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  • 1
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    Measuring industry coagglomeration and identifying the driving forces (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-20
    Description: Understanding industry agglomeration and its driving forces is critical for the formulation of industrial policy in developing countries. Crucial to this process is the definition and measurement of agglomeration. We construct a new coagglomeration index based purely on the location of firms. We examine what this index reveals about the importance of transport costs, labour market pooling and technology transfer for agglomeration processes, controlling for overall industry agglomeration. We compare the results based on our new measure to existing measures in the literature and find very different underlying stories at work. We conclude that in conducting analyses of this kind giving consideration to the source of agglomeration economies, employees or entrepreneurs, and finding an appropriate measure for agglomeration, are both crucial to the process of identifying agglomerative forces.
    Keywords: L14 - Transactional Relationships ; Contracts and Reputation ; Networks, L60 - General, O14 - Industrialization ; Manufacturing and Service Industries ; Choice of Technology, O33 - Technological Change: Choices and Consequences ; Diffusion Processes
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Electronic ISSN: 1468-2710
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 2
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    Single-firm case studies in economic geography: some methodological reflections on the case of Zara (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-04-14
    Description: In this article, I reassess the undeserved reputation of Inditex’s Zara as a ‘home-sewn exception to globalization’ for supposedly keeping manufacturing at home despite larger trends; and I use the occasion to make a case for rigorous, evidentially strong single-firm case studies. In the process, I draw attention to the manner in which the value-adding qualities of scholarly work are being judged in economic geography; and argue that the prioritization of novelty over unenhanced readings of realities may encourage case studies to be presented as more unique and exceptional than they actually are.
    Keywords: D21 - Firm Behavior, F23 - Multinational Firms ; International Business, L14 - Transactional Relationships ; Contracts and Reputation ; Networks, L25 - Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope, L67 - Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Electronic ISSN: 1468-2710
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 3
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    Regulation of Natural Gas in the United States, Canada, and Europe: Prospects for a Low Carbon Fuel (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-01-29
    Description: The United States and Canada have seen a competitive and technological revolution in unconventional natural gas production in the 21 st Century—dramatically lowering the price of gas and displacing high-carbon coal with low-carbon gas for power generation. This gas revolution came from an earlier revolution in the regulation of gas pipelines, which ended the obstruction of gas markets by pipeline interests. Neither revolution has spread to Europe, where increasingly protectionist EU legislation has effectively blocked competitive pipeline entry and related gas markets. As a result, unconventional gas is untapped, coal displaces gas for power generation, and oil-linked gas prices have cost EU consumers a staggering $425 billion more than their US counterparts have paid since 2009 for about the same quantity of gas. Europe faces a serious institutional challenge to adopting the kind of pipeline regulation that facilitates the competitive flow of natural gas supplies and the accompanying lower carbon emissions. ( JEL : D23, K23, L14, L51, L95, N70, Q54)
    Keywords: D23 - Organizational Behavior ; Transaction Costs ; Property Rights, K23 - Regulated Industries and Administrative Law, L14 - Transactional Relationships ; Contracts and Reputation ; Networks, L51 - Economics of Regulation, L95 - Gas Utilities ; Pipelines ; Water Utilities, N70 - General, International, or Comparative, Q54 - Climate ; Natural Disasters ; Global Warming
    Print ISSN: 1750-6816
    Electronic ISSN: 1750-6824
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Political Science , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 4
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    Managing Quantity, Quality, and Timing in Indian Cane Sugar Production: Ex Post Marketing Permits or Ex Ante Production Contracts? (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-30
    Description: Private sugar processors in Andhra Pradesh, India use an unusual form of vertical coordination. They issue ‘permits’ to selected cane growers a few weeks before harvest. These permits specify the amount of cane to be delivered during a narrow time period. This article investigates why processors create uncertainty among farmers using ex post permits instead of ex ante production contracts. The theoretical model predicts that ex post permits are more profitable than ex ante contracts or the spot market under existing government regulations in the sugar sector, which include a binding price floor for cane and the designation of a reserve area for each processor wherein it has a legal monopsony for cane. The use of ex post permits creates competition among farmers to increase cane quality, which increases processor profits and farmer costs. Empirical analysis supports the hypothesis that farmers operating in private factory areas have higher unit production costs than do their counterparts who patronize cooperatives.
    Keywords: L14 - Transactional Relationships ; Contracts and Reputation ; Networks, L22 - Firm Organization and Market Structure, L66 - Food ; Beverages ; Cosmetics ; Tobacco ; Wine and Spirits
    Print ISSN: 0258-6770
    Electronic ISSN: 1564-698X
    Topics: Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 5
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    The Economics of Collective Reputation: Evidence from the Wine Industry (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-03-14
    Description: We use original data regarding the array of Italian winery coalitions (wine denominations) to analyze the economics and determinants of collective reputation. We first run a cross-sectional analysis with 2008 data and the full set of control variables, then move to the dynamics of collective reputation with panel data analysis on a 30-year time span (1978–2008). Group reputation is history-dependent. In particular, past bad collective behavior increases the probability of being stuck in a "bad reputation trap." Minimum quality standards and effective enforcement are fundamental drivers of group reputation. The relationship between group size and collective reputation is non-linear: free entry may not be optimal due to free-riding problems. Finally, institutional signals such as the wine classification system are useful because they can be used by consumers as easily available proxies for information that is much more difficult to acquire.
    Keywords: L14 - Transactional Relationships ; Contracts and Reputation ; Networks, L15 - Information and Product Quality ; Standardization and Compatibility
    Print ISSN: 0002-9092
    Electronic ISSN: 1467-8276
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 6
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    The Economic Effects of Counterfeiting and Piracy: A Review and Implications for Developing Countries (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-10
    Description: Policy makers around the world recognize the potentially harmful consequences of trademark counterfeiting and copyright piracy. Indeed, many countries have recently initiated policy reforms to strengthen the enforcement of intellectual property rights (IPR). Further, minimum standards of enforcement have been incorporated in many international treaties, especially trade agreements. This emphasis on enforcement raises basic questions about the actual impacts of IP rights infringement, which differ across the types of IPR and economic sectors. We review the academic literature and other studies in the public domain to evaluate what has been learned about these socioeconomic effects, with an emphasis on developing countries where possible. We also identify important gaps in our understanding of the consequences of counterfeiting and piracy and develop recommendations on how governments might collect data and conduct studies to better inform IPR enforcement policy.
    Keywords: L14 - Transactional Relationships ; Contracts and Reputation ; Networks, O31 - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives, O34 - Intellectual Property Rights
    Print ISSN: 0257-3032
    Electronic ISSN: 1564-6971
    Topics: Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 7
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    Payment by Results in Development Aid: All That Glitters Is Not Gold (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-10-28
    Description: Payment by Results (PbR), where aid is disbursed conditional upon progress against a pre-agreed measure, is becoming increasingly important for various donors. There are great hopes that this innovative instrument will focus attention on ultimate outcomes and lead to greater aid effectiveness by passing the delivery risk on to recipients. However, there is very little related empirical evidence, and previous attempts to place it on a sure conceptual footing are rare and incomplete. This article collates and synthesises relevant insights from a wide range of subfields in economics, providing a rich framework with which to analyze Payment by Results. I argue that the domain in which it dominates more traditional forms is relatively small and if it is used too broadly, many of the results it claims are likely to be misleading. The likelihood of illusory gains stems from the difficulty of using a single indicator to simultaneously measure and reward performance: ‘once a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure.’ This does not mean PbR should not be used (indeed it will be optimal in some settings), but it does mean that claims of success should be treated with caution.
    Keywords: F35 - Foreign Aid, D86 - Economics of Contract: Theory, L14 - Transactional Relationships ; Contracts and Reputation ; Networks
    Print ISSN: 0257-3032
    Electronic ISSN: 1564-6971
    Topics: Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 8
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    The economic value of local social networks (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-20
    Description: The idea that local social capital yields economic benefits is fundamental to theories of agglomeration, and central to claims about the virtues of cities. However, this relationship has not been evaluated using methods that permit confident statements about causality. This article examines what happens to firms that become affiliated with ‘dealmakers’—individuals who are unusually well connected in local social networks. We adopt a quasi-experimental approach, which examines firms that added exactly one new individual to their firm, combining difference-in-differences and propensity score matching to address selection and\ identification challenges. The results indicate that when compared to a control group, firms which link to a dealmaker are rewarded with substantial gains in employment and sales.
    Keywords: L14 - Transactional Relationships ; Contracts and Reputation ; Networks, O12 - Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development, O18 - Regional, Urban, and Rural Analyses, R11 - Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, and Changes
    Print ISSN: 1468-2702
    Electronic ISSN: 1468-2710
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 9
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    Reputation tapping (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-07-29
    Description: Models describing the development of collective reputation have focused on the impact of past performance measures, but ignore the role of various marketing efforts for food and beverage products that highlight appellation information. We designed a laboratory experiment and used auction data to estimate consumer response to information tying US wine regions to famous wine production regions in France, a phenomenon we define as reputation tapping. Results show that reputation tapping increases bids for the wines produced in burgeoning US wine regions. Our findings also suggest that full protection of geographical indications may require monitoring of activities beyond those by individual firms.
    Keywords: C91 - Laboratory, Individual Behavior, L14 - Transactional Relationships ; Contracts and Reputation ; Networks, Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing ; Cooperatives ; Agribusiness
    Print ISSN: 0165-1587
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-3618
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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