dynamic model for the feedforward controller and one for the feedback controller using a self-sensing signal from the actuator itself. The micro-actuator uses a PZT actuator pair, installed on the assembly of the suspension. The self-sensing micro-actuator can be used to form a combined actuation and sensing mechanism. Experimental results show that the two-degree-of-freedom control approach can be used effectively for the control of the self-sensing micro-actuator system. Content Type Journal Article Pages 159-166 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2011-1354 Authors Minoru Sasaki, Department of Human and Information Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Gifu University, Gifu, Japan Koji Fujihara, Department of Human and Information Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Gifu University, Gifu, Japan Yoonsu Nam, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Korea Satoshi Ito, Department of Human and Information Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Gifu University, Gifu, Japan Yoshihiro Inoue, Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Gifu University, Gifu, Japan Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 1-2 / 2011

Description: In this paper we propose a new rehabilitation training support system of upper limbs with a teaching/guided function for personalized rehabilitation. The proposed teaching/guided function enables the therapists to easily make training trajectories of the resistance training to suit the individual needs of the patients. It is shown in this paper that two kinds of training programs requested by therapists can be made by using the teaching/guided function. In the algorithm of the teaching/guided function, the impedance control and modification of training trajectory are used. The availability of the teaching/guided function is verified experimentally. Content Type Journal Article Pages 109-119 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2011-1349 Authors Masaki Uchida, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Suzuka National College of Technology, Mie, Japan Yoshifumi Morita, Department of Computer Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan Masaya Magasaki, Department of Computer Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan Hiroyuki Ukai, Department of Computer Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan Nobuyuki Matsui, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Suzuka National College of Technology, Mie, Japan Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 1-2 / 2011

Description: The nonlinear dynamic model of a class of underactuated mechanical systems (UMSs) in a potential field is built with the Lagrangian method and some system properties are analyzed such as the system passivity. A genetic algorithm (GA) based stable intelligent control algorithm is proposed for the class of UMSs combining fuzzy control and sliding mode control. The real-valued GA is used to adjust the parameters of stable intelligent controller to improve the system performance. The underactuated double-pendulum-type overhead crane (DPTOC) is used to validate the proposed control algorithm. The system is proved to be stabilized asymptotically to its equilibrium with sliding mode theory. Simulation results illustrate the system's complexity and the validity of proposed control algorithm under different conditions. Content Type Journal Article Pages 49-61 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2011-1343 Authors Diantong Liu, Institute of Computer Science and Technology, Yantai University, Shandong Province, China Weiping Guo, Institute of Computer Science and Technology, Yantai University, Shandong Province, China Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 36 Journal Issue Volume 36, Number 1-2 / 2011

Description: Off-axis electron holography can be used to measure the inner potential of a specimen from its reconstructed phase image and is thus a powerful technique for materials scientists. However, abrupt reversals of contrast from white to black may sometimes occur in a digitally reconstructed phase image, which results in inaccurate information. Such phase distortion is mainly due to the digital reconstruction process and weak electron wave amplitude in some areas of the specimen. Therefore, digital image processing can be applied to the reconstruction and restoration of phase images. In this paper, fringe reconnection processing is applied to phase image restoration of a crystal structure image. The disconnection and wrong connection of interference fringes in the hologram that directly cause a 2 phase jump imperfection are correctly reconnected. Experimental results show that the phase distortion is significantly reduced after the processing. The quality of the reconstructed phase image was improved by the removal of imperfections in the final phase.

Description: Diabetes causes oxidative stress, which in turn generates excessive free radicals resulting in cellular damage. Vitamin C is an antioxidant that protects tissues and organs from oxidative stress. The thymus is one of the most important lymphoid organs, which regulates T-lymphocyte proliferation and maturation. The aim of this study is to investigate the protective effects of vitamin C on the thymus of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The mitotic activity and cell integrity of thymic lymphocytes were explored. Wistar Albino rats were divided into three groups: control (Group 1), STZ-diabetes (Group 2) and vitamin C-treated STZ-diabetics (Group 3). Rats received a single intraperitoneal injection of 45 mg/kg STZ to induce diabetes. Vitamin C (20 mg/kg) was administered intragastrically. Semithin and ultrathin sections were examined under a light or an electron microscope, respectively. Considerable numbers of mitotic lymphocytes were observed in the thymus of control rats. In the diabetic rats, however, numbers of mitotic lymphocytes decreased to ~57% of controls, and cell division abnormalities were observed. Additionally, diabetic rats showed degeneration in the structure of the thymus including trabecular thickening, accumulation of lipid vacuoles, heterochromatic nuclei and loss of mitochondrial cristae. Degradation of medullar and cortical integrity was also detected. In the vitamin C-treated STZ-diabetic group, the structure of the thymus and mitotic activity of the lymphocytes were similar to the control group. These results suggest that vitamin C protects the thymus against injury caused by diabetes and restores thymocyte mitotic activity.

Description: We investigated the stability of Pd/ZnO polar interfaces formed by internal oxidation of Pd–Zn alloys by using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, electron energy-loss spectroscopy and convergent-beam electron diffraction. At 1273 K, a $$(111{)}_{\mathrm{Pd}}/(000\overline{2}{)}_{\mathrm{ZnO}}$$ polar interface defaceted and transformed into a curved interface, while another (111) Pd /(0002) ZnO polar interface retained its flatness. The $$(111{)}_{\mathrm{Pd}}/(000\overline{2}{)}_{\mathrm{ZnO}}$$ polar interface lost some stability over non-polar interfaces at 1273 K, while the (111) Pd /(0002) ZnO polar interface remained stable.

Description: Transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation of light metal hydrides is complicated by the instability of these materials under electron irradiation. In this study, the electron kinetic energy dependences of the interactions of incident electrons with lithium, sodium and magnesium hydrides, as well as the constituting element effect on the interactions, were theoretically discussed, and electron irradiation damage to these hydrides was examined using in situ TEM. The results indicate that high incident electron kinetic energy helps alleviate the irradiation damage resulting from inelastic or elastic scattering of the incident electrons in the TEM. Therefore, observations and characterizations of these materials would benefit from increased, instead decreased, TEM operating voltage.

Description: Synaptic plasticity is the process by which long-lasting changes take place at synaptic connections. The phenomenon itself is complex and can involve many levels of organization. Some authors separate forms into adaptations that have positive or negative consequences for the individual. It has been hypothesized that an increase in the number of synapses may represent a structural basis for the enduring expression of synaptic plasticity during some events that involve memory and learning; also, it has been suggested that perforated synapses increase in number after some diseases and experimental situations. The aim of this study was to analyze whether dopamine depletion induces changes in the synaptology of the corpus striatum of rats after the unilateral injection of 6-OHDA. The findings suggest that after the lesion, both contralateral and ipsilateral striata exhibit an increased length of the synaptic ending in ipsilateral (since third day) and contralateral striatum (since Day 20), loss of axospinous synapses in ipsilateral striatum and a significant increment in the number of perforated synapses, suggesting brain plasticity that might be deleterious for the spines, because this type of synaptic contacts are presumably excitatory, and in the absence of the modulatory effects of dopamine, the neuron could die through excitotoxic mechanisms. Thus, we can conclude that the presence of perforated synapses after striatal dopamine depletion might be a form of maladaptive synaptic plasticity.

Description: Unlike in vitro protein dynamics, intracellular protein dynamics are intricately regulated by protein–protein interactions or interactions between proteins and other cellular components, including nucleic acids, the plasma membrane and the cytoskeleton. Alteration of these dynamics plays a crucial role in physiological phenomena such as gene expression and cell division. Live-cell imaging via microscopy with the inherent properties of fluorescent proteins, i.e. photobleaching and photoconversion, or fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, provides insight into the movement of proteins and their interactions with cellular components. This article reviews techniques based on photo-induced changes in the physicochemical properties of fluorescent proteins to measure protein dynamics inside living cells, and it also discusses the strengths and weaknesses of these techniques.

Description: We have developed a method of atomic force microscopy (AFM)-assisted scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) under ambient conditions. An AFM function is used for rapid access to a selected position prior to performing STS. The AFM feedback is further used to suppress vertical thermal drift of the tip–sample distance during spectroscopy, enabling flexible and stable spectroscopy measurements at room temperature.

Description: To elucidate high-temperature plastic deformation (creep) mechanism in materials, it is essential to observe dislocation motion under tensile loading. There are many reports on in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations in the literature; however, the relationship between the dislocation motion and shear stress in 9Cr steel is still not clear. In this study, in order to evaluate this relationship quantitatively, in situ TEM observations were carried out in conjunction with finite element method (FEM) analysis. A tensile test sample was strained at an elevated temperature (903 K) inside a transmission electron microscope, and the stress distribution in the strained sample was analyzed by FEM. The dislocation behavior was clearly found to depend on the shear stress. At a shear stress of 66 MPa, both the dislocation velocity and mobile dislocation density were low. However, a high shear stress level of 95 MPa caused a noticeable increase in the dislocation velocity and mobile dislocation density. Furthermore, in this article, we discuss the dependence of the dislocation behavior on stress. The results presented here also indicate that the relationship between the microstructure and the strength of materials can be revealed by the methods used in this work.

Description: A dual-axis 360° rotation specimen holder was developed for use in reconstructing the three-dimensional (3D) distribution of a magnetic field using a combination of electron holography and tomography. Pillar-shaped specimens are used to obtain accurate reconstruction without a missing angle. The holder's rotation rod can be turned 〉360°; the pillar is set ±45° to the azimuth for both x - and y -axis rotation. Two rotation series of holograms in individual axes are recorded for vector field tomography. The two vector components of the magnetic field are reconstructed directly from the two series of holograms, and the remaining component is calculated using Maxwell's equation, div B = 0. As a result, all 3D magnetic fields are reconstructed.

Description: A new type of electrochemical cell was developed for in situ transmission electron microscopy observation that enables the electrode materials to be conveniently changed. The electrochemical cell was used to observe the electrochemical growth or dissolution of copper islands on a gold film with simultaneous cyclic voltammetry measurements. The copper islands could be explained by three-dimensional growing model.

Description: Aerosol-assisted CVD synthesis, characterisation and gas-sensing application of gold-functionalised tungsten oxide Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems, 3, 325-330, 2014 Author(s): F. Di Maggio, M. Ling, A. Tsang, J. Covington, J. Saffell, and C. Blackman Tungsten oxide nanoneedles (NNs) functionalised with gold nanoparticles (NPs) have been integrated with alumina gas-sensor platforms using a simple and effective co-deposition method via aerosol-assisted chemical vapour deposition (AACVD) utilising a novel gold precursor, (NH 4 )AuCl 4 . The gas-sensing results show that gold NP functionalisation of tungsten oxide NNs improves the sensitivity of response to ethanol, with sensitivity increasing and response time decreasing with increasing amount of gold.

Description: Objectifying user attention and emotion evoked by relevant perceived product components Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems, 3, 315-324, 2014 Author(s): R. Schmitt, M. Köhler, J. V. Durá, and J. Diaz-Pineda A company's aim is to develop products that engage user attention and evoke positive emotions. Customers base their emotional evaluation on product components that are relevant for their perception. This paper presents findings of both identifying relevant product components and measuring emotions evoked by relevant perceived product components. To validate results, the comparison with self-reporting methods identifies similarities and differences between explicit expressed and implicit recorded customer requirements. On the one hand, eye tracking is applied to deduce the attention provoked by perceived product components. In order to link the product strategy with product components, the paper presents results considering the fact that the gaze track is affected by current thoughts. (Köhler et al., 2013, 2014a, b; Köhler and Schmitt, 2012) On the other hand, since self-reporting tools are only useful for obtaining information about the conscious part of customers' emotions, there is a need for measurement methods that measure the changes in physiological signals (bio-signals). Arousal is similar to emotional intensity and is related to the galvanic skin response. Positive or negative emotions are defined by the valence that is measured by facial electromyography. Findings are presented that relate changes in bio-signals on the aesthetical design to the global product impression as well as to emotions and, subsequently, linking changes in physiological signals to the evaluation of semantic concepts and design parameters. The presented approach provides conclusions and valid information about products as well as product components that provoke certain emotions and about product components linked to a certain product concept, which could be part of a product strategy. Consequently, hard facts and special design rules for emotional product design can be deduced.

Description: A Tesla transformer is a source that can generate high voltage with high frequency. It is also known a resonance system becomes two air cored coils. Classic Tesla transformer system consists of a high voltage generator which is usually a Neon Sign Transformer (NST), high voltage capacitor and spark gap electrodes. This paper presents mathematical analysis of the equivalent circuit, measure/calculation of its parameters, reasons of resonance, examine of resonance frequencies and a simple solid state driver with a low voltage in the primary side for a Tesla transformer. Content Type Journal Article Pages 141-150 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2011-1327 Authors Halit Taşkin, Physics Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Zonguldak Karaelmas University, 67100 Zonguldak, Turkey Sırrı Sunay Gürleyük, Electric-Electronic Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Zonguldak Karaelmas University, 67100 Zonguldak, Turkey Zehra Saraç, Electric-Electronic Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Zonguldak Karaelmas University, 67100 Zonguldak, Turkey Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 35 Journal Issue Volume 35, Number 2 / 2011

Description: Challenges for Wireless Mesh Networks to provide reliable carrier-grade services Advances in Radio Science, 9, 377-382, 2011 Author(s): D. von Hugo and N. Bayer Provision of mobile and wireless services today within a competitive environment and driven by a huge amount of steadily emerging new services and applications is both challenge and chance for radio network operators. Deployment and operation of an infrastructure for mobile and wireless broadband connectivity generally requires planning effort and large investments. A promising approach to reduce expenses for radio access networking is offered by Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs). Here traditional dedicated backhaul connections to each access point are replaced by wireless multi-hop links between neighbouring access nodes and few gateways to the backbone employing standard radio technology. Such a solution provides at the same time high flexibility in both deployment and the amount of offered capacity and shall reduce overall expenses. On the other hand currently available mesh solutions do not provide carrier grade service quality and reliability and often fail to cope with high traffic load. EU project CARMEN (CARrier grade MEsh Networks) was initiated to incorporate different heterogeneous technologies and new protocols to allow for reliable transmission over "best effort" radio channels, to support a reliable mobility and network management, self-configuration and dynamic resource usage, and thus to offer a permanent or temporary broadband access at high cost efficiency. The contribution provides an overview on preliminary project results with focus on main technical challenges from a research and implementation point of view. Especially impact of mesh topology on the overall system performance in terms of throughput and connection reliability and aspects of a dedicated hybrid mobility management solution will be discussed.

Description: Meteor radar measurements of mean winds and tides over Collm (51.3° N, 13° E) and comparison with LF drift measurements 2005–2007 Advances in Radio Science, 9, 335-341, 2011 Author(s): C. Jacobi An all-sky VHF meteor radar (MR) has been continuously operated at Collm (51.3° N, 13° E) since summer 2004. The radar measures meteor parameters, diffusion coefficients, and horizontal winds in the mesopause region. There exists a temporal overlap of the MR wind measurements with co-located low-frequency (LF) ionospheric drift measurements until 2007. Comparison of MR and LF semidiurnal tidal phases allows to empirically determine the virtual height overestimation of LF reflection heights due to the group retardation of LF waves. LF reference heights have to be reduced by up to 20 km to match real heights. Correction of LF heights for group retardation allows to determine the wind underestimation by the LF method compared with meteor radar measurements and opens the possibility to continue long-term trend analysis using mesosphere/lower thermosphere winds.

Description: The optimal shape design of a coreless High-Temperature Superconductor (HTS) winding has been defined in terms of finding the position and length of a set of flux diverters, in such a way to minimize an appropriate objective function. Results for both direct and inverse problems are presented. Additionally, the minimization of the objective function has been pursued by solving a material synthesis problem, in which the geometry of the diverters is given, and their permeability is unknown. Content Type Journal Article Pages 93-99 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2011-1381 Authors Paolo Di Barba, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy Maria Evelina Mognaschi, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy Ryszard Palka, Department of Power Engineering and Electrical Drives, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland Antonio Savini, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 37 Journal Issue Volume 37, Number 2-3 / 2011

Description: In this paper, a novel ultra-wide band (UWB) bandpass filter (BPF) and its equivalent circuit model are presented by etching a Sierpinski carpet slot on a single negative metamaterial (MTM) transmission line (TL). The MTM TL, demonstrated with negative permeability within two bands, consists of a Koch slot etched in the ground plane and a series capacitive gap etched in the upper stepped-impedance conductor line. The BPF is investigated in depth using full-wave electromagnetic (EM) simulation, electrical simulation and extracted constitutive EM parameters. Different geometrical elements on the overall performance of the filter are also systematically studied. A set of design guidelines and a simple method to extract lumped-element parameters are derived, which are of a practical value in future design. For verification, the developed BPF is fabricated and measured. Consistent results between simulation and measurement have confirmed the design, showing that the BPF with a relative bandwidth of 140.3% offers many advantages such as compact size, comparable low return loss and insertion loss, sharp and deep out-of-band rejection, and small variation in group delay. Content Type Journal Article Pages 253-262 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2011-1398 Authors He-Xiu Xu, Missile Institute, Air Force Engineering University, Sanyuan, China Guang-Ming Wang, Missile Institute, Air Force Engineering University, Sanyuan, China Xiao-Lei Yang, Missile Institute, Air Force Engineering University, Sanyuan, China Xin Chen, Department of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi'an, China Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 37 Journal Issue Volume 37, Number 4 / 2011

Description: magnetic flux intensity of the rectangular magnet is the function of its location and orientation. With the measured magnetic flux intensities at two points around the rectangular magnet by 3-axis magnetic sensors, a non-linear equation group is established, and the location and orientation of the rectangular magnet can be determined by seeking the solution of the equation group by using general Levenberg-Marquardt (L-M) algorithm. However, the time occupied by general L-M algorithm is too long to realize real-time tracking for the rectangular magnet. We propose an improved method which computes Jacobin Matrix in L-M algorithm in parallel. Making use of the Open Multi-Processing (OpenMP) model, the parallel operation is implemented on the dual-core personal computer. As a result, the real-time tracking for the rectangular magnet is realized, and the tracking curve is smooth. Content Type Journal Article Pages 241-251 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2011-1397 Authors Wan'an Yang, School of Computer and Information Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, China Yan Li, School of Computer and Information Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, China Chao Hu, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Integration Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences/The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China Shuang Song, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Integration Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences/The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 37 Journal Issue Volume 37, Number 4 / 2011

Description: In this paper, by considering the factors that influence the charge height variation along the lightning channel and using Maxwell's equations, general expressions in time domain for the evaluation of electromagnetic fields at an observation point are proposed. The lightning channel is assumed to be perpendicular to the ground surface and the ground conductivity is considered to be perfect. Our results showed that the proposed method has good agreement with the measured values, as we validated the outcome using fields measured at close and intermediate distances from the lightning channel. A set of general equations, which has the ability of evaluating any given channel base current function and current model in time domain is also derived. Content Type Journal Article Pages 275-289 DOI 10.3233/JAE-2011-1400 Authors M. Izadi, Centre of Excellence on Lightning Protection (CELP), Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia M.Z.A. Ab Kadir, Centre of Excellence on Lightning Protection (CELP), Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia C. Gomes, Centre of Excellence on Lightning Protection (CELP), Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia W.F. Wan Ahmad, Centre of Excellence on Lightning Protection (CELP), Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 37 Journal Issue Volume 37, Number 4 / 2011

Description: In this paper, a novel control scheme of PID type internal model control (PID-IMC) using neural network (NN) is proposed for the position control of ultrasonic motor (USM). In the proposed scheme, a new NN controller combined with particle swarm optimization (PSO) based on probability is introduced. The NN controller is employed for tuning the control parameter in PID-IMC for compensating the characteristic changes and non-linearity in USM. On one hand, the application of the proposed method avoids the Jacobian estimation in conventional back-propagation (BP) type NN. On the other hand, the PSO based on probability, originated from tribes-PSO, simplifies the PSO setting by reducing the parameters to be set in USM control. For confirming the effectiveness of the proposed method in position control, a group of experiments have been done on an existent USM servo system and the results are studied in this paper. Content Type Journal Article Pages 59-71 DOI 10.3233/JAE-121626 Authors Shenglin Mu, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan Kanya Tanaka, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 41 Journal Issue Volume 41, Number 1 / 2013

Description: Ozone (O_3) is generated using a voltage controlled inverter of single-phase sinusoidal waveform, in contrast to the current controlled inverter using three phases as used for the control of AC motors. The generated ozone quantity is directly proportional to the frequency as well as the applied voltage of the power supply. In this paper, we propose not only a voltage control inverter running at 600 Hz and a step-up transformer from 220 V to 12 KV using an IGBT inverter, but also a fuzzy inference engine using the MAMDANI Min-Max composition so as to generate high-density ozone. We show that the proposed ozone generation system produces double the quantity of ozone at a higher efficiency level than a conventional ozone system using the current controlled inverter through actual experiments with the developed ozone system. Content Type Journal Article Pages 109-119 DOI 10.3233/JAE-121632 Authors Ilhwan Kim, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Kangwon National University of Korea, Gangwon-do, Korea Chang-Hee Kwon, Department of Information Technology, Hansei University of Korea, Gyeonggi, Korea Wangheon Lee, Department of Information Technology, Hansei University of Korea, Gyeonggi, Korea Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 41 Journal Issue Volume 41, Number 1 / 2013

Description: Based on the theory of magneto-electro-elastic (MEE) multilayered plate and by using the state-vector and propagator matrix approach, the natural characteristics (i.e. modal analyses) of the hard-coating plates are investigated. The hard-coating plates in this study are composed of a purely elastic substrate and one magneto-elastic or electro-elastic coating layer of which the thickness is much smaller compared to the substrate layer. Firstly, every field variable of the hard-coating multilayered plate is written into one of the two state vectors, which are related to each other by the form of matrix-production; Secondly, all the field variables are expanded into the form of infinite trigonometric series, and then the field variables of two adjacent layers are connected by the propagator matrix which is the expression of the unknown natural frequencies; Finally, by applying the boundary conditions at top and bottom surfaces, the natural frequencies can be exactly solved. Numerical examples are provided in the last part, and effect of both coating thickness and coating material properties (with either magnetic or electric effect involved) on the natural frequencies and mode shapes are discussed. The results are also compared with some finite element results. Content Type Journal Article Pages 13-28 DOI 10.3233/JAE-121629 Authors Qingkai Han, School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China Zhengxin Yang, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China Boping Wang, Department of Flight Theory, Aviation University of Air Force, Changchun, Jilin, China Jie Zhang, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China Fei Qi, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China Xuejun Li, Key Laboratory of Health Maintenance for Mechanical Equipment of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, China Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 41 Journal Issue Volume 41, Number 1 / 2013

Description: Cell injection procedure is very essential in the field of molecular biology, and the injection force affects the success rates very much. However, conventional methods of manipulating individual biological cell failed to make use of the injection force information. This article is intended to design a static micro-force sensor with a simple structure which employs the piezoelectric material PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) film as its sensing element to detect the micro-force during cells injection and to develop a close-loop control method to regulate the whole fore-tracking system. A Fuzzy-PID and an ordinary PD feedback control method are employed separately in this article to regulate the micro-force tracking system which is used to carry out automatic living-cell injection tests. Experimental results with different control methods are achieved. And the Fuzzy-PID and PVDF sensor based force control method is validated. Content Type Journal Article Pages 73-86 DOI 10.3233/JAE-121624 Authors Zhiyong Sun, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China Lina Hao, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China Wenlin Chen, School of Resource and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China Zhi Li, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 41 Journal Issue Volume 41, Number 1 / 2013

Description: La_{1-x}(Ca, RE)_xVO_3 (0⩽ x ⩽ 1) composition-spread films were fabricated successfully by Combinatorial Pulsed Laser Deposition (CPLD). The structures and thermoelectric (TE) properties of the films were evaluated paralelly by Concurrent X-ray Diffraction (CXRD) and Multi-channel Thermoelectric Measurement systems respectively. The CXRD (200) peaks of the composition-spread films changed linearly, which indicated that the composition-spread films formed solid solution in the whole composition range (0 ⩽ x ⩽ 1). The effects of oxygen content and the substitutions of Ca and rare earth (RE: Ce, Nd, Eu) ions on TE properties of LaVO_3 were also analysed respectively. There was little change in the Seebeck coefficients of LaVO_3 films grown at different growth temperatures, while the resistivity decreased with the enhance of the growth temperatures. The largest power factor (0.7 μW/cm K2) of LaVO_3 film was obtained at 800°C, while the valence of vanadium ion changed from 3+ to 2+ because of the lack of oxygen. With the increase of the content of Ca2+ ions, the valence of vanadium ion changed from 3+ to 4+, which was responsible for the decrease of TE properties in La1-xCaxVO_3 system. The substitution of RE (Ce, Nd, Eu) ions for La ions changed not only Seebeck coefficient but also resistivity, but power factor (() was not increased obviously. In La1-xCexVO_3 system, La ion took 3+, and Ce ion took 3+ although Ce 4+ was stable in theory, which caused the valence of V ion not changed as expected from 3+ to 2+. The reason may be that the size of Ce 3+ ion is similar to that of La 3+ ion, so Ce takes the valence of 3+ easily in LaVO_3. Content Type Journal Article Pages 29-37 DOI 10.3233/JAE-121628 Authors Qunjiao Wang, Key Laboratory for Electromagnetic Processing of Materials (EPM), Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China Shouwei Chang, Key Laboratory for Electromagnetic Processing of Materials (EPM), Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416 Journal Volume Volume 41 Journal Issue Volume 41, Number 1 / 2013

Description: A new optimizing method of mathematical analytical modeling of induced current for electronic anti-fouling technology is used in the present study to solve the problem of large calculated amount and complex deducing process caused by traditional segmented function method under different excitation signal, and an exact 2D finite element method is used to calculate induced current in a real electronic anti-fouling system, and the finite element calculation results can fit well with the results calculated by the optimizing analytical model of induced current under the excitation signal with different waveform. Furthermore, the average power density of induced current and the efficiency of energy transformation for EAF system are calculated to estimate the system performance under different excitation signal. The calculation result shows that: 1 the positive – negative square wave excitation signal can make the largest average power density of induced current and the sine wave excitation signal makes the smallest; 2 the sawtooth wave excitation signal can make the highest efficiency of energy transformation and the positive – negative square wave excitation signal makes the lowest. Content Type Journal Article Pages - DOI 10.3233/JAE-121643 Authors Yong Han, School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China Yongping Zhao, School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China Mingli Ding, School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416

Description: High-speed on/off valves are widely used in hydraulic and pneumatic systems for their fast response and high control accuracy. As key components, linear actuators significantly affect the performance of the valves. This paper presents a novel linear DC actuator (LDCA) for engine fuel injectors. A permanent magnet (PM) latches the armature of the LDCA to the open and closed end positions. Simultaneously, part of the PM energy is stored in compressed springs, thus accelerating the armature at the initial stage of the transition process. Unlike conventional solenoid actuators, holding current is not required; the current is fed into the LDCA only at each transition period. Modeling and experiment validation are performed to characterize the dynamic performance of the LDCA. By using pulse width modulation and H-bridge driver circuit, the prototype of the LDCA is tested on the test bed. The experimental and simulated data agree well, showing that the LDCA transition time is 1.57 ms over a stroke of 0.25 mm under 0.5 MPa supply pressure, which meets the working requirement for engine fuel injectors. The engine's electric power consumption is reduced by the absence of holding current. Content Type Journal Article Pages - DOI 10.3233/JAE-121639 Authors Yan Shi, School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Liang Liu, School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416

Description: The electromagnetic scattering from two-dimensional two-layer dielectric random rough surfaces is analyzed in this work based on Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. The random rough surface is characterized with Gaussian statistics for surface correlation length and for surface root mean square (RMS) height. The Poggio-Miller-Chang-Harrington-Wu-Tsai (PMCHWT) surface integral equation is adopted and implemented. A rigorous three-dimensional (3-D) multilevel UV method combined with adaptive cross approximation (ACA) is proposed to solve for the unknown electric and magnetic surface currents. By calculating monostaitc statistical radar cross section (RCS) of the layered structure, the influence of the rough surface RMS height, the correlation length, the medium permittivity and the layer thickness on the scattering characteristic is investigated. Content Type Journal Article Pages - DOI 10.3233/JAE-121640 Authors Chao Li, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China Si-Yuan He, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China Jiong Yang, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China Zhe Zhang, School of Engineering, Huazhong University of Agriculture, Wuhan, Hubei, China Bo-Xun Xiao, Geophysics Engineering Center, ChangJiang University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China Guo-Qiang Zhu, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416

Description: This paper addresses the augmentation of a conventional plane electrode arrays electrical impedance tomography (EIT) system to form a combined electrode arrays EIT system. This enhances the system performs of providing more accordant information of objects. The system is build up of 65 electrodes, composing of 4 horizontal and 8 axial intercrossing image planes. A phantom experiment has been taken and the measurements been processed by Tikhonov Regularization algorithm and reconstructed by the data obtained from the corresponding model. From comparing the reconstructed volume of anomaly with the target, the results indicate that the described method augments the EIT 3-D rebuilding to a distinguishable level. The qualitative results illustrate the feasibility of this composite approach in exploiting sensitivity in 3-D space with expectable spatial resolution and positioning accuracy. Moreover, this method effectively reduces the amount of computation and demonstrates the practical potential of EIT for clinical inspection and monitoring. Content Type Journal Article Pages - DOI 10.3233/JAE-121623 Authors Wei He, State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China Peng Ran, State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China Zheng Xu, State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China Bing Li, State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416

Description: Filters have always remained a field of immense interest in the high frequency domain. Emerging applications such as wireless communications continue to challenge RF/microwave filters with ever more stringent requirements-high performance, smaller size, lightweight, and lower cost. In this paper we propose and investigate the application of Electromagnetic Bandgap (EBG) structures for improving the performance of a stub type 5 pole Low Pass Filter with spur line resonators. Whereas the spur line resonators, improve the roll off factor significantly from −22.666 dB/GHz to −38.0893 dB/GHz, the effect of the EBG is evident in reducing the radiation losses of the spur line resonators and getting almost the same return loss and roll off factor. Content Type Journal Article Pages - DOI 10.3233/JAE-121635 Authors Biswajeet Mukherjee, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur, India Shashank Tiwari, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur, India Ajay Lal Samariya, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur, India Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416

Description: Asymptotic ray theory (ART) or Geometrical optics approximation shows singularity in the focal region of focusing systems. Maslov's method is a technique which overcomes the defect of asymptotic ray theory (ART). In this research work, electromagnetic field expressions for a paraboloidal mirror are derived in which incident electromagnetic field is considered to be oblique. In this work polarization of the incidence wave are studied under two cases, when the field is parallel and perpendicular to the assumed meridional plane of incidence. The procedure used to calculate the electromagnetic field in the focal region of paraboloidal mirror is Maslov's method. The numerical integration is performed for the integrals obtained by this technique in order to get information about intensity of field in focal region. Content Type Journal Article Pages - DOI 10.3233/JAE-121638 Authors A. Ghaffar, Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan M. Shoaib, Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan N. Mehmood, Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan M.Y. Naz, Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan M. Azam, Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Q.A. Naqvi, Departments of Electronics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416

Description: Vibration-based piezoelectric energy harvesters usually work at their resonant frequencies. The resonant frequencies can match, at most, one or two ambient exciting frequencies. In order to freely design multiple operating frequencies to match the given exciting frequencies, several oscillators were attached on a piezoelectric cantilever in this paper, which is named as a multi-mode piezoelectric energy harvester (MPEHer). A distributed-parameter model of the MPEHer was established to predict its output power, and then a lumped-parameter model was derived to determine its operating frequencies. With the lumped-parameter model, the oscillator parameters can be searched for given exciting frequencies. Considering the volume and weight limitation in engineering application, optimizing procedures for the MPEHer were further proposed. Following these procedures, an MPEHer limited by the oscillator-to-cantilever mass ratio of 2.7 was designed for two given exciting frequencies. Experiments show that, under the same input excitation, the average output power of the designed MPEHer is increased by 82% compared with that of a classical configuration, i.e. a piezoelectric cantilever with a tip mass. Content Type Journal Article Pages - DOI 10.3233/JAE-121620 Authors Haili Liu, Institute of Intelligent Mechatronics Research, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China Tianzhu Xu, Institute of Intelligent Mechatronics Research, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China Zhenyu Huang, Institute of Intelligent Mechatronics Research, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China Dayue Chen, Institute of Intelligent Mechatronics Research, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416

Description: A hybrid model is proposed with the Prandtl-Ishlinskii operator and feedforward neural network. The hybrid model consists of three layers, where play operator is the transfer function of first layer. The training algorithm for model identification is derived from the backpropagation algorithm. With the measured data of piezoelectric actuator, a simulation is performed and shows that the hybrid model can precisely describe the asymmetric hysteresis loops. Incorporating the hybrid model into a feedforward controller, experiments indicate that the hybrid model exhibits a good performance for real-time control and the maximal tracking error is reduced by 76.75% with feedforawrd and PID controller. Content Type Journal Article Pages - DOI 10.3233/JAE-131648 Authors Yuansheng Chen, Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Jinhao Qiu, Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Hongjun Sun, Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416

Description: On the crack problem of ferromagnetic solids, almost all studies in previous literatures used two simple crack models, e.g., permeable and impermeable crack models. This means that a crack is always assumed to be a slit without thickness (mathematical crack). In fact, when a ferromagnetic solid with a crack is placed in magnetic fields, the mechanical/or magnetic loadings will make the crack opening and the high magnetic fields will be induced inside the deformed crack. Thus, the crack should be modeled as a semi-permeable cavity. In the present work, the semi-permeable crack model is adopted to study the fracture problems of a soft ferromagnetic solid. The general solutions are derived for complex potential functions and the intensity factors of fields. For some special cases, more explicit solutions are given and compared with those in literature. Numerical results are also presented to discuss the effects of magnetic fields inside the crack on fracture behavior of the ferromagnetic solid, and it is found that the model of semi-permeable crack is more reasonable than that of permeable crack or impermeable crack. Content Type Journal Article Pages - DOI 10.3233/JAE-121647 Authors Yan Shi, State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Cun-Fa Gao, State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Chao Chang, State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416

Description: A cloaking device comprised of a metallic cloaked region and a radially inhomogeneous cladding, obeying to a power law, is analyzed. Semi-analytical approximations are performed and simple formulas of the coating's optimal material profile are derived, based on the structure's miniature size. The variations of the coating's permittivities with respect to the operating frequency and the physical dimensions of the structure are shown and discussed. Content Type Journal Article Pages - DOI 10.3233/JAE-121645 Authors Constantinos A. Valagiannopoulos, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo FIN-02105, Finland. E-mail: konstantinos.valagiannopoulos@aalto.fi Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416

Description: Magnetorheological fluid (MRF) exhibits drastic changes in rheological properties adjustable and controllable yield stress under external magnetic field. Based on its specialty, the MRF seal technique is proposed to deal with the air leakage of circular cooler to improve the energy efficiency for the steel industry. MRF is regarded as Bingham fluid with its magnetization vector and magnetic force expressed by mathematical functions. The FEM analysis results show that, under magnetic field, MRF which presents good pressure resistance as a result of its yield stress is in a dynamic equilibrium state in non-magnetic seal groove even with pressure difference, and due to the volume force, it presents unsteady swirl flow obviously at the right-angle edges of the two permanent magnets nearby non-magnetic separator, whereas, due to pressure difference, it shows an obvious flow without magnetic field. In the meantime, according to the experiment, it indicates that the air leakage of circular cooler is solvable effectively with the MRF seal method, and it is also proved that MRF shows controllable yield stress under magnetic field. Content Type Journal Article Pages - DOI 10.3233/JAE-121622 Authors Hongliang Zhou, National Engieering Research Center for Equipment and Technology of Cold Strip Rolling, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China Minghua Bai, National Engieering Research Center for Equipment and Technology of Cold Strip Rolling, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China Yunhua He, National Engieering Research Center for Equipment and Technology of Cold Strip Rolling, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China Subo Ren, National Engieering Research Center for Equipment and Technology of Cold Strip Rolling, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416

Description: We derive two-dimensional equations for high-frequency vibrations of piezoelectric plates from a semi-mixed variational principle with the mechanical displacement vector, the electric potential, and the electric displacement vector as independent fields. This variational formulation allows independent expansions of the three fields into power series of the plate thickness coordinate. Similar to the shear correction factors used in Mindlin's equations for piezoelectric plates to adjust the thickness-shear frequencies predicted by the plate equations slightly so that they become the same as the exact frequencies from the three-dimensional equations, a charge correction factor is conveniently introduced in the plate equations in the present paper so that the inaccuracy of the plate equations in the literature in predicting the charge or current on the electrodes of an electroded plate is corrected. The final equations obtained are convenient and accurate to use for both electroded and unelectroded plates, and for calculating both the voltage and the charge on the electrodes at the plate surfaces in the case of an electroded plate. Content Type Journal Article Pages - DOI 10.3233/JAE-121618 Authors Chunli Zhang, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China Weiqiu Chen, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China Jiashi Yang, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416

Description: In this paper, a 3D numerical simulation method was put forward by coupling magnetic-structural fields, and its reliability was verified through comparing with the experimental data offered by Suzuki. According to the characteristics of electromagnetic expansion of metal tube, this simulation method was used to analyze the uniformity of tube expansion when the length of tube was less than that of the coil. Meanwhile, a curve of homogeneity of electromagnetic tube expansion with different aspect ratios (ratio of length to diameter) of tube was given based on the criterion of uniformity on deformation at the condition of specific parameters presented in this paper. By analyzing the mechanical characteristics of tube expansion, a length range of tube was found where the tube deformed uniformly. The results derived from this paper provided a good guidance for optimization design of electromagnetic ring expansion experiments which will be conducted on and this could ultimately promote the application of electromagnetic forming. Content Type Journal Article Pages - DOI 10.3233/JAE-121641 Authors Fen-Qiang Li, State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China Yang Fang, State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China Jian-Hua Mo, State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China Jian-Jun Li, State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die and Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416

Description: A thin stiff film subjected a compressive force on a compliant substrate can form wrinkles. Buckling stiff piezoelectric thin films hold great applications for micro- and nano-electromechanical systems. The present study focuses on the buckling process of a piezoelectric thin film bonded to a compliant layer, which in turn lies on a rigid support. Nonlinear electromechanical equations for the buckling of a thin piezoelectric plate are employed to model the piezoelectric film poled in the thickness direction. By solving the boundary value problem, the critical buckling condition and the wavelength of the buckles for substrates of various moduli and the thicknesses are obtained and discussed. The effect of piezoelectricity on the critical buckling condition of piezoelectric film is examined. It is found that the piezoelectricity has a stiffening effect, which is not negligible. Content Type Journal Article Pages - DOI 10.3233/JAE-121644 Authors Zhi-Dong Zhou, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China Zhi-Peng Fu, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China Quan Jiang, College of Civil Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416

Description: This paper presents the concept design of a novel uniaxial force sensor with two stage force resolutions. Unlike conventional stain-gauge-based force sensing devices, the developed force sensor measures an external force through measuring the displacement of a movable member suspended by a compliant mechanism. The compliant mechanism is specially designed to have two stiffness values within its workspace. The low stiffness is used for small range and fine resolution force measurement, while the high stiffness is used for large range and coarse resolution force measurement. In order to get the required performance, the static stiffness as well as the dynamics of the sensing system is analyzed both analytically and numerically. After a prototype sensor is fabricated, preliminary characterization tests are carried out to verify the accuracy of the theoretical model and validate the effectiveness of the proposed design. The experimental results indicate that the structure of the force sensor is compact, and it has the ability to measure both micro range and macro range forces within one setup, meanwhile keeps very fine resolutions. Content Type Journal Article Pages - DOI 10.3233/JAE-121642 Authors Jiang Jun, Laboratory of Intelligent Robots and Measurement Technology, School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China Liu Jingmeng, Laboratory of Intelligent Robots and Measurement Technology, School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China Chen Weihai, Laboratory of Intelligent Robots and Measurement Technology, School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China Chen Wenjie, Department of Mechatronics, Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, Singapore, Singapore Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416

Description: The electrohydrodynamic Kelvin-Helmholtz instability of the interface between two uniform superposed viscous and electrically conducting fluids in the presence of a free surface charge has been studied, when there is heat and mass transfer across the interface. Viscous potential flow theory has been used for the investigation. A dispersion relation has been derived for the linear stability analysis and the stability of the system is analyzed theoretically and numerically. Various graphs with respect to physical parameters, such as electric field, heat transfer coefficients, viscosity of the fluids and permittivity ratio have been drawn and effect of various parameters have been described. It has been observed that free surface charge and electric field both have stabilizing effect while heat transfer destabilizes the system. Content Type Journal Article Pages - DOI 10.3233/JAE-121621 Authors Mukesh Kumar Awasthi, Department of Mathematics, I I T Roorkee, Roorkee. E-mail: mukeshiitr.kumar@gmail.com Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416

Description: In this problem, negative viscosity effects are presented on the ferrofluid flow due to a rotating disk. An alternating magnetic field does not single out any direction of the flow but it changes the angular velocity of the particles relative to the vorticity of the flow. The frequency dependent relative magnetization and the angular velocity of the particles are studied here for various dimensionless parameters. Components of ferrofluid velocity and pressure profile are compared with the ordinary case where the frequency of an alternating magnetic field matches with relaxation of magnetization resulting in no effect of negative viscosity on the shear viscosity. The nonlinear coupled differential equations involved here are solved numerically by Shooting Method and the results are graphically expressed. Content Type Journal Article Pages - DOI 10.3233/JAE-121637 Authors Paras Ram, Department of Mathematics, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India Anupam Bhandari, Department of Mathematics, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416

Description: In this paper, an improved MLPG method has been introduced to simplify the algorithm and thus make it more suitable for dealing with engineering problems with complex domains. In the case of a complex domain with an irregular global boundary, it can be very hard to determine the intersections between the local sub-domains and the global boundary. The improvements of the MLPG method make the MLPG method only require the domain integrations. The intersections between local sub-domains and the global boundary as well as boundary integrations have been avoided. A rectangular problem domain and a circular problem domain with exact solutions have been studied in this paper to investigate the accuracy of the improved MLPG method. The results show that compared to the regular MLPG method, the improved MLPG method can have the same accuracy, but the improved method is much easier to deal with irregular boundaries or complex problem domains. Content Type Journal Article Pages - DOI 10.3233/JAE-121646 Authors Wei He, State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment {and} System Security and New Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China Zehui Liu, State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment {and} System Security and New Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China W. Elliott Hutchcraft, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA Richard K. Gordon, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA Ruiqiang Zhang, State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment {and} System Security and New Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China Fan Yang, State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment {and} System Security and New Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416

Description: Due to small size, ease of fabrication; high radiation efficiency, increased bandwidth and low production cost Dielectric Resonator Antennas (DRAs) are very promising for application in wireless communications. Further, the ability to withstand high temperature variations gives it a very wide application range. In our research, a Hemispherical DRA has been investigated whose bandwidth has been enhanced from 11.4% to 16.44% under different structural geometries. It was also found that in some cases there was an improvement of Gain and Bandwidth along with a lower return loss to mark a sharp resonance peak. The results were verified using the S-parameter analysis, Impedance Bandwidth calculation and VSWR at the source port with CST and HFSS solvers. Content Type Journal Article Pages - DOI 10.3233/JAE-121636 Authors Biswajeet Mukherjee, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur, India Ankit Raj, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur, India Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416

Description: Simply to improve the energy conversion process in the switched reluctance motor the magnetic circuit topology must be modified and the losses must be minimized. The magnetic geometry of switched reluctance machines has been effectively fixed for many years. The paper introduces different new magnetic circuit topologies to improve the energy conversion process in the switched reluctance motor. The switched reluctance motors always operate in the transient mode because of the switching process between the phases consequently the iron losses have a high value in comparison with the rest of the electrical machines due to the switching frequency. From this point of view the magnetic circuit of the switched reluctance motor must be re-shaped by a particular way to minimize the losses. There are many advantages of the presented new designs such as they are quite easy to be built and possess an efficient energy conversion process. Content Type Journal Article Pages - DOI 10.3233/JAE-121619 Authors Eyhab El-Kharashi, El-Sarayat Street, Abdou Basha Square, Abbasia, 11517 Faculty of Engineering, Electrical Power and Machines Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. E-mail: EyhabElkharahi@hotmail.com Journal International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics Online ISSN 1875-8800 Print ISSN 1383-5416