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  • Articles  (1,796)
  • Oxford University Press  (999)
  • EconJournals  (690)
  • American Meteorological Society
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  • 2015-2019  (1,796)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (1,796)
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  • Articles  (1,796)
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  • 1
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    Calculations of effectiveness factors and the criteria of mass transfer effect for high-temperature methanation (HTM) catalyst (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: Natural gas is an extremely important bridge fuel to a low-carbon energy economy for improving local air quality. Coal to synthetic natural gas (SNG) is an effective way to convert the high-carbon energy (coal) into the low-carbon energy with rich hydrogen (natural gas). For the modern coal to SNG industry, the high-temperature methanation (HTM) catalyst plays an important role, and the advanced evaluation process should necessitate the elimination of mass transfer effect. Some simple but effective model catalysts, such as slab and sphere, can be very helpful in defining the reaction conditions, and thus facilitating the evaluation process for real HTM catalysts. In this work, slab and sphere model catalysts were adopted to derive mass transfer and reaction-coupled equations, the numerical methods were used to solve the coupled equations for the concentration profiles in catalysts, and the effectiveness factors were accordingly calculated. By taking advantage of the Thiele module and the Weisz–Prater module , the criteria for the elimination of mass transfer effect in the HTM catalyst evaluation process were successfully defined. This work also complements the Weisz–Prater criterion by incorporating ‘negative reaction orders’.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 2
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    A novel low-carbon space conditioning system incorporating phase-change materials and earth-air heat exchangers (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: The energy expended for conditioning buildings around the world is worryingly large and increasing every year. Currently, almost half of houses around the world use some type of energy-expensive conventional air-conditioning system. These systems are high emitters of gases such as carbon dioxide and so high contributors to climate change. Consequently, alternatives must be considered. Earth–air heat exchangers (EAHEs) and phase-change materials (PCMs) may be options; they have, however, limitations. This paper proposes a novel hybrid space-conditioning system combining EAHEs with PCMs, which uses surfaces as sources of heating or cooling to provide better temperature distribution across a space and comfort enhancement with low energy use. The idea is to use an EAHE to provide cool air to discharge the PCM, consequently helping to overcome most of the limitations of both strategies. Two of a series of experiments undertaken to test the proposed system are reported in this article. The EAHE + PCM system compared with a reference room could decrease temperature swings by up to 47%. The system was proved to work although further work is required to make it commercially viable.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 3
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    3D analysis of the incident diffuse irradiance on the building's surfaces in an urban environment (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: The design of a future building with very high-energy efficiency demands from the architect to study the available solar resources in this urban environment. The purpose of the presented methodology is to study the variations in all components of the incident solar radiation daily, monthly and seasonally for all building facades. This is realized in the computer program 3D–SOLARIA. In the focus of the paper is the estimation of the background component of the incident diffuse solar irradiation on a building facade under orthogonally obstructed sky, using anisotropic sky view factors.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 4
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    An integrated approach for sustainable design and assessment of residential building envelope: part I (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: The assessment of building envelope sustainability using existing building performance assessment methods is still a challenge and yet to be fully addressed. This is due to the single-dimensional nature and lack of integration of sustainable performance values. Besides, the issue of sustainability assessment in the building envelope requires considering many factors including life cycle considerations. As such, in an effort to develop an integrated approach that combines relevant sustainable development factors and life cycles, an integrated performance model (IPM) was developed. The IPM is an essential tool developed to aid the sustainable design of the residential building envelope that can reduce carbon emission and whole residential building energy consumption and ensure sustainable performance of the building envelope.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 5
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    Towards the generation of distributed electric power: self-consumption with net balance (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: The results and considerations on one self-consumption photovoltaic installation with net balance in Granada (South of Spain) are presented and discussed in this paper. The use of the building (one faculty) makes it optimal for this kind of consumption. Finally, the potential benefits and problems of self-consumption with net balance are presented.
    Keywords: Solar energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 6
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    Numerical investigation of turbulent flow heat transfer and pressure drop of AL2O3/water nanofluid in helically coiled tubes (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: Passive convective heat transfer enhancement can be achieved by improving the thermo-physical properties of the working fluid, changing flow geometry or both. This work presents a numerical study to investigate the combined effect of using helical coils and nanofluids on the heat transfer characteristics and pressure losses in turbulent flow regime. The developed computational fluid dynamics models were validated against published experimental data and empirical correlations. Results have shown that combining the effects of alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) nanoparticles and tube coiling could enhance the heat transfer coefficient by up to 60% compared with that of pure water in straight tube at the same Reynolds number. Also, results showed that the pressure drop in helical coils using Al 2 O 3 nanofluid for volume fraction of 3% was six times that of water in straight tubes (80% of the pressure drop increase is due to nanoparticles addition), while the effect of Reynolds number on the pressure drop penalty factor was found to be insignificant.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 7
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    Control strategies for indoor environment quality and energy efficiency--a review (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: The demand for better indoor environment has led to a wide use of heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. However, this demanding cannot be sustained without a strategy to reduce the energy consumption of HVAC systems. Employing advanced HVAC control is one of the strategies to maintain high-quality indoor thermal comfort with low energy consumption. This paper reviews the development of control technologies for HVAC systems. It summarizes the problems in existing reviews and gives a future perspective on HVAC control systems for occupant comfort and energy efficiency.
    Keywords: Built environment and low-carbon society
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 8
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    Tracer gas technique for measurement of air infiltration and natural ventilation: case studies and new devices for measurement of mechanical air ventilation in ducts (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: In buildings without mechanical ventilation, the fresh air needed by the occupants is supplied only by air infiltration or natural ventilation. Its quantification by analytical methods is difficult, and so experimental methods such as the tracer gas technique are very useful. In this work, several case studies are presented, where one may see the potential of this technique to detect small differences in building air tightness, due to different envelope elements, namely the type of window frames and location of blinds' boxes. The applicability of this technique to other spaces rather than buildings can also be analyzed. When dealing with mechanical ventilation, it is difficult to measure the duct air flow rate precisely, because of the minimum duct length necessary to obtain a good mixing of the tracer gas with the air, when conventional probes are used. Research was carried out with the development of new probes to overcome this situation, and results are also shown. With accurate measurements of air flow rates, it is possible to reduce CO 2 emissions due to air heating or cooling in buildings.
    Keywords: Built environment and low-carbon society
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-1325
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 9
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    Readdressing working fluid selection with a view to designing a variable geometry ejector (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: A number of factors influence the performance of an ejector, e.g. working fluid, geometry and operating conditions. In the present work, six low-environmental-impact working fluids were evaluated for their use in an ejector cooling system running on low-temperature thermal energy. The numerical analysis was based on a model applying the 1D constant-pressure mixing theory. Ejector performance was assessed for the temperatures of the generator, evaporator and condenser in the range of 80–120°C, 5–15°C and 25–40°C, respectively. The results indicated that owing to its high coefficient of performance and moderate operating pressures throughout the entire ejector cycle, isobutane is a good choice for a refrigerant. The area ratio required for running the ejector in critical mode, under changing operating conditions, varied in a significant range regardless of the selected refrigerant. This clearly indicates the importance of a variable geometry ejector design to strengthen the position of ejector cooling systems among other refrigeration technologies.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 10
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    The European Union and its energy security challenges (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-07-30
    Description: Energy security remains a vital issue for the European Union (EU), even more so in the wake of the events that unfolded in early 2014 in Ukraine. The EU’s already fragile position in the international energy arena in terms of security of supply appears to be more uncertain than ever after its umpteenth fallout with its historic energy supplier, Russia. This situation is untenable and calls for swift and decisive action to adequately tackle the issue once and for all. The article looks at the creation of a single EU energy market through integration of energy networks in the EU. It then examines various ways to diversify the EU’s energy supply, whether through increasing the import of liquefied natural gas, through its relations with the Eurasian Union, the promotion of renewable energy or the construction of alternative pipelines and energy routes. The article then offers an analysis of the latest developments of the Energy Charter Conference. The article concludes that from energy transit, to technology transfer, to investment protection, energy and trade present interplays across various fields. Improvements can be made to the EU trading system to ensure greater energy security and more efficient energy markets.
    Print ISSN: 1754-9957
    Electronic ISSN: 1754-9965
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law , Economics
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  • 11
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    The legal and contractual framework pertaining to the exploration and production of shale gas in Egypt (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-07-30
    Description: Despite the Egyptian authorities’ great hopes for the fledging shale gas industry in Egypt, it appears that it could be difficult for Egypt to realize these lofty ambitions, at least in the near future. The Egyptian shale gas industry faces technical challenges as well as a critical lack of detailed regulations regarding the exploration for and the production of shale gas. There is also a lack of guidance over the manner in which foreign investments can be made in the industry.
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law , Economics
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  • 12
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    Constructal optimization of a disc-shaped body with cooling channels for specified power pumping (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: The thermal performance of a disc-shaped heat generation body with cooling channels is investigated by using constructal theory based on previous model of heat convection on a disc and previous analytical method of heat conduction on a disc. By taking minimum dimensionless maximum thermal resistance as optimization objective, the optimal aspect ratio of the elemental sector in the radial-pattern disc is obtained for the specified power pumping of the elemental sector; the optimal width ratio of the first-order and elemental cooling channels and the optimal dimensionless radius of the elemental sector are obtained for the specified power pumping of the disc. There exists a critical radius of the disc to determine whether the radial-pattern design and branched-pattern design should be adopted. These conclusions are different from those obtained by Wechsatol et al. 's model, and the essential reason for these differences is that the power pumping is specified in this article, but not the specified flow rate number in Wechsatol et al. 's model. Finally, the assumption about the heat capacity of the coolant and the thermal conductivity of the disc is validated. An analytical method is introduced in this article, which can provide another thought for the constructal optimization of disc with heat convection. The optimal constructs of the discs are obtained for the specified power pumping, which provides some different guidelines for the design of disc with heat convection.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 13
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    Theoretical investigation of hot box solar cookers having conventional and finned absorber plates (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: In this paper, solar box cookers with ordinary and finned absorber plates are theoretically investigated in terms of thermodynamic performance parameters. For a typical summer and winter day, temperatures of solar cooker components such as glass cover, internal air, absorber plate, cooking vessel and the liquid are determined theoretically versus time. The analysis is carried out for conventional and finned absorber plates, and accuracy of the results is verified by a previously published experimental work. Energy and exergy efficiencies of box-type solar cookers are plotted versus time for various cases. The methodology presented in this paper enables to make a preliminary evaluation of ordinary and modified solar box cookers with respect to changes in main environmental parameters such as temperature and illumination intensity. Some recommendations are also made to enhance the power outputs of the aforementioned solar cookers.
    Keywords: Solar energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 14
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    Design of a celestial vault image capture device for its application in the solar radiation field (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: The sun is the more plentiful source of natural power that we have in the Earth. However, the amount of radiation reaching the Earth's surface depends on astronomical and climatic factors. One of the factors exerting a greater influence is cloudiness. For that reason, it is important to quantify its influence on solar radiation. According to that, in this work, a prototype to capture images of the celestial vault is designed and implemented to be able to measure parameters related to the cloud properties and, later, to determine their influence on solar radiation.
    Keywords: Solar energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 15
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    Investigation of concentrating and nonconcentrating evacuated tube solar water heaters using 2D particle imaging velocimetry (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: Under transient climatic conditions, solar water heaters using heat pipes are more effective at capturing incident solar radiation than other equivalent sized solar water heaters. The cost must be reduced to improve uptake of such systems. To investigate two methods were considered by this study: thermosyphon fluid flow and reflective concentrators. A physical reconfigurable laboratory model of the manifold and associated condensers of a heat-pipe-evacuated tube system were fabricated; fluid circulation was via thermosyphonic action, particle imaging velocimetry derived velocity maps and the use of concentrators was simulated. When condenser spacing was doubled, the Nusselt number increased by 43%, the velocity by 55% but the heat transfer efficiency of the model manifold decreased by 9%. Potential annual energy savings of 10 207 GWh could be realized if such systems could be successfully fabricated.
    Keywords: Solar energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 16
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    The impact of surface characteristics on ambient temperature at urban micro scale: comparative field study in two climates (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: This paper presents the results of two field studies to examine the differences in ambient temperatures in a micro-scale environment (at distances of 50–200 m between measuring points) in two different climates during typical summer weather conditions at two similar sites in terms of construction and activities. The analysis considered the land use around the measuring locations split into three categories (built, green and open) as well as climatic conditions and studied the effect of these on ambient temperature at each measuring location. It was found that, similarly to macro-scale studies at the urban level, measuring locations with a higher green cover have a lower ambient temperature compared with measuring locations with a higher built and/or open land cover. The results provide measured evidence in two different climates that small green areas distributed within the urban environment can provide a reduction in the ambient temperature thus contributing to the mitigation of urban heat island.
    Keywords: Built environment and low-carbon society
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 17
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    Computational study of a 2D capillary pump evaporator (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: Capillary pump loop (CPL) is a two-phase heat transfer device considered as a useful solution for thermal control applications in spacecrafts, satellites and electronic components. The purpose of this paper is to study various aspects of the working state of the CPL evaporator. A two-dimensional computational model was developed in order to analyze the flow and the phase transformation inside a cylindrical evaporator. At the present analysis, different cases were studied by changing liquid saturation temperature, inclination angle of the evaporator and the length of the porous heated wick. Water, ammonia, acetone and freon-134 were used as working liquids for numerical experiments. Results present the evaporator capability to vaporize each working liquid and find out its possibility of dry-out causing failure. This information is useful in choosing the best working liquid for an evaporator, enabling bigger amounts of heat to be transferred.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
    Print ISSN: 1748-1317
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 18
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    Failure of natural ventilation strategy in a sustainable house in China (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: In recent years, the concept of green building is becoming popular in China. Architects and engineers have the opportunity to actually implement green building practices. This paper reveals the failure of a naturally ventilated LEED-certified townhouse development project in China mentioned in recent research. The house owners made great alterations for the purpose of decoration, which removed or minimized the effectiveness of natural ventilation elements in the original design. The research shows that the houses show ‘International Style’ because the natural ventilation design principles were not fully applied in the design and the localized natural ventilation strategies were not fully considered by means of computational simulation in the design stage. Also, the lack of communication between designers and the owners caused the removal of most natural ventilation elements of these houses during the occupancy period. The authors advocate three criteria to avoid failures of natural ventilation design: localized/ climate adaptive design, relationship among design elements and design intention awareness.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 19
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    Design guideline for application of earth-to-air heat exchanger coupled with solar chimney as a natural heating system (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: In the present paper, design of solar chimney (SC) and earth-to-air heat exchanger (EAHE) to meet the thermal need of flat buildings are studied regarding adaptive thermal comfort criteria. Investigation on the effects of geometric features shows that the design of SC with the air gap and outlet sizes of 0.2 m and also EAHE with the diameter and length of 0.5 and 25.0 m reveals better performance. Thermal comfort analysis shows that the SC is capable to power the underground heating system during few hours of the sunny days even at the ambient temperature as low as 0°C and the heating demand of 1000 W without needing the auxiliary devices. In addition, the required numbers of SCs and the underground air channels are strongly influenced by environmental outdoor conditions and heating demand of building and are approximately calculated by: $$\hbox{ room }\phantom{\rule{0.08em}{0ex}}\hbox{ volume/50 }\phantom{\rule{0.08em}{0ex}}\hbox{ and }\phantom{\rule{0.08em}{0ex}}\hbox{ 2 }\times (\hbox{ room }\phantom{\rule{0.08em}{0ex}}\hbox{ volume/50 })+\hbox{ 1, }$$ respectively.
    Keywords: Other low-carbon energy technologies
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 20
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    Adaptive facade design for the daylighting performance in an office building: the investigation of an opening design strategy with cellular automata (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-16
    Description: Daylighting has an important role in sustainable architecture as it affects the energy consumption in a building. Especially for an office building, daylight helps not only to reduce the load on artificial lighting but also to promote work efficiency through promoting good human health, well-being and user comfort. The objective of this research is to develop an innovative façade design strategy that comes from the development of digital technology and dynamic daylight performance measuring methods. Thus, the various parameters are studied through the computational process of cellular automata (CA) to generate the several alternative opening patterns on the building façade. Each CA design value was tested under static and dynamic sky condition to analyze the quality and quantity of daylight and visual comfort throughout the year. The results were compared to find an optimum alternative design in terms of the daylighting design criteria, from building code, standard and design guidelines for the office building. Finally, research of an adaptive façade design strategy was concluded with the results from the above hybridization of generative and performative design methodology. This study discovers the architectural design approach from the CA and it will make not only progress in building façade esthetics, but also human comfort with building sustainability.
    Keywords: Sustainable/low carbon buildings
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 21
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    Mexico's very first bid round (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-29
    Print ISSN: 1754-9957
    Electronic ISSN: 1754-9965
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law , Economics
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  • 22
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    Assessing the investability of thermal coal over the next 20 years (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-09-29
    Description: The demand for thermal coal has risen dramatically over the past 20 years, driven by an emerging markets-led commodities super cycle, which has recently come to an end. Today, thermal coal generates over 40 per cent of global electricity and is available in large quantities in countries such as China, India and the USA. Thermal coal is also the primary contributor to CO 2 emissions, a substantial driver of climate change. This has resulted in material tension for ‘sustainable and responsible’ institutional investors and strategic challenges for certain state-owned companies. Deciding upon the electricity generation technology in which to invest poses a significant dilemma. Thermal coal is abundant and by far the cheapest when externalities are not internalized. Electric renewables currently suffer from intermittency, viable storage solutions and are not very scalable. While cleaner than thermal coal, natural gas is abundant yet often needs to be imported and is more expensive than thermal coal. Although safe, scalable and clean from an emissions perspective, ‘new’ nuclear energy suffers from perception problems. The mixed method inductive methodology was used to determine the extent to which thermal coal remains investable over the next 20 years and has led to two divergent yet plausible scenarios impacting thermal coal investability. In assessing the investability of thermal coal across four chief stakeholders and geographies, a multifaceted interpretation of the term ‘investability’ is developed, which recognizes disparate financial and non-financial investment drivers. The research shows that thermal coal remains investable by a variety of stakeholders, particularly in the Transformative scenario, but their reasons for investing differ materially both by geography and the type of stakeholder. Finally, the key drivers for both scenarios are identified that can be monitored and used as an early warning system to inform investment decisions.
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law , Economics
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  • 23
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    Production and offtake rights in joint operating agreements: lessons from Pohokura{dagger} (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-29
    Description: In March of 2015 New Zealand’s Court of Appeal brought to a conclusion a long running dispute between the joint venture partners in the Pohokura gas and condensate field located in Taranaki, New Zealand. Todd Pohokura v. Shell Exploration NZ Limited et ano deals with the rights to production and offtake arising under the Association of International Petroleum Negotiator’s (AIPN) 1995 Model Form joint operating agreement (JOA), the powers of the Operating Committee in regards thereto and the practical implications of entering into a field development without documenting all the necessary gas sale and transportation arrangements in advance. The factual matrix provides an opportunity to review the principles of common law relevant to production and offtake, including the development of those principles from early English common law into U.S. domestic law, and how those principles have been reflected in model form JOAs on both sides of the Atlantic, including the AIPN forms and ultimately the Pohokura JOA. The analysis confirms the New Zealand courts’ rulings upholding the power of the Operating Committee to determine production rates under the AIPN Model form. However, it concludes that gas offtake arrangements that amend or add to the rights and obligations of the parties under the JOA must be agreed unanimously and are not within the jurisdiction of the Operating Committee to determine.
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    2015 Student Writing Competition Editorial Note (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-29
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    Prospects for shale development outside the USA: evaluating nations' regulatory and fiscal regimes for unconventional hydrocarbons (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-30
    Description: Pursuant to a generous Association of International Petroleum Negotiator (AIPN) 2014 Summer Research Award, this article identifies, evaluates and compares the legal and fiscal rules, regulations and incentives necessary for countries with significant shale petroleum and natural gas formations to attempt to replicate the boom that is ongoing in the USA. As others have pointed out, 1 several legal, tax, and operational barriers can impair duplication of the US shale revolution in similarly endowed nations. This article identifies key factors responsible for the surge in US shale production, distill the fundamental forces from the US experience that are applicable to any jurisdiction, and evaluate and compare how several countries fare in this vein. The report also identifies avenues for reform and innovative policies that could be applied in other jurisdictions.
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    Rafael Leal Arcas, Andrew Filis and Ehab S. Abu Gosh (eds), International Energy Governance (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-30
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law , Economics
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    Horizontal-well production allocation in the international context: a reasonable formula for allocation derived from Texas law (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-30
    Description: Texas law has only recently codified in precedential decisions a reasonable formula for production allocations for horizontal, including fracked, wells. The ancient regime of the Rule of Capture does not generally apply, because of the nature of the geologic deposits and the new technology. This reasonable formula is applicable in the international arena for cross-border deposits and production blocks. Other national law and international treaties provide scant guidance in these matters and governments, national oil companies and international oil companies should review this formula to aid in negotiations for fair and equitable allocations that should preclude unnecessary disputes and litigation.
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    Jean-Michel Glachant, Michelle Hallack and Miguel Vazquez, Building Competitive Gas Markets in the EU: Regulation, Supply and Demand (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-30
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law , Economics
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    Allocation of Decision-Making Power under the Habitats Directive (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: The provisions in the Habitats Directive relating to protection of sites establish a triumvirate of decision-makers: administrative authority, scientific advisor and judiciary. This article examines the relationship between these decision-makers as developed in recent case law, both at a European Union (EU) and national level. It argues that reference to the goal of environmental protection obscures the allocation of power among these actors, and that to truly understand the resulting system, we must acknowledge the differing norms which motivate each of these actors. In particular, it argues that we must consider the judiciary as an actor within the decision-making process, and should examine the role of the principles of judicial review and EU law in shaping this. It highlights that there are currently conflicts within the process, and that the principles of judicial review cannot provide a successful mechanism to manage these conflicts without an explicit consideration of the values ‘hidden’ therein.
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    Favourable Conservation Status for Species: Examining the Habitats Directives Key Concept through a Case Study of the Swedish Wolf (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: One of the key issues in the current controversy over the hunting of wolves in Sweden is whether the wolf population has reached favourable conservation status (FCS). FCS is a legal concept, created and defined in law, but like many legal concepts within environmental law, can only be understood by reference to ecological concepts such as species viability. These ecological determinations in turn often require some sort of legal or policy judgment, such as how great an extinction risk is acceptable for a viable population. This article interrogates contested legal and ecological aspects of FCS and argues for how they might be applied to the Swedish wolf in potential litigation.
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    An Estoppel-Based Approach to Enforcing Corporate Environmental Responsibilities (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: Within the regulatory space that exists at the intersection of UK company law and environmental regulation, the business community has generated its own environmental governance initiatives to address growing anxiety about companies’ externalised risk. Yet, there is currently nothing in law to prevent companies from frequently acting inconsistently with these voluntary unilateral assurances, which has led to widespread concern that environmental values are treated as merely instrumental to the dominant idea of achieving economic benefits for the company. This article examines a specific case for the legal facilitation of binding obligations owed to the environment, which require a company to make good on its previous commitments about environmental responsibility. It seeks to demonstrate that this is possible through the common law doctrine of estoppel, which can be opened up to prevent a company from acting inconsistently with its previous statements or actions about the governance of environmental risk.
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    A Thundering Silence: Environmental Rights in the Dialogue between the EU Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: The aim of the article is to shed light on the particular issue of absence of judicial dialogue between the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) in the matter of environmental rights which represents a glaring exception to the generally cooperative disposition exhibited by the two courts in other domains linked to human rights protection. The article draws on this particular absence of judicial dialogue by examining the respective patterns of judicial reasoning employed by the CJEU and the ECtHR in cases before them that involve, or have a bearing on, environmental rights (substantive and procedural). Thus, the singular tendencies discernible in the ECtHR’s progressive jurisprudence in the field of environmental rights will be compared to CJEU’s jurisprudence relevant to environmental rights with the intention of detecting certain aspects in the CJEU’s approach which could further stand to be improved following the example of ECtHR’s activist environmental jurisprudence as a viable avenue for initiating the currently missing dialogue between the two courts in the matter of environmental rights.
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    Significant UK Environmental Law Cases 2015/16 (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
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    International Environmental Law and the Global South. By SHAWKAT ALAM, SUMUDU ATAPATTU, CARMEN G GONZALEZ AND JONA RAZZAQUE (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
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    The Habitats Directive in its EU Environmental Law Context: European Natures Best Hope? By CHARLES- HUBERT BORN, AN CLIQUET, HENDRIK SCHOUKENS, DELPHINE MISONNE AND GEERT VAN HOORICK (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
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    Law in Politics, Politics in Law. By DAVID FELDMAN (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
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    Energy Price Uncertainty and Investment: Firm Level Evidence from Indian Manufacturing Sector (2016)
    EconJournals
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: Uncertainty whatsoever has undoubtedly been deemed to be malevolent to the interests of investors. Theories of partial irreversibility of investment argue that uncertainty at the micro level negatively impacts the firm’s investment and thereby, at least, slow the process of capital accumulation. Therefore, the present study, empirically analyzes how energy price uncertainty affects investment decisions of manufacturing firms in India.  A variety of panel data models are estimated using Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) with data pertaining to  Indian manufacturing firms over the period 1992- 93 to 2013- 14. Results are consistent with irreversible investment literature on the supply side of production, which shows that energy uncertainty has a negative effect on the capital accumulation in the manufacturing sector and this effect transpires in the form of firm's inability to adjust its actual capital stock to match up to its potential desired capital stock as proposed by the investment theories. Keywords : Energy Price Uncertainty, Irreversible Investment, Energy Intensity JEL Classifications : C23, D80, E20, Q41.
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    The Effects of Electricity Consumption on Agriculture, Service and Manufacturing Sectors in Malaysia (2016)
    EconJournals
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: This paper aims to examine the effects of electric consumption on three sectors, namely, manufacturing, agriculture and services. The Johansen co-integration model is applied. The results indicate a long-run relationship between electric consumption and three sectors in Malaysia. VECM shows that it is confirmed that the long run relationship among electric consumption, agriculture and manufacturing in Malaysia. The Granger causality is used, and the results show that electric consumption does not Granger cause manufacturing and services sectors. However electricity consumption does Granger cause agriculture sector. Keywords: Electricity consumption, Agriculture, Service, Manufacturing JEL Classifications: Q11, Q43
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    Co-integration between Electricity Supply and Economic Growth in South Africa (2016)
    EconJournals
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-31
    Description: This study probes the short and long run relationship between economic growth, electricity supply, trade openness, electricity prices, employment and capital in South Africa within a multivariate framework. The autoregressive distributed lag bound testing was employed to establish the long run relationship between these variables using data for the period between 1985 and 2014. Major findings of the study include that economic growth, electricity supply, trade openness, electricity prices, employment and capital are co-integrated. Overall, the paper suggests that efficient planning and increased investments in electricity supply industry infrastructure is of essence to solve the problem of electricity supply as this would force the sustainable economic growth in South Africa. Keywords: Electricity Supply, Economic Growth, South Africa JEL Classifications: O13, Q43
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    Trade-off Curves and Elasticity Analysis in Multi Fuel Options System and Combined Problem (2016)
    EconJournals
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-02
    Description: Recent environmental concerns and policies have reformulated the traditional economic dispatch problem by including the emission impacts in the mathematical model.  The combined economic and emission dispatch problem is a multi-objective non-linear optimization problem. This paper presents a method to consider the fuel costs and environmental emissions simultaneously. The -constraint method for bi-objective optimization has been used to generate Pareto front. Furthermore, trade-off curves have been developed for different types of emission. The elasticity of cost with respect to the emission (say, emission elasticity) has been estimated for all Pareto optimal points and different types of emissions that provides invaluable information for the system operator to run the system with sufficient flexibility subject to technical constraints while the operator has multi fuel options. Moreover, the emission elasticity is effective tool for competition in the electricity market. The Iranian Electricity Market is considered as empirical evidence. Keywords: Combined economic-emission dispatch, Emission elasticity, Iranian electricity market, Multi objective optimization model, ε-Constraint. JEL Classifications:   C6, F64, P48, Q
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    Provision for expert determination in the unitization of straddling petroleum accumulations (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-06
    Description: Oil and gas fields that straddle a domestic licence boundary or a delimited international border are often unitized so that they can be developed efficiently and effectively as a single entity. The unitization process is usually governed by a pre-unit agreement and a unitization and unit operating agreement. Provision for expert determination in these agreements should include a decision on the basis for tract participation, the determination of initial tract participation around the time of unitization, the formulation of key elements of prescribed technical procedures for any redetermination of tract participation, the redetermination of tract participation post-production, and the enlargement or reduction of the unit area and/or unit interval. The agreements must also define the key issues of how an appointed expert is to arrive at a decision. Expert determination is generally preferred to pendulum decision-making, an expert should carry out an integrated study with a single deliverable as opposed to one that is subdivided into discrete incremental steps, and the expert should table an initial decision for technical and procedural scrutiny by the parties before delivering a final binding decision. Experience has shown that adherence to these principles of prescription facilitates expert engagement during subsequent field life and thereby promotes Pareto-efficiency, fairness and equitability.
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    A New Environmental Protection Law, Many Old Problems? Challenges to Environmental Governance in China (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: Through a three-year revision involving various stakeholders, China has enacted a new Environmental Protection Law ( EPL ). The new law seeks to harmonize economic and social development with environmental protection and for the first time establishes clear requirements for the construction of an ecological civilization. It toughens the penalties for environmental offences with specific articles and provisions for raising public awareness. It also places greater responsibility on local government and law enforcement for the protection of China’s environment. However, many of the problems identified in the old EPL and especially the obstacles to its implementation have not been fully addressed and resolved. Effective environmental governance entails not only environmental laws but also implementation mechanisms, accountability regimes, and institutional arrangements. Raising the status of the EPL and of the general environmental protection apparatus is only the first step to meeting China’s environmental challenges. More efforts in the area of enforcement and implementation will lead China to a cleaner future.
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    Attaining Subsidiarity-Based Multilevel Governance of Genetically Modified Cultivation? (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: The cultivation of genetically modified (GM) crops in the European Union (EU) is highly harmonised, but with persisting conflicts over authority. The European Commission responded to internal and external pressures with a more flexible approach to coexistence, a proposed opt-out clause, and a promise to review the existing EU GM regime, providing an opportunity to consider and suggest paths of development. This article considers the post-authorisation policy-making powers of Member States and subnational regions, in light of subsidiarity-based multilevel governance. It considers the different approaches to risk-centred issues and more general policy choices. Overall, the developments occurring at the EU level are strengthening subsidiarity-based multilevel governance within the GM cultivation regime, but with significant opportunities to improve it further through focussing particularly on the complementary powers, coordination and the regional levels.
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    Electricity Consumption and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the N-11 Emerging Economies (2016)
    EconJournals
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: In this study, the impact of information communication technologies (ICT) on electricity consumption in the Next 11 (N-11) emerging economies over the period 1990-2014 is examined. This period coincides with high economic growth rates in those countries and associated rapidly increasing electricity consumption as well as the ICT revolution that saw the rapid uptake of new ICT by its peoples. Little has been published on the relationship between ICT and electricity consumption in the N-11 emerging economies. This paper examines the hypothesis that increased use of ICT increases electricity consumption. Secondly, how different measures of ICT affect electricity consumption and finally, what are the short-run and long run elasticities of electricity demand with respect to ICT in N-11 countries? The methods used included dynamic panel data models (MG, PMG, system GMM) and show a positive and statistically significant relationship between ICT and electricity consumption where ICT is measured using internet connections, mobile phones or the import percentage of ICT goods of total imports. Long run ICT elasticities are smaller than income elasticities but because ICT growth rates are so much higher than economic growth rates, the impact of ICT on electricity consumption is greater than the impact of income on electricity consumption. Electricity demand projections in emerging economies, which do not include ICT as an explanatory variable, may underestimate actual electricity demand. This can lead to unplanned electricity shortages if actual electricity demand exceeds planned electricity demand. Thus, the paper gives policy recommendations based on the empirical results for the N-11 countries to address this problem. Keywords: N-11 countries, ICT, Electricity Consumption, Panel data, MGE, PMGE, system GMM JEL Classifications:  L94, O1, N17, O10, Q43, J21
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    Uncertainty of Oil Proved Reserves and Economic Growth in Iran (2016)
    EconJournals
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: The relationship between the oil and the level of economic activity is a fundamental empirical issue in macroeconomics. Also, a part of major debates between the pessimists and the optimists approaches about economic growth is how uncertainty of proved reserves of non- renewable energy resources as a one of main inputs, effects on the economic growth; in other words, on the base of some optimistic new economic growth models, the uncertainty through positive shocks positively effects on the economic growth. So, to find some evidences about it, in this research we try to find experimentally direct effects of uncertainty of oil proved reserves on macroeconomics of Iran by using annually data from 1980 to 2013 by using Multivariate GARCH-in-mean VAR model. We find that uncertainty in oil proved reserves has not had statistically significant effect on aggregate output and the responses to positive and negative shocks are symmetric. Keywords: Uncertainty, Oil proved reserves, Time allocation of resources, Vector autoregression multivariate GARCH-in-mean VAR. JEL Classification: C32; E10; Q32.
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    Transparency in Nigeria’s Oil and Gas Industry: Is Policy Re-Engineering the Way Out? (2016)
    EconJournals
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-27
    Description: Nigeria is Sub-Saharan Africa’s largest oil producer and also possesses huge unrealized gas deposits. The oil and gas industry is considered as the lifeblood of Nigeria’s socio-economic development, bearing in mind the well-established historical antecedents and the unfolding happenings. However, inspite of the strategic role of this industry to national wellbeing, it is a signpost for; corruption, infrastructure deficit, oil smuggling, vandalism and diverse security challenges. It is noteworthy, that accurate revenues attributable to the industry are not consistently published. Royalties paid to the Federal Government remain undisclosed for unjustifiable reasons. Also, specifics of transactions are disguised, thereby making it practically impossible for an interested stakeholder to monitor the level of; royalties, taxes, fees and charges paid to the Federal Government. Hence, the paper critically assessed selected laws, code, practices and the essence of policy re-engineering to Nigeria’s oil and gas industry. Conclusions and contextual recommendations were also proffered.  Keywords: transparency, oil & gas, law, policy, re-engineering, Nigeria JEL Classifications: O13, Q48
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    Renewables re-energized? The internationalization of green energy investment rules and disputes (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-06
    Description: Renewable energy provides an answer to the most pressing socio-economic challenges governments face today, in particular the effects of climate change. Although efforts have been made throughout the world, it is necessary that investment in renewable energy is further increased if it is to have a marked impact on the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). The lack of national investment is inevitably going to trigger the inflow of foreign investment which may be subject to performance requirements which are regulated by a number of economic treaties. The Article reviews all the norms currently applicable and stresses their differences to provide a typology of existing prohibition. The analysis is further refined by a comprehensive review of the case law (both decided by trade and investment tribunals) to identify the type of requirements which have been implemented on renewable energies. It also explains and anticipates the role of the most favoured national treatment in the context of bilateral treaties in a manner hitherto unexplored. In doing so, this Article provides a comprehensive analysis of the performance requirements in international treaties with a view to assessing their impact on the further development of renewable energies.
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    Brief update on the current situation of upstream petroleum investment in Thailand (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-06
    Description: This brief contains an update of the current situation of upstream petroleum investment in Thailand. It is a critical appraisal of the ongoing reformation of the new Petroleum Act, which intends to adopt all three types of upstream contract, namely, concession, production sharing and service contracts, to govern the contractual relationship between Thailand and upstream investors.
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    Knock-for-knock clauses (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-06
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    An assessment of local-content policies in oil and gas producing countries (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-06
    Description: Local-content legislation and policies in oil and gas producing countries have become a key priority of host governments and industry players alike. Increasingly, more resource-rich developing countries are enacting local-content legislation as a means of maximizing the benefits to be gained from their petroleum industries. However, these laws and policies are being implemented with insufficient research into their efficacy, and as a result have often yielded mixed results. This article assesses the effect of local-content legislation and policies in the oil and gas industry presenting insights on the challenges faced by industry players with regard to their implementation. We trace the channels through which local-content legislation advances value creation by evaluating different implementation programmes, using clearly stated local-content targets to measure their efficacy. Nigeria, Ghana, Brazil and Norway are chosen as case study countries to highlight the diversity of local-content strategies for countries at different developmental stages. The motivation for this research is to provide host governments, investors and domestic suppliers with guidelines on how to successfully develop and implement local-content regulations and strategies. The experience of the case study countries above show that the success or otherwise of local-content legislation and policies remains a function of a country’s institutional setting and developmental paradigm. Based on the review of the case studies, we summarize that successful local-content legislation and policies should be anchored on the following principles: (i) local-content policies need to look beyond simple generation of economic rents to focus on the development of linkages; (ii) the tools developed to measure agreed local-content benchmarks must be clearly defined to the acceptance of all industry players; and (iii) entrenching local content depends on the availability of an industrial-supply base that can act as growth levers.
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    Technology and innovation in the Brazilian oil sector: ticket to the future or passage to the past? (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-06
    Description: This article demonstrates how the oil regulatory framework enacted in Brazil in 2010 will have detrimental effects on technology and innovation. The shortcomings essentially derive from three of its aspects: (i) operational exclusivity; (ii) the governance structure of the operational committee; and (iii) local content policies which lack adequate focus and strategic planning. All these elements actually stem from an excessively intrusive regulatory approach, within a typical top-down model, disproportionately reliant on command and control procedures. The current regulations will lead to significant drawbacks in technology and innovation in Brazil that will inevitably affect Petrobras. Even worse, however, they will not guarantee the development of a dynamic and sustainable industry of suppliers. Instead of using Petrobras to propel its industry of providers towards higher technological standards, suppliers will be dragging the national oil company downwards at the expense of the whole sector. A less intrusive regulatory framework, based on reflexive and responsive regulations is more suitable in this context, since it induces agents to continuously interact in a favourable way for the intended outcomes, instead of imposing norms and rules on them that most probably lead to other undesirable consequences.
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    Gordon Barrows: The man who helped to educate the petroleum world (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-08-06
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law , Economics
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    The Weser Case: Case C-461/13 BUND V GERMANY (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-11
    Description: This analysis piece deals with a landmark case C-461/13, or the Weser case, in which the European Court of Justice settled a years-long dispute over the legal status of the environmental objectives laid down in the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC). The Court ruled that the objectives are legally binding: the Member States are for example obliged to refuse authorisation from individual projects estimated to compromise the objectives. The Court also took a strong stance on the so-called non-deterioration principle, ruling that it binds the Member States to such an extent that decline of the quality of the surface waters is no longer allowed. Being so, the Court did acknowledge the possibility of exemption from the now constituted norms, putting the derogation regime created in the Directive in the spotlight. Thus the alleged management planning instrument has turned into a more traditional, formalistic legal tool, affecting individual permitting procedures all across the Union.
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    Performance analysis of a cascaded solar Organic Rankine Cycle with superheating (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: A cascaded Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) with scroll expanders is investigated in this paper, the system performances under various configurations are evaluated and the effect of superheating on the system efficiency is clarified. The efficiency of two-stage ORC system is 38.9% higher than that of single-stage system when R245fa is used as the working fluid, while the efficiency of two-stage ORC system is 10% lower than that of single stage when R134a is adopted. The specific work of single-stage ORC system with R245fa increases linearly with the degree of superheat. There is an optimal superheated degree for the system output power and efficiency, which is 35 K for the expansion ratio of 3.5 and 45 K for the expansion ratio of 5.
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    Investigation of the effect of design parameters on power output and thermal efficiency of a Stirling engine by thermodynamic analysis (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: This article demonstrates a study on finite-time thermodynamic assessment and analysis of a Stirling heat engine. Finite-time thermodynamics is performed to specify the net thermal efficiency and power output of the Stirling system with finite-rate heat transfer, regenerative heat loss, conductive thermal bridging loss and finite regeneration process time. The model investigates effects of the inlet temperature of the heat source, the volumetric ratio of the engine, effectiveness of heat exchangers and heat capacitance rates on the net power output and thermal efficiency of the engine. Output power of the Stirling engine is maximized under two optimization scenarios. In the first scenario, the higher working temperature of the Stirling engine is considered as a decision design parameter (decision variable) while in the second scenario, in addition to the higher working temperature, the temperature ratio of the engine is also considered as a design parameter. Furthermore, the thermal efficiency of the cycle corresponding to the magnitude of the maximized power of the engine is evaluated. Finally, sensitivities of results towards shift in the thermal parameters of the engine are studied.
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    Energy saving potential of indirect evaporative cooler under Indian climates (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Vapour compression refrigeration-based air conditioners are being used for comfort cooling in residences, offices and commercial buildings in many countries throughout the world. These systems consume substantial power and energy and produce harmful effect on environment by damaging ozone layer. This article presents an analytical evaluation of energy saving potential of an indirect evaporative cooler for summer months in Indian climates. Three climates likely to be suitable for indirect evaporative cooling, namely composite, hot and dry and moderate, have been selected for this purpose. The monthly average environmental data for three Indian cities namely Delhi, Jodhpur and Bangalore representing three different climates were used for this study. Summer month—May was selected for the study. It has been found that in order to produce same cooling effect under the same climatic conditions, the power needed by indirect evaporative cooler to be about 55% less than that needed by a conventional air conditioner. The performance of an indirect evaporative cooler in the climates, hot and dry and composite, has been found to be almost similar. Thus, substantial energy can be saved by using this alternative in summer months.
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    Development of a nano-heat transfer fluid carrying direct absorbing receiver for concentrating solar collectors (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: A MATLAB-based computer model to design a novel directly absorbing receiver system (DARS) for concentrating solar collectors employing nanofluid-based solar radiation volumetric absorption is presented. Graphene and aluminum nanosphere-based suspensions in Therminol VP-1 were simulated to identify the optimum thermo-geometric configuration of a DARS comprising a transparent all glass tubular absorber. Several particle concentrations were simulated scrutinizing the optical response of the two colloidal dispersions to yield a minimum supply temperature of 250°C; further investigated are the implications of fluid flow velocity upon system yield. The resulting temperature fields and geometric dimensions of the DARS are predicted. Findings demonstrate that the DARS is able to deliver heat at ~265°C with a receiver tube diameter of 5 mm opposed to commercially available 70-mm diameter metallic absorbers.
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    Mean-line modeling and CFD analysis of a miniature radial turbine for distributed power generation systems (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Distributed power generation (DPG) based on organic Rankine cycle offers potential in the effective use of energy from low grade heat sources up to 200°C. In this regard, developing an effective expander plays a major role in determining the overall cycle efficiency. In this work mean-line modeling and CFD techniques are employed to develop a small-scale radial turbine for DPG systems with a power output of ~5 kWe. A parametric study is carried out using the mean-line approach to investigate the effects of key input parameters such as operating conditions, velocity ratio, rotational speed and rotor flow angles on the turbine rotor inlet diameter and overall performance. Results from the mean-line approach show that in order to achieve high power output, inlet total temperature, mass flow rate and pressure ratio should be increased. However, for reducing the rotor inlet diameter the velocity ratio should be decreased. CFD technique is then used to assess the flow field and to improve the blade loading by modification of blade angle distribution. CFD is also used to determine the minimum number of rotor blades and the results show that the value suggested by mean-line modeling overestimates this parameter. By using these two approaches a wide range of design configurations are explored and the most effective design is identified to be with specific diameter of 4.83 (rotor inlet diameter of 0.0787 m), specific speed of 0.433 (rotational speed of 55 000 rpm), 10 blades and output power of 4.662 kW.
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    Hybrid hydrogen PEM fuel cell and batteries without DC-DC converter (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Concerns about greenhouse gases as well as the price and security of oil supply have acted as a spur to sustainable automobile development. The hydrogen fuel cells electric vehicle (HFCEV) is generally recognised by leading automobile manufacturers and scientists as one of the optimum technologies for long-term future low carbon vehicle. In a typical HFCEV power train, a DC–DC converter is required to balance the voltage difference between the fuel cells (FCs) stack and batteries. However, research shows that a considerable amount of energy generated by the hydrogen FCs stack is deplete during this conversion process as heat. This experiment aims to improve the power train efficiency by eliminating the DC–DC converter by finding the best combination of FC stack and batteries, matching the size and capacity of the electrical components.
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    Energy and exergy analysis of passive solar distillation systems (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: In this communication, a comprehensive thermodynamic model for exergy analysis of a passive solar distillation system is presented. Temperatures of basin-liner, saline water body and inner and outer glass cover are estimated theoretically with the help of a computer program using a set of typical design and operating parameters. Energy and exergy analysis of a single-effect, single-slope horizontal passive solar still has been carried out under climatic conditions of India. It has been shown that the passive solar still can produce 4.17 l/m 2 of freshwater daily. Energy and exergy efficiency of the solar still are 30.42 and 4.93%, respectively. Causes, quantity and place of exergy destruction have also been explored for further research and improvement in the design and performance of solar stills. Exergy destruction or irreversibility in the process of each component, i.e. basin-liner, saline water body and glass cover, has been evaluated as 3353, 1633 and 362 W/m 2 , respectively, corresponding to the total solar exergy input of 6958 W/m 2 on a typical day. Their corresponding exergy efficiencies are found to be 3.91, 17.67 and 42.36%. The global exergy efficiency of the solar still is also estimated as 23.14%, taking these exergy destructions into account. The basin-liner is identified as the component around which there is highest possibility of improvement.
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    Experimental study of a capillary pumped loop in comparison with the prediction of a 3D CFD (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: A comparison is presented between experimental and numerical results regarding the operation of a capillary pumped loop evaporator. Two cylindrical evaporators were tested, with different heated porous lengths, 20 and 40 mm, respectively. Both have 22 mm external diameter, 9 mm porous thickness and 80 mm porous length. The working liquid was water. The loop was made from copper tubes and the evaporator from copper porous wick covered with aluminum with grooves formed in the inner surface. All tests took place on a horizontal level using heat load applied to the evaporator surface from an 85-W electric resistance. The experimental measurements were compared with the predictions of a three-dimensional CFD model of the evaporator and were found to be in satisfactory agreement. For the 20-mm wick heated length evaporator CFD model with water initial temperature of 20°C the divergence with the experimental pressure drop mean value was 0 Pa for volume flow rates between 0.4 and 0.6 l/min and 50 Pa for the rest of the values. For 30°C the divergence was 0 Pa 〈0.4 l/min and 50 Pa for larger flow rates. Moreover, for 40°C the difference was up to 50 Pa from 0 to 0.9 l/min. In every case predictions were below the wick capillary limit. The computed outflow temperature presented a maximum difference of 1.5% compared with the experimental data, which is very satisfying. On the other hand, the predictions of the evaporator CFD model with a 40-mm wick heated length were even better.
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    A feasible energy-saving analysis of a new system for CO2 cryogenic capture (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: A new CO 2 cryogenic capture and liquefaction system has been proposed previously in order to separate CO 2 from exhausted gases and make it as a resource for industry. This system combines CO 2 cryogenic capture with N 2 /O 2 separation together. Its energy consumption is lower than the traditional amine solution capture process as theoretical analysis. In this study, the simulation of the proposed system with several improvements was carried out aiming to reduce the energy consumption further. Many heat exchangers were introduced and the heat exchanger arrangements were optimized to recycle the refrigeration capacity from the returned N 2 after the N 2 /O 2 separation. The discharge pressure of mixture gas from the compressor was reduced from 10 to 3.493 MPa. The simulation results showed that the compression work could be greatly reduced and the energy consumption of CO 2 capture in this new system after these improvements reached 2.884 GJ/ton CO 2 . The new system is promising because not only liquid or solid CO 2 could be produced but also N 2 and O 2 could be separated.
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    Spanish photovoltaic learning curve (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Learning by doing, or learning through market experience, reduces costs for energy production technologies. This phenomenon is modelled by using experience curves which reflect the changes in the cost of the technology as it becomes increasingly used. This article calculates the Spanish photovoltaic (PV) learning curve over the period 2001–12 by using cost data from the PV sector itself (installers, distributors and even engineers) and determines the accuracy of the obtained progress ratio by using both the coefficient of determination R 2 and also the error PR , which is directly determined from fitting the data. The results show a curve with a strong structural change in the speed of cost reduction in October 2009.
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    An innovative psychometric solar-powered water desalination system (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Important advances have been made in solar water desalination technology but their wide application is restricted by relatively high capital and running costs. Until recently, solar concentrator collectors had usually been employed to distill water in compact desalination systems. Currently, it is possible to replace these collectors by the more efficient evacuated tube collectors, which are now widely available on the market at lower prices. This paper describes the results of experimental and theoretical investigations of the operation of a novel small-scale solar water desalination technology using the psychometric humidification and dehumidification process coupled with a heat pipe evacuated tube solar collector with an aperture area of ~1.73 m 2 . Solar radiation during spring in the Middle East was simulated by an array of halogen floodlights. A synthetic brackish water solution was used for the tests and its total dissolved solids (TDSs) and electrical conductivity were measured. A mathematical model was developed to describe the system's operation. A computer program was written to solve the system of governing equations to perform the theoretical calculations of the humidification and dehumidification processes. The experimental and theoretical values for the total daily distillate output were found to be closely correlated. The test results demonstrate that, at temperatures of 55–60°C, the system produces ~5–6 kg/h of clean water with a high desalination efficiency. Following the experimental calibration of the mathematical model, it was demonstrated that the performance of the system could be improved to produce a considerably higher amount of fresh water.
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    Thermal analysis of PCM-filled glass windows in hot summer and cold winter area (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Phase change material (PCM)-filled glass window was suitable for absorbing or releasing more heat than conventional glass window. Comparisons of thermal performance between PCM-filled glass windows and insulated glass windows (double glass windows filled with dry air and surrounded by sealing strips) were presented in this paper. A 3D unsteady model was built in FLUENT to obtain the internal and external surface temperature fluctuations of these windows in 48 h. Compared with insulated glass windows, thermal performance (especially the thermal regulation effect) of double glass windows filled with Na 2 SO 4 ·10H 2 O was quite satisfactory in sunny days of summer, while double glass windows filled with CaCl 2 ·6H 2 O had a better thermal performance in overcast and rainy days of summer. Because the phase change temperature of these PCM is higher than the ambient temperature in winter, the thermal regulation effects of them were not as good as expected.
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    Simultaneous synthesis of heat exchanger network with the non-isothermal mixing (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Optimization of heat exchanger network is attributed to improving the process industrial energy utilization ratio. Energy consumption reduction plays an important role in the low-carbon economic development. Several synthesis approaches for heat exchanger network have been proposed and extended during the last three decades. With the evolution of the computer technology, the simultaneous synthesis method via mathematic programming attracts a great deal of attention worldwide. However, some difficulties still need to be overcome, for instance, model simplification and computational complexity. In this work, the simultaneous stage-wise synthesis model without the assumption of isothermal mixing is presented and implemented using effective initialization strategies and a novel two-level algorithm. Three case studies illustrated the better performance of the initialization strategies and two-level algorithm for heat exchanger network synthesis problems, considering non-isothermal mixing.
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    Capturing atmospheric carbon: biological and nonbiological methods (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: Atmospheric carbon dioxide is one of the primary greenhouse gases on earth and its continuous emission by manmade activities is leading to a rise in atmospheric temperature. On the other hand, various natural phenomena exist that contribute to the sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, i.e. its capture and long-term storage. These phenomena include oceanic, geological and chemical processes happening on earth. In addition to the above-mentioned nonbiological methods, various biological methods viz. soil carbon sequestration and phytosequestration have also been contributing to fixation of atmospheric carbon. Phytosequestration is mainly performed by several photosynthetic mechanisms such as C 3 , C 4 and crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) pathways of plants, carboxysomes of cyanobacteria and pyrenoids of microalgae. For an effective mitigation of global climate change, it is required to stabilize the CO 2 concentration to viable levels. It requires various permutations and combinations of naturally existing and engineering strategies. Although numerous strategies are in commodious use in the present times, the issues of sustainability and long-term stability still exist. We present an overview of the natural and manmade biological and nonbiological processes used today to reduce atmospheric CO 2 levels and discuss the scope and limitations of each of them.
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    Performance of U-tube solar water heater with vertical and inclined panels (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: A conventional natural convection flat plate solar collector needs to be placed at an incline to the horizontal and exposed to the sun in order for the solar hot water heater system to work. This arrangement is satisfactory where there is ample roof top space to locate the collector and storage tank. In a high-rise apartment, space is at a premium and also the hot-water recticulation requires long lengths of piping to distribute the hot water supply to the individual apartment. Most every modern high-rise apartment has a balcony facing outward from the wall structure. Balcony-type solar water heaters (SWHs) are catching up fast in China. Their performance would depend on collector and storage tank designs and sizes, weather conditions (solar radiation intensity and ambient temperature) and direction in which the balconies are facing. This article compares the outdoor performance of two SWH systems incorporating the evacuated glass U-tube solar collectors operating under natural convection. The panels were tested in both the vertical and inclined positions using the same tank but at different times of the year. It was found that the inclined panel system performed better than the system with the vertical panel system.
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    Design and commission a zero-carbon building for hot and humid climate (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-27
    Description: The Construction Industry Council (CIC) Zero-Carbon Building is a net zero-carbon building that was designed for local hot and humid climate of sub-tropical Hong Kong. Over 80 sustainability features of the architecture and building systems have considered the life-cycle carbon emissions, including the embodied carbon of construction materials, emissions associated with the construction process, the 50-years of operation and decommission of the building. The total life-cycle carbon emission was off-set by on-site renewable energy generated by photovoltaics (PV) and bio-diesel combined cooling heating and power (CCHP) system. To optimise the design, a series of climate-responsive strategies on passive architecture were applied to the construction of the building. These include the high-performance facade, effective air tightness and optimised window design that allows the application of natural ventilation and daylighting. Reduction of 20% energy demand was achieved by these passive designs. To further lower the carbon emission on operation, energy-efficient air-conditioning (A/C) systems using desiccant dehumidification, underfloor air supply and radiant cooling have also contributed on achieving an ultralow energy use value. Amalgamated saving of these passive and active systems are over 45% when compared with the design per existing local building energy codes.
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    The Contribution of the Courts in Tackling Climate Change (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-11
    Description: Climate change is a persistent, pervasive and pernicious problem. Each branch of government, including the judiciary, has a role to play in tackling climate change. Courts can make a meaningful contribution by: providing equal access to justice; determining and not deferring climate change claims; upholding the rule of law; taking and forcing the executive, legislature and private sector to take climate change seriously; explaining and upholding the fundamental values underpinning the law; promoting environmental values and putting a price on them; assisting the progressive and principled development of climate change law and policy; and making reasoned and evidence-based decisions.
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    Climate Change and the Rule of Law: Adjudicating the Future in International Law* (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-11
    Description: The article, which is based on a lecture delivered in London in September 2015, addresses the possibilities for adjudication of climate change issues before international courts and tribunals, finding them to be more favourable today than a few years ago. It argues for a role of international courts and tribunals in the determination of factual and scientific matters related to climate change, assessing the possible role of international courts of a more general jurisdiction, such as ITLOS and the ICJ.
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    Climate Change Adjudication after Paris: A Reflection (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-11
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    Towards a Holistic Approach in EU Biomass Regulation (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-11
    Description: The energy transition requires a legal system that promotes the most sustainable forms of energy. This requires a holistic approach that accounts for all effects of energy production throughout the energy chain. This article analyses the presence of holistic elements in the current legal framework of biomass used for energy purposes. It finds that the most advanced example, sustainability criteria for biofuels, applies to only a fraction of all biomass uses, as the applicability is dependent on the production process used and the manner of consumption. Furthermore, the legal framework for biomass accounts for neither all direct effects, nor any indirect effects of production, nor the carbon debt resulting from biomass combustion. All this undermines the assumed sustainability of biomass. As a result, the current legal framework is far from holistic and poorly equipped to promote the most sustainable forms of energy.
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    Potential and Limits of Out-Of-Court Rapid Claims Settlement--A Law and Economics Analysis (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-05-11
    Description: This article deals with compensation mechanisms for the aftermath of disasters. It claims that there is a necessity to speedily compensate victims of an accident, if this can prevent the occurrence of large societal follow-on damage. In reality this does not often happen. This article takes the entitlement to compensation as given, does not discuss substantive law matters regarding compensation, but deals with procedural aspects of how to actually get this compensation. The main obstacles to fast compensation may be found in lengthy mass litigation. Then again, civil litigation also entails economic advantages. There are law and economics arguments in favour of litigation versus alternative dispute resolution (ADR) solutions. After setting out the theoretical arguments, we discuss some American and European real-life examples of such rapid claims settlement mechanisms: the Gulf Coast Claims Facility (GCCF) and the Belgian compensation fund for technological accidents. The theoretical discussion, enriched by the illustration of the practical examples, will culminate in guidelines on how to set up a rapid claims settlement mechanism.
    Print ISSN: 0952-8873
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-374X
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law
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    The 2015 Paris Agreement: Interplay Between Hard, Soft and Non-Obligations (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: The 2015 Paris Agreement, a product of a deeply discordant political context rife with fundamental and seemingly irresolvable differences between Parties, is an unusual Agreement. It contains a mix of hard, soft and non-obligations, the boundaries between which are blurred, but each of which plays a distinct and valuable role. This article identifies various defining elements of legal character and tabulates the core provisions of the Paris Agreement across a spectrum from those that conform most closely to hard obligations to those that are best characterized as ‘non-obligations’. It explores political drivers for the carefully calibrated mix of hard, soft and non-obligations in the Paris Agreement, as well as the dynamic interplay between them, and their critical importance in delivering an agreement acceptable to all.
    Print ISSN: 0952-8873
    Electronic ISSN: 1464-374X
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Law
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    Oil Price and Exchange Rates: A Wavelet Analysis for OPEC Members (2016)
    EconJournals
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: This paper studies the relationship between oil price and the exchange rates of OPEC members from February 1999 to March 2016. The wavelet method is applied to combine information from both time and frequency domains, which does not require stationary and decomposition of original time series data. The study found that the strength of the relationship between oil price and exchange rate divides into three main categories, namely oil price leads exchange rate, exchange rate leads oil prices, and the relationship keeps changing. Countries which currencies pegged to USD are lagging against oil price changes, countries with floating exchange rates and countries with an undisclosed weighted basket of international currencies leads the changes in oil price, and countries which their currencies pegged to Special Drawing Right (SDR) experience changing relationships. This finding suggests that the central banks of OPEC member countries should give importance to shocks on oil prices, while formulating their own exchange rate policy. Keywords: Wavelet coherence, oil price, exchange rate, OPEC JEL Classifications: C58, F31, Q02
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    The Dynamic Linkage between Technological Innovation and CO2 emissions in Malaysia: An ARDL Bound Approach (2016)
    EconJournals
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: Environmental degradation and climate change are the main challenges encountered to achieve the predominant objective of sustainable development. There has been voluminous work done in this area, but the policies adopted and the empirical relationship between the determinants of CO 2 emissions are not clear to handle the problem.  There exists a theoretical and empirical contradiction in the literature on the relationship between the variables under the study. Thus, the current study investigates the relationship between carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions and its determinants namely economic growth, energy consumption, financial development, and technological innovations for Malaysia between 1985 and 2012. To achieve the objective of long-run relationship the autoregressive distributed lagged (ARDL) model is used for parameter estimation. The empirical results reveal that technological innovation is having a negative but insignificant relationship with environmental pollution in Malaysia during the period under study. The study also indicates that higher economic growth improves the environmental quality in the long-run and is in line with the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. In a similar vein, the results indicate that financial sector development will lessen the CO 2 emissions, thus, improving the quality of the environment in Malaysia. The short-run results reveal no evidence of the validation EKC hypothesis. Furthermore, the study applied Granger causality approach for causal relationship and found bidirectional causality running between economic growth and CO 2 emissions and between technological innovation and CO 2 emissions in the long-run. The study also found that the impact of energy consumption in the short-run is environmentally friendly. Moreover, the results indicate a short-run bidirectional causality running between energy consumption and economic growth and also between economic growth and technological innovation. Keywords: CO 2 emissions, EKC, technological innovation, ARDL, Malaysia JEL Classifications: C32, O52, Q43, Q50
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    Hydropower Megaprojects in Colombia and the Influence of Local Communities: A View from Prospect Theory to Decision Making Process based on Expert Judgment used in Large Organizations (2016)
    EconJournals
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: Today conflicts between large organizations that promote hydroelectric megaprojects (Sovacool, et al, 2015) and local communities are predictable (Ansar, et al., 2014). In literature, the causes of these levels of conflict are explored from the point of view of power relationship (Goodwin & Jasper, 1999) and stakeholder framework theory (Rosso, et al., 2014). This paper presents an original way to address this research field through an endogenous view (Mieg H. A., 2014) of the organizations focused on decision making process based on expert judgment. The study scopes are environmental decisions under uncertainty that are carried out to develop environmental impact assessment. All organizations that are developing large hydroelectric projects in Colombia during period 2010-2020 were examined. The results indicate the difficulty of organizations (Moritz & Gieri, 2015) to adequately respond to external requests associated with environmental and technological dimensions. Cumulative prospect theory and heuristic and biases framework (Brighton & Gigerenzer, 2015) are the theoretical background. Energy policy recommendations are generated based on adjustment type "external view" that comes from behavioral organizational framework (DellaVigna, 2009). This study identifies a novel approach to design lesser levels of conflict through creating better organizational decision making processes. Keywords: Decision making theory, large organizations, cumulative prospect theory, megaproject JEL Classifications : D22, Q51, L90 
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    The Changing Energy Intensity in Indian Economy: A Sector-level Analysis Based on Input-Output Model (2016)
    EconJournals
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: This paper is an attempt to analyze changing energy intensities in the Indian economy. The hybrid I-O model at constant prices has been used to address the problem of homogenous pricing of energy inputs across sectors of the economy. Results reveal that the indirect rather than direct energy use is an important source of energy consumption. In such scenario, conservation measures should be pegged in upstream suppliers through technological improvements, fuel substitution or input replacements. Finally, the paper argues that improvements in energy efficiency in the production chains are likely to be more effective than changes within the production process. Keywords: Hybrid Input-Output; Energy intensity; Constant prices JEL Classifications: C67, D57, Q40
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    Natural Gas Distribution Infrastructure and the Quest for Environmental Sustainability in the Niger Delta: The Prospect of Natural Gas Utilization in Nigeria (2016)
    EconJournals
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: Natural gas distribution infrastructure is critical to socioeconomic development and environmental sustainability in Nigeria. Environmental degradation has benefited largely from inadequate natural gas utilisation and infrastructural development in the domestic and regional networks to gather, transmit and distribute the associated gas produced. Thus, this paper explores the concept of gas development to promote sustainable development and to tackle the problem of environmental degradation in Nigeria. It identified the various natural gas utilisation projects in the domestic, regional and international networks to stimulate economic growth as well as the quest for environmental sustainability across the gamut of Nigeria. These projects enable captured gas to be harnessed for socioeconomic and environmental benefit, eliminate routine gas flaring and create the much needed gas infrastructure for development. Quite remarkably, natural gas distribution infrastructure creates undisputed domestic and regional hub gas based opportunities for industries in the domestic network. It also acts as industrial feedstock to consolidate the market share in high value export market through the liquefied natural gas (LNG), Escravos Gas Project and the West Africa Gas Pipeline (WAGP) in the West African sub region. Keywords:   Natural gas utilisation; environmental sustainability; environmental preservation; JEL Classifications: O13, Q55
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    Techno-economic Analysis of Liquid Petroleum Gas Fueled Vehicles as Public Transportation in Indonesia (2016)
    EconJournals
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: In Indonesia, the use of LPG in vehicles has been promoted through government policy since 1988. However, the progress has not significantly run. Therefore, this paper presents the techno-economic analysis of LPG as road vehicles fuel alternative in comparison with gasoline RON 88 and RON 92 for public transportation in Indonesia. The techno-economic analysis is considered running cost, break-even point (BEP) distance, net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), payback period, and sensitivity analysis. This analysis indicates that the BEP distance of public transportation vehicles are approximating at 55,351 km compared to gasoline RON 92 and 93,168 km compared to gasoline RON 88. Meanwhile, the result of the investment analysis shows that the investment feasibility indicators which include NPV, IRR, and payback period show the investment was feasible but the investment is sensitive to fuel cost ratio between LPG and gasoline. Keywords: LPG vehicles, running costs, investment feasibility JEL Classifications : M21, O31, Q43
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    Barriers to Energy Saving for Public Middle Schools in Bangkok: From School Management Perspective (2016)
    EconJournals
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: The Government sector is one of the main energy consuming sectors in Thailand which consumed 2,064 GWh of total consumption in 2012. Due to Thailand need to import energy, so Government of Thailand announced to all government agencies to reduce energy consumption by 10%. Public school is one of government agencies, not only to reduce their consumption but also have responsibility to transfer knowledge and create the behavior of energy saving for students. However, it is not simple to fulfill this task due to many obstacles, called “Barriers”. The purpose of this paper is to identified the barriers which prevented public schools from energy saving and how to overcome those barriers, by interviewing with school managements as research method. The results highlight the government policies and values are the main barriers of energy saving in schools and also suggested various ideas of how to overcome those barriers in each level. Keywords:  Energy saving, Barriers, public school JEL Classificationss : Q4, P28
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    Analysis of Income Elasticities of Brazil’s Energy Matrix (2016)
    EconJournals
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: This study aims to estimate and analyze the income elasticities of Brazil’s energy matrix, represented by the supply and consumption of energy. We sought to compare the income elasticities of both energy products and consumption through secondary sources and consumer sectors. This is an explanatory or relational research of an ex-post-facto nature, analyzing the period from 1970 to 2011, using the ANCOVA-EC estimation method. The results obtained from the estimates show that both for energy products, as in relation to industrial sectors, the elasticities are statistically different. The naphta, natural gas and ethyl alcohol had the highest elasticities in the energy matrix, and the industries ferro-alloy, non-ferrous metals and non-energy are the most sensitive to income growth. When elasticities are compared with the sectoral energy intensity index, there is evidence that less efficient sectors have higher income elasticities. In summary the results show that there is sectors or products that are more sensitive to economic growth where the energy-intensive and demand presented as the main factors to explain the sensitivity, there is also evidence to demonstrate that the level of efficiency is different compared the different sectors. Keywords: Income Elasticity, Price Elasticity, Energy Matrix, Sector Demand for Energy JEL Classifications: E3, G38, K23, M48, Q4
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    A Causal Relationship between Energy Consumption, Energy Prices and Economic Growth in Africa (2016)
    EconJournals
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: This paper examines the causal relationships between energy consumption, income and energy prices for the African countries using Johansen's maximum-likelihood test of cointegration and Error-Correction Model (ECM). To have a reliable estimate, only countries having data availability for a minimum period of 25 years were considered. This requirement reduces the sample size to 26 countries only. Out of these, a long run cointegrating relationship was found for a total of six countries, which was then subsequently analyzed to confer on the direction of causality. Out of the reported five countries, we found the existence of bidirectional Granger causality for Ethiopia, Morocco and Mozambique. The result for Angola suggests unidirectional Granger causality running from income to energy consumption while no Granger causality for the case of Tanzania. Findings suggest that countries regardless of their level of income and development should direct their energy conservation policies on the basis of the energy-output causality relation. Keywords: energy; Johansen's maximum likelihood test of cointegration; Error Correction Model. JEL Classifications: C22; Q43; Q48
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    Revisiting the Electricity Consumption-Economic Growth Nexus in Angola: The Role of Exports, Imports and Urbanization (2016)
    EconJournals
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: The present study aims to reinvestigate the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in Angola by introducing exports, imports and urbanization in the production function. We utilize the combined cointegration method to test the long-run relationship for the period of 1971-2012. Whilst accommodating structural breaks, the ARDL bounds test approach is applied to examine the robustness of the long-run relationship in the variables. The results reveal that electricity consumption boosts economic growth but urbanization impairs it. The VECM causality results unveil the feedback relationship of electricity consumption with economic growth, exports and imports. It is, therefore, suggested that the policy makers should formulate the policies to improve the electricity supply that in turn will enhance the economic growth. Keywords: Electricity consumption, economic growth, combined cointegration test, Granger causality test JEL Classifications : C32; O55, Q43
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    China in Innovative Development of Alternative Energy Advanced Industrial Technologies (2016)
    EconJournals
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: The purpose of this article is to study the specifics of renewable energy development in China, including solar, as well as to identify the main factors limiting the ubiquity of solar energy in the country. Among the main objectives of the article, it makes sense to highlight the following: a study of historical preconditions for the formation of the renewable energy segment in the national energy sectors; an analysis of the main trends in socio-economic and energy development in China; an evaluation of China's activity in the exploitation of renewable energy sources; consideration of the most important prospects and limitations in the use of solar energy. Keywords: Renewable Energy; Solar Energy; China; Conventional Energy Production; Photovoltaic Cells; Electric Power JEL Classifications: Q42, Q48, O31
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    Will be there New CO2 Emitters in the Future? Evidence of Long-run Panel Co-integration for N-11 Countries (2016)
    EconJournals
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: This article tries to explore the long-run nexus between oil consumption, GDP and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the Next eleven (N-11) countries over the period 1980-2013, by using the panel c-ointegration, the panel Dynamic OLS and the panel Fully modified OLS approaches.The empirical findings indicate that there is a bidirectional long-run linkage between oil consumption – GDP per capita and oil consumption- CO2 emissions. Moreover the inverted U-shaped linkage between the square of GDP per capita and CO2 emissions, supports the existence of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. With estimations through the panel DOLS and FMOLS, the long-run elasticity of oil consumption per capita to CO2 emissions per capita is calculated about 0.96% and positive which is in contrast to the coefficient sign of its elasticity to GDP per capita (-0.48%). Moreover, the elasticity of GDP per capita and CO2 emissions per capita to oil consumption per capita are -0.32% and 0.94%, respectively. These findings prove the negative contribution of non-renewable energy (oil) consumption per capita to GDP per capita in the N-11 group. Furthermore, due to the bidirectional long-run relationships between oil consumption and CO2 emissions, these 11 countries should find the efficient energy policies which are in line with CO2 mitigation and reaching a higher GDP per capita growth. Keywords: Oil consumption per capita, GDP per capita, CO2 emissions per capita. JEL classifications : E21, Q54, Q56
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    Economic Problems of Exploring Hydrocarbons in Russian Northern Provinces in the Context of International Interests (2016)
    EconJournals
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: The goal of the article is to analyze the present state and perspectives of exploring gas and oil resources of the Russian North in the context of economic interests of a number of foreign countries, to reveal both common things in interests of the both parties, and inconsistencies that must be aligned. The methodology of the research is based on the system approach to estimating the state of gas and oil resources of the Russian North and comprehensive analysis of aligning economic interests of Russia and a number of foreign countries. A complex of general scientific and special methods of research was used, including abstract-logical, balance, statistical analysis and others. The article shows that the Russian North is extremely rich in gas and oil resources that are both currently exploited and promising for reclaiming especially on the shelf of Arctic seas. It analyzes reasons of the decrease in the gas and oil production in the country that has occurred over recent years. It is caused by the fall of the demand for hydrocarbons in the world, sectoral sanctions, and the decrease in the production of the mineral resources base. Gas and oil resources of Russia fall within the interests of a number of foreign countries, mainly West European countries for which stable provision of the economy with raw hydrocarbons becomes one of the most important strategic tasks. Long-term economic interests of Russia coincide with the interests of the European Union, however, not fully. The authors come to the conclusion that in case of supplying hydrocarbons economic interests of Russia and European Union countries must be aligned not only in terms of searching for mutually profitable forms of cooperation but also solving basic inconsistencies that lie in the basis of opinions discrepancies. Keywords: gas and oil resources, the Russian North, Arctic shelf, Western European countries, Asia-Pacific countries, alignment of interests. JEL Classifications: , D74, F00, L71, Q32, Q34
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    The Joint Effects of Oil Price Volatility and Environmental Risks on Non-Performing Loans: Evidence from Panel Data of Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (2016)
    EconJournals
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: This paper analyses the joint effects of oil price volatility and environmental risks on non-performing loans. Using panel data of 12 Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries for 2000-2014, we test hypotheses of joint effects of oil price changes and environmental risks on non-performing loans. Estimates from static panel model highlights the explanatory power of systemic risks theory in linking the effects of oil price volatility and environmental risks on NPLs and underpins their importance for policy implication purposes in OPEC member states. This calls for concerted policy and management response for assessing oil price sensitive and disaster riskiness of borrowing entities. This paper is of particular value to oil dependent countries such as OPEC member states that are net oil exporting countries. From the policy perspectives, there is need for banking regulators to consistently ensure the conduct of both micro-stress and macro-stress tests of loans against the systemic risks of oil price volatility. In addition, policymakers in the banking system should redesign their prudential guidelines to take care of the credit risks vulnerabilities associated with environmental risks and spread their risks across industries and geographical areas that are less prone to disasters. Keywords: Oil Price Volatility, Environmental Risks, Non-Performing Loans, OPEC JEL Classifications: G32, Q43, Q54
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    The Effects of Oil Shocks on Turkish Macroeconomic Aggregates (2016)
    EconJournals
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: This paper examines the impacts of oil price shocks on macroeconomic aggregates of Turkey. We find evidence suggesting the influential role of oil price shocks on macroeconomic aggregates. In other words, we find that oil price shocks affect output growth negatively with a delay. However, higher oil prices are associated with higher inflation, and depreciating exchange rate. We also explore the role of asymmetric oil shocks on macroeconomic aggregates and find that both oil price increases and decreases are associated with a delayed lower output growth rate. Furthermore, we find oil price increases affect inflation positively a delay. The appreciation of exchange rate appears with a delay due to oil price decreases. Keywords : Oil Price Shocks, Economic Activity, Turkey JEL Classification : C22, C32, Q43
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    The Convergence Behavior of CO2 Emissions in Seven Regions under Multiple Structural Breaks (2016)
    EconJournals
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: The aim of this paper is to examine the convergence behavior of carbon dioxide emissions per capita (co) in seven regions for 1960-2011 period by using recently developed the second generation panel data methods. Empirical results are as follows: i) there exists cross-sectional dependency for co variable ii) the CADF unit root test without structural breaks shows that the co variable is stationary at its first differences, iii) but the PANKPSS unit root test with structural breaks the co variable is stationary at its level. The overall results indicate that the regional stochastic convergence of carbon emission per capita is valid for the seven regions under structural breaks and any environmental shock has temporary effect. Keywords: Carbon Emissions, Stochastic Convergence, Panel Data. JEL Classifications : C33, Q53, Q56
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    Elasticity of Agricultural Prices in Russia: An Empirical Study of Energy and Monetary Channels (2016)
    EconJournals
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: In this paper, we investigate long and short-term direct and indirect impact of changes in oil prices (including shocks to exchange rate) and bank lending policy (interest rate channel) on prices of six groups of agricultural products in Russia (buckwheat, potatoes, oat, wheat, rye, barley). In this paper, Granger causality approach is applied to test long-run interlinkages with monthly data from January 1999 to October 2015. For testing the response of agricultural prices to sudden shocks in oil prices, exchange rate and interest rates for agricultural loans in the short run, we use impulse-response techniques. The results of impulse response analysis show that agricultural prices are not particularly sensitive to changes in oil prices, exchange rate of Russian ruble and banks’ interest rates in short run, except for imported and not subsidized commodities. In the long run, Granger causal relationship test shows same results. Keywords : agricultural commodity, world oil prices, exchange rate, interest rate, Granger causality test, impulse response analysis. JEL Classifications: F31, Q1
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    Fuel Switching Impacts of the Industry Sector under the Clean Development Mechanism: A General Equilibrium Analysis of Iran (2016)
    EconJournals
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: The importance of international cooperation in reducing the Green House Gas (GHG) has been widely recognized. The primary tool for involving developing countries in carbon reduction without hindering their development is the clean development mechanism. In order to simulate numerically the impact of the Iran clean energy development of the industrial sector under the CDM, a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model is used. The numerical simulations reveal the growth potential and sustainable development benefits that represent the CDM for Iran, though the environmental impact in terms of carbon emission of sectors appears broadly mixed. Based on results some sectors benefit from these clean investment flows -including industry- other sectors show carbon emission increases, but the overall emission of the economy decrease and results in lower environmental costs in green GDP. Keywords: Clean Development Mechanism, Computable General Equilibrium, Industry Sector, Iran. JEL Classifications: D58, O13, Q56.
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    Economic and Technical Feasibility of Metering and Sub-metering Systems for Heat Accounting (2016)
    EconJournals
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: The Energy Efficiency Directive 2012/27/EU (EED) requires that final users in multi-apartment buildings supplied by common central heating source should be provided by 31 December 2016 with accounting systems, as long as technical feasibility and reasonable costs in relation to the potential energy savings can be demonstrated. Such systems would reflect users actual thermal energy consumption. The typical configuration of Italian multi-apartment buildings implies quite expensive installation costs and sometimes even prevents the installation for technical reasons. Coherently with EED, in such cases alternative cost-efficient methods for heat accounting should be adopted, such as indirect methods. This study assesses the economic and technical feasibility of the most common heat accounting systems. In this paper, after a brief analysis of the different approaches adopted in EU member states, the authors present a cost/benefit analysis that considers the main capital and running costs of individual heat accounting systems with respect to the potential energy savings achievable. Keywords: energy efficiency, heat accounting, cost efficiency. JEL Classifications: O31, O33
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    Demand for Natural Gas in Food and Beverage Industries of Iran (2016)
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: Food and beverage industries play crucial roles in satisfying food requirements. They rely on various kinds of energy to prepare and process foodstuff. The relative prices, technology level, sector growth and machinery status determine use of energy carriers in these enterprises. This paper examines the relationships among natural gas use, value-added and energy prices in food and beverage industries of Iran during 1978-2014. The decision unit is food manufacturing workplace. By considering microeconomic basics and applying co-integration approach, demand for natural gas is estimated. Due to the long-run nature of co-integrating relationships, the long-run own- and cross- price elasticities and income elasticity are estimated. Our findings show that natural gas is a luxury input in food industry, it is highly elastic to its price; and electricity and oil products are substitutes for natural gas. In a growing food sector, we would expect natural gas use to increase more rapidly. Keywords : Natural Gas, Food industry, Price elasticity JEL Classifications : D21, Q13, Q41 
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    International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy | Vol 6 • Issue 3 • 2016 602 Innovations as Drivers of Stable Growth of the Kazakh Economy through State Policy in Area of Eco-innovations Implementation (2016)
    EconJournals
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: One of the main tasks of the state when achieving the stable economy growth is to stimulate a growth of the energy efficiency in energy intensive sectors of economy and to form the efficient regulatory basis to decrease the energy ratio. Therefore, the main task of the state power is to provide efficient, reliable, and ecologically responsible supply of energy resources. Thus, in 2013 the Government of the Republicof Kazakhstandeveloped and adopted the Concept on Transferring to “Green Economy”. Its basic goal is to provide reliable, adequate and accessible energy resources for substantial social, economic, and ecologically stable growth of the country. The research conducted within this article allows to make the conclusion that at the present time the Republic of Kazakhstan has a very low level of energy efficiency. In spite of considerable positive changes in the development of innovations, in accordance with the classification of the 2015 Global Innovation Index, Kazakhstanis ranged as an inefficient innovator with a low level of investments in research and development works and low demand for eco-innovations. Keywords: eco-innovations, green technologies, green power industry, national innovational strategy, energy efficiency, energy ratio, resources of renewable energy sector (RRES). JEL Classifications: N55, O13, P28
    Electronic ISSN: 2146-4553
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
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    Gas Flaring Effects and Revenue Made from Crude Oil in Nigeria (2016)
    EconJournals
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: The study examines gas flaring and crude oil revenue in Nigeria. The study used secondary data for 14 years from 2000 to 2014 inclusive to analyze the issue using multiple regression analysis. The study employed time series data hence, a unit root test is conducted and found that they are stationary at level. Using three variables, gas flaring as the aggregate amount of gas flared by oil producing companies in Nigeria as an independent variable and crude oil revenue as an aggregate of revenue generated from all oil companies crude oil as dependent variable and tax as penalty on flaring is used as a control variable, the findings of the study show that gas flaring has a negative impact on Nigerian crude oil revenue and is statistically significant. From the research there are strong indications that the implementation of regulations and incentives to abate gas glaring in Nigeria has to be improving in other to increase revenue generated from crude oil. The author suggests that government should embark seriously on gas utilization policy and increase the penalty for companies who still engage in gas flaring. In addition, the government should utilize the gas flaring for electricity generation or implore another means of either utilizing it or curtail it. Keywords: Gas Flaring; Carbon Emission; Crude Oil Revenue JEL Classifications: Q51, Q53, Q56
    Electronic ISSN: 2146-4553
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
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  • 98
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    Economic Evaluation of Nigerian Marginal Oil and Gas Field using Financial Simulation Analysis (2016)
    EconJournals
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: Marginal oil and gas field could contribute immensely to wealth creation, employment generation and confidence in local oil firms if properly exploited by the indigenous firms. Despite the laudable marginal field initiative by the Government, indigenous players still face challenges in exploiting these fields in Nigeria. This study evaluates the fiscal regime and the economic factors that could be hindering oil field development among the indigenous oil firms. The result of the financial cash flow modelling found that the marginal oil field’s project is viable with post-tax Net Present Value (NPV) and Expected Monetary Value (EMV) above $29 million. The petroleum profit tax, royalty and crude oil price have more impacts on the field’s NPV. The study suggests a periodic assessment of the fiscal regime and appropriate policy by the government to encourage the local players in developing the marginal oil field. Keywords: indigenous, marginal oil and gas field, Financial Simulation, government JEL Classifications: F38, Q47
    Electronic ISSN: 2146-4553
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
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  • 99
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    Assessment of the Required Changes of Russian Ecological Taxes (2016)
    EconJournals
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: Russia is one of the most polluting countries in the world and environmental problem is very important in this country. The forecast of atmospheric emissions was conducted according to various economic development scenarios in Russia using dynamic Dynamic Input-Output Model. The optimistic scenario is realized under hypothesis about oil prices increase and real ruble exchange rate strengthening beginning of the end of 2015, the revival of investment processes, the successful policy of import substitution, and the competent using of instruments of monetary and fiscal policy. The pessimistic scenario is implemented under assumption of negative economic tendency prolongation of the 2014. Future increase of environmental pressure will be expected in optimistic scenario. The improvement of pollution taxes mechanism as a way of government ecological policy is discussed in the article. Keywords: Input-Output Model, environmental pollution, forecast of emission, pollution taxes JEL Classifications: E62, H23, Q32, Q38, Q42, Q5
    Electronic ISSN: 2146-4553
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
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    Sustainable Economic Growth: An Empirical Study for the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (2016)
    EconJournals
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: This study analyses the validity of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis for the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (APEC), within the period 1992-2012. Three econometric models are performed, which use different environmental quality indicators as dependent variable. Model 1) uses CO 2 total emissions in APEC, model 2) uses CO 2 emissions generated from coal consumption, and model 3) uses CO 2 emissions generate from petroleum consumption. Pedroni and Kao cointegration approach are applied for testing long-run relationship between variables for each model. Fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) method is employed for determining the elasticities of the long-run relationships. The analysis finds that an EKC is held under model 1, and 3, but for model 2 the relation between the variables does not show an inverted U shape behavior. Additionally descriptive analysis and model 2 suggest that coal consumption has been increasing in last years, because of the effect in CO 2 emissions; even more in this specific indicator, economic activity is leading to an unsustainable growth scenario in APEC. Keywords: Environmental Kuznets curve, CO 2 emissions, economic growth. JEL Classifications: Q5, Q56
    Electronic ISSN: 2146-4553
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
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