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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (83,671)
  • Humans  (26,754)
  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (14,409)
  • SPACE SCIENCES  (12,837)
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  • 1
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    How nature shaped echolocation in animals (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-31
    Description: Echolocation has evolved in different groups of animals, from bats and cetaceans to birds and humans, and enables localization and tracking of objects in a dynamic environment, where light levels may be very low or absent. Nature has shaped echolocation, an active sense that engages audiomotor feedback systems, which operates in diverse environments and situations. Echolocation production and perception vary across species, and signals are often adapted to the environment and task. In the last several decades, researchers have been studying the echolocation behavior of animals, both in the air and underwater, using different methodologies and perspectives. The result of these studies has led to rich knowledge on sound production mechanisms, directionality of the sound beam, signal design, echo reception and perception. Active control over echolocation signal production and the mechanisms for echo processing ultimately provide animals with an echoic scene or image of their surroundings. Sonar signal features directly influence the information available for the echolocating animal to perceive images of its environment. In many echolocating animals, the information processed through echoes elicits a reaction in motor systems, including adjustments in subsequent echolocation signals. We are interested in understanding how echolocating animals deal with different environments (e.g. clutter, light levels), tasks, distance to targets or objects, different prey types or other food sources, presence of conspecifics or certain predators, ambient and anthropogenic noise. In recent years, some researchers have presented new data on the origins of echolocation, which can provide a hint of its evolution. Theoreticians have addressed several issues that bear on echolocation systems, such as frequency or time resolution, target localization and beam-forming mechanisms. In this Research Topic we compiled recent work that elucidates how echolocation – from sound production, through echolocation signals to perception- has been shaped by nature functioning in different environments and situations. We strongly encouraged comparative approaches that would deepen our understanding of the processes comprising this active sense.
    Keywords: QP1-981 ; Q1-390 ; bats ; Biosonar ; Humans ; marine mammals ; sensory biology ; Birds ; Behavior ; Communication ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MF Pre-clinical medicine: basic sciences::MFG Physiology
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Frontiers in Chemistry: Rising Stars (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: The Frontiers in Chemistry Editorial Office team are delighted to present the inaugural “Frontiers in Chemistry: Rising Stars” article collection, showcasing the high-quality work of internationally recognized researchers in the early stages of their independent careers. All Rising Star researchers featured within this collection were individually nominated by the Journal’s Chief Editors in recognition of their potential to influence the future directions in their respective fields. The work presented here highlights the diversity of research performed across the entire breadth of the chemical sciences, and presents advances in theory, experiment and methodology with applications to compelling problems. This Editorial features the corresponding author(s) of each paper published within this important collection, ordered by section alphabetically, highlighting them as the great researchers of the future. The Frontiers in Chemistry Editorial Office team would like to thank each researcher who contributed their work to this collection. We would also like to personally thank our Chief Editors for their exemplary leadership of this article collection; their strong support and passion for this important, community-driven collection has ensured its success and global impact.
    Keywords: Green and Sustainable Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry ; Theoretical and Computational Chemistry ; Polymer Chemistry ; Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry ; Nanoscience ; Catalysis and Photocatalysis ; Supramolecular Chemistry ; Electrochemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry ; Chemical Biology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Chocolate and Health: Friend or Foe? (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: In the ancient past, cocoa has been appreciated as a high-calorie food to boost energy in soldiers and for its undefined medicinal and mystical properties. During other times, chocolate has been considered as the forbidden “food of God”: a treasure of pleasure for the mind and the soul. The overall perception of the consumer for chocolate was of a “charming” and appealing food with lots of negative aspects related to high sugar content leading to consider chocolate as “junk food” for its “obesigen” calories. Recently, in association with the renewed interest of nutrition science in alternative source of health-promoting foods and ingredients, a large body of research has been conducted to unravel the pro and cons of cocoa in relation to human health. Epidemiological evidences indicate that cocoa consumption helps preventing cardiovascular disease for its high content in bioactive flavonoids. Clinical trials show that chocolate consumption might improve vascular function, decreasing platelet aggregation and display an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect. The putative protective action of cocoa seems to be multi-factorial and involving different aspects of vascular, antioxidant and endothelial function. However, the mechanism(s) that account for the benefits of cocoa it is still unclear. The aim of this Research Topic is therefore to provide the reader with an objective picture of the state of art on the association between cocoa and health, mainly through the evidences of human trials; overwhelmingly considered the golden standard for nutritional science. The Research Topic will cover the analysis of the manufacturing processes of the chocolate and the antioxidant effects in humans as well as the majority of the putative health effects of chocolate and cocoa, such as anti-inflammatory properties, effect on immunity, platelet aggregation, blood pressure, endothelial function and cognitive behavior. Unraveling the functional properties of cocoa will help to understand if the 'food of God' is a primordial gift for the health of mankind.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; TX341-641 ; Antioxidants ; Obesity ; Flavonoids ; Humans ; Chocolate ; Blood pressure ; Inflammation ; Cognitive function ; Cocoa ; Immunity
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    The Functional Organization of the Auditory System (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This eBook comprises s series of original research and review articles dealing with the anatomical, genetic, and physiological organization of the auditory system from humans to monkeys and mice.
    Keywords: RC321-571 ; Q1-390 ; audition ; monkeys ; gens ; translational ; Humans ; Rodents ; Memory ; Perception ; Physiology ; functional imaging ; Anatomy ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    The Rehabilitation and Ethnic Vetting of the Polish Population in the Voivodship of Gdańsk after World War II (2022)
    Peter Lang International Academic Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-02
    Description: This book describes the tragedy of a border society that had no place inside the boundaries of a nation-state under totalitarianism. It is the story of citizens of the former Third Reich with Polish ethnic roots in the second half of the 1940s. The story takes place in Gdańsk-Pomerania, which was a difficult homeland for its citizens. This book depicts the consequences of Third Reich’s policies on this territory and the disastrous effects of communist policy towards the indigenous population after 1945. In parallel with exchange of population, the fortunes of the indigenous population unfolded. Based on archival sources, this work presents the fate of Pomeranians and the residents of Gdańsk who had to prove their national usefulness before they joined the post-war life.
    Keywords: Bykowska ; Ethnic ; Gdańsk ; gdańskim ; Gdańsku ; German National List ; Indigenous population ; Instytut ; Kaszubski ; ludności ; narodowościowa ; Nationalhood ; People ; Polish ; Polish citizenship ; polskiej ; Pomerania ; Population ; Recovered Territories ; Rehabilitacja ; Rehabilitation ; światowej ; Verification ; Vetting ; Voivodship ; weryfikacja ; województwie ; wojnie ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHD European history ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBF Social and ethical issues ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBS Social groups, communities and identities ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Chapter Rappresentanza e cittadinanza (2023)
    Firenze University Press | La cittadinanza tra giustizia e democrazia
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-08
    Description: One of the characteristics of advanced democratic societies is their fragmentation. This is a serious challenge for the synthesis activity that political representation has the task of carrying out. Right-wing parties, both moderate and populist, can use the concepts of people and nation. The parties of the left no longer use the concept of class and are therefore in serious difficulty. Tony Blair’s New Labour has used the concept of citizenship. It was an invention that did not have lasting success, but it certainly helped to make the concept very popular, beyond the boundaries of legal language.
    Keywords: Representation ; Citizenship ; Nation ; People ; New Labour ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences
    Language: Italian
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  • 7
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    Spatial memory - a unique window into healthy and pathological ageing (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The global population aged over 60 is set to rise dramatically in the coming decades. In many countries, the older population now faces the prospect of spending a quarter of their lives aged over 65, and a significant proportion will have to cope with cognitive decline associated with normal ageing or with dementia disorders. Given that these fundamental demographic changes will pose a significant challenge to health care systems, a detailed understanding of age-related cognitive and neurobiological changes is essential in helping elderly populations maintain cognitive performance. In addition, developing sensitive biomarkers to identify those at risk of developing dementia is crucial for early and effective interventions. To make inferences about the ageing process from the animal model back to the human, rigorous behavioral paradigms must be used to ensure that the same function is being examined across species. Given that similar navigational paradigms can easily be applied to humans and animals, recent years have seen an expansion of studies attempting to bridge the gap between age-related changes in animal and human spatial cognition. These studies begin to suggest that disruptions in spatial computations are among the earliest indicators of impending cognitive decline. In addition, although many animal studies have identified pathological mechanisms with paradigms involving spatial navigation, these mechanisms support many nonspatial cognitive functions as well. As a consequence, a successful characterization of how spatial processing changes in the ageing brain could reveal fundamental effects of cognitive ageing that could inform about general mechanisms underlying decline in perception, mnemonic processing and multisensory integration.
    Keywords: RC321-571 ; Q1-390 ; Neuroscience ; spatial navigation ; Humans ; Aging ; Animal Models ; Dementia ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Miunças 5. Avulsos da História Moderna. Instituições, Pessoas e Conflitos (2021)
    Coimbra University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: Some less extensive articles and works that were understood to deserve representation received the designation of miunças. The fourth of these compilations is now in the public, which is reserved for the Avulses of modern history: institutions, people and conflicts. It gathers writings dated from 1973 to 2016, which is imagined that they maintain the coherence of the historiographical thought of the author. With special attention to the social aspects of the policies that were undertaken by kings and lords from the end of the 15th century to the 18th century. D. Manuel, D. João III, D. Sebastião deserve some attention. As deserves the daring navigator that was Vasco da Gama or the prelate illustrious that was D. Jerónimo Osório. There are also some issues concerning the Inquisition and the Restoration of the independence of 1640 (and its antecedents). The aim is to analyze some social aspects, which are not strictly political or merely generators of conflicts. Synthesis of military and diplomatic history was reserved for another confrontation, the war of the succession of Spain, with which opened the 18th century peninsular. Which has not only had effects in Europe but has greatly impacted in South America, on the borders between the Portuguese and Spanish colonial domains. Also Brazil of the second half of the same century is a little more known, with the attempt to cover the action of Francisco Xavier de Mendonça Furtado as governor of Grão-Pará and Maranhão. The policy, in relation to the practice of specialized mathematical knowledge, is still marked by the study on the demarcation of the borders of Mato Grosso. Out of research, and just the result of a reflection on geography and history, have gathered yet to this set. A useful divagings in a term of dedication to the knowledge in which both subjects were central.
    Keywords: Institutions ; Modern history ; Miunças ; Conflicts ; People
    Language: Portuguese
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  • 9
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    Chapter Fazioni e popolo in una provincia del dominio pontificio fra XIII e XIV secolo (2022)
    Firenze University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: Between the 13th and 14th centuries, a number of cities in the inchoative papal state experimented a system of self-government that allowed the Guelph and Ghibelline factions, formally represented in those same bodies on an equal footing, to work alongside the more strictly communal magistracies. The case of Todi is rather well known, given the role that Bartolo da Sassoferrato assigns to it in his Tractatus de guelphis et gebellinis (ca. 1350), but current research has already ascertained that this political tradition appeared at least around 1260. Some evidence can suggest, however, that some form of integration of factions into the local institutional framework was possible elsewhere, and not far away, at Amelia for example. Here, in the new statute of the people (1343), we find a distribution of the roles of the priorato based on factions. At Todi, in 1337, something similar had happened: the statute issued that year followed the establishment of an explicitly popular regime which, in continuity with local tradition, integrated Guelphs and Ghibellines within it. The examples of these, and perhaps other, communities in the province of the Patrimonio di San Pietro in Tuscia can thus add some useful elements to the discussion of the problem of factions and their role in the communal and post-communal political order, and in particular the relationship between the people (popolo) as an institutional system and the parties.
    Keywords: Middle Ages ; 13th-14th centuries ; Todi ; Factions ; People ; Papal State.
    Language: Italian
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  • 10
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    Hidden Depths (2022)
    White Rose University Press | White Rose University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-06
    Description: In Hidden Depths, Professor Penny Spikins explores how our emotional connections have shaped human ancestry. Focusing on three key transitions in human origins, Professor Spikins explains how the emotional capacities of our early ancestors evolved in response to ecological changes, much like similar changes in other social mammals. For each transition, dedicated chapters examine evolutionary pressures, responses in changes in human emotional capacities and the archaeological evidence for human social behaviours. Starting from our earliest origins, in Part One, Professor Spikins explores how after two million years ago, movement of human ancestors into a new ecological niche drove new types of collaboration, including care for vulnerable members of the group. Emotional adaptations lead to cognitive changes, as new connections based on compassion, generosity, trust and inclusion also changed our relationship to material things. Part Two explores a later key transition in human emotional capacities occurring after 300,000 years ago. At this time changes in social tolerance allowed ancestors of our own species to further reach out beyond their local group and care about distant allies, making human communities resilient to environmental changes. An increasingly close relationship to animals, and even to cherished possessions, appeared at this time, and can be explained through new human vulnerabilities and ways of seeking comfort and belonging. Lastly, Part Three focuses on the contrasts in emotional dispositions arising between ourselves and our close cousins, the Neanderthals. Neanderthals are revealed as equally caring yet emotionally different humans, who might, if things had been different, have been in our place today. This new narrative breaks away from traditional views of human evolution as exceptional or as a linear progression towards a more perfect form. Instead, our evolutionary history is situated within similar processes occurring in other mammals, and explained as one in which emotions, rather than ‘intellect’, were key to our evolutionary journey. Moreover, changes in emotional capacities and dispositions are seen as part of differing pathways each bringing strengths, weaknesses and compromises. These hidden depths provide an explanation for many of the emotional sensitivities and vulnerabilities which continue to influence our world today.
    Keywords: Human demography ; Group size ; Lithic transfers ; Raw material movements ; Bonobos ; Dog burial ; Comfort ; Symbolic objects ; Symbolism ; Mobiliary art ; Attachment fluidity ; Hypersociability ; Human-animal relationships ; Dog domestication ; Attachment object ; Approachability ; Approach behaviour ; Avoidance behaviour ; Androgens ; Physiological responses ; Cognitive Archaeology ; Autism Spectrum Condition ; Handaxe ; Biface ; Neurodiversity ; Palaeolithic stone tools ; Evolution of neurodiversity ; Rock art ; Ice age art ; Material Culture ; Cultural transmission ; Emotional commitment ; Biopsychosocial approach ; Social tolerance ; Attachment ; Genus Homo ; Acheulian ; Cultural evolution ; Skeletal abnormality ; Injury ; Illness ; Interdependence ; Emotional sensitivity ; Moral emotions ; Evolution of Altruism ; Hominins ; Upper Palaeolithic ; Lower Palaeolithic ; Ecological niche ; Selective pressure ; Behavioural ecology ; Wolves ; Affective empathy ; Cognitive empathy ; Theory of mind ; Human Cognition ; Vulnerability ; Evolutionary Psychology ; Developmental psychology ; Helping behaviours ; Social cognition ; Social mammals ; Human Emotion ; Human social collaboration ; Generosity ; Emotional brain ; Social emotions ; Comparative behaviour ; Evolution ; Social carnivores ; Primate behavioural ecology ; Primate social systems ; Human Evolution ; Human ancestors ; Collaboration ; Evolutionary Biology ; Emotional vulnerability ; Social connection ; Decolonisation ; Social networks ; Middle Palaeolithic ; Community resilience ; Convergent evolution ; Chimpanzee ; Origin of modern humans ; Social safeness ; Wolf domestication ; Cherished possessions ; Compensatory attachment ; Loneliness ; Palaeolithic art ; Stress reactivity ; Bonding hormones ; Humans ; Hunter-gatherers ; Intergroup collaboration ; Tolerance ; Emotional connection ; Autism ; Trust ; Early Prehistory ; Palaeopathology ; Origins of healthcare ; Human self-domestication ; Palaeolithic Archaeology ; Social brain ; Care-giving ; Empathy ; Neanderthals ; Compassion ; Social Connection ; Evolution of Emotions ; Human Origins ; Adaptation ; Prehistory ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHM Anthropology ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HD Archaeology ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAF Ecological science, the Biosphere ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAJ Evolution ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPW Political activism::JPWQ Revolutionary groups & movements ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JM Psychology
    Language: English
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